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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Correlating Biological UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Correlating Biological Relationships, Social Inequality, and Population Movement among Prehistoric California Foragers: Ancient Human DNA Analysis from CA-SCL-38 (Yukisma Site). A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Cara Rachelle Monroe Committee in charge: Professor Michael A. Jochim, Chair Professor Lynn Gamble Professor Michael Glassow Adjunct Professor John R. Johnson September 2014 The dissertation of Cara Rachelle Monroe is approved. ____________________________________________ Lynn H. Gamble ____________________________________________ Michael A. Glassow ____________________________________________ John R. Johnson ____________________________________________ Michael A. Jochim, Committee Chair September 2014 Correlating Biological Relationships, Social Inequality, and Population Movement among Prehistoric California Foragers: Ancient Human DNA Analysis from CA-SCL-38 (Yukisma Site). Copyright © 2014 by Cara Rahelle Monroe iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this dissertation has been an intellectual journey filled with difficulties, but ultimately rewarding in unexpected ways. I am leaving graduate school, albeit later than expected, as a more dedicated and experienced scientist who has adopted a four field anthropological research approach. This was not only the result of the mentorships and the education I received from the University of California-Santa Barbara’s Anthropology department, but also from friends and colleagues, who have inspired, encouraged, and taught me along this life’s journey called “Grad School”. First, I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for funding my early graduate school career through a Graduate Research Fellowship and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for funding my dissertation project. Importantly, I must also thank Rosemary Cambra and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe for their unwavering support for not only this project but also for the use of ancient DNA in further understanding not only their own history but also that of all humans. As a consequence of the Muwekma Tribe’s forethought in preserving scientific material and active participation n in anthropological research, the Yukisma site will become one of the most thoroughly studied archaeological sites in California and represents a model for future multidisciplinary research of this kind. It is truly awesome and humbling that I was able to be involved in this project. iv My dissertation committee has been immensely helpful in fulfilling my goals. To Dr. Michael Glassow, thank you for your encouragement and patience, but also your sound and frank advice. You expect the best out of people, but you also make it known that it is ultimately achievable. You made me want to do better. I have learned a lot from your classes (in particular your class on subsistence and archaeology) and can only hope to be as respected in California archaeology as you. To Dr. Lynn Gamble, thank you for agreeing to be on my committee at such a late date and due to sad circumstances. I have left every meeting or conversation with you more inspired, and frankly more knowledgeable. I only wish that you had arrived at UCSB earlier so that I could have learned from you further. Your comments and suggestions have made this dissertation a more sound work, and I look forward to potentially collaborating with you in the future. To Dr. John Johnson, you have been a wonderful mentor and teacher. I am also privileged to call you a friend. You share my desire to integrate both aDNA and archaeology, as well linguistics and ethnohistory. We both aspire to understand genetics within a defined historical and prehistoric context, which is truly a rarity. I can discuss with you most any topic pertaining to California prehistory and every DNA discovery I encounter, I want to discuss it with you. I look forward to many years of partnership and collaboration in trying to navigate this rather new field of molecular archaeology! To my advisor Mike Jochim, thank you for so many years of steadfast support. You have always given me the encouragement and freedom to explore my v academic goals even when they may shift from your expertise. I came to Santa Barbara wanting to explore the genetics among early European chiefdoms and left exploring the ancient DNA of foragers in California! This is entirely due to your influence and your classes on anthropological and archaeological theory of hunter and gatherers. I had come to graduate school somewhat disillusioned with CRM field work in California, but your teaching inspired me, and really made me love this sub- discipline again. So while I abandoned a regional interest (Central Europe), I regained which would become a shared theoretical focus. I am not only proud, but also lucky to have had you as my advisor. I would not be working at what I love to do without your influence. To the support staff at UCSB, Daniel Meza and Robin Roe, thank your for keeping me in the loop, and delivering paperwork and retrieving signatures during my absence from Santa Barbara. It is staff like you that allows the academic system to function and thrive. I must also thank David Glenn Smith, from UC Davis. David, so much of my success with molecular anthropology is due to your confidence in me. I came to work in your lab with no experience and left ready, willing, and able to tackle the the complications involved with ancient DNA research. You took a real chance on me and believed I could succeed in your lab. The environment which you created at UC- Davis is one of real collaboration and sharing, truly I have never since been in a laboratory with such a shared interest in practicing science and understanding the past through biology. Thank you, Thank you. vi Ripan Malhi, I appreciate all your help and support over the years. You thought it would be “brilliant” if I joined the Smith Lab even without knowing anything about DNA; it turns out you were right. Thank you also for replicating ancient DNA results on this and so many other projects, as well as writing letters of recommendation and collaboration on various grant applications. You have been a dear friend for many years. Chris Morgan, you were one of only a few to believe in my abilities when I first came to Davis, California when no one else would and you were the first to take a chance and get me a job doing what I loved, which was archaeology. You were especially supportive of me incorporating ancient DNA into my work. Thank you. As the French would say, Il est bon d'avoir des amis partout! Alan Leventhal, your guidance and wholehearted participation in this project has been instrumental to its success. Thank you for all your comments and critiques over these many years. In reality, a lot of the research done to date on the Yukisma Mound would not exist without your active encouragement, and this dissertation is the better for it. Karen Gardner, the data you collected, as well as the compilation of burial records you completed for your thesis was extremely important to my analysis. Thank you for sharing your appendices and tables. Your work laid the foundation for this dissertation! Along this journey, I think we also became friends. In the same vein, Viviana Bellifemine, thank you for sharing the raw data you used in your original spatial analysis of the site. vii Jelmer Eerkens and Gary Breschini, thank you for allowing me to analyze and use data from the samples you provided. Gary, I also appreciate the time and consideration it took to review early drafts of this work. My friends and colleagues at Washington State University (WSU) played a huge role in my ability to finish this dissertation. Patty Brandt, Jess Boyd, Glenn Miller, Ron Lengacher, thank you for your help in managing all of the grant accounts and purchasing supplies, your help was invaluable. Kerry Darnell and Holly Dawkins at University Publishing also provided wonderful editing for this work. In the Anthropology department at WSU, I would like to thank Andrew Duff, Colin Grier, Courtney Meehan, Luke Premo, and Rob and Marsha Quinlan. Thank you all for your willingness to edit grant proposals, listen to my ideas regarding my dissertation, and offer suggestions and ideas for improvement. Maggie and Marsha, thank you so much for taking care of my infant son while I was in the final stages of writing. It really does take a village. I would also like to acknowledge and thank all the students, both undergraduate and graduate, who have volunteered their time to collect data from SCL-38 and other regional sites. This includes Misa Winters (research associate extraordinaire), Eric Leci Jr (DNA superstar), Fernando Villanea, Kathleen Judd, Constanza de la Fuente Castro, and Xanthe Dimas. Collecting ancient DNA data on this scale was a huge undertaking and it would not have been possible without your assistance. viii To my family, Jim, Mindy, Travis, Nolan, Mark and Erica your encouragement and love has made this possible. To my mother and father in-law Diane and Greg Kemp, you have always made me feel loved and part of the family, and these final months of writing were only made possible with your help caring for Page. Dad, your pride in me completing this degree, was a rally call when I wanted to quit. Mom, you are and have always been my best friend. You have been through every tough challenge, and every happy moment, not just with school but all aspects of my life. I do not know how I could completely acknowledge all you have provided me with except to say I love you and thank you with all my heart. Brian Kemp, my husband, and partner. We have been through the storm of two dissertations now.
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