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FUN MIRACULOUS HEALING NARRATIVES AND THEIR C TION IN LATE ANTIQUE BIOHAGIOGRAPHIC TEXTS. MA Thesis inComparative History,with the specialization in Interdisciplinaryin MedievalStudies. A COMPARATIVE STUDY Central European University BranislavV May 2013 Budapest
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FUN Central European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in of theMasterArts degreeHistory, of inComparativewiththe specialization in MIRACULOUS HEALING NARRATIVES AND THEIR C TION IN LATE ANTIQUE BIOHAGIOGRAPHIC TEXTS. Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CE of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Stud ofMedieval ______A COMPARATIVE STUDY I n Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, Examination terdisciplinary MedievalStudies. Thesis Supervisor BranislavVismek (Slovakia) May 2013 Examiner Examiner Budape by
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FUN Central European University,Budape of theMasterArts degreeHistory, of inComparativewiththe specialization in MIRACULOUS HEALING NARRATIVES AND THEIR C TION IN LATE ANTIQUE BIOHAGIOGRAPHIC TEXTS. Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU. of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______A COMPARATIVE STUDY I n terdisciplinary MedievalStudies BranislavVismek External Reader (Slovakia) Budapest May 2013 May st, in partial fulfillment oftherequirements partialst, in by
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FUN Ce of theMasterArts degreeHistory, of inComparativewiththe specialization in ntral European University,fulfillmentBudapest, oftherequirements partial in MIRACULOUS HEALING NARRATIVES AND THEIR C TION IN LATE ANTIQUE BIOHAGIOGRAPHIC TEXTS. Accepted inconformancewiththe standards CEU of the totheDepartmentThesis submitted Studies, ofMedieval ______A COMPARATIVE STUDY I n terdisciplinary MedievalStudies. ______External Supervisor BranislavVismek Supervisor (Slovakia) Budapest May2013 by
CEU eTD Collection Budapest, __ to anyofhigher institution education foracademic an other degree. form this in submitted been has thesis the of part no that declarealso Icopyright. institution’s of made was use illegitimate and unidentified no that declare I bibliography. and notes in credited properly as information external such only and research my on based work, own my exclusively is thesis Interdisciplina in specialization the with History, Comparative in degree MA the for candidate Vismek, Branislav undersigned, the I,
May 2013 May
the work of others, and no part of the thesis infringes on any person’s or or person’s any on infringes thesis the of part no and others, of work the
ry Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present the that herewith declare Studies Medieval ry ______Signature
CEU eTD Collection in my thesis,for responsibility which the my issolely own. are there received, have I advice and support the of all Despite are. you who know you others, the all and Eugene, Mihail, forgotten be not will distance, from i support whose and CEU, at years two wonderful the during me motivated discussions intellectual and friendship whose colleagues, my of all to thank to like would I Finally, helpful. very was Annabe support technical whose administrator, and corrector, language academic the Rasson, Judith to sincerely thank to like would I Also, appreciated. is help their yet mention, to forgot might Ziemann, Daniel Geréby, György Riedl, Matthias Carsten Gaul, Niels to thank and I therefore lectures consultations, the personal during in or either seminars, thesis, my of subject the of aspects various into insights me gave who ot CEU, at the Department History all the to and Department thank Medieval to the of want members I project. this of stages various at assistance and advice Cristian to thank to like would I Furthermore, schola whose without Menze, Volker supervisor, my to foremost, and first due, are thanks My completion. I want to sincerely thank to all who in any way helped me to bring this thesis into thesis this bring to me helped way any in who all to thank sincerely to want I rly advice, practical help, and encouragement this thesis could not be finished. be not could thesis this encouragement and help, practical advice, rly ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
certainly intellectual mistakes and technical flaws remaining flaws technical and mistakes intellectual certainly -
thank you Farida, Jana, Madalina, Mariana, Tatiana, Mariana, Madalina, Jana, Farida, you thank
- Nicolae Cristian Daniel, Daniel, Cristian n the final stages of finishing my thesis thesis my finishing of stages final the n Ga
ş par
, who also provided me with me provided also who , l Pl te departmental the Pál, lla and all the others whom I whom others the all and
L. Wilke, Wilke, L. her CEU eTD Collection L S BIBLIOGRAPHY A C 4 AND THE 3 2 1 IN OFTABLE CONTENTS
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The three healing narratives analyzed in my thesis are just a small part of part small a just are thesis my in analyzed narratives healing three The from life girl's a of saving the depict analysis for chosen have I episodes healing The 36. and , op of Gaza of op
s , yet, as he says, his nurse and a midwife was the tutelary godess of Byzantium ( Byzantium of godess tutelary the was midwife a and nurse his says, he as yet, , atives hold within the texts and within atives and within hold Christian “pagan” rhetoric ofthe day
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CEU eTD Collection way. this to this text in referred I therefore Anthony I instance, for Thus, known. generally are they as way the in scholars, by established been I texts, different for term umbrella an like something thesis, my 9 8 7 MartinHinterberger “ Legend and Historiography 6 de and character, holy a of veneration thesis, my of purposes the for means, which elements, biohagiographic contain which genres, various of texts the all for term umbrella an as texts from them know we hagiographies, Christian mainly with texts these associate to not reader the suggest as well as “hagiobiographic”, as of thought have not might Wilson Anna which texts include Se “biohagiographic.” thesis this in texts my call will I and texts, biographical first ancient of came basis the on biography developed hagiography classical (Christian) the Since comparison. for in bring will I texts other ( analyzing am I that texts three the of two least at with case the is certainlyThat more. not if much, as novel, a or biography, biography classical a than Ages, Middle f texts. “biohagiographic with workingI am texts the call not if other, eachidentical. to close very fact, in are, argued, have some as difference which, neat these, between very a drawing without hagiography or panegyric, biography, of genres “hagi of pieces as them define either can one texts, three these Describing addressed. be to need comparisons, further Since the term biohagiographic text is not a not is text biohagiographic term the Since see theircontextualization, and texts, biohagiographic of furtherdiscussion For “ thechapter: See in Beyond,” and Period Constantinian The Models: “Biographical Wilson, Anna irst, although it may seem that these texts are more of a hagiography as we kno we as hagiography a of more are texts these that seem may it although irst, h agiography” is also a neologism introduced into general use general into introduced neologism a also is agiography” scription ofhisdeeds orher (notnecessarily miraculous).
as a as
7 may use the term hagiography or or hagiography term the use may
I
n my thesis I chose to adjust the term used by Anna Wilson (hagiobiography), and and (hagiobiography), Wilson Anna by used term the adjust to Ichose mythesis n biohagiographic text, yet it has been commonly referred to as a as to referred commonly been has it yet text, biohagiographic Biohagiography as a Cross as a Biohagiography ,
“Autobiography and Hagiography in Byzantium,” Byzantium,” in Hagiography and “Autobiography later times. later
e. . . iu n D Montserr D. and Lieu C. N. ed. , obiography,”
VProcli 8
In what follows I will be using the term biohagiographic term the using be will I follows what In - 6
Genre Category. Genre generally accepted literary genre, rather a rather genre, literary accepted generally vita
or otherwise treat them as belonging to the specific specific the to belonging as them treat otherwise or
and cond, this will both prevent misunderstandings if I if misunderstandings prevent both will this cond,
as well, especially if quoting or paraphrasing a paraphrasing or quoting if especially well, as ;
VPorph on closer inspection they resemble classical classical resemble they inspection closer on 3
”
t Lno: oteg, 98, 107. 1998), Routledge, (London: at
), and t and ), will be referring to these texts, if their genre has has genre their if texts, these to referring willbe first in French in first ”
There are two main reasons for this: this: for reasons main two are There 9 Symbolae Osloenses Symbolae
he same applies for some of the the of some for applies same he
(first) Christian hagiography, Christian (first)
below. in the in
seventeenth
methodologi Constantine: History, History, Constantine:
consider the consider (2000) w it from the from it w
: century. century. scholar who scholar
139.
