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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82096-7 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity Edited by Daniel Patte Frontmatter More information

THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIANITY

The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity is an authoritative reference guide that enables students, their teachers, Christian clergy, and general readers alike to reﬂect critically upon all aspects of Christianity from its origins to the present day. Written by a team of 828 scholars and practitioners from around the world, the volume reﬂects the plurality of Christianity throughout its history. Key features of The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity: r Provides a survey of the history of Christianity in the world, on each continent, and in each nation r Offers a presentation of the Christian beliefs and practices of all major Christian traditions r Highlights the different understandings of Christian beliefs and practices in different historical, cultural, religious, denominational, and secular contexts r Includes entries on methodology and the plurality of approaches that are used in the study of Christianity r Respects each Christian tradition by providing self-presentations of Christianity in each country or Christian tradition r Includes clusters of entries on beliefs and practices, each examining the understanding of a given Christian belief or practice in different historical and contemporary contexts r Presents the relationship and interaction of Christianity with other religious traditions in the world r Provides, on a Web site (http://hdl.handle.net/1803/3906), a full bibliography covering all topics discussed in the signed articles of this volume

Daniel Patte is Professor of Religious Studies and Professor of New Tes- tament and Early Christianity at Vanderbilt University.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82096-7 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity Edited by Daniel Patte Frontmatter More information

THE CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIANITY

Editor DANIEL PATTE Vanderbilt University

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521527859

C Cambridge University Press 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data The Cambridge dictionary of Christianity / edited by Daniel Patte. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-521-82096-7 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-52785-9 (pbk.) 1. Christianity – Dictionaries. I. Patte, Daniel. II. Title: Dictionary of Christianity. BR95.C24 2010 230.003 – dc22 2009019272

ISBN 978-0-521-82096-7 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-52785-9 Paperback

Additional resources for this publication at http://hdl.handle.net/1803/3906

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

CONTENTS

Editorial Board page vii

Area Editors and Advisors ix Contributors xi

Preface by Daniel Patte xlv

Acknowledgments lxi

Abbreviations lxv Dictionary 1

For a comprehensive bibliography, see http://hdl.handle.net/1803/3906.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Ana Marıa´ Bidegain, CEHILA; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota;´ Florida International University, Miami, USA Enrique Dussel, CEHILA; Universidad Autonoma´ Metropolitana, Mexico Cristina Grenholm, Director of Theology and Ecumenical Relations, Church of Sweden; Karlstad University, Sweden Beverly W. Harrison, Union Theological Seminary, New York, USA Kwok Pui-lan, Episcopal Divinity School, Boston, USA Archie Chi Chung Lee, Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Kathleen E. McVey, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA Vasile Mihoc, Facultatea de Teologie “Andrei Saguna,” Sibiu University, Romania Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, University of Nairobi, Kenya Isabel Apawo Phiri, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Eugene TeSelle, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA

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AREA EDITORS AND ADVISORS

Jean-Noel¨ Aletti, SJ, Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome, Italy: Roman Catholicism Ian Breward, University of Melbourne, Australia: Australasia; Australia and South Pacific James P. Byrd, Vanderbilt University, USA: North America, History Noriel Capulong, Silliman University, Philippines: Philippines Elizabeth A. Clark, Duke University, USA: Women in the History of Christian Thought Valentin Dedji, St. Mark’s Methodist Church, London, UK: Western Africa (Francophone) Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Comissao˜ de Estudos de Historia´ da Igreja na America´ Latina e no Caribe (CEHILA), Brasil: Brazil Ramathate T. H. Dolamo, UNISA, Pretoria, South Africa: Southern Africa Noel Leo Erskine, Emory University, USA: Caribbean Islands, Ethics, and Theology George Thomas Kurian, Reference Books, New York, USA: Statistics (Christians in each nation) Armando Lampe, Comision´ de Estudios de Historia de la Iglesia en Latinoamerica´ (CEHILA), Universidad de Quintana Roo, Mexico: Caribbean Islands, History Marjorie Lewis, United Theological College of the West Indies; former General Secretary of the Jamaica Council of Churches (area editor following the untimely death of Lewin Williams): Jamaica and Jamaican Theology Frank D. Macchia, Vanguard University, USA: Charismatic Movement and Pentecostalism Fortunato Mallimaci, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales, Argentina: Southern Latin America Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Vanderbilt University, USA: Family and Children; Pastoral Theology Nektarios Morrow, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: Eastern Orthodoxy Gerald O’Collins, SJ, The Pontifical Gregorian University, Italy: Roman Catholicism Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, Silliman University, Philippines: Philippines and Women in Asia Peter Paris, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Poverty; Racism Keith F. Pecklers, SJ, Pontifical Gregorian University, Italy: Roman Catholic Liturgy Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Holy See of Etchmiadzin, Armenia: Oriental Orthodoxy; Non-Chalcedonian Churches

AREA EDITORS AND ADVISORS

Marıa´ Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Universidad Autonoma´ del Estado de Morelos, Mexico; Comision´ de Estudios de Historia de la Iglesia en Latinoamerica´ (CEHILA), Mexico: Mexico Fernando F. Segovia, Vanderbilt University, USA: Latino/a Christianity and Theology Karel Steenbrink, Utrecht University, Netherlands: Islam and Christianity Elsa Tamez, Universidad B´ıblica Latinoamericana, Costa Rica; United Bible Societies, Colombia: Central America and Latin American Theology Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Archbishop of America, Primate of the Greek (Eastern) Orthodox Church in America, USA: Eastern Orthodoxy Justin Ukpong, Veritas University Abuja, Nigeria: Western Africa (Anglophone) Andrew Walls, Centre for the Study of Christianity in the Non-Western World, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and Akroﬁ Christaller Memorial Centre, Ghana: Mission Patricia A. Ward, Vanderbilt University, USA: Literature, the Bible, and Christianity Paul Zamora, Greek Orthodox, Archdiocese of America, USA: Eastern Orthodoxy

CONTRIBUTORS

Rose Teteki Abbey, Presbyterian Church, Ghana: God, African View K. C. Abraham, Tainan Theological Seminary, India: Eschatology and Apocalypticism in Asia; Liberation Theologies in Asia; Poverty, Asian View; Racism in Asia; South India, Church David Tuesday Adamo, Delta State University, Nigeria: African Religion and Bible LeRoy H. Aden, Lutheran Theological Seminary, USA: Compassion; Death, Bible, Patristic Views; Death, North American View Efrain Agosto, Hartford Theological Seminary, USA: Jesus, Latino/a View; Philippians Victor Aguilan, Silliman University, Philippines: Church and State in Philippines; Evangelicals/Evangelicalism in Philippines Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Xavier University, USA: Isabella I of Castille; Philip II; Teresa of Avila´ Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, England:Sikhism Dorothy B E A Akoto, Trinity Theological Seminary, Ghana: Ghana Giuseppe Alberigo, Universita` di Bologna, Italy: Borromeo; Italy; RC in Italy Daniel E. Albrecht, Bethany University, USA: Pentecostal Worship Ruth Albrecht, Universitat¨ Hamburg, Germany: Pietism and Women Daniel O. Aleshire, Association of Theological Schools, USA: Theological Education Urs Altermatt, Universitat¨ Freiburg, Germany: Racism in Europe; Switzerland Anand Amaladass, Satya Nilayam, India: Hinduism; Nobili Michael Amaladoss, SJ, Loyola College, India: Uniqueness of Christ James N. Amanze, University of Botswana: Anglicanism in Southern Africa Lesley G. Anderson, United Theological College, West Indies: Christologies, Caribbean Thomas C. Anderson, Marquette University, USA: I–Thou; Marcel Victor Anderson, Vanderbilt University, USA: African American Theologies; Black Theology; Dewey; DuBois; Pragmatism; Racism; Thurman Hope S. Antone, Christian Conference of Asia, Hong Kong, China: Family in Asia; Marriage in Asia; Women’s Ordination in Asia Marıa´ Pilar Aquino, University of San Diego, USA: Feminist Theology, Latina Paula Arai, Louisiana State University, USA: Shinto and Christianity

