'!--{ )~, ~r .."f < J The Universitl? of New Mexico Bulletin (/fJ Prelirninar'B Report On the 1937 Excavations, Bc 50-51 Chaco Can,)?on, New Mexico With Some Distributional Analyses CHARLES BOHANNON DONOVAN SENTER NAN GLENN JOSEPH TOULOUSE, JR. FLORENCE HAWLEY HARRY TSCHOPIK, JR. CLYDE KLUCKHOHN MARY WHITTEMORE DOUGLAS OSBORNE RICHARD WOODBURY Edited by CLYDE KLUCKHOHN and PAUL REITER THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO BULLETIN Whole Number 345 October 15, 1939 Anthropological Series, Volume 3, No. 2 Published monthly in January, March, May, July, September, and November, and semi-monthly in February, April, June, August, October, and December by the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico Entered as Second Class Matter, May 1, 1906. at the post office at Albuquerque, New Mexico, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894 UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO PRESS 1939 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments ____________________________________________ 5 Introduction ______________________ __ _________ _______________ 7 Part I-Excavation of the Refuse Mound Section A-Culture Complexes and Succession in the Refuse Mound, by Florence Hawley _________________________ 10 Section B-The Relation Between Cultural Levels and Soil Strata in the Refuse Mound, by Donovan Senter ________ 18 Section C-A Note on Structures of the Refuse Mound, by Clyde Kluckhohn __________________________________ 26 Part II-The Excavation of Bc 51 Rooms and Kivas, by Clyde Kluckhohn Section A-Introductory ________________________________ 30 Section B-Architectural Details of Rooms ______________ 30 Section C-Architectural Details of Kivas _________________ 34 Section D-Pottery Evidence __________________________ ___ 39 Section E-Dating and Discussion ____________________ ~__ 43 Part III-Description of Objects Found-With a Number of Dis­ tributional Studies Section A-Additions to Descriptions of Chaco Pottery Types, by Florence Hawley _____ _ __ __ 49 Section B-Utilized Minerals and Rocks and Their Sources, by Douglas Osborne ________________ _ ___________ 54 Section C-Ground and Pecked Stone Artifacts (Other Than Arrow-Shaft Tools), by Richard Woodbury __________ 58 Section D-Arrow-Shaft Tools, by Joseph Toulouse, Jr. ____ 80 Section E-Pro,iectile Points and Chipped Implements, by Charles Bohannon _________ _______ ___ _ 90 Section F -Artifacts of Perishable Materials, by Harry Tschopik, Jr. _____ 94 Section G-Artifacts of Bone, Antler, and Sheil, by Mary Whittemore _ __ ______________ ____ ___ _____ _ 131 Section H-Subsistence Remains, by Clyde Kluckhohn _ 147 Part IV-Discussion, by Clyde Kluckhohn ____________________ 151 Appendix A-A Few Means on the Physical Anthropological Series from Bc 50-51 _____ ______________________ 163 Appendix B-Bc 50 Substructures, by Nan Glenn_______ 166 Appendix C-Addenda to the Chaco Canyon Bibliography, com- piled by Clyde Kluckhohn _______________________________ 175 List of References CUed ____________________________________ 177 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS Map I-Plot of Excavations Be 50-51, and Profiles Insert facing page 30 Map 2-Distribution of Metates in the Southwest __________ ____ 64 Map 3-Distribution of Axes in the Southwest _______________ 69 Map 4-Distribution of Mauls aml Hammers in the SouthwesL_ 72 Map 5-Distribution of Mortars and Pestles in the Southwest __ 75 Map 6-Distribution of Arrow-Shaft Tools__________________ 82 Map 7-Coiled Basketrv in the Southwest: Present Distribution 112 Map 8-Coiled Basketry: Distribution During Pueblo III-IV ____ 117 Page Map 9-Coiled Basketry: Distribution During Basket Maker II- Pueblo II ______________________________________________ 121 FIGURES IN TEXT Fig. I-Grid of Refuse Mound________________________________ 10 Fig. 2-Sectional Profiles of Refuse Mound __________________ 11 Fig. 3-Profile of Section 6, Refuse Mound __________________ 12 Fig. 4-Pithouse and Slab-Lined Cists in Sections 1, 2, and 3, Refuse Mound _________________________________________ 27 Fig. 5-Ground Plans of Kivas _____________________________ 35 Fig. 6-Murals in Kiva 6 _________________________________ 39 Fig. 7-Scattered Human Bones in Room 5____________________ 45 Fig. 8-Arrow-Shaft Tool Types ______________ _______________ 80 Fig. 9-Possible Interrelationships of Arrowshaft Tool Types 88 Fig. 10-Basket Maker Knife _______________ ________________ 90 Fig. 11-Pueblo Type Projectile Point _________________________ 91 Fig. 12-Basket Maker Projectile Point ______________________ 92 Fig. 13-Drill ______________________________________________ 92 Fig. 14-Ground Plan of Bc 50 Substructure Excavations _______ 166 Fig. 15A-Architectural Details of Substructure 5, Bc 50 ______ 169 Fig. 15B-Architectural Details of Substructure 6 ____________ 169 TABLES Table I-Sherd Percentages of the Refuse Mound by Strata ___ 21 Table 2-Room and Kiva Sherd Percentages _____ Insert facing 41 Table 3-Cultural Associations of Burials ___________________ 47-48 Table 4-Hardness Tests of Sherds _________________________ 53 Table 5-Distribution of Materials of Arrow-Shaft Straighteners 