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iohagiographic texts texts iohagiographic See the chapter thechapter See from verbatim almost copied proem the Except See r depictions of the healing miracles? The main character of all the three texts is a holy holy a is texts three the all of character main The miracles? healing the of depictions r belo y nlss f h tre eln mrce cn e ecie a flos Frt while First, follows: as described be can miracles healing three the of analysis My scholarship recent to according were, texts These w: 10 12
Consequ “
Biohagiography as a as Biohagiography ute, ht a b cnldd rm h dfeecs ewe tee et, and texts, these between differences the from concluded be can what Further, 11 “ Mark the Deacon’s Life ofPorphyry Deacon’s the Mark ca sadn, hy eogd o h ubn rsorc. hr i a question a is There aristocracy. urban the to belonged they standing, ocial
Besides, all the three authors claim to have known the heroes of their text their of heroes the known have to claim authors three the all Besides, - etr Gr century ently, I need to ask some questions related to this mutual influence: Were influence: mutual this to related questions some ask to need I ently, topoi topoi of the fifth century themselves influenced by the specific development specific the by influenced themselves century fifth the of .
being used. Second, I set out to contextualize the texts and toapply thetexts tocontextualize out Ibeing used. Second, set
Cross e, hl te hr oe the one, third the while eek,
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depicted with the use of a similar language and imagery, yet there are are there yet imagery, and language similar a of use the with depicted
strategy of each text, and how is their relation to the author’s agenda. On agenda. author’s the to relation their is how and text, each of strategy
ehiu te uhr epo t bid p h haig narrati healing the up build to employ authors the technique bten h tre ihgorpi txs and texts, biohagiographic three the between s 5
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ve? ve? CEU eTD Collection quelques 17. typologie”, moins au globaliser d’en l’ nouvelle, la roman, le panégyrique, 16 17. 1998.), Viella, 22 Napoli, dell’agiografia e culti dei santità, della studio lo per in bibliques)”, modèles aux special 15 166 (1993): 14 Antiquity Late in Häg Tomas wereused how waythey the but devices, organizing certain shared often 13 for basis the when already stages early these in is it and BCE, century fourth Tomas non texts, their in expression an collections and romances oreven novels passiones was origin Christian and “pagan”, Jewish, of texts antique a as but Christian, in “ men holy Christian of types of development various the including texts, Christian early of range wide the and Gospels sides different many which from inspiration their drew texts, different contentually and formally of incorporate range wide the address to how aigahc discourse hagiographic a Utage etos pcfcly s la “si specifically mentions Uytfanghe Van saintet la de typologie “La Uytfanghe, van Marc v Marc Models” “Biographical Wilson, d biographic texts. texts. biographic d rsn in present H The texts w texts The with working am I texts the Calling n yfnh, LHgorpi: Un “L’Hagiographie: Uytfanghe, an “ pagan ä g and Philip Rousseau, “Introduction: Biography and Panegyric,” in in Panegyric,” and Biography “Introduction: Rousseau, Philip gand , - gg with gg 179. , to a to , in
1
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piae letters” “private
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sources, and sources, various degree, both the biographic and hagiographic element hagiographic and biographic the both degree, various BIOHAGIOGRAPHYAS A Philip Philip
specific, specific, h ich I ich At the time when Christians started to use biohagiographic modes of of modes biohagiographic use to started Christians when time the At
Rousseau trace the origins of both biographies and pan and biographies both of origins the trace Rousseau ”
study in my thesis are perhaps the closest relatives to panegyrical panegyrical to relatives closest the perhaps are thesis my in study 14 wih e os o udrtn a something as understand not does he which , , al
108.
also though n though Scrivere di santi. santi. di Scrivere - - epitaphium hita borpi txs a gn truh a through gone had texts biographic Christian
n su l vcbe de vocable le sous uns Rousseau (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 1. 2000), Press, California of University Rousseau(Berkeley: and
hs txs hrd the shared texts These oral tradition. oral
homilies, homilies, ot clearly defined clearly ot « . genre , le recueil de miracles, etc., même si l’on est tenté aujourd’hui aujourd’hui tenté est l’on si même etc., miracles, de recueil le , 16 Vita
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biohagiographic is just one option among many many among option one just is biohagiographic » s l picpl i y n ’urs e qe la que tel d’autres en y il principal, le est Atti del II Convegno di studio di Convegno II del Atti
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classical literature, the Hebrew Bible, the the Bible, Hebrew the literature, classical Marc
‘biographie spirituelle.’ spirituelle.’ ‘biographie topoi - Latin u niu tardif?” antique ou 25 ottobre 1997 ottobre 25 s i n . - 15 GENRE CATEGORY , Van
secular panegyric and panegyric secular
rhetoric employed in different late different in employed rhetoric taken from different kinds of texts, they they texts, of kinds different from taken Arguably, ,
Late Antiquity, uses the term term the uses Antiquity, Late and for whichpurposes for and
Uytfanghe, in his article on the on article his in Uytfanghe, Greek Biography and Panegyric and Biography Greek , ed. , “ hagiographic discourse discourse hagiographic
apocryphal
nlca olnin 111 Bollandiana Analecta dell’Associazione italiana italiana dell’Associazione Gennaro Luongo (Rome: (Rome: Luongo Gennaro Van Uytfanghe, “La “La Uytfanghe, Van é
(avec une attention attention une (avec s
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CEU eTD Collection 20 1997 Napol dell’agiografia e culti dei santità, della studio lo per italiana dell’Associazione studio di 19 18 17 th with text his craft to careful been have go have track in kept be to easier were hero), the of death the after shortly the presumably, (like, “live” performed actually were which life of way Christian ideal an or saint ideal an of views own his in audience reason the of One them. between “boundaries” and them of both from elements the use tradition, biographical almost as kins. close as being as niveau, rhetorical same the on other, each to close Antiquity the about speaks Giannarelli Elena interlinked. closely often were they LateAntiquity, in fluid were “genres” two these between boundaries the Yet, a demonstrate to it use could schools philosophical classical various instance, for texts, these of audience and genetically. l bookish, more something was biography rhetorical while “live”, epideictic performed be to to be/claimed to meant related least at or closer performed, usually speeches, being panegyric roots, distinct had two the fact laid. were writing to approach Giannarelli, “Labiografia Giannarelli, in problemi,” strutture, antica: cristiana biografia “La Giannarelli, Elena Ibidem H
their pure andwhole new ourtexts, “forms” and strata of aud ägg and Ro and ägg , ed. Gennaro Luongo (Rome: Viella, 1998.), 49 1998.), Viella, Luongo Gennaro (Rome: ,ed. 20
, As Häggs and Rousseau note, in biographic texts, the author could easier smuggle in smuggle easier could author the texts, biographic in note, Rousseau and Häggs As
s wl so, h boaigahc et ae rw o bt pngrcl and panegyrical both on drawn are texts biohagiographic the show, will I As ne 2. –
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on himself to deliver the speech to the milieu who knew him and him knew who milieu the to speech the deliver to himself on 18 there has been a lot of time between the antecedents of the biohagiographic texts biohagiographic the of antecedents the between time of lot a been has there
usseau, “Introduction” usseau, It may seem that the panegyric is something something is panegyric the that seem may It
The flexibility of “biographic” expression was also connected to the function the to connected also was expression “biographic” of flexibility The
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ience emerged. have ie f Proclus of Life subgenre of biography, but in but biography, of subgenre to define formally as well as as well as formally define to
and ute disguise further . T . .