CONTRIBUTORS

Victorio Araya Guillen,´ Universidad de Costa Rica: Anthropology, Latin American; God, Latin American View; Incarnation, Latin American View; Justice in Latin America; Preferential Option for the Poor S. Wesley Ariarajah, Drew University, USA: Evangelicals/Evangelicalism in Asia; God, Asian View Ellen T. Armour, Vanderbilt University, USA: Feminist Theology in North America; Postmodernism; Racism, Feminist View Brett Gregory Armstrong, Trevecca Nazarene University, USA: Bancroft Atsuhiro Asano, Nihon University, Ochanomizu, Japan: Galatians Naim Stifan Ateek, Sabeel Ecumenical Center, Israel: Palestinian Liberation Theology Mahmoud Ayoub, Temple University, USA; Muslim Views of Christianity John Alembillah Azumah, Director, Centre for Islamic Studies, London: Church and State in Islamic Africa; Islam in Africa Mercedes L. Garcıa´ Bachmann, Instituto Superior Evangelico´ de Estudios Teologicos,´ Argentina: Bible Interpretation in Latin America Irena Backus, UniversitedeGen´ eve,` Switzerland: Bolsec; Geneva, Calvin’s J. Wayne Baker, University of Akron, USA: Bullinger; Zwingli Mieke Bal, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands: Deborah Lewis V. Baldwin, Vanderbilt University, USA: Baker; Civil Rights; King, Martin Luther, Jr.; Malcolm X; National Baptist Convention, USA; Slavery through the Centuries; Slavery in North America; Southern Christian Leadership Conference; Spirituals; Turner William Barbieri, Catholic University of America, USA:War Antonio´ Barbosa da Silva, Universitetet i Oslo, Norway: Cape Verde David Basinger, Roberts Wesleyan College, USA: Philosophy of Religion; Predestination; Will Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria: Women’s Practices in Africa Oswald Bayer, Universitat¨ Tubingen,¨ Germany: Justiﬁcation, Western View; Lutheranism in Germany Daniel H. Bays, Calvin College, USA: Chinese House Churches Rosalie Beck, Baylor University, USA: Booth, C.; Booth, W.; Salvation Army; Women’s Missionary Societies Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary, USA: Christologies, Latin American View; Latin American Theologies Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, OP, Universite´ de Fribourg, Switzerland: Devotio Moderna; Dominic; Dominican Order; Elisabeth of Hungary; Lefevre` D’Etaples´ Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Seminary, USA: Antioch; Aphrahat; Maronite Church Wolfgang Behringer, Universitat¨ des Saarlandes, Germany: Demonization; Devil; Witchcraft

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CONTRIBUTORS

Christopher M. Bellitto, Kean University, USA: Constantinople, Councils; Lateran Councils; Vatican I Byard Bennett, Grand Rapids Theological Seminary, USA: Didymus Harold V. Bennett, Morehouse College, USA: Deuteronomy Teresa Berger, Duke University, USA: Women’s Practices, History Fr. Miguel A. Bernad, Xavier University, Philippines: RC in the Philippines Henley Bernard, United Theological College, West Indies, Jamaica: Holy Spirit, Caribbean View Alan E. Bernstein, University of Arizona, USA: Damnation; Death, European View; Eternity; Hell; Judgment; Purgatory Jon L. Berquist, Westminster John Knox Press, USA: Ezekiel Johannes Beutler, SJ, Pontiﬁco Instituto Biblico, Italy: John, Epistles Ana Marıa´ Bidegain, Member of the Editorial Board; Universidad Nacional de Colombia & Florida International University, USA: Borda; Catholic Action; Catholic Action, Latin America; CELAM; Church and State in Colombia; Colombia; Contemplation; Feminist Theologies in Latin America; History of Christianity in Latin America; Mary in Latin America; Medell´ın; Protestantism in Colombia; Torres; Trujillo; Women’s Religious Orders in Latin America Matthew P. Binkewicz, Hospice of the Finger Lakes, USA: Dying, Care of the Jennifer Bird, Greensboro College, USA: Church, Feminist View; Household Codes; Peter, 1 and 2 Joseph Blenkinsopp, University of Notre Dame, USA: Isaiah Dmytro Bondarenko, Economic and Social Research Council, Ukraine: Orthodox Churches, Ukraine; Secularization and Orthodoxy Paulo Bonfatti, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Brasil: Charismatics in Brazil Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Netherland: Family in Western Europe Jessica A. Boon, Duke University, USA: Angela of Foligno; Clare of Assisi; Clare of Montefalco; Jeanne of Jussie; John of Avila; Julian of Norwich; Kempe; Poor Clares Marcus J. Borg, Oregon State University, USA: Jesus, Quest; Jesus Seminar Mark Bosco, SJ, Loyola University, Chicago, USA: Greene Peter C. Bouteneff, St. Vladimir Orthodox Theological Seminary, USA: Russian Orthodox Church Franc¸ois Bovon, Harvard Divinity School, USA: Apocryphal Acts; Philip, Acts; Thomas, Acts William D. Bowman, Gettysburg College, USA: Austria Paul S. Boyer, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA: Millennialism; Millennialism in North America David Brakke, Indiana University, USA: Athanasius Richard E. Brantley, University of Florida, USA: Romanticism Marcus Braybrooke, World Congress of Faiths, UK: Baha’i: Christian View

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CONTRIBUTORS

Ian Breward, University of Melbourne, Australia: Anglicanism in South Pacific; Australia; Evangelicals in South Pacific; History of Christianity in South Pacific; Independent Churches in South Pacific; Mission in South Pacific; New Zealand; Protestantism in South Pacific Enioˆ Jose´ da Costa Brito, Pontif´ıcia Universidade Catolica´ de Sao˜ Paulo, Brasil: Slavery in Brazil Jewel Spears Brooker, Eckerd College, USA: Eliot, T. S. Johannes Brosseder, Universitat¨ zu Koln,¨ Germany: RC and Lutheranism in Germany Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Fuller Theological Seminary, USA: Peace Robert F. Brown, University of Delaware, USA: Schelling Pamela K. Brubaker, California Lutheran University, USA: Poverty, Feminist View Walter Brueggemann, Columbia Theological Seminary, Atlanta, USA: Psalms; Worship in Ancient Israel Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Anglican Communion Institute, UK: Anglican Communion; Anglican Worship; Forty-two Articles; Lambeth Conferences; Lambeth Quadrilateral; Thirty-nine Articles Stanley M. Burgess, Regent University, USA: Charismatic Movement, History; Pentecostal Movement, History Amy Nelson Burnett, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA: Bucer; Marburg Colloquy J. Patout Burns, Vanderbilt University, USA: Cyprian David B. Burrell CSC, University of Notre Dame, USA: Maimonides David Buttrick, Vanderbilt University, USA: Preaching; Reformed Worship James P. Byrd, Vanderbilt University, USA: Adams; Asbury; Hodge; Jefferson; Plymouth Brethren; United States; Williams Lavinia Byrne, West Nave House, UK: Catherine of Sienna; Helena; Margaret of Scotland; Ward Gerado Caetano, Universidad de la Republica´ Uruguaya: Church and State in Uruguay; RC in Uruguay; Uruguay Marcos Caldas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil: Inquisition in Brazil; Religious Orders in Brazil Alkiviadis Calivas, Holy Cross School of Theology, USA: Baptism, Orthodox View; Chrismation; Popular Practices in Orthodoxy William J. Callahan, University of Toronto, Canada: RC in Spain; Spain Salvatore Calomino, University of Wisconsin, USA: Barlaam and Josaphat Euan K. Cameron, Union Theological Seminary, New York, USA: Waldenses William S. Campbell, University of Wales Lampeter, UK:Kasemann¨ Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Brasil: Popular Practices in Brazil Daniel F. Caner, University of Connecticut, USA: Acoemetae; Circumcellions; Messalians Paul E. Capetz, United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities, USA: God, History

