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The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona: a Brief Genealogy

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The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona: a Brief Genealogy 52 ARIZONA ANTHROPOLOGIST CENTENNIAL The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona: A Brief Genealogy Thomas R. McGuire Research Anthropologist Emeritus Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, School of Anthropology University of Arizona John H. Provinse was on Dean Upper Gila. Spicer took his un- Byron Cummings’ staff in the De- dergraduate training at the Uni- partment of Archaeology when versity of Arizona in economics in he heard that Eshreh Shevky was 1932, then received an MA under recruiting a team of anthropolo- Dean Cummings in archaeology gists to conduct surveys for the the following year. Getty worked Soil Conservation Service on the as a field technician, gathering Navajo reservation. Provinse had and analyzing tree ring data for received his Ph.D at the Univer- Andrew Ellicott Douglass before sity of Chicago under the direc- being hired by Cummings as an tion of A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and assistant in the Arizona State Mu- Robert Redfield. Upon getting seum. Cummings then moved the SCS job, he wrote to Redfield Getty to the department to take in the fall of 1936: “I am sure that over the instructional load after my Chicago training was largely Provinse’s departure. Getty also responsible for securing me the worked with Spicer and a fellow appointment… I am trying to fit student, Louis Caywood, on the my conceptual scheme into the excavation of the large pueblo site concepts employed by Shevky of Tuzigoot in the Verde Valley in and his associates in the Planning 1933 and 1934. Spicer would be Division. I find it very stimulating credited with defining the prehis- after the antiquarian sterility of toric Prescott wares. Trained as Tucson” (Kelly 1985:142). archaeologists, Spicer and Getty During his abbreviated stay would reconfigure themselves as in Tucson, Provinse established sociocultural anthropologists, and friendships with two young col- begin to fulfill the vision of Cum- leagues, Harry T. Getty and mings and his successor, Emil Edward H. (Ned) Spicer. Getty Haury, of a “program in anthro- received a master’s in 1932 for a pology” (Thompson 2005:338). thesis on the archaeology of the Provinse would, in government Arizona Anthropologist Centennial Edition: 52-69. © 2015 Arizona Anthropologist McGuire - The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona 53 service and policy formulation, John Provinse’s abiding interest lay a model for an applied anthro- became apparent, now that his pology which saw its fruition in basic training in theory had been the establishment in 1952 of the completed. At Arizona, in his department’s Bureau of Ethnic first teaching job, it was evident that he was not completely at Research (BER, now the Bureau of home in the classroom or even in Applied Research in Anthropolo- the academic atmosphere gener- gy) under the leadership of William ally. He was impatient with the H. Kelly. piling up of knowledge for its Watson Smith, the inveterate own sake, and turned steadily Southwestern archaeologist and toward activities in which social rough contemporary of Provinse, knowledge was being sought by Getty, Spicer and Kelly, briefly re- administrators for the solution flects on Ned Spicer’s conversion of urgent human problems. In from archaeologist to sociocultur- the classroom he radiated a deep al anthropologist: conviction that the social scienc- After such a seminal beginning, es ought to be used practically, with the resultant creation of and at the same time fostered two “new” cultures and the skepticism and caution about recovery of thousands of pots facile claims for them (Spicer and other artifacts it might be 1966:991). supposed that Ned was off and This essay offers a brief gene- running for additional archae- alogy of the early development ological laurels. But, instead, of sociocultural and applied an- he was persuaded by his friend thropology at the University of and professor John Provinse to Arizona, from the “antiquarian enter the University of Chicago sterility of Tucson,” through the for graduate study in anthropol- heady and taxing matriculation of ogy in the fall of 1934. He was Spicer and Getty in Chicago, to the awarded a fellowship at Chica- institutionalization of an applied go, and under the influence of program in the Bureau of Ethnic Professors A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and Robert Redfield, his inter- Research at the university. It will ests focused on cultural anthro- intertwine the efforts and interests pology (Smith 1983:77). of Provinse (1897-1965), Spicer And Spicer, in his obituary of (1906-1983), Getty (1904-1995), Provinse, recounts his friend’s and Kelly (1902-1980). Provinse path into applied work, which and Kelly will serve to bracket Spicer would follow as well: my focus on Getty and Spicer – 54 ARIZONA ANTHROPOLOGIST CENTENNIAL their “coming of age,” as it were, the San Carlos Apache cattle in- through graduate school, through dustry was influential when I their devotion