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must have realized this difference, and would compose the text differently for a a for differently text the compose would and difference, this realized have must haracter, lived several centuries ago, and often and ago, centuries several lived haracter, E, to note the difference between “historiography” and the “erudite research.” research.” “erudite the and “historiography” between difference the note to E, Biography in Late Antiquity. A Late Antiquity. in Biography , “Introduction”, 4. 4. “Introduction”, , Bioi, Bioi, 21 nda
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(Berkeley: University of California Press, Press, of California (Berkeley: University incorporate
otae a eo h, f o a not if who, hero a portrayed
are
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CEU eTD Collection 27 1983). Desclée, 26 xi. 1980), Press, 25 1985). 24 aft in, themselves found authors Christian the texts. defined precisely relatively and scripted, of spread and multiplication later the and century, fourth the of men holy about texts biohagiographic first of bursts creative the between before finished of composition ( period this after written texts. these by up set standards the following cre is that proper, hagiographies the for said, be should it especially, saints, Christian about texts later the for standards the set and grounds the laid 412 between the until up Empire) the of strata different the across spread and 356 between and rigid so not mostly was genres these between difference achievement individual the on more focused and chronologically, than systematically rather texts their structured sources, written rel who “antiquarians,” the unlike testimony, oral or personal on the portraying texts their boasted and chronologically, narrative the structured events, military and political on focused phenomena, social and religious avoided Van Uytfanghe, “Latypologi VanUytfanghe, Lamirande, Emilien Athanasius, Ibidem. tv, n ised f portraying of instead and ative, as I as showfurther, will
s Van As See
The Life of Anthony and the Letter to Marcellinus to Letter the and Anthony of Life The also
and and
Anna Wilson sees this creative period also as an unexpected situation, which situation, unexpected an as also period creative this sees Wilson Anna
Averil Cameron, Cameron, Averil VPorph yfnh age, h tm between time the argues, Uytfanghe 440
362) 413) Pauline de Milan et la “Vita Ambrosii”: Aspects de la religion sous le Bas le sous religion la de Aspects Ambrosii”: “Vita la et Milan de Pauline - 444). As it seems, these three texts belong to a transitionary period period transitionary a to belong texts three these seems, it As 444). 25 26
has been has by Paulin by a nt en salse, oee, h Gek et ue a not was use I text Greek the however, established, been not has e ”, 18. 18. ”, definitely inlate antique notso texts. HP
Procopius and the Sixth Century Sixth the and Procopius h
ot rbby n 444, in probably most composed us s
of Milan, Milan, of , unlike unlike , –
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(and, almost instantly, been translated into Latin into translated been instantly, almost (and, er the “Constantinian change”, and they tried to to tried they and change”, “Constantinian the er the collective body of the state the of body collective the 9 27
was a was
The texts I am analyzing in my thesis were thesis my in analyzing am I texts The vitae
very fruitful and creative and fruitful very , transla ,
h famous the –
and –
“sanctity sui generis”, they were were they generis”, sui “sanctity (Berkeley, University of California Press, Press, California of University (Berkeley, VProcli
not in the earliest extant sources, extant earliest the in not tion Robert Gregg (New York: Paulist Paulist York: (New Gregg Robert tion bioi 24
Life of Ambrose of Life
. These later texts were less were texts later These .
n 8, n te date the and 486, in ie f Anthony of Life ied truth
n ifrn srs of sorts different on –
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the latter half of half latter the . Y .
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(Paris: (Paris:
of of CEU eTD Collection 31 Chri to scale comparable any on saints the cult of not developed have instance, 30 rouvert,” 29 28 t and Bible Hebrew the from patterns narrative other increasingly incorporated While not. or person a was depicted person the regardless promoted, and seen be should it felt he how or it Christ like body, the in dying literally actually without time this again, death the overcoming life, wane persecution the After and interpretations Christian basically were a of truth and power supreme the of demonstrations they not, or records official actual the on literaryandaccounts onmartyrdom. therewere a taking as latter yetthe genericallyinterlinked, not texts, of literarysets distinct two as hagiographies opinio c ever texts, these of authors rhetorical healingmiracles, process. useof were andformative significant of part this in show political.explanation,or sociological,cultural, simple ideological,a to reducedbe cannot which process complicated a was It onwards. century six the from on, later promoted creation the for important contours main of formation differently. level, literary the on it, to respond Ibidem. 154. “L’origine,” Uytfanghe, Van 19, typologie”, “La Uytfanghe, Van saints. des culte du fonctions les et l’essor “L’origine, Uytfanghe, van Marc 108. Models”, “Biographical Wilson, a
did me to me h at o mrys were martyrs of acts The
Cassiodorus
em t b laig oad sen te cons n atr an martyrs on accounts the seeing towards leaning be to seems lot of inspiration from the former. the from inspiration of lot the . Yet both were to were both Yet .
being fourth
2 (1996): 143 (1996): 2
without the martyrs the without
chapter of my thesis, the biohagiographic texts, and specifically the the specifically and texts, biohagiographic the thesis, my of chapter
and
martyria
d one can ask with Van Uytfanghe whether Uytfanghe Van with ask can one of the main features of the cult of saints as it was accepted and accepted was it as saints of cult the of features main the of ,
a which there came the challenge to depict the power of a of power the depict to challenge the came there
- 198. great extent depictions of an ideal, how the author understood author the how ideal, an of depictions extent great
also rw oty n h cuiito nraie later narrative, crucifiction the on mostly drew h future the 30 a
n and how would it looked like. Today, the Today,like. looked it would how and
31 motn suc o isiain o te Chri the for inspiration of source important
There were acts of martyrs martyrs of acts were There 10
lives Whether the respective literary accounts drew accounts drew respectiveWhether literary the
28
true Christian life, overcoming the death. death. the overcominglife, Christian true pr fo te eta ad ideological and textual the from Apart il e rw o, hs eid a also was period this on, drawn be will The other two Abrahamic religions, religions, Abrahamic two other The s tianity. tianity. Quelques repères pour un dèbat dèbat un pour repères Quelques the cult of saints wou saints of cult the Ibidem,144 -
the official records, official the
true Christian Christian true d Christian Christian d e Gospels, he 29 - 145. communis
As IAs will
stian stian lives
real real for ld
CEU eTD Collection period. creative Ch and over, were Anthony of Life a be to Christian ideal an of 34 33 or “heretical” either magicians, “L’origine Uytfanghe, Van “pagan.” and post wonderworkres, “illegitimate” the miracles in “legitimate” any the be with can conquering there for if grounds and the miracles establish to “true” how the reasoning recognizing were theologians miracles”, “over battles in crucial sense the certain saw in century and Gospels, the in already present were wonders) (as and cult), Christian the for status exclusivity be to soon and of legalization (persecutions, political relics), of veneration patronization, class, high celebratin and gatherings inscriptions, habits, (funerary a of state intercession, (eschatology, theological ab came which change, The 32 picked, merely periods, later in arbitrarily itscomponentspepper to of perhaps,and their few ownworks. legitimize especially others, yet it, to response in “alternatives” bas authors later catalysed rather it hagiographies, later define really not did it Yet extent. large a to authors later influenced has it and life, Christian ideal an to path patterns The hagiographies. fight especially and “pagans”, figh church, the of life the in participating Emperors, the in life (ascetic the of features conceptual and contentual the of author Origen of works the in classical Plutarchian biography style. of a than life Christian ideal an portraying for inspiration “legitimate” the of concept the including Already the the Already VanUytfanghe as understood theologically, been, has community Christian early the in everyone terms, Paulinian In
stable part of many biohagiographic texts, but the the but texts, biohagiographic many of part stable Concepts of an idea an of Concepts 33 , the text adopted extreme asceticis extreme adopted text the , Life of Cyprian of Life , which appeared later and in a changed context, after the persecutions leading to “martyrdoms” “martyrdoms” to leading persecutions the after context, changed a in and later appeared which , Van Uytfanghe, “La typ VanUytfanghe, Life of Anthony of Life , the
ristianity was soon to become firmly established as the only state religion, sparked this new new this sparked religion, state only the as established firmly become to soon was ristianity 21. “Latypologie”,
life. It employed many employed It life.