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CONTRIBUTORS

Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Columbia Theological Seminary, New York, USA: Mission in Caribbean; Valladolid Patrick W. Carey, Marquette University, USA: Brownson; Hecker; Theological Education, RC View Barbara Carvill, Calvin College, USA: German Literature Hal Cauthron, Southern Nazarene University, USA: Nazarene, Church Subhadra Mitra Channa, University of Delhi, India: Tribalism Mark D. Chapman, University of Oxford, UK: History of Religion; Liberal Theology; Troeltsch James H. Charlesworth, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Dead Sea Scrolls Kenneth R. Chase, Wheaton College, USA: Violence Chen Zemin, Nanjing Union Theological Seminary, China: Chinese Protestant Churches Luciano Chianeque, Seminario´ Emanuel Unido do Huambo, Angola: Angola; Human Rights in Africa Philip Chia Phin Yin, Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China: Obadiah; Tobit Francisca H. Chimhanda, Congregatio Jesu, Zimbabwe: Religious Orders in Africa Daniel Chiquete, Universitat¨ Hamburg, Germany: Charismatics in Central America; Health, Healing, in Latin America; Holy Spirit, Latin American View John T. Chirban, Harvard University, USA: Health, Healing, Orthodox View; Resurrection, Orthodox View Soobin Choi, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea: Daoist Canon and Bible Robert Choquette, University of Ottawa, Canada: Canada; Ryerson; Strachan; Tache´ Mita Choudhury, Vassar College, USA: Arnauld, Jacqueline; Joncoux Gerald Christianson, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, USA: Inner Mission; Wichern John Chryssavgis, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, USA: Ecology, Orthodox View Sejong Chun, Vanderbilt University, USA: New Creation Esther Chung-Kim, Claremont School of Theology, USA: Brenz; Hubmaier; Peasants’ War Charles M. A. Clark, St. John’s University, USA: Poverty and RC Elizabeth A. Clark, Duke University, USA: Asceticism; Historiography; Origenist Controversy; Virginity Sathianathan Clarke, Wesley Theological Seminary, USA: Caste System; Dalit Theology Fred Cloud, American Baptist College, USA: Prayer John B. Cobb, Jr., Claremont School of Theology, USA: Hartshorne; Process Theology; Whitehead W. Owen Cole, Shap Working Party on World Religions and Education, UK:Sikhism: Christian View; Sikh Scriptures

CONTRIBUTORS

John A Coleman, SJ, Loyola Marymount University, USA: Global Ethics; Globalization John J. Collins, Yale University, USA: Apocalypticism, Origins; Violence and the Bible Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Kingston University, UK: Secularization and Desecularization Paul K. Conkin, Vanderbilt University, USA: Darwinism; Edwards Beth A. Conklin, Vanderbilt University, USA: Climate Change Sean Connolly, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK: Ireland Demetrios J. Constantelos, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, USA: Poverty, Orthodox View Michael A. Conway, Pontifical University, Ireland: Blondel Paula M. Cooey, Macalester College, USA: Body Austin Cooper, OMI, Catholic Theological College, Australia: RC in South Pacific; Spirituality in South Pacific Michael L. Cooper-White, Gettysburg Seminary, USA: Lutheran Churches, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Pamela Cooper-White, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, USA: Pastoral Theology L. William Countryman, Graduate Theological Union, USA: Honor and Shame Sergio´ Coutinho, Universidade Catolica´ de Bras´ılia, Brasil: CEBs; Church in Brazil: Church and State in Brazil; RC in Brazil Pamela Couture, Saint Paul School of Theology, USA: Family in North America Shannon Craigo-Snell, Yale University, USA: Anthropology, Feminist View; Image of God, Feminist and Liberation Views James L. Crenshaw, Duke University, USA: Covenant; Ecclesiastes; Joel; Prophecy; Proverbs; Sacrifice of Isaac; Wisdom of Ben Sira David Crowner, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, USA: Inner Mission; Wichern Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales, Buenos Aires, Argentina: Church and State in Argentina Lawrence S. Cunningham, University of Notre Dame, USA: Holiness Elizabeth Mason Currier, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, USA: Evangelicals; Evangelicals in North America; New Haven Theology Emmanuel Cutrone, University of Notre Dame, USA: Ambrosian (Milanese) Rite Mary L. Daniel, University of Wisconsin, USA: Portuguese Literature David D. Daniels III, McCormick Theological Seminary, USA: Church of God in Christ Robert Darden, Baylor University, USA: Gospel Music Rolf Darge, Katholisch-Theologische Fakultat¨ der Universitat¨ Salzburg, Austria:Suarez´ Isaiah Dau, Nairobi Pentecostal Bible College, Kenya: Sudan

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CONTRIBUTORS

Jeffry C. Davis, Wheaton College, USA: Canaan; Elijah; Exile; Flood; Joseph, Husband of Mary; Joseph, Son of Jacob and Rachel; Noah; Samaria; Shepherd; Sodom; Star; Vine, Vineyard; Wilderness; Zion Jane Dawson, University of Edinburgh, UK: Book of Common Order; Knox Valentin Dedji, St. Mark’s Methodist Church, London, UK: African Instituted Churches in Western Africa; Benin; Burkina Faso; Central African Republic; Chad; Gabon; Mission in Africa; Senegal; Togo John W. de Gruchy, University of Cape Town, South Africa: Bonhoeffer; Democracy Paul DeHart, Vanderbilt Divinity School, USA: Radical Orthodoxy Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, United Theological Seminary, USA:Shaw; Temperance; Willard Miguel A. De La Torre, Hope College, USA: Latino/a Theologies George E. Demacopoulos, Fordham University, USA: Mary, Theotokos Thomas de Mayo, J. Sargent Reynolds Community College, USA: Angels Leah DeVun, Texas A&M University, USA: Apocalypticism in Western History; Resurrection, Western View Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, CEHILA, Brasil: RC in Brazil; Women’s Religious Orders in Brazil Dennis C. Dickerson, Vanderbilt University, USA: African American Churches; African American Holiness; African Methodist Episcopal Church; Allen; Payne John M. Dillon, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland: Neoplatonism; Platonism Luis Miguel Donatello, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina: Angelelli; Argentina; Meinvielle; Moyano Llerena Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Centre d’Etudes ISTINA, France:Armenia;Armenian Genocide; Gregory the Illuminator; Mashtots; Moses of Khoren; Nerses Susanna Drake, Duke University, USA: Melania the Elder; Melania the Younger Jonathan A. Draper, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Colenso Martin, N. Dreher, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Brasil: Protestantism in Brazil Otto Dreydoppel, Jr., Moravian Theological Seminary, USA: Bohemian Brethren; Comenius; Moravian Church; Moravian Worship; Zinzendorf Angelyn Dries, OSF, Saint Louis University, USA: Maryknoll Missionaries A. J. Droge, University of Toronto, Canada: Hellenistic Christian Self-deﬁnition Francis X. D’Sa, SJ, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Wurzburg,¨ Germany: Hinduism; Hindu Scriptures Marilyn Dunn, University of Glasgow, Scotland: Benedict; Benedict, Rule of; Carthusian; Cistercian; Columba; Columbanus; Carta Caritatis; Iona; Monastic Rules; Regula Magistri Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Meadville Lombard Theological School, USA: Eve; Herod; Herodians; Herodias; Judith; Mark; Miriam; Pilate; Salome; Tamar (Gen 38); Tamar (2 Sam 13); Tomb of Jesus; Tree of Life; Trial of Jesus; Zipporah Rifaat Ebied, University of Sydney, Australia: Bar Hebraeus; Damian; Dionysius bar Salibi; Peter of Callinicus; Timothy II Aelurus; Tritheism

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CONTRIBUTORS

Mark J. Edwards, Christ Church College, University of Oxford, UK: Constantine; Eusebius of Caesarea William H. Edwards, University of South Australia: Ancestors, Australian Aboriginal View; Anthropology, Australian Aboriginal View; Australian Aboriginal Traditions; Family, Australian View Leonard H. Ehrlich, University of Massachusetts, USA: Jaspers Nancy L. Eiesland, Emory University, USA: Disability Martin Elbel, Palacky´ University, Czech Republic: Czech Republic; Slovak Republic J. Harold Ellens, University of Michigan, USA: Ideological Studies; Ideology Stephen Ellingson, Hamilton College, USA: Megachurches in North America Marvin M. Ellison, Bangor Theological Seminary, USA: Family, Nonheterosexual Robert Ellsberg, Orbis Books, USA: De Foucauld Jean Bethke Elshtain, University of Chicago, USA: Addams Eldon Jay Epp, Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University, USA: Junia Peter C. Erb, Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Canada: Arndt; Boehme; Ephrata Cloister; Ephrata Community; Gladstone; Keble; Manning; Newman; Oxford Movement; Pusey; Schwenkfeld von Ossig; Ultramontanism; Wilberforce Tassilo Erhardt, Roosevelt Academy, The Netherlands: Handel; Messiah, Handel’s; Mozart; Palestrina Maria Erling, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, USA: Lutheran Churches in USA; Muhlenberg Noel Leo Erskine, Emory University, USA: Caribbean Islands, Theologies; Christologies, Caribbean View; God, Caribbean View; Gospel and Culture, Caribbean View; Justice, Caribbean View; Liberation Theologies, Caribbean View; Poverty, Caribbean View Gillian R. Evans, University of Cambridge, UK: Bernard of Clairvaux; Anselm of Canterbury; Gregory I; Peter Lombard Virginia Fabella, MM, Institute of Formation and Religious Studies, Philippines: Women’s Religious Orders in Asia Michael A. Fahey, SJ, Marquette University, USA: Baptism, RC View; RC in USA; Sacramental Theology; Sacraments in Western Churches Edward Farley, Vanderbilt University, USA; Fundamentalism Margaret A. Farley, Yale Divinity School, USA: Health, Healing, Feminist View; Health and Healing Theologies; Medical Ethics Wendy Farley, Emory University, USA: Desire; Suffering Robert Fastiggi, Sacred Heart Major Seminary, USA: Consecration; Holy Ofﬁce; Ordination; Priesthood; Roman Catechism Seena Fazel, University of Oxford, UK: Baha’i Faith, Baha’i Perspective Duncan S. Ferguson, Director, Committee on Higher Education, Presbyterian Church (USA); Eckerd College, USA: Education as Christian Service; Educational Practices in USA; New Age Spirituality; Sunday School

