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Utah Rock Art Volume I Utah Rock Art Volume I Papers Presented at the First Annual Symposium on the Rock Art of Utah May 1981 Second Printing RRevised and Edited by Steven J. Manning UTAH ROCK ART VOLUME I Papers Presented at the First Annual Symposium of the Utah Rock Art Research Association (URARA) Price, Utah May 23, 24, 25, 1981 Published in 1982 by the Utah Rock Art Research Association Salt Lake City, Utah First Printing 1982 Edited by Cindy Everitt and Phil Garn Second Printing January 1994 Revised and Edited by Steven J. Manning Copyright 1994 by the Utah Rock Art Research Association, Salt Lake City, Utah. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by any means, without permission in writing by the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Jesse E. Warner PREFACE The Utah Chapter of the American Rock Art information. By holding monthly meetings Research Association (UCARARA) began and field trips, we give the public the with Dr. Ken Castleton's hosting committee greatest positive exposure. These meetings for the Sixth Annual Symposium of the were also organized to provide a place to American Rock Art Research Association allow this growth and activity to find (ARARA) at Bottle Hollow, Utah in 1979. expression. These meetings allow members After that Symposium, the committee saw to gain experience in presenting material on the necessity of continuing to meet to rock art. We intend to let the State and consider the special problems existing in Federal Government agencies know that Utah. One of the concerns was the amount there is now an organization in the State that of time and money spent duplicating what is dedicated, capable and qualified to survey had already been done. With an organiza- rock art. tion that could coordinate efforts, much of this waste could be eliminated. Through the Since we have a common goal, selected efforts of several members, work was begun representatives from State and Federal to pull this organization together. agencies were invited to present information at our first Symposium. Their presentations Much of this effort was by Jim Olive, the were relative to their policies, current Chapter's first president. The committee activities, problems, programs and how we members desired to be organized as an can be of assistance. Of those invited, State ARARA chapter. In Albuquerque, New Archaeologist Dave Madsen presented some Mexico, sanction was sought from Dr. Jack of his views on the value of rock art, and Cawley, president of ARARA. Since prior how rock art and archaeological interpreta- to that time there had been no requests for tion can be coordinated. Dottie Sammons state charters, the by-laws did not cover presented the rock art that is on the National technicalities for chapters. We were given Register, what benefit it has to place other his unofficial blessing until these problems sites there and how to do it. BLM Archae- could be worked out by their By-Laws ologist Blaine Phillips presented a report on Committee. The members of the Hosting rock art preservation. BLM Archaeologist Committee, and thus the Charter Members, Blaine Miller gave a presentation on, "What were: Kenneth and Heloise Castleton, the BLM Has Done, What They Intend to Spencer Squire, Jim and Mignon Olive, Ben Do to Preserve Rock Art, and How Others and Cindy Everitt, Layne and Charlene Can Help." Miller, and Jesse and Judy Warner. The Chapter's membership is now beginning to Since we are the Utah Chapter, we have grow. adopted the policy that our symposia will deal only with the rock art that relates to Programs are being developed to create a Utah. This includes Utah art styles that spill State File. We have begun to coordinate the over into neighboring states, and neighbor- effort of recording Utah's rock art. This ing styles that occur in Utah. Because of coordination has not only minimized dupli- this policy we have been accused of not cation, but has improved the recorded being interested in rock art that occurs Utah Rock Art,Volume 1, Page i elsewhere. This is not true. During one of our trips we assisted the Shoshone, Idaho • Specific Site Reports: a presentation of BLM Archaeologist in recording several panels that compose a single, simple or rock art sites on Bennett Mountain. We do complex site, or series of sites. feel, however, that if we are to do our job right, we need to take care of our rock and • Nomenclature--Site Records and let Arizona, Nevada, Idaho and Colorado Computer Processing: the technical take care of theirs. aspect of labeling, handling or improv- ing glyph and site descriptions, catalog- To gain a better understanding of the ing processes and computer encoding. diversification of styles that had an indirect bearing or direct influence on Utah art we • Vandalism and