Historic Artifacts – Polychrome Ceramic, China, Glass • Paiute and Shoshone Brownwares • Small Arrowheads – Desert Side-Notched

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Historic Artifacts – Polychrome Ceramic, China, Glass • Paiute and Shoshone Brownwares • Small Arrowheads – Desert Side-Notched

Pecos Conference 1927 Basketmaker I – 8000 BC to AD 1 Basketmaker II – AD 1 to 500 Basketmaker III – AD 500 to 700 Pueblo I Period – AD 700 to 900 Pueblo II Period – AD 900 to 1100 Pueblo III Period or Great Pueblo or Classic Pueblo AD 1100 to 1300 Pueblo IV Period or Proto-Historic AD 1300 to 1540 Pueblo V Period or Historic AD 1540 to present day Historic Period • Historic = written records (1776) • European Invasion of New World • New Technologies • Animal husbandry (cattle, sheep, horses) • Metal tools and weapons Critical Dates • Spanish Invasion of Mexico – 1519 Capture of Aztec capitol at Tenochtitlan – 1521 • Francisco Coronado Expedition – 1540 to 1542 • Settlement of New Mexico – 1598 Santa Fe – 1608 • Pueblo Revolt – 1680 • Spanish Reconquest – 1692 • Old Spanish Trail - 1829 to 1848 • Mexican – American War – 1848 • Mormon colonization of the West – 1847, 1850 Effects of European Invasion • Diseases – smallpox, measles • Slavery – ‘desaparecidos’ • Tributes/taxes (service and goods) • Native loss of lives, liberty, land and religion • Introduction of new technologies ✓ Metallurgy ✓ Animal husbandry - sheep, horses, cattle Coronado Expedition Archaeological Resources • Metal artifacts • Historic artifacts – polychrome ceramic, china, glass • Paiute and Shoshone brownwares • Small arrowheads – Desert Side-notched Ghost Dance 1890 ❖ Native American Religion movement ❖ Wovoka – Northern Paiute • Prophesized end of white Euroamerican expansion • Advocated clean, honest living with cooperation among Indians • Round dance (Ghost Dance) – associated with prophesy and change • “they could dance a new world into being” ❖ Lakota – Wounded Knee Massacre December 1890 • Lakota version more militaristic Some Native American Legislation ❖ 1887 Dawes Act – dissolved tribes as legal entities and allowed reservations to be owned by individual members ❖ Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 • Left it up to the states to allow voting • 1948 Arizona and New Mexico removed barriers to vote • Utah prohibited Native Americans living on reservations from voting until 1957 Some Native American Legislation ❖ 1953 House concurrent resolution 108 • federal policy of termination • terminated tribes on a tribe by tribe basis • immediate end of Federal relationship with a selected group of tribes • cessation of federal recognition and all the federal aid ❖ Public Law 280 • Gave states jurisdictions over Indian Reservations • State criminal and civil jurisdiction tribes and tribal members If you can't change them, absorb them until they simply disappear into the mainstream culture. ... In Washington's infinite wisdom, it was decided that tribes should no longer be tribes, never mind that they had been tribes for thousands of years. — Ben Nighthorse Campbell.

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