d hi boaigahc prah n hs et other text, this on approach biohagiographic their ed desert, yet portraying contacts with the other ascetics, Christians, and even and Christians, ascetics, other the with contacts portrayingyet desert, Life of Anthony of Life
(2 out during the first four first the during out
offered, though only as a pendant to martyrdom narrative, a textual interpretation interpretation textual a narrative, martyrdom to pendant a as only though offered, nd
l Christian life, striving for perfection, had been elaborated before elaborated been had perfection, for striving life, Christian l – -
not the least, the emerging discourse of discourse emerging the least, the not 3 life
”, “translated” these ideals into the new, eremitic, setting. eremitic, new, the into ideals these “translated” rd ing
1 century)
51 o of Jesus as whole, which might have been seen as a more a as seen been have might which whole, as Jesus of logie”, 19 logie”,
- gis te eos bcm a became demons) the against 176. 176.
synkrisias synkrisias represented a somewhat inflated version of its Biblical Biblical its of version inflated somewhat a represented
person person or Clement of Alexandria of Clement or - Life of Anthony of Life - 20. five centuries, has been developing slowly on many levels, levels, many on slowly developing been has centuries, five m and constant battles with the demons, on the on demons, the with battles constant and m 11
and mimetic analogies to biblical texts, biblical to analogies mimetic and g martyrs), social (“privatization” of certain cults by the the by cults certain of (“privatization” social martyrs), g
ewe ter death their between Life of Cyprian of Life their - , a , apostolic period, biohagiographers were were biohagiographers period, apostolic ting “heretics”, disputing with with disputing “heretics”, ting
miracle working. Of course, miracles course, Of working. miracle
remained an isolated text. Only the the Only text. isolated an remained litera passiones
and the resurrection, etc) , ritual ritual , etc) resurrection, the and
(1
32 standard stock for later later for stock standard r development y st
striving for perfection for striving – philosophical bt h fut ad fifth and fourth the but ,
2 nd
s century)
which came later later came which defined other other defined
34 , but the but ,
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Many or .
CEU eTD Collection 35 the as such Texts texts. these of functions intended the from significantly differ may on had they effects a and treatise theological a as texts Christian of categories different such of functions the as well as fluid, more much be to bet boundaries the fact, In authorities. theological of positions established current, the of “communicator” (indirect) the as functioned genres “lower” the while issues, doctrinal the to relation in role “shaping” the adopted treatises, ( in later came part tobea of important very to closer was monk, nomadic wonderworker, Hilarion, Jerome’s lives. later many of organizing s standards the following text, of type different entirely an in life saintly ideal an elaborated Jerome Paula, againwith another togethertobe slave was supposed who peripeties of full novels, classical a live to fled who ascetic, an Malchus, Jerome’s bucolically. living monk” “intellectual an it, puts Uytfanghe miraculous and prophetic his of gradation the without demons, a as livedinstance, for Paul, Jeromes’s being offered. Christian praiseworthy equally to alternatives other yet follow, to worthy and the in portrayed as sainthood the against so doing often lives, “heretical” and “pagan”, Jewish, against VanUytfanghe,
“Anthony’s sainthood”, yet the text portrayed much less struggles with demons and, what and, demons with struggles less much portrayed text the yet sainthood”, “Anthony’s writing The doctrinal issues doctrinal The other These )
biohagiographic texts biohagiographic
et up by Menander Rhetor, who became a very important source for the formal formal the for source important very a became who Rhetor, Menander by up et “Latypologie”
monastic life after he refused to marry, was portrayed in a in portrayed was marry, to refused he after life monastic
texts were also trying to establish the establish to trying also were texts shaping the Christian discourse and society in their respective milieus, milieus, respective their in society and discourse Christian the shaping
,
and 21
- life influential 23. the developing of the dogma the of developing the
. It may seem that the “higher” literature “higher” the that seem may It . of saint. Apart from the function of these texts, the actual the texts, these of function the from Apart saint. of –
fle eing the monastery, being sold into slavery, fleeing fleeing slavery, into sold being monastery, the eing Christian Christian
Life of Anthony of Life 12
ween the “higher” and “lower” genres seem seem genres “lower” and “higher” the ween vitae
hermit but without constant battles withconstantbattles without but hermit ,
many miraclesafter hisdeath. come “ It . true
we a amte s comme as admitted was ”
powers his wife. In his his wife.
or ideal Christian Christian ideal or re
often discerningly present present discerningly often . H . e embodie e prominent , like theological theological like ,
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Orient, paraphrase admitted open, an History”, be to seem p it not does however, nor is, This tones, ascent.” soul’s the of notions Plotinian of version Christianized 39 ( in Iamblichus,” philosophers For cults.” themselves among competition the with more preoccupied were “parties” but competition, 38 Century Fourth 37 36 in enmity, atthe the endday. of becoming a cross like something use opportunistic pragmaticand a as only understood be not should competition a Such case. their suited it if party, other rhetorically other competiti a to closer rather was it fact in that seems 1.1 very and firm the writing Christian the Judais and Judaism texts. these in actual than positions purpose. very that theological for written treatises some on impact more had have might turn in yet day, Anthony Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000), 31. 31. 2000), Press, California of CA: University Berkeley, o ntne lzbt A lr dniisteOtavso n Augustine’s in vision Ostia the identifies Clark A. Elizabeth instance, For mean not does It Louis Robert instance for See 108. Models”, “Biographical Wilson,
soon TheFunction ofBiohagiographic Element m e d. d. h different The i
n and Christianity was rather blurred and stayed so for a for so stayed and blurred rather was Christianity and might perhaps not have been intended as a contribution to theological issues of issues theological to contribution a as intended been have not perhaps might J . anWillem Drijvers Portraits of Spiritual Authority. Religious Power in Early Christianity, Byzantium and the Christian Christian the and Byzantium Christianity, Early in Power Religious Authority. Spiritual of Portraits 37
involved, even on the level of one single text. Also, “philosophers” and “Christians” were often often were “Christians” and “philosophers” Also, text. single one of level the on even involved,
“ (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). 1983). Press, California of (Berkeley: University 36 re Borpy n Pngrc n ae Antiquity Late in Panegyric and Biography Greek paganism. h dcooy w te ih oe vs ones right the “we dichotomy the
The same goes for the relations of Christianity and i and Christianity of relations the for goes same The ,
that that u patcly hy i nt eiae o “borrow to hesitate not did they practically but texts see there were only two sides engaged in these rhetorical clashes and ideological ideological and clashes rhetorical these in engaged sides two only were there
”
In reality, for many Christian communities, the difference between between difference the communities, Christian many for reality, In Gillian Clark, “Philosophic Lives and the Philosophic Life. Porphyry and and Porphyry Life. Philosophic the and Lives “Philosophic Clark, Gillian
and and were often, rhetorically, in an outspoken polemical clash, yet it it yet clash, polemical outspoken an in rhetorically, often, were Wilken, Wilken,
John W. Watt (Leiden Watt W. John
of whatever means were available, it went rather deeper, into into ratherdeeper, went it available, were means whatever of - fertilization “ emancipati John Chrysosotom and the Jews, Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Late the in Reality and Rhetoric Jews, the and Chrysosotom John Also, t Also, 39 13 he . ng
of differentwerealways ideologies,which not h ohr” emd o e las hr, vn f more if even there, always be to seemed others” the
: Br : ” “ than with each other, or attacked the “exotic pagan pagan “exotic the attacked or other, each with than
political stance against Judaistic elem Judaistic against stance . ill
Elizabeth A. Clark, “Rewriting Early Christian Christian Early “Rewriting Clark, A. Elizabeth on ,
1999), –
” e. . äg n P. oseu 29 Rousseau, Ph. and Hägg T. ed. , “both”
was very often decidedly present present decidedly often very was 19. 19. s
very long time. However, in However, time. long very 38
Confessions in