to, and trepidation worked on the history of the Fort about, advisors, and to their ear- Apache cattle industry for the ly careers. Getty and Spicer (and Arizona State Museum’s Cultur- their respective wives) were close al Resource Management Section friends, and their rich correspon- (Getty 1963; McGuire 1980). My dence1 reveals a picture of mutual own field research and disserta- support and respect at crucial de- tion, completed in 1979 and pub- velopmental stages in their careers lished as Politics and Ethnicity on as anthropologists and educators. the Rio Yaqui: Potam Revisited (Mc- Kelly, Getty, and Spicer were Guire 1986), attempted to place senior members of the depart- Spicer’s structural/historical study mental faculty when I entered the of Potam (Spicer 1954) in a more graduate program in 1971. I had processual and interactionist audited Kelly’ applied anthropol- perspective. Spicer, a member of ogy class when I arrived. When I my committee, was, I think, be- worked on the “Douglas Project” mused at best. for the Bureau of Ethnic Research in 1973, Thomas Weaver had suc- Provinse and the SCS ceeded Kelly as the Bureau’s di- Historian Lawrence Kelly traces rector. Getty was graduate student the work of the handful of anthro- advisor when he awarded me an pologists brought to the Navajo MA degree, without additional Reservation in 1936 to assist soil work, after I had gone through scientists in addressing problems the comprehensive exams. At the of overgrazing. The reformist time, the “comps” were two-day, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, closed book, written exams on John Collier, built on previous ef- four fields, and they determined forts by the New Deal soil conser- if you would be accepted into the vation agencies and hired Eshreh Ph.D program. I failed archaeolo- Shevky, a Ph.D in experimental gy the first time around, but per- medicine but well-read in anthro- haps Getty had sympathy from pology, ecology, economics, and his experiences, recounted below, colonial administration, to build a with his own experience with the team of anthropologists. Through comps at Chicago. His study of 1 The Spicer-Getty correspondence is in “human dependency surveys,” the Spicer Papers, Arizona State Museum the team was to gather social and Archives. McGuire - The Advent of Sociocultural and Applied Anthropology at Arizona 55 economic information on the Na- Functionalists were interested in vajo to inform the efforts of soil those aspects of a society which scientists in implementing range were also of most interest to gov- management measures. Shevky ernmental planners: land and recruited two recent Ph.Ds from property concepts, social and political organization, kinship Harvard, Burleigh Gardner and patterns, native law, status sys- Solon T. Kimball. Interestingly, tems. Functionalists were also Kimball and a fellow Harvard insistent upon “explaining” cul- graduate student (and fellow ture in terms of the relationships Kansan), Emil Haury, worked to- between various parts of culture. gether on the Canyon Creek site They were, above all, insistent on the Mogollon Rim during the upon the point that cultures sur- summer of 1932 (Haury 1995). vived and withered according A third anthropologist, John to their ability to maintain an Provinse, sought Shevky out di- “equilibrium” among the vari- rectly and got a job. At Harvard, ous parts of the system, and this Gardner and Kimball were stu- insistence made them especially dents of W. Lloyd Warner, who sensitive to the effects which a change in any part of the system had received his own training di- would have upon every other rectly from A.R. Radcliffe-Brown part (Kelly 1985:141). during fieldwork in Australia. Burleigh Gardner resigned from Radcliffe-Brown’s appointment the team to join his mentor, W. to the faculty of the Universi- Lloyd Warner, who had taken up a ty of Chicago coincided with position at Chicago. Provinse was Provinse’s decision to leave a law put in charge of the Navajo human practice and study anthropology, dependency survey, and Kim- obtaining a Ph.D in 1934 for a dis- ball joined him shortly from an sertation on social control among assignment with the Rio Grande the Plains Indians. Thus, all three Pueblos. Together, the two pub- of Shevky’s team were trained as lished a brief but seminal paper functionalists, as distinct from the in applied anthropology, “Navajo Boasian-inspired traditions of cul- Social Organization and Land Use ture history, trait diffusion, and Planning” (Kimball and Provinse evolution, dominant theories in 1942). It defined the “land use com- the United States. munity” of the Navajo, a group Kelly provides a succinct of matrilineally-related families summary of functionalism and working a traditional territory its utility: 56 ARIZONA ANTHROPOLOGIST CENTENNIAL in cooperative groups. Stressing War Relocation Authority (WRA), that land management programs and Spicer first as social science must acknowledge and utilize lo- analyst for WRA’s Japanese relo- cal leadership, they elaborate on cation camp in Poston, AZ, then the significance of their finding: in the WRA office in Washington “Through the recognition of com- (Gallaher 1984; Spicer 1966).
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