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CONTRIBUTORS

Helwar Figueroa, Florida International University, USA: Church and State in Colombia Paul Corby Finney, University of Missouri, USA: Jesus, Images of; Jesus, Images of, European View Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, St. Catherine’s Vision, USA: Ecumenical Patriarchate; Laity, Orthodox View; Women’s Ordination and the Orthodox Church Thomas E. FitzGerald, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, USA: Ecumenical Patriarchate; Greek Orthodox Church in America; Orthodox Churches in USA John R. Fitzmier, Claremont School of Theology, USA:Dwight Marie Therese Flanagan, Queen’s University Belfast, UK: Celtic Christianity Sabina Flanagan, University of Adelaide, Australia: Gertrude; Hildegard of Bingen Claude Flipo, SJ, Centre Sevre,` France: Ignatius of Loyola; Jesuits; Spiritual Exercises Ronald B. Flowers, Texas Christian University, USA: Church and State in USA Carole Fontaine, Andover Newton Theological School, USA: Bible Interpretation, Feminist View David Ford, St. Tikhons Theological Seminary, USA: Marriage, Orthodox View; Martyrdom, Orthodox View; Saints; Saints, Devotion to, Orthodox View Mary Ford, St. Tikhons Theological Seminary, USA: Marriage, Orthodox View; Martyrdom, Orthodox View; Saints; Saints, Devotion to, Orthodox View Stephanie A. Ford, Earlham School of Religion, USA: Spirituality, North American View; Spirituality, Protestant View Jim Forest, Orthodox Peace Fellowship, USA: Catholic Worker; Day William Franke, Vanderbilt University, USA: Dante; Dionysius the Pseudo-Areopagite; Petrarch Robert M. Franklin, Emory University, USA: Family, African American View Ruth Franzen,´ Uppsala University, Sweden: Pietism in Scandinavia; Rouse Edward H. Friedman, Vanderbilt University, USA: Spanish Literature Samuel Frouisou, Lutheran Church, Cameroon; University of Natal, South Africa: Cameroon Lorelei F. Fuchs, SA, The Interchurch Center, New York, USA: Dialogue, Ecumenical Jojo M. Fung, SJ, Arrupe House, Malaysia: Shamanism Inger Furseth, KIFO Centre for Church Research, Norway:Aarﬂot Richard R. Gaillardetz, University of Toledo, USA: Laity Brandon Gallaher, University of Oxford, UK: Florovsky China Galland, Graduate Theological Union, USA: Black Madonna Mark Galli, “Christianity Today” Magazine, USA:Mott Ismael Garcıa,´ Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary, USA: Justice, Latino/a View; Justiﬁcation, Latino/a View; Kingdom of God, Latino/a View; Poverty Latino/a View

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CONTRIBUTORS

Tharscisse Gatwa, Centre de Litterature´ Evangelique,´ Cameroon:Rwanda Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Secretariat´ pour les Relations avec l’Islam, France:Historyof Christianity in North Africa; Islam in Western Europe Luis Marıa´ Gavilanes del Castillo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica,´ Ecuador: CEBs; Church in Ecuador; Ecuador; Mercedes de Jesus;´ Miguel, Brother; Narcisa de Jesus;´ Proano˜ Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, USA: Patristic Thought Volney P. Gay, Vanderbilt University, USA: Paradox Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate, Antioch, Syria: Syriac Orthodox Church Kondothra M. George, Orthodox Theological Seminary, India: Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Mary Gerhart, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, USA: Analogical Imagination; Metaphor Simon Gikandi, Princeton University, USA: African Literature (Anglophone) Maurice Gilbert, SJ, Pontificio Istituto Biblico, Italy: Pontifical Biblical Commission Michael J. Gillgannon, Universidad Nacional de La Paz, Bolivia: Bolivia Veronica´ Gimenez´ Beliveau, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina: Bogar´ın Argana;˜ Church, Latin American View; Paraguay Terryl Givens, Richmond University, USA: Latter-Day Saints; Mormon, Book of; Mormon Worship; Smith; Young Beth Glazier-McDonald, Centre College, USA: Haggai; Malachi; Nahum; Zechariah Philip Gleason, University of Notre Dame, USA: Carroll Menghun Goh, Vanderbilt University, USA: Malaysia; Sung Shang-Jie Brian Golding, University of Southampton, UK: Gilbert of Sempringham Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Jr., National Council of Churches, Philippines: Islam in Asia: The Philippines Michelle A. Gonzalez, Loyola Marymount University, USA: Christologies, Latino/a; God, Latino/a View Donald K. Gorrell, United Theological Seminary, Dayton, USA: Rauschenbusch; Social Gospel Roy Gottfried, Vanderbilt University, USA: American Literature Tamara Grdzelidze, World Council of Churches, Switzerland: Creation, Ecology, Orthodox View; Georgia; Orthodox Church of Georgia Joel B. Green, Asbury Theological Seminary, USA: Cross and Crucifixion Niels Henrik Gregersen, University of Copenhagen, Denmark: Science Cristina Grenholm, Member of the Editorial Board, Karlstad Universitet;¨ Director, Theology and Ecumenical Relations, Church of Sweden: Autonomy; Folk Churches; Heteronomy; Justification, Feminist View; Motherhood; Relationality; Spiritual Criticism; Sweden; Women’s Ordination in Europe Herbert Griffiths, University of Leeds, UK: Afro-Caribbean Christianity in UK Eric W. Gritsch, Lutheran Theological Seminary, USA:Muntzer¨

CONTRIBUTORS

Erich S. Gruen, University of California, Berkeley, USA: Diaspora Christoffer H. Grundmann, Valparaiso University, USA: Health, Healing in the West; Hospitals and Healing Paul H. Gundani, UNISA, South Africa: RC in Southern Africa; Zimbabwe Jon P. Gunnemann, Emory University, USA: Marxism Petre Guran, Princeton University, USA: Church and State in Eastern Europe; Olga; Vladimir Vidar L. Haanes, Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet, Norway:Olaf Jeremiah M. Hackett, University of South Carolina, USA: Bacon; Eckhart; Soul Getatchew Haile, Hill Monastic Manuscript Library, USA: Ethiopia; Frumentius Douglas John Hall, McGill University, Canada: Christologies, North American View; Eschatology and Apocalypticism, North American View; God, North American View; Gospel and Culture, North American View; Incarnation, North American View; Justiﬁcation, North American View; Theologies as Human Undertaking, North Atlantic View Nicholas Hammond, University of Cambridge, UK: Pascal Daphne Hampson, University of St. Andrews, UK: Post-Christian Thought Jehu J. Hanciles, Fuller Seminary, USA: Sierra Leone Barry Hankins, Baylor University, USA: Southern Baptist Convention Jennifer Haraguchi, University of Chicago, USA: Cereta Stanley S. Harakas, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, USA: Ethics, Orthodox View; Justice, Orthodox View Anthony John Harding, University of Saskatchewan, Canada: Coleridge Conrad L. Harkins, OFM, Franciscan Institute, USA: Francis of Assisi; Franciscans J. William Harmless, SJ, Creighton University, USA: Antony; Apophthegmata Patrum; Cassian; Evagrius of Pontus; Pachomius Marjory Harper, University of Aberdeen, Scotland: Missions and Emigration/Colonization in North America Amir Harrak, University of Toronto, Canada: Syria; Syriac Catholic Church Joel F. Harrington, Vanderbilt University, USA: Marriage, in Western Churches Mark W. Harris, First Parish of Watertown, Mass., USA: Racovian Catechism; Socinus; Unitarianism Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Brown University, USA: Incense and Olfactory Experience in Worship Van A. Harvey, Stanford University, USA: Bultmann; Demythologization; Feuerbach R. Chris Hassel, Jr., Vanderbilt University, USA: Shakespeare Jione Havea, University of Melbourne, Australia: Biblical Interpretation in Oceania Daniel Hawk, Ashland Theological Seminary, USA: Joshua Diana L. Hayes, Georgetown University, USA: Spirituality, African American; Womanist and African American Theologies Leslie Hayes, University of Toronto, Canada: Women’s Ordination, Earlier Periods