sides were attacking each attacking were sides ” ts self ts theTexts
or or “ steal” ideas of the the of ideas steal” - resented in polemical polemical in resented
definition against definition shson “lightly own his as en
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appeared the the - 51 51 -
CEU eTD Collection Perio Temple 44 33. (1982): the in “ factors Fowden, Garth paganism.” late crucial became men, holy many of attitudes and misanthropic exclusivist the (apparently) with even together marginalization, of process This society. of periphery the to drift gradual his u essentially his determined learning philosophical with 43 42 1991). Press, California of University 41 City Roman the of Barbarians the and 2005) Press, University Oxford (Oxford: are decline the of perspective the from upon looking of importance the for argue still who scholars, notable Most 1990). Press, 40 managedt that accepted longer no is away and “inside”, to seem (self) including however, rhetoric “Christianizing” cons Empire, the of Rhetoric Christian the account, andinto classical“paganism”, Judaism, since philosophy all had areThese no questions wane? seeming of times those in took it did forms which or go, it did where “visibly” survive the of amount the from judgeto are we if cul Judaisticeven andphilosophyclassical Hellenism, used However, onwards. Antiquity Late from Empire e fr instance for See Fowden Garth Cameron, Cameron, Averil to mostly referring am I equently, the holy men (and women) themselves women) (and men holy the equently,
in reference to “paganism” to reference in from the from Perhaps o Perhaps Latina the both define to came which Christianitywas it Yet,
Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire of the Rhetoric and Christianity o bring the inclusiveness on a whole new level.new whole a on inclusiveness bringthe o d (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991). Press, Fortress (Minneapolis:
suggested that the tendency to associate the “holy man”, as we know him from the sources the from him know we as man”, “holy the associate to tendency the that suggested
social
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Press, University Oxford (Oxford: Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse Christian of Development The Empire: of Rhetoric the and Christianity
Scot McKnight, McKnight, Scot (O ne of the cruc the of ne x f ord: exclusivity of Judaism, philosophy, and philosophy, Judaism, of exclusivity have beenhave t to be even attempted to answer in this thesis, yet taken be should they thesis, answer inthis attemptedeven beto t to
Glen Bowersock, Bowersock, Glen
Oxford University Press, 2006), and 2006), Press, University Oxford The Pagan Pagan The J udaism
A was offer to had Christianity which elements new ial
crucial inthis. tool Light Among the Gentiles. Jewish Missionary Activity in the Second Second the in Activity Missionary Jewish Gentiles. the Among Light are no longer generally accepted generally longer no are ,
Peter Heather, Heather, Peter Ward Bryan H was an exclusivist religion exclusivist an was oly elns i Lt Antiquity Late in Hellenism M texts 41
, 21. , an
- in Late Antique Society Antique Late in 14 n shaping in Perkins, Perkins,
and their (superficial) reading. But if it did not did it if But reading.(superficial) their and rban and privileged background, “and also encouraged encouraged also “and background, privileged and rban The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome Rome of History New a Empire: Roman the of Fall The
the terms like terms the - 42 defining polemics pointed both “outside” both pointed polemics defining
h Fl o Rm ad h Ed f Civilzation of End the and Rome of Fall The and those who looked up to them to up looked who those and ture seems to be hidden, or in minority, minority, in or hidden, be to seems ture
J.H.W.G J.H.W.G Also, t Also, both many of the of many
(Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge (Cambridge: Liebeschuetz 44 he biohagiographic , Untergang, Ausgang, la fin la Ausgang, Untergang, ” ,
. The Journal of Hellenic Studies Hellenic of Journal The e Crsint gradually Christianity yet emphasis on the on emphasis 40 nd the Byzantine part of of part Byzantine the nd
Certainly, “paganism”, Certainly,
their the late antique history history antique late the , “pagan” cults. “pagan” The Decline and Fall and Decline The leadership
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43 The
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CEU eTD Collection Women Holy of 47 herself emancipate to managed church Models “Biographical Wilson, emperor.” an to tied herself than rather her to emperor “harnessed church the that was structures power Christian of periods formative 46 2003). 45 “autobiography”, spiritual own function and repetitive its the of diffusion the texts biohagiographic authorities theological respective c the cementing and spiritual” “the of wrong” “the and right” “the juxtaposing by this in part a extent, some to playing, message Christian orthodox rh and textual the among shaped been had dogma “literally”the formImperial ofthe of support, takesociety. hold an communities Christian established Hellenic and Roman use fair get could it texts, inspired” “truly specific on concentration and emphasis specific to connected worship the exclude not did it Judaism, f separation the deepen mysteries. the into initiated be to or philosophers best “ to faith Stavroula Constantinou, Constantinou, Stavroula the in controversies Trinitarian and Christological big the of outcomes important most the of one Perhaps Pagels, Elaine instance for See have faith have 45
was rather a novelty a rather was Everything was a representation, everything had its purpose, if we look atlook Augustine’swe if purpose, everything its had representation, Everythingawas process. this in share their certainly had texts Biohagiographic
(Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2005). 2005). University, Uppsala (Uppsala: ”, rather, they paid often substantial amount of money either to le to either money of amount substantial often paid they rather, ”,
“orthodox” faith among the “flock.” the among faith “orthodox” culture, Female Corporeal Performances. Reading the Body in Byzantine Passions and Lives and Passions Byzantine in Body the Reading Performances. Corporeal Female -
the “translation” (according the specific needs of the audience) and and audience) the of needs specific the (according “translation” the rom , and textually
46 -
eod eif Te ert opl f Thomas of Gospel Secret The Belief. Beyond
neither a “pagan” a neither , the Christian authors of biohagiographic texts may have been have may texts biohagiographic of authors Christian the ,
pcfc lc, hc aray apnd o lre xet in extent large a to happened already which place, specific including infrastructure, to get to all parts of the Empire. The The Empire. the of parts all to get to infrastructure, including onclusions reached by reached onclusions
from the existing power structures, and create new alternatives. new create and structures, power existing from the t s ohn mr, n ntig es ta a “literary a than less, nothing and more, nothing is it .
d substructures could then, receiving the crucial boost in boost crucial receiving the substructuresthen, couldd This seems to be one of many functions of the the of functions many of one be to seems This performative aspectperformative
15 ”,
holy man holy 108. Thus, thanks to these “schisms” also, the early early the also, “schisms” these to thanks Thus, 108. etorical “wars” over the true meaning of the the of meaning true the over “wars” etorical those Furthermore,
nor a “philosopher” w “philosopher” a nor This is connected to the educative educative the to connected is This whom they considered to be their be to considered they whom s . 47
places, but with the absolute the with but places,
(New York: Random House, House, Random York: (New Christianity managed to managed Christianity As the Christian Christian the As ere arn from the from arn
of existing existing of
supposed
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and and CEU eTD Collection 49 mother of his men, person noble in the of educated that pietyto modelof 48 yearsarguably toany the early about muchless heroes. information of access their the the of authors the of mention authors the but life, his in on going been had what of lot a remember could still presumably and himself about wrote Augustine part. important very and political the “agenda”, his about lot ch a ideological learn can we yet Augustine”, “real the of retrospective Hägg and Rousseau, “Introduction”, 6. “Introduction”, Rousseau, and Hägg Clark, “Rewriting Early Christian Early “Rewriting
– allenges he faced. These would be definitely present in the text the in present definitely be would These faced. he allenges
self representation,” self
Life of Pythagoras of Life
Histor
48 y ,
” from which we can learn very little about many aspects many about little very learn can we which from 9. At the same time, same the At 9. 16
or the or
Life of Apollonius of Tyana of Apollonius of Life Augustine ,
Monica. Monica.
seems to provide an alternative alternative an provide to seems Ibidem, Ibidem, ie f Anthony of Life 17.