Preservation: sites that have at least one excursion out of the state have had increasing vandalism; insights each year. The first of these was to the into reasons for vandalism; methods to Valley of Fire, Nevada. The second was to protect against vandalism; suggestions Water Flow, Three Rivers, and Alamo for public education programs and tech- Mountain, New Mexico: Hueco Tanks and niques in dealing with vandalized sites. Fort Hancock, Texas. Next year we intend to visit Willow Springs, Arizona and sites • Analysis, Interpretation, Significance further south. and Comparisons: an in-depth or com- parative study of styles, sites, motifs, This has proven invaluable in both the elements, techniques, etc. lessons learned from the rock art and for the exposure of what is going on in other areas. • Calendrical Considerations: descrip- It has also been invaluable in extending tions of the interrelationships of glyphs, friendly relationships with rock art research- and solar, lunar, stellar or planetary ris- ers in other areas. It has been a unique ing or movements; observations of experience to build relationships with other sunlight and shadows in association with people who care and have a common solstice and equinox markers. concern. However, the main goal of the Utah Chapter is to record the rock art from • Historical Aspects of Rock Art: a study Utah first. of panels that record known historical events; a verification of recorded history The categories in which symposia reports through rock art. are solicited, are not exactly the same as those of the national organization. These Reports submitted for presentation may be include: formal (for publication) or informal (for symposium presentation only). These • Values of Rock Art: studies which presentations are the specific views of the show the reasons rock art is studied, individual authors and not those of the Utah benefits received and types of knowl- Chapter of ARARA. We are not responsible edge derivable from iconography and for any of these views, accuracy of figures non-iconic representations. represented or interpretations made in these papers. • Methods of Recording: descriptions of new or unfamiliar techniques of re- Twelve of the papers presented at this cording, or additional insights into cur- symposium are not included in this publica- rent methods. tion. These include: Jesse Warner, Preface, Page ii 1. Rock Art and Archaeological Interpretation, by Dave Madsen. 2. Rock Art on the National Register, by Dottie Sammons. President UCARARA 3. Rock Art Preservation, by Blaine 1982 Phillips. 4. What the BLM Has Done, What They Intend to Do to Preserve Rock Art and How Others Can Help, by Blaine Miller. 5. Overview of Archaic Rock Art, by Sally Cole. 6. The Rock Art of Paiute Canyon, by Ken Castleton. 7. Whence the Barrier Canyon Style: Questions Raised by Hell Roaring Can- yon, by Bruce Louthan. 8. A Report on the Ideas Behind the Crow Canyon School's Interpretive Programs, by Fred Blackburn. 9. Barrier Canyon Shamanism, by Layne Miller. 10. Identifying Solstice and Equinox Petroglyphs in Northeastern Utah, and Their Cultural Affiliations, by V. G. Norman. 11. A Theoretical Approach to Identifying and Interpreting Calendrical Petro- glyphs in Utah, by V. G. Norman. 12. Salt Creek Faces, by John Noxon. We wish that more of these papers had been included in this publication. Because they were not submitted for publication, they have not been included. This stresses the importance of attending the symposia. We encourage anyone who is interested in rock art, and feels they may have something they would like to contribute, to seriously consider presenting this information at future symposia. Since this is an organiza- tion made up of mostly non-professionals in the field of recording rock art, your contributions may be of equal or greater value than any others presented. Utah Rock Art,Volume 1, Page iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Jesse E. Warner.....................................................................................................................i 1. Statistical Programs Available for Computer Analysis of Rock Art. John Winkle.........................................................................................................................1 2. Presence and Absence. Jesse E. Warner....................................................................................................................5 3. Indicators. Jesse E. Warner..................................................................................................................17 4. An Hypothesis for a Pueblo IV Date for the Barrier Canyon Style. Steven J. Manning .............................................................................................................29
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