xxi

CONTRIBUTORS

Priscilla Hayner, International Center for Transitional Justice, USA: Truth and Reconciliation Commissions S. Mark Heim, Andover Newton Theological School, USA: Sacriﬁce Simo Heininen, University of Helsinki, Finland: Agricola Richard P. Heitzenrater, Duke University, USA: Wesley, John Eila Helander, Helsingfors Universitet, Finland: Finland David Hempton, Harvard University, USA: Methodism in UK Scott H. Hendrix, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Luther; Schmalkaldic Articles Jan-Olav Henriksen, Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet, Norway:Aulen;´ Creation Theology in Scandinavia; Existentialism and Christian Thought; Folk Churches; Lutheranism in the Nordic Countries Gina Hens-Piazza, Union Theological Seminary, USA: Samuel, 1 and 2 Carter Heyward, Episcopal Divinity School, USA: Heterosexuality; Homosexuality; Sexuality Nicholas J. Higham, University of Manchester, UK: Bede; Patrick David Hilliard, Flinders University, Australia: Solomon Islands Norman A. Hjelm, Lutheran World Federation and Director of Faith and Order: Ecumenical Movement; Edinburgh Conference, 1937; Faith and Order; Lutheran World Federation Peter C. Hodgson, Vanderbilt University, USA: Baur; Eliot, George; Hegel; History as a Theological Concept; Liberalism in Theology Arthur Holder, Graduate Theological Union, USA: Spirituality M. Jan Holton, Vanderbilt University, USA: Families and Substitute Families in Squatter Camps Dwight N. Hopkins, University of Chicago, USA: Anthropology, African American View; Anthropology, European-American View; Anthropology, Western View Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Pennsylvania State University, USA: Catholic Renewal; Mission, RC, in China; Trent, Council Po-Ho Huang, Dean, School of Theology, Chang Jung Christian University, Taiwan: Taiwan James Hudnut-Beumler, Dean, Vanderbilt Divinity School, USA: Church in North America; Economic Studies of Christianity in USA Jennifer S. Hughes, University of California, Riverside, USA: Patronato/Padroado; Portuguese Conquests, Missions; Spanish Conquests, Missions Leonard M. Hummel, Lutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, USA: Pastoral Care Mary E. Hunt, Women’s Alliance for Theology, Ethics and Ritual, USA: Women’s Ordination and RC Laennec Hurbon, Universite´ Quisqueya de Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Ancestors, Latin American and Caribbean View; Death, Caribbean View and Cult of the Dead; Dominican Republic; Guadeloupe; Haiti; Martinique; Vodou

xxii

CONTRIBUTORS

Mark Hutchinson, Southern Cross College, Australia: Charismatics in Australasia; Charismatics in South Pacific; Incarnation, South Pacific View; Racism in South Pacific Susan E. Hylen, Vanderbilt University, USA: NT Theology; Revelation Mary Beth Ingham, CSJ, Loyola Marymount University, USA: Bonaventure; Duns Scotus; Olivi H. Larry Ingle, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, USA: Fox; Friends, Religious Society of; Grimke,´ Sarah and Angelina; Hick; Penn; Quaker Worship; Woolman Dale T. Irvin, New York Theological Seminary, USA: History of World Christianity Jon Isaak, Mennonite Brethren Biblical Seminary, USA: Hebrews Paul John Isaak, Wartburg Theological Seminary, USA: Death, African View; Namibia Ada Marıa´ Isasi-Dıaz,´ Drew University, USA: Feminist Theology, Mujerista Hans Raun Iversen, Københavns Universitet, Denmark: Culture Christianity; Denmark; Grundtvig; Hemmingsen; Laity, Scandinavian View Margaret C. Jacob, University of California, Los Angeles, USA: Freemasonry; Newton Arthur James, Gujranwala Theological Seminary; President, National Churches Council, Pakistan: Pakistan Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, Karlstad Universitet,¨ Sweden: Ecology; Ecotheology David Jasper, University of Glasgow, UK: Gadamer; Hermeneutics Werner G. Jeanrond, University of Lund, Sweden: Love Renee´ Jeffery, LaTrobe University, Australia: Arminianism; Grotius; Remonstrance David Lyle Jeffrey, Baylor University, USA: Jesus Christ, Images of, in Literature Theodore W. Jennings, Jr., Chicago Theological Seminary, USA: Justice, Western View; Law David H. Jensen, Austin Presbyterian Seminary, USA: Labor Robin Margaret Jensen, Vanderbilt University, USA: Arts David Jobling, St. Andrews College, Canada: Bible Interpretation in North America Dale A. Johnson, Vanderbilt University, USA: Civil Constitution of the Clergy; History of Christianity in Western Europe; Nonconformists; Nonconformity and Theological Education; Popular Christian Practices; Popular Christianity in North America Elizabeth A. Johnson, Fordham University, USA: God, Feminist View; Incarnation, Feminist View; Mary; Saints, RC View Maxwell E. Johnson, University of Notre Dame, USA: Worship in Early Christianity; Liturgies, History of Sarah Johnson, Duke University, USA: Eddy; Jackson; Lee, Ann; McPherson; Palmer Mark D. Johnston, DePaul University, USA: Llull F. Stanley Jones, California State University, Long Beach, USA: Clementine Literature

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CONTRIBUTORS

James William Jones, Rutgers University, USA: Psychology John R. Jones, La Sierra University, USA: Adventism; Branch Davidians; Seventh-day Adventist Worship; White Alissa Jones Nelson, University of St. Andrews, UK: Prosperity Theology and Liberation Theology Inge Jonsson, University of Stockholm, Sweden: Swedenborg Jan Joosten, Universite´ des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg, France: Diatessaron Elizabeth Judd, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico´ : Asbaje y Ram´ırez; Garces;´ Gomez´ Mor´ın; Hidalgo y Costilla; Jesus,´ Felipe de; Llaguno Far´ıas; Mart´ınez; Mendez´ Arceo; Miranda y Gomez;´ Morelos y Pavon;´ Mungu´ıa; Palafox y Mendoza; Pro Juarez,´ Miguel; Quiroga; Sahagun;´ Thomson; Velazquez;´ Zumarraga´ Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, United Church of Zambia: Water; Zambia Robert Kaggwa, Roehampton University, UK: Kitagana; Luwum; Mukasa; Njangali; Uganda Sylvester Kahakwa, Tumaini University, Tanzania: Ancestors, African View; Incarnation, African View; Justiﬁcation, African View Isaac Kalimi, University of Chicago, USA: Chronicles Ogbu U. Kalu, McCormick Presbyterian Seminary, USA: Charismatic Movement, Studying; History of Christianity in Africa Eunice Kamaara, Moi University, Kenya: Family in Eastern Africa Wayne C. Kannaday, Newberry College, USA: Apologists; Clement of Alexandria; Scribes Musimbi Kanyoro, World YWCA, Switzerland: Justice, African View; YMCA; YWCA Veli-Matti Karkk¨ ainen,¨ Fuller Theological Seminary, USA: Church; Church, Western View; Holy Spirit; Holy Spirit, European View; Holy Spirit, North American View; Inspiration Frank Kaufmann, Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace, USA: Uniﬁcation Church Leon´ Nguapitshi Kayongo, Universite´ Simon Kimbangu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kimbangu; Kimbanguism Richard Kearney, Boston College, USA: Aesthetics; Ricoeur Alice A. Keefe, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, USA: Hosea Ralph Keen, University of Iowa, USA:More Catherine Keller, Drew University, USA: Eschatology and Apocalypticism, Feminist AnthonyJ.Kelly,CSsR,Australian Catholic University, Australia: Eschatology; Hope; Liguori Karen Kennelly, CSJ, St. Catherine College, USA: Women’s Orders in Europe and North America Kathi Lynn Kern, University of Kentucky, USA: Anthony, Susan B.; Stanton Fergus Kerr, OP, University of Edinburgh, UK: Aquinas; Thomism; Wittgenstein