;
the text was text the , could have have could , 49
nt t not ,
o CEU eTD Collection a as society outdated its for or se, per Antiquity Late for as generalized if least at is, That “paganism.” 52 ofScythopolis,” Cyril and Cyrrhus 51 E 50 rep biohagiographi most in inherent “paganism”,or re the between or powers, emphasis on t the Empire. emergingChristian the in play ascribedto were they rolesand functions of elaboration the and them, promote to authority imperial the and bishops of efforts e orh etr on, century fourth he mpire hs ofit hud o b udrto a an as understood be not should conflict This of Theodoret in Saints of Cult the and Composition Hagiographical Devotion: as “Writing Krueger, Derek Camero Averil sense the in Empire Christian The
resentative of the “ the of resentative , not just the Late Roman Empire as a state. as a Empire Roman Late thenot just ,
These miracles stories were often about the conflict the about often were stories miracles These T interpretation of late antique sources. sources. antique late of interpretation he fourth c fourth he their (Christian)
asceticism and miraculousasceticism powers. 2
entury saw the increasing veneration of holy men, as well as increasing as well as men, holy of veneration increasing the saw entury right CONTEXTUALIZING BIOH
the concepts of of concepts the presentation of the “true” spirituality and the other other the andspirituality “true” the of presentation superstition
way to holiness” holiness” to way Church
texts c
History
The conflict existed though, in reality and especially in literature. literature. in especially and reality in though, existed conflict The –
Christian omnipresent intense hostile polemic between Christianity and and Christianity between polemic hostile intense omnipresent
depending on the author’s viewpoint author’s the dependingon –
66 (1997): 707. (1997): 66
n ofit ih h ei ad ih h competing the with and evil the with conflict Roman 156) World, lessor hospitable different to ascetic ideals. more proved cultures regional and journey; their on muchchangedoften were theythough Roman world, between as well as religions, between traveled asceticism of ideas The 606) religious differences. a in techniques, ascetic common in and behavior of patterns non shared and culture Christians moral together shared brought a of and class of constraints subtle the time, same the at while, church Christian within the as such coexisted communities religious gestures,united seemingly of ascetic by differences up summed profound reality, In writes 17 –
which is sometimes the same. the sometimes is which
Ascetici Finn, (Richard Christian,and AsceticsimPaganBrown, (Peter holiness about in her book book her in about 51 AGIOGRAPHERS
ee ute elaborated further were -
between the demonic and divine and demonic the between manner
far distant places of the Graeco the of places distant far
Christianity and the Rhetoric of Rhetoric the and Christianity
ht lre ter evident their blurred that s i te Graeco the in m
– . The conflict is is conflictThe .
52 termed heresy, termed
whole, rather an an rather whole,
50 - The holiness The Chris
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biohagiographic texts texts biohagiographic she does not really fit the “label” of a heretic, trying to portray her as nonetheless nonetheless as her portray to trying heretic, a of “label” the fit really not does she Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and the Lives of the Eastern Saints Eastern the Lives of the and Ephesus of John Crisis: in Society and Asceticism
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ed. Jan Willem Drijvers, John W. W W. John Willem Jan Drijvers, ed. ct between the Christianizing efforts and reality might have looked like, like, looked have might reality and efforts Christianizing the between ct Portraits of Spiritual Authority. Religious Power in Early Christianity, Christianity, Early in Power Religious Authority. Spiritual of Portraits
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Études sur les Vies de philosophes de l’Antiquité tardive. Diogène Laërce, Porphyre de Tyr, de Porphyre Laërce, Diogène tardive. l’Antiquité de philosophes de Vies les sur Études (Paris: Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, 2001), 19. 19. 2001), Vrin, J. philosophique Librairie (Paris: f h Lt Antiquity, Late the of 89
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Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt Römischen der Niedergang und Aufstieg Life of Porphyry of Life Yet, in many instances, by the end of the fourth century, the “pagan” the century, fourth the of end the by instances, many in Yet, might have might ö
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26 56. 56. which seems to scream from the pages of of pages the from scream to seems which
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Platonic theology. For him, all Greek theology was a descendant of Orphic mystagogy. Orphic of descendant a was theology Greek all him, For theology. Platonic scius - Proclus gave theoretical explanation for the activity of a philosopher as a theurgist in theurgist a as philosopher a of activity the for explanation theoretical gave Proclus Études sur les Vies de philosophes, de les Vies sur Études - okr Te Neo The worker. – xiii.
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 168. 2000), University Press, Cambridge (Cambridge: , 41 ,
under the Pythagorean influence or without it. without or influence Pythagorean the under as even more relevant and underlining the fundamental perspective of their of perspective fundamental the underlining and relevant more even as
Life of Apollonius of Tyana of Apollonius of Life edn Noltns: Non Neoplatonism: Reading -
42. 42.
by his soul, and therefore the idea of “purification” (intellectual and ritual) and (intellectual “purification” of idea the therefore and soul, his by
83 (1993): 116. (1993): 83
- 91 Platonist direction, according to Goulet, developed the same same the developed Goulet, to according direction, Platonist
Reaching the divine state became one of the main points of a of points main the of one became state divine the Reaching
ne being, a mediator between the gods and the humans, and a and humans, the godsand betweenthe mediator being,ane
eut f h ifune f yhgra piooh, and philosophy, Pythagorean of influence the of result
32. - Discursive Thinking in the Texts of Plotinus, Proclus, and and Proclus, Plotinus, of Texts the in Thinking Discursive
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Platonist writings. This would be very much in line line in much very be would This writings. Platonist (written in the in (written 27
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Platonists recur to Orphism in Orphism to recur Platonists century CE) CE) century . Goulet, Goulet, nto o gons and goodness of ination
Liverpool - Platonist philosophy, Platonist Études sur les Vies de de Vies les sur Études vitae que.“ Mark Edwards, Edwards, Mark que.“ became a pattern pattern a became
. Philosophy itself itself Philosophy . ics it was rather a rather was it ics University Press, Press, University acquired more more acquired 93
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nt, u te ucms em o e rty pl smaie b Grh odn the Fowden: Garth by summarized aptly pretty be to seem outcomes the but anity, Marinus of Neapolis and his and Neapolis of Marinus The a The s of “religiosity” the Yet, - Reading Neoplatonism Reading clxxvi. - crisis late of “paganism.”
uthor of the of uthor
- realization. 97 text philosophers, including Socrates, were never portrayed merely as “men of reason”, but but reason”, of “men as merely portrayed never were Socrates, including philosophers,
s tutrd codn t te eeomn o hs ite, e is he virtues, his of development the to according structured is
Life of Proclus of Life 99 , 145. , 96
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- meantime, found themselves, exercising their elitist approach to to approach elitist their exercising themselves, found meantime, Phillipe Segonds, “Introduction,” “Introduction,” Segonds, Phillipe
rcu hmef s portrayed is himself Proclus 100
ome of the “pagan” holy men differed significantly from the the from significantly differed men holy “pagan” the of ome
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is Marinus of Neapolis, who lived ca. 450 ca. lived who Neapolis, of Marinus is Life of Proclus of Life 28 ifically late antique development. antique late ifically
rey, Alain rey, Life of Proclus of Life
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: Marinus, n: y aiu a a philosopher a as Marinus by p e Segonds (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, Belles Les (Paris: Segonds e
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in Athens, where h where Athens, in lives rcu blne bt t te pee f A of sphere the to both belonged Proclus between point Proclusat wassome 410 born
question is very difficult to answer. Already Hippolyte Delehaye remarke Delehaye Hippolyte Already answer. to difficult very is question and The Legends of the the Saints of Legends The
101 of saints were like like were saints of For Goulet, For
Segonds, “Introduction,” xlii. “Introduction,” Segonds,
r fnrl speech. funeral a or Neoplatonic Saints, Saints, Neoplatonic Students their by Proclus and Plotinus Lives of The Saints. Neoplatonic cd dcto ad trce bt non both attracted and education nced 103
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For the recent discussion of the topic see Cotter, Cotter, see topic the of discussion recent the For Theodosianus Codex Co Wendy Plutarch, Bundy David
M adherence miracles,and rituals C argues IRACLE NARRATIVES IN IRACLE NARRATIVES Contemporary scholarship has proposed various definitions of magic and religion and and religion and magic of definitions various proposed has scholarship Contemporary of levels many defining in progress rapid a made had Christianity Despite laims for the supernatural , ed Richard Valantasis Richard ed , 113 On the Failure of Oracles of Failure the On t ter, ter, 507.
il otx i te nin world ancient the in context cial
,
that the “evidence supports the fact that magic was a force relied upon by many many by upon relied forcea wasmagic that fact the “evidencesupports the that “ Miracles in Grec in Miracles
Vision for the City. Nisibis in Ephrem’s Hymns on Nicomedia”, Nicomedia”, on Hymns Ephrem’s in Nisibis City. the for Vision
to See also Silke Trzcionka, Trzcionka, Silke also See - 23.