87 Table 6-Key to Map 7 _____________________________________ 113 Table 7-Key to Map 8 _____________________________________ 119 Table 8-Key to Map 9 _____________________________________ 122 Table 9-Some Means and Ranges for Adult Male Crania (Deformed) ___________________________________________ 163 PLATES Plate I-General View of Bc 50-51 Plate 2-Bc 51 Masonry Plate 3-Kivas 1, 3, and 4 Plate 4-Cist Burial, Trenches 26, 27, and 28, Section 7 Plate 5A-Pit, Trenches 2 and 3, Sections 4, 5, and 6 Plate 5B-Chaco Black on White Effigy Jar Plate 6-Gallup and McElmo Black on White Pottery Plate 7-Red Mesa Black on White Pottery Plate 8-0ther Pottery Types Found at Bc 51 Plate 9-Drawings of McElmo Black on White Designs, by A. H. Gayton Plate 10-Drawings of McElmo and Mesa Verde Black on White Designs, by A. H. Gayton Plate 11-Drawings of Escavada, Red Mesa, Chaco, and Gallup Black on White Designs, by A. H. Gayton Plate 12-Bone Objects from Bc 51 Plate 13-Bone Objects from Bc 51 Plate 14-Bc 50 Substructures ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks must go, first of all, to my co-authors who have borne so patiently my often trivial and pedantic criticisms, my suggestions for revision, compression, or inclusion of additional references after a typescript had attained to "final" form. I wish to express my appre­ ciation to Frank Hibben, J. A. Ford, and William Mulloy, whose excel­ lent field notes and drawings were indispensable in the preparation of the report. I am, likewise, grateful to Dr. Donald Brand, head of the Department of Anthropology, in the University of New Mexico, and to Mr. Fred Harvey, of the University of New Mexico Press, for long. continued generous and most helpful cooperation. To Mr. Donald Scott, director of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, I am most warmly indebted for advice, encouragement, a critical reading of the manuscript, and for assistance on the part of his staff. My thanks, as well as those of the authors of the sections in question, are due to J. O. Brew, H. S. Colton, Emil Haury, Frank Hibben, Dorothea Kelly, J. Charles Kelley, Frank Setzler, Walter Taylor, Gene Weltfish, for reading portions of the manuscript and making suggestions. My re­ search assistants, Katherine Spencer and Robert Wood, scrupulously performed many tasks of tabulation and cross-checking, and my friend, David Winser, sacrificed a portion of his holiday on the altar of Table 2. To F. P. Orchard and Elmer Rising, of the Peabody Museum, I wish to express my appreciation for the care with which they photographed the distributional maps and prepared the drawings of Figs. 1, 3, 5, and 6, respectively. I thank A. H. Gayton most heartily for her drawings of potsherds, and I am deeply indebted to Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., for his courtesy in reading Part IV and giving me his reactions in some detail. My greatest debt is, undoubtedly, to my co-editor. Even before I pressed him into service as co-editor, he had assumed more than his fair share of the more thankless editorial tasks. If inaccuracies and obscurities have been removed from the text it is in large measure owing to Mr. Reiter's painstaking checking. On the other hand, he must not be held responsible for errors or for misguided interpretations for, on occasion, my collaborators and I were bold enough to disregard his advice. CLYDE KLUCKHOHN Chaco Canyon, New Mexico July 24, 1939. [5] INTRODUCTION By CLYDE KLUCKHOHN This preliminary report on the excavations of the University of New Mexico Field Session during August, 1937, is to be construed strictly as a supplement to the previously published account of the 1936 field work." Familiarity with this former monograph is presupposed, and the endeavor will be to avoid repetition here, presenting only new facts or new interpretations. To such topics as "The History of Research in the Chaco Canyon" and "The Natural Landscape," we have nothing substantial to add. The plates here published may appear to neglect certain subjects which would normally be more copiously illus­ trated. But here again our purpose is to supplement and we have, therefore, rejected photographs which would have tended to duplicate those already published. Even so, considerations of expense sharply delimited the greater richness of illustration which we should have liked. Since Bc 50 had already been reported upon in a rather detailed manner and since there was little in Bc 51 which was markedly dif­ ferent, it seemed proper to reduce the descriptive text to a succinct form, avoiding the proliferation of detail which would have been necessary in picturing a less familiar and more distinctive cultural variant. Minutiae of room measurements, for example, have not been systematically presented in all completeness. The general features are apparent from the plot of excavations (Map 1) and certain concrete details which seemed of significance are set forth in the text. If a specialist ever has need of a particular measurement not here pub­ lished, the original field notes (on deposit in the Department of Anthro­ pology, University of New Mexico) will always be available to him.