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CONTRIBUTORS

Edward Kessler, University of Cambridge, UK: Israel; Judaism and Christianity, Jewish Views; Judaism and Christianity in Western Europe George Kilcourse, Bellarmine University, USA:Merton Heup Young Kim, Kangnam University, Korea: Ancestors, Asian View; Daoism, Neo-Confucianism, Christianity in Korea Kim Sung-Hae, Sr., Sogang University, Korea: Daoism Kim Yong-Bock, Asia Paciﬁc Graduate School for Study of Life, Korea: Death, Asian View; Minjung Theology Kim Yung Suk, Virginia Union University, USA: Korea, South Richard King, University of Glasgow, UK: Religion Thomas M. King, SJ, Georgetown University, USA: Teilhard de Chardin Robert M. Kingdon, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA: Beza; Farel; Marriage in Calvin’s Geneva Ross Kinsler, Latin America Biblical University, Costa Rica: Ministry/Ministries; Theological Education in Latin America Hans G. Kippenberg, Universitat¨ Erfurt, Germany: Weber Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Shaw Divinity School, USA: Anthropology, Womanist View; Healing, African American View; Justice, Womanist View; Liberation Theologies, Womanist; Wells Clifton Kirkpatrick, President, World Alliance of Reformed Churches: World Alliance of Reformed Churches Leonid Kishkovsky, Orthodox Church of America, USA: Church, Orthodox View Nadieszda Kizenko, State University of New York, Albany, USA: Russian Orthodox Church Jeffrey Klaiber, SJ, Pontiﬁcal Catholic University, Peru: Human Rights in Latin America; Landazuri´ Ricketts, Juan; MacKay, John A.; Peru; RC in Peru; Rose, St., of Lima Hans-Josef Klauck, University of Chicago, USA: Apocryphal Books of NT; Apocryphal Gospels; Ebionites, Gospel; Hebrews, Gospel; Nazarenes, Gospel; Peter, Gospel; Philip, Gospel; Thomas, Gospel; Thomas, Infancy Gospel; Truth, Gospel Sidney Knight, University of Peradenya, Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Samuel Kobia, General Secretary, World Council of Churches: World Council of Churches Robert Kolb, Concordia Seminary, USA: Augsburg Confession; Augsburg, Peace; Flacius; Gnesio-Lutherans Karla Ann Koll, Latin American Biblical University, Guatemala:Guatemala Heikki Kotila, Helsingfors Universitet, Finland: Thomas Mass Donald Kraybill, Elizabethtown College, USA: Amish; Anabaptist; Brethren; Hutterites; Peace Movements; Radical Reformation Philip D. W. Krey, Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, USA: Nicholas of Lyra

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CONTRIBUTORS

Yves Krumenacker, Universite´ Jean Moulin, Institut Universitaire de France: Chardon; Merici; Ther´ ese` of Lisieux Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Pacific School of Religion, USA: Bible Interpretation in Asia Simanga R. Kumalo, University of Natal, South Africa: Church and State in South Africa Peter Kuzmic, Evangelical Theological Seminary, Croatia: Charismatics and Pentecostals in Eastern Europe; Croatia; Mission in Eastern Europe Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China: Asian Theology; Confucianism in Hong Kong; Congress of Asian Theologians; Hong Kong; Programme for Theology and Cultures in Asia Kwok Pui-lan, Member of the Editorial Board; Episcopal Divinity School, USA: Bible Interpretation by Asian Women; Chinese Women; Feminist Theology in Asia Andre´ LaCocque, Chicago Theological Seminary, USA: Daniel; Esther; Genesis; Israel, People of; Jerusalem; Jonah; People of God; Promised Land; Song of Songs Stephen E. Lahey, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA: Darby; Dispensationalism; Hus; Jerome of Prague; Pecock; Wyclif John Tsz Pang Lai, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China: Chinese Literature Emiel Lamberts, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium: Belgium; Cardijn; Worker-Priests; Young Christian Workers Armando Lampe, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Mexico: Caribbean Islands; Church and State in Cuba, Catholicism and Communism in Cuba; Cuba; Guyana; Jamaica; Rastafari; Trinidad and Tobago Craig Lampe, Bible Museum, USA: Bible, English Translations Beverly J. Lanzetta, University of Arizona, USA: Wisdom Eve LaPlante, American Society of Journalists and Authors, USA:Hutchinson Lizette Larson-Miller, Church Divinity School of the Pacific, USA: Burial; Dead, Prayers for; Laying on of Hands; Sick, Visitation and Anointing Ariel Bybee Laughton, Duke University, USA: Marcella Leonard Lawlor, University of Memphis, USA: Bergson; Berengarius of Tours; Phenomenology Bentley Layton, Yale University, USA: Shenoute Robin A. Leaver, Rider University, USA: Bach; Passions (Music) Karen Lebacqz, Pacific School of Religion, USA: Bio-Medical Ethics; Justice, North American View Archie Chi Chung Lee, Member of the Editorial Board; Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China: Lamentations Marilyn J. Legge, University of Toronto, Canada: Grace, Feminist View Herve´ LeGrand, Institut Catholique de Paris, France:RCinFrance D. L. LeMahieu, Lake Forest College, USA: Paley Raymond Lemieux, Universite´ Laval, Canada: Guyard; Quebec Bill J. Leonard, Wake Forest University, USA: Baptist Churches; Baptist Churches in North America; Baptist Worship

xxvi

CONTRIBUTORS

Ellen M. Leonard, CSJ, University of Toronto, Canada: Modernism, RC; Petre; Underhill; von Hugel¨ Outi Leppa,¨ University of Helsinki, Finland: Colossians Jean Lesaulnier, Societ´ e´ des Amis de Port-Royal, France: Arnauld, Antoine; Jansen; Jansenism Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Metropolitan State University, St. Paul, USA: Thailand Henrietta Leyser, University of Oxford, UK: Christina of Markyate Alexei Lidov, Research Center for Eastern Christian Culture, Moscow: Hierotopy; Jesus Christ in Byzantine Iconography; Mary, Theotokos, in Byzantine Iconography Bernard Lightman, York University, Canada:Huxley Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Vanderbilt University, USA: Amyraut; Bunyan; Cyril of Jerusalem; John of the Cross; Kuyper; Las Casas, Bartolome´ de; Laud Carter Lindberg, Boston University, USA: Reformation Mark R. Lindsay, University of Melbourne, Australia: Barmen Declaration; Barth, Karl; Church Struggle in Germany; Confession Church; Crisis Theology; Dialectical Theology; German Christians; Niemoller¨ James R. Linville, University of Lethbridge, Canada: Deuteronomistic History; Kings, 1–2 James C. Livingston, College of William and Mary, USA: Butler; Enlightenment; Enlightenment in North America; Mohler;¨ Tyrrell Ann Loades, University of Durham, UK: Feminist Theology in Western Europe; Sayers; Women’s Christian Practices in the West David Loades, University of Shefﬁeld, UK: Elizabeth I; Foxe Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, United Bible Societies, Kenya: Bible Translations, History; Bokeleale; Congo, Democratic Republic of; Kimbangu; Malula Lo Lung Kwong, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China: Ancestors in China Wati Longchar, Eastern Theological College, India: Land and Indigenous Peoples’ Views Eleazar Lopez,´ Centro Nacional de Ayuda a Misiones Ind´ıgenas, Mexico: Gospel and Culture, Mexican View David W. Lotz, Union Theological Seminary, USA:Ritschl Andrew Louth, Durham University, UK: Byzantine Theology; Cabasilas; Gregory Palamas; John of Damascus; Staniloae Robin W. Lovin, Southern Methodist University, USA: Niebuhr, Reinhold; Political Studies; Political Theology; Social Ethics William Luis, Vanderbilt University, USA: Caribbean Literature Frank D. Macchia, Vanguard University, USA: Baptism in the Holy Spirit; Charismatics/Pentecostals in North America; Charismatics/Pentecostals in Europe; Health, Healing, Pentecostal/Charismatic View Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, University of Oxford, UK: Common Prayer, Book of; Cranmer; Henry VIII; Mary Tudor Kirk R. MacGregor, Radford University, USA: Word-Faith Movement