”, ”, magic and magic
9, 16; 9, 38, 3 16; 9, 38, 9, and also also and
eligious world of late antique m antique late of world eligious Harold Remus Harold
( o Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000 Press, University Princeton Princeton: THE “HEARD”AND THE THE
- trust in trust Roman Antiquity Roman - , 421 , 4; 9, 38, 7 9,38, 4;
een the two. the een .
-
Roman society. And to And society. Roman BIOHAGIOGRAPH its efficiency can be induced from the numerous laws numerous the from induced be can efficiency its ai and Magic , - Pagan 5, 34. 16, 7; 36, 11, 1; 4; 36, 42, 11, 2; 9, 1; 40, 9, 42, 9, 8; , –
ln . Segal F. Alan
, ed Peter Richardson (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University University Laurier Wilfrid (Waterloo: Richardson Peter ed , Christi Miracles in Graeco in Miracles
Ephrem, That weby might saved be their prayers. Let letustakewith the chaste refuge usrun, carriesAlso us,it usawaywith them. Forguiding theanger them, that is Theof rites magicians; and consulting offCut ones, and reject, weak Are more seriou Incantantions, magicalrites and divination, (London, New York: Routledge, 2003 Routledge, New York: (London, 31
- Segal claims that this distinction sometimes depended depended sometimes distinction this that claims Segal Christian Conflict over Miracle in the Second Century Second the in Miracle over Conflict Christian 114
h Spraua i Fourth in Supernatural the
In Classical and Late Antiquity, however, Antiquity, Late and Classical In a Hymn X Hymn nityand “paganism”, magic, “oe huhs n Theurgy,” on Thoughts “Some , - literati ie bowl mixed a “SEEN” IC TEXTS IC TEXTS n was n s than all other sins. s thanall - use 110 Roman An Roman
magical power magical ) ideas.” such mock would ,201. still to a large extent large a to still
in tiquity Religions of Late Antiquity Antiquity Late of Religions
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THE POWER OF
. Especially part IV: IV: part Especially . ), 176.
successfully
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CEU eTD Collection 115. (1993): home was target real “ their while attacks, pagan long to sticking adroit was which sanctity of memory vague a only leaving shrines, 117 away. casted as court a the before brought help, Macedonius’ with was, demon very the spells, the was using denied it man accused out turned It spells. magic by so do to compelled a was but willingly, girl the enter not did he told that prayer, with him out cast he whom demon, the that him informs he man, holy the Macedonius, contacts father 116 115 influence they although be to seem not do texts wo the miracles. biblical the against justified be th but sorts, all of miracles of full a was it but exist, to admitted considered magia authorities. state and m Church the the Among by both made be could not is what and magic is what magic be to considered be could it or rituals Christian of part legitimate a be to deemed factors, various on depending be, could differe not what and magic what discern to leaves definition external The upon. agree and reach to illusory magic of definitions them. between division clear, less much were borders these ras Tery n Felne iiain Te etmn o Iamblichus, of Testimony The Divination: Freelance and Theurgy Dreams,
ins, hr h amte ti ad te cie h was he crimes other and this admitted he where witness, the with love man in ti neetn,ta wie b h mid the “by while that interesting, is It In Henry Maguire, “Magic and Money in the Early Middle Ages,” Middle the Early Moneyin and “Magic HenryMaguire,
the d in time and space. For example such clearly Christian symbol as as symbol Christian clearly such example For space. and time in d rld went on among Christians and non and Christians among on went rld and
It is important to note that note to important is It HPh
superstitio HPh
magic Teoe nrae a narrates Thedoret , - established rhetorical clichés, continued to fulminate against Delphi and Didyma in their anti their in Didyma and Delphi against fulminate to continued clichés, rhetorical established to s cmo wrs eoiaig ai ad uesiin n h sucs are sources the in superstition and magic denominating words common ost
13, 10 13,
contemporary authorities. authorities. contemporary 116
girl who was responsible for the spells. The case ended up before the court, and when the whenthe and court, the before up ended case The spells. the for wasresponsible who girl ; -
te nenl n te xenl ad h itra dfnto i almost is definition internal the and external, the and internal the , 11. 11. it defined itself on many levels as being the the being as levels many on itself defined it
in Latinγοητεία inGreek. and and μαγεία
d As Henry Maguire points out, in principle there are two possible possible two are there principle in out, points Maguire Henry As
it significantly. Rather, they seem to work on the backgro the on work to seem they Rather, significantly. it h single the
tr aot a about story sign of an inferior “supernatural inferior an of sign ey wereey Christianity developed in constant antagonism with antagonism constant in developed Christianity al symbol, al - although fourth century prophecy had been definitively stamped out in both both in out stamped definitively been had prophecy century fourth most important platform for this process of defining, defining, of process this for platform important most
il who girl This defining of the “miraculous” and its place in in place its and “miraculous” the of defining This not - ae rce ad oniromancy. and oracles made T
some some and therefore, and - 32 eews no was here seen as seen Christians. In my opinion, the biogahiographic the opinion, my In Christians.
became
compelled to do by magic, before he was finally finally was he before magic, by do to compelled contemporary magic. Any subsequent miracles had to had miracles subsequent Any magic. Speculum
ly exploited by the Church; its polemicists, polemicists, its Church; the by exploited ly udny osse b a by possessed suddenly opinio opinio be be banned. This ban This banned. .
115 72 (1997): 1037(1997): 72 ” 117 ” “ authors sought for clear for sought authors
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magic concern nCrsso cnendmn rta rcie promdb oe s magic. as women by performed practices ritual many condemned Chrysostom hn ,
ritual a the author needed to demonstrate not only the efficacy of his hero, but the the but hero, his of efficacy the only not demonstrate to needed author the Peter Peter ”
on the basis of usefulness of these. Healings, ra Healings, these. of usefulness of basis the on ing
118 was that such a petty ritual as marking as ritual petty a such that was
is, in Clementine Recognitions, made to made Recognitions, Clementine in is, men, while “showing statues walking, dogs or brass or stone barking, mountains leaping, leaping, mountains barking, stone or brass or dogs walking, statues “showing while men,
of the figtree ofthe not intentionally, the effectiveness and supreme uniqueness of the official official the of uniqueness supreme and effectiveness the intentionally, not
n where and f ore te uine f h dfeet biohagiograp different the of audience the course, Of
, Mayer (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 2002), Brill, (Leiden: Mayer
10
37 , see: , nt h rta itself. ritual the not , . ir wonderworkers
Tuzlak, “The Magician and the and Heretic” Magician “The Tuzlak, : The Case of Simon Magus Simon of Case The : However, the author of the text rather o rather text the of author the However, 33
toiy o a ato o a biohagiographic a of author an or uthority,
were doing was not temporary, illusory, or or nottemporary,were illusory, was doing 421. The i The 421.
distinguish between real Christian miracles and and miracles Christian real between distinguish
perstition). 119 ising of the dead, or expelling or dead, the of ising the the
T ee ad ad midwiv and maids hese nteresting forehead of a newborn with mu with newborn a of forehead ” ,
in in
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; miracle capable of claiming the power of Christ Christ of power the claiming of capable miracle Clark, “Philosophic Lives”, 29. Lives”,29. “Philosophic Clark, “
y they can as perhaps ofthepersuasion seen thetools efforts. be author’s Deadly conflict between members of the clerical élites on theological issues caused the overlapping systems systems overlapping the caused issues theological on élites clerical the of members between conflict Deadly Life of Life eh Kofsky (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 89 2004), Brill, (Leiden: Kofsky eh
more concerned with their own philosophical rivals. philosophical own their with concerned more Paganand Christian The same applies for the miracles the for applies same The ho Christian and “Pagan”
Peter the Iberian the Peter
to legitimate the holy men the authors authors the men holy the legitimate to history of the fi the of history apply only to Christians, as Gillian Clark points out, the philosophers were philosophers the out, points Clark Gillian as Christians, to only apply - 129.