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CONTRIBUTORS

Marjory A. MacLean, Depute Clerk, General Assembly, Church of Scotland: Scotland, Church of Donald MacLeod, Free Church College, UK: Scotland, Free Church; Westminster Catechisms and Confession Tomas S. Maddela, Saint Andrew’s Seminary, Philippines: Episcopal Church in Philippines Inge Mager, Universitat¨ Hamburg, Germany: Germany; Mission in Germany; Theological Education in Germany; Women, Christian Practices in Germany Laurenti Magesa, Tangaza College, Kenya: African Religion: Christian Perspective; Ethics, African View; Inculturation, Eastern African View; Tanzania David G. Maillu, Kenyata University, Kenya: African Religion: African Religious Perspective Fortunato Mallimaci, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales, Argentina: Argentina Philip Mamalakis, Holy Cross Orthodox Seminary, USA: Family, Orthodox View Ka¨ Mana, Institut Superieur´ de Pedagogie,´ Cameroon: Gospel and Culture, African View; Prosperity Theology, African View Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria: Bible Interpretation in Africa; Christologies in Africa; Health, Healing, African View Herbert Robinson Marbury, Vanderbilt University, USA: Ezra and Nehemiah Reuel Norman Marigza, Silliman University, Philippines: Philippines; United Church of Christ in the Philippines Jacqueline Marina,˜ Purdue University, USA: Kant; Schleiermacher Antti Marjanen, University of Helsinki, Finland: Judas, Gospel; Judas, Iscariot; Mary, Gospel; Mary, Magdalene; Pistis Sophia Luiz C. L. Marques, University of Bologna, Spain: Arns; Camaraˆ Madipoane Masenya (ngwan’a Mphahlele), University of South Africa, South Africa: Feminist Theologies in Africa; Women’s Practices in African Independent and Charismatic Churches Caleb J. D. Maskell, Yale Divinity School, USA: Civil War, USA; Congregationalism; Franklin; Great Awakening; Revival, Revivalism; Whiteﬁeld Steve Mason, York University, Canada: Hegesippus; Josephus Thomas Massaro, SJ, Weston Jesuit School of Theology, USA: Baltimore, Councils; Christian Socialism; Social Encyclicals Fernando Matamoros Ponce, Benemerita´ Universidad Autonoma´ de Puebla, Mexico: Popular Christian Practices in Mexico Andras´ Mat´ e-T´ oth,´ University of Szeged, Hungary: Hungary Odair Pedroso Mateus, Ecumenical Institute, Switzerland: Reformed Churches Dinis Matsolo, Secretary General, Christian Council of Mozambique: Mozambique Fumitaka Matsuoka, Paciﬁc School of Theology, USA: Asian American Theology John D’Arcy May, University of Dublin, Ireland: Buddhism: Christian Perspective; Buddhist Scriptures

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CONTRIBUTORS

Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, University of Alaska, USA: Gerson Theodore Mbazumutima, Carlile College, Kenya: Burundi John S. McClure, Vanderbilt University, USA: Reception Studies of Preaching Christian McConnell, Saint John’s University, USA: Liturgies, History of Worship in Early Christianity Lee Martin McDonald, Acadia Divinity College, Canada: OT, Its Canonization Gary B. McGee, Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, USA: Seymour Thomas McGowan, Diocese of Oakland, USA: Cabrini Alister E. McGrath, University of Oxford, UK: Incarnation, Western View; Protestantism Richard J. McGregor, Vanderbilt University, USA:Myth John A. McGuckin, Columbia University, New York, USA: Cyril of Alexandria; Iconography; Monasticism in the Byzantine Empire; Spirituality, Orthodox View; Transfiguration Maud Burnett McInerney, Haverford College, USA: Joan of Arc; Virgin Martyrs Elsie Anne McKee, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Calvin Mary B. McKinley, University of Virginia, USA:Dentiere` James F. McMillan, University of Edinburgh, UK: France; Lourdes Ernan McMullin, University of Notre Dame, USA: Copernicus; Galilei, Galileo Kathleen E. McVey, Member of the Editorial Board; Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Bar Sauma; Bar Sauma of Nisibis; Church of the East or Assyrian Church; Ephesus, First Council of; History of Christianity in the Middle East; Jacob of Serug/Sarug; John of Ephesus; Melkites; Miaphysite; Monasticism, Russian; Monasticism, Syriac; Symeon; Synod of Jerusalem, 1672 M. Douglas Meeks, Vanderbilt University, USA: Economic Ethics; Economic Studies; Methodist Churches; Methodist Worship; Poverty, Protestant View; Wealth Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Gurukul Lutheran Theological College, India: Grace, Asian View; Justification, Asian View; Women’s Practices in Asia Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, University in Iasi, Romania: Moldova Republic Everett Mendoza, Silliman University, Philippines: Justice, Asian View Raymond A. Mentzer, University of Iowa, USA: Bartholomew’s Day; Camisards; Du Plessis-Mornay; Durand, Marie; Huguenots William W. Menzies, Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, USA: Assemblies of God Ina Merdjanova, Sofia University, Bulgaria: Albania; Bosnia-Herzegovina; Bulgaria; History of Christianity in the Balkans; Islam in Southeast Europe; Slovenia; Yugoslavia Franziska Metzger, Universitat¨ Freiburg, Germany: Racism in Europe; Switzerland Constant J. Mews, Monash University, Australia: Abelard; Rupert of Deutz; Scholasticism Marvin Meyer, Chapman University, USA: Mithraism; Mystery Religions; Schweitzer

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CONTRIBUTORS

Carol Meyers, Duke University, USA: Exodus Vasile Mihoc, Member of the Editorial Board; Facultatea de Teologie Andrei Saguna, Romania: Bible Interpretation in Eastern Orthodoxy; Romania; Romanian Orthodox Church; Theological Education in Eastern Europe Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Aarhus Universitet, Denmark: Mani, Manichaeism; Paulicians Maria Inezˆ de Castro Millen, Centro de Ensino Superior de Juiz de Fora, Brasil: Women’s Practices in Brazil Clyde Lee Miller, Stony Brook University, USA: Nicholas of Cusa Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Vanderbilt University, USA: Children; Family, Feminist View; Family for Western Churches Alexander Mirkovic, McNeese State University, USA: Abgar Paul Misner, Marquette University, USA: Christian Democratic Parties; Church and State in Europe: RC and Politics Nozomu Miyahira, Seinan Gakuin University, Japan: Buraku Liberation; Japan; Kagawa; Kirishitans and Hidden Christians in Japan; Xavier R. W. L. Moberly, University of Durham, UK: Abraham in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Gerald Moede, Winchester Academy, USA: Consultation on Church Union Aloo Osotsi Mojola, United Bible Society, Kenya: Bible Translation in Africa Sunanda Mongia, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University, India:Indian Literature Rebeca Montemayor, Centro de Estudios Ecumenicos,´ Mexico: Charismatics and Pentecostals in Mexico; Protestantism in Mexico; Women’s Practices in Mexico James Moore, Open University, UK: Creationism; Darwin; Evolution Roger E. Moore, Vanderbilt University, USA: Blake; Milton Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Pontiﬁcal Biblical Institute, Italy: Bible, Early Translations; Bible, Manuscripts; Peshitta Jeffry H. Morrison, Regent University, USA: Washington, George; Witherspoon Keith Morrison, Lincoln University, New Zealand: Kingdom of God and Wilderness, Orthodox View Wilson J. Moses, Pennsylvania State University, USA: Crummell; Douglass; Garvey; Washington, Booker T. Tefetso Henry Mothibe, National University of Lesotho: Lesotho Mokgethi Motlhabi, University of South Africa, South Africa: Dwane; Huddleston; Hurley; Mahabane; Mokone; Naude; South Africa Fulata Moyo, World Council of Churches; Coordinator, Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians, Malawi: Holy Spirit in Africa; Spirituality, in Africa Henry Mugabe, Baptist Theological Seminary of Zimbabwe: Protestantism in Southern Africa Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Member of the Editorial Board; University of Nairobi, Kenya: Anglicanism in Eastern and Western Africa; Berlin Conference;

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CONTRIBUTORS

Charismatic Movement in Southern Africa; Church, Ecclesiastical Structures; Culture and Christianity; Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians; Kenya; Krapf; Liberia; Racism in Africa; Rebmann; Reconstruction, African Theologies of; Theological Education in Africa Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, United Church of Zambia: Water, African Perspective; Zambia Robert Bruce Mullin, General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, USA: Anglican Church in North America; Bushnell; Denominationalism Pamela Mullins Reaves, University of North Carolina, USA: Perpetua and Felicitas Saskia Murk Jansen, Robinson College, UK: Beguine Spirituality; Hadewijch; Marie D’Oignies; Mechtild of Magdeburg Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Leiden University, Netherlands: Islam in Lebanon; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Saudi Arabia; Turkey Augustine Musopole, Malawi Council of Churches: Church and State in Central Africa; Eschatology and Apocalypticism, African View; Kingdom of God, African View; Millennialism, African View Isaac M. T. Mwase, Tuskegee University, USA: Protestantism in Southern Africa Philomena Mwaura, Kenyatta University, Kenya: African Instituted Churches in Eastern Africa; Charismatic Movement in Eastern Africa; Family in African Instituted Churches; Spirituality in African Instituted Churches Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Karlstads Universitet,¨ Sweden: Vocation Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Kenyatta University, Kenya: Christology, African View; Polygamy Carmina˜ Navia Velasco, Universidad del Valle, Colombia: Latin American Literature (Spanish) Thulani Ndlazi, Church Land Program, South Africa: Land, African View Alexander Negrov, St. Petersburg Christian University, Russia: Protestantism in Russia James B. Nelson, United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities, USA: Alcoholics Anonymous David G. Newcombe, University of Cambridge, UK: Hooper Carol Newsom, Emory University, USA: Job Helen J. Nicholson, Cardiff University, UK: Crusades; Hospitallers; Military Orders; Teutonic Knights George W. E. Nickelsburg, University of Iowa, USA: Enoch; Essenes; Judaism, NT, and Early Christianity; Pharisees; Qumran; Sadducees Tatyana Nikolskaya, St. Petersburg Christian University, Russia: Protestantism in Russia Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Eden Theological Seminary, USA: Contextualization; Niles, D.T.; Thomas, M. M. Bertil Nilsson, Uppsala Universitet,¨ Sweden: Ansgar Nyambura Njoroge, World Council of Churches: Sexuality, African View; Women’s Ordination in Africa

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CONTRIBUTORS

Fidelis Nkomazana, University of Botswana: Botswana Mary Beth Norton, Cornell University, USA: Witchcraft Trials in North America Christian Nottmeier, Evangelisches Institut fur¨ Kirchenrecht, Universitat¨ Potsdam, Germany: Harnack Sonene Nyawo, Akroﬁ-Christaller Memorial Center, Swaziland: Swaziland Anthere` Nzabatsinda, Vanderbilt University, USA: African Literature (Francophone) Edward T. Oakes, SJ, University of St. Mary of the Lake, USA: von Balthasar Gerald O’Collins, SJ, Pontiﬁcal Gregorian University, Italy: Biblical Theology; Redemption; Roman Catholic Church; Tradition, Post-Vatican II RC Perspective; Vatican Council II Daniel O’Connell, University of South Carolina, USA:Mind David W. Odell-Scott, Kent State University, USA: Metaphysics; Ockham Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Institute of Women, Religion and Culture, Ghana: Theology as Human Undertaking: African Women Theologians Doing Theology Kathleen O’Grady, Concordia University, Canada: Death, Western Feminist View Oyeronke Olajubu, University of Ilorin, Nigeria: Church and State in Western Africa Thomas O’Loughlin, University of Wales Lampeter, UK: Celtic Christianity Dennis T. Olson, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Numbers J. Steven O’Malley, Asbury Theological Seminary, USA: Bengel; Blumhardt; Francke; Holiness Movement; Labadists; Pietism; Spener Cephas N. Omenyo, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Charismatics in Western Africa; Protestantism in Western Africa Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, Silliman University, Philippines: Christologies, Asian Women’s Views Cesar´ Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Uni LaSalle, Institutos Superiores de Ensigno Rio de Janeiro, Brasil:RCinBrazil Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, SJ, Hekima College, Jesuit School of Theology, Nairobi, Kenya:RCinWesternAfrica Kenan B. Osborne, OFM, Franciscan School of Theology, Graduate Theological Union, USA: Deacon, Diaconate Carolyn Osiek, Brite Divinity School, USA: Acts of Martyrs; Basilina; Deaconess; Flavia Vitalia; Hermas, Shepherd of; Justina; Lampadion; Leta; Marthana; Olympias; Philemon; Phoebe; Sabiniana; Sophia, Second Phoebe Javier Otaola Montagne, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico´ : Educational Practices in Mexico; Eschatology and Apocalypticism in Mexico Douglas F. Ottati, Union Theological Seminary and Presbyterian School of Christian Education, USA: Niebuhr, H. Richard Anna May Say Pa, Director, Association for Theological Education in South East Asia; Myanmar Institute of Christian Theology: Myanmar (Burma) Irina Paert, University of Wales, Bangor, UK: Eschatology and Apocalypticism, Orthodox European View; Old Believers

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CONTRIBUTORS

Jerry G. Pankhurst, Wittenberg University, USA: Belarus; Bulgaria Aristotle Papanikolaou, Fordham University, USA: Apophaticism; Grace, Orthodox View; Incarnation, Orthodox View; Lossky; Trinity, Orthodox View Samuele F. Pardini, Vanderbilt University, USA: Italian Literature Stefano Parenti, Pontificio Ateneo S. Anselmo, Italy: Chrysostom, Liturgy; James, Liturgy; Mark, Liturgy; Sacramental Theology, Orthodox View; Sacraments, Orthodox View Peter Paris, Princeton Theological Seminary, USA: Poverty, African American View Sung Bae Park, Stony Brook University, USA: Buddhism: Buddhist Perspective Cristian´ G. Parker, Universidad de Santiago de Chile: Charismatics in Chile; Chile; Church and State in Chile; RC in Chile; Syncretism Raquel Pastor, Universidad Nacional Autonoma´ de Mexico´ : Human Rights in Mexico; Lay Catholics in Mexico Joseph Pathrapankal, CMI, Dharmaram Vidya Kshetrom, India: Malabar Christians Daniel Patte, General Editor; Vanderbilt University, USA: Anger of God; Atonement; Authority; Beatitudes; Calendars; Catholicity; Christian; Conversion; Conviction; Discipleship; Dogma; Doubt; Easter; Eighteen Benedictions; Election; Esdras; Ethics; Faith; Fall; Grace, Western; Heresy; House Churches; Imitation of Christ; Immortality; James; John; John the Baptist; Jubilee, Year of; Judaizers; Kenosis; Kingdom of God in NT; Maccabees; Manassas; Mercy; Messiah; Moses; Mystery; Neighbor; New Covenant; Parable; Paul; Peter, Apocalypse of; Pilate, Acts of; Reception Studies of Scripture; Reductions; Romans; Salvation; Sanhedrin; Scriptural Criticism; Scripture; Semiotics; Sermon on the Mount; Servant or Slave; Son of God in NT; Son of Man; Synoptic Gospels; Temple; Twelve Apostles; Universalism W. Brown Patterson, University of the South, USA: James I of England Clive Pearson, United Theological College, USA: Christologies in South Pacific Keith F. Pecklers, SJ, Pontifical Gregorian University, Italy: All Saints’ Day; Compline; Culture and Worship; Divine Office; Eucharist Congresses; Eucharist Fast; Eucharistic Prayer; Eucharist in the West; Lauds; Liturgical Movement; Liturgy of the Hours; Mass, RC; Nuptial Mass; Requiem Mass; Vespers; Votive Mass Nancy Cardoso Pereira, Director, Comissao˜ Pastoral da Terra, Brasil: Land, Latin American View; Water David Horace Perkins, Vanderbilt University, USA: Praise and Worship Pheme Perkins, Boston College, USA: Ephesians; Jude; Peter Edward N. Peters, Sacred Heart Major Seminary, USA: Codex Iuris Canonici; Excommunication; Latin, Ecclesiastical; Marriage Annulment in RC; Seal of Confession Rebecca Todd Peters, Elon University, USA: Abortion; Birth Control; Pregnancy Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Holy See of Etchmiadzin, Armenia: Armenian Apostolic Church; Eucharist, Oriental Orthodox View; Oriental Orthodox Churches Raymond Pfister, European Institute for Conciliation and Reconciliation Studies, Birmingham, UK: Gypsies, Charismatic

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