. In . ”, in ”, fth and sixth century, we rarely find a find rarely we century, sixth and fth
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Brouria Bitton Brouria , Proclus was also a real person. Their depiction in in depiction Their person. real a also was Proclus
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.” the enemy of Christ, Christ, of enemy the behind ideology and agenda author’s but we do know that at least some of of some least at that know do we but , not just any miracle any just not ,
holy man of an opposing party who is not not is who party opposing an of man holy . Peter Brown, “Holy Men”, Men”, “Holy Brown, Peter
121 Brouria Bitton Brouria
Christian rhetoric formed itself formed rhetoric Christian Imitatio Mosis Imitatio ey n Otooy Te Anti The Orthodoxy: and resy , eds. Brouria Bitton Brouria eds. , arm
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tyd ih i ad n cno epc ta i ws o eas h hae them. healed he because so was it that expect cannot one and him with stayed Life of Alexander Sleepless Alexander Lifeof hagiographic discourse. The discourse. hagiographic Platonists like Iamblichus Iamblichus like Platonists 24) use of miracles in different sources would need to be examined from a different different a from examined be to need would sources different in miracles of use If there were any occasions when the crowds could have could crowds the when occasions any were there If , to the to , . “
124 In any case any In Drea h e gatheringe of
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(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004 Press, ofToronto University (Toronto: h mrce i Crsin ihgorpi texts biohagiographic Christian in miracles The t Similarly, u s, , Life of Hypatius Lifeof Hypatius Lifeof orce. There were internal dynamics of the development of the philosophy in this this in philosophy the of development the of dynamics internal were There orce. s .
126 Goulet, Goulet, Callinic 125 Études sur les Vies de philosophes…, philosophes…, de Vies les sur Études
h tkn, iin, ials assac o te os prfcto, rituals, purification, gods, the of assistance miracles, visions, tokens, The
powerful powerful he bio Études sur les Vies de philosophes, philosophes, de les Vies sur Études Neoplatonic teacher Neoplatonic u aigahr cntnl rpa ti ifrain c information, this repeat constantly hagiographers
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40,11. 40,11. 2. 38, f 406 (fl topos
never existed, and for even existed, hagiographies theChristian never See also 40, 16; 40, 2 16; 40, 40, also See 127 - Biblical and Classical Myths: The Mythological Framework of Western Western of Framework Mythological The Myths: Classical and Biblical 446) Lives
expected elements of elements
fi philosop Études sur les Vies de philosophes, de Vies les sur Études my salse a a as established rmly have
of philosophers should be understood understood be should philosophers of wrote that “they related that they have seen many many seen have they that related “they that wrote gi c her
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contribute components ) to be a miracle a be to , s of the time the of s 213. the 36
religious idealization and heroization of heroization and idealization religious 4
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CEU eTD Collection Cyr,” de Théodoret 133 278 (1982): 2 No. 132 131 130 genre. the that argued scholars b in present Some were miracles biohagiographic. as text a presenting, or seeing, of part 3.3 moral virtuesortocompare oftheir themtothe characters heroes, remote from the past. the about speculate to just digressions made often biographies antique late the of symbolized. authors saints those virtues respective the discuss to basis a him for became figures biblical the of involvement the and miracles), water performed both (since Moses Gregory compared common Nyssa of quite Gregory Thus, was panegyric. past the of ones biblical the like figures historical) relics localChristian, oftheirnowpatron new, asks rightly Uytfanghe Van mentality. people’s average the for them substituted graduallyand heroes and gods “pagan“of functions the rather adopted but theintercessors, as perceived were much notso saints popular piety the orthodoxy. doctrinal the outside and rustic, be to twisted, audience the of perception the deemed authors the because texts the in established repeatedl so it highlight to necessity the felt authors the if Therefore, century. fifth the before created Andr Thaumaturgus”, Gregory of Life The history: and “Hagiography Dam, Van Raymond Ibidem. “L’origine” VanUytfanghe,
ThePower ofthe “Heard”and the “Seen” 133 é
It should be noted again that again noted be should It miracle contemporary a of comparison The Adnès
y, this could mean that the actual situation was different, or even that the that even or different, was situation actual the that mean could this y, However, n Per Canivet, Pierre and -
Revue de l’Histoire des Religions des l’Histoire de Revue 279.
the question of genre is not that easy to tackle, as tackle, to easy that not is genre of question the
, 183 , io hagiographic -
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miracles, or their absence, constituted a very important very a constituted absence, their or miracles,
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texts simply because they are an integral part of the the of part integral an are they because simply texts
171 (1967): 53 (1967): 171 37 . 131
- worker with some historical (or allegedly allegedly (or historical some with worker 130 -
82; 150 82; h Wonderworker the k about the God the about k oe coas ru, that argue, scholars Some
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1, 1, CEU eTD Collection Eusebius’ instance Origen for See miracles. with demonstrated be to need not does holiness why explanations 138 137 Malchus and Priscus, Olympiodorus, 17. 1981), Cairns, Eunapius, Empire. Roman Later the of Historians h of type serious the in inclusion for ‘unsuitable as former the of number excessive an of inclusion the deprecated 136 6. 135 134 to and it) behind philosophy or God the (and holiness presented of power the demonstrate decidedly t present in empire. Roman the of workings the behind ideology the of subset emergingnew increas saw century fifth and fourth the even but on, later and Justinian of reign the during case the definitely was That changed. the situation yetthe time, long verya for unaffected relatively Procopius. as historians, classicizing among even texts, Byzantine antique/early late many in found be to commonly was miraculous” the to make a it “real” biohagiographic text. chapter first isto
As for the biohagiographic texts, even those authors who omitted miracles in their writings tended to provide provide to tended writings their in miracles omitted who authors those even texts, biohagiographic the for As Cameron, Cameron, M Adele Cox, also See ry.’ He also accepted the validity of thaumaturgy…” R. C. Blockley, Blockley, C. R. thaumaturgy…” of validity the accepted also He ry.’
or P or I will try to show that one of the functions of miracles of functions the of one that show to try will I “resort oeuvre, Procopius’ of analysis detailed a in illustrates Cameron Averil as Yet, and described be to continued individuals exceptional celebrated w that true also is it sanctity, of mark indispensable an considered are which miracles, of presence the from while, And, difference. such for reasons the the understand to as is interesting discourse hagiographic antique late Antony the of the part perspective, as counted this From Eusebius' follow. in contained to meant he models he audience the on circumstances, the t he prese he onaci Castagno, Castagno, onaci oprhyry’s Christianity and the Rhetor and Christianity Procopius fourth century onwards, it is possible to note an ever more conspicuous conspicuous more ever an note to possible is it onwards, century fourth . T . Biography in Late Antiquity in Biography , which, unlike it, makes ample use of miracles. What is really really is What miracles. of use ample makes it, unlike which, ,
herefore, the presence of miracle cannot really be used to define a text, or to or text, a define to used be really cannot miracle of presence the herefore, nce of miracles or their absence as well as their effect depended on depended effect their as well as absence their or miracles of nce Life of Plotinus Lifeof , 28. Eunapius, for instance, included oracles and prophecies in his history, “although he he “although history, his in prophecies and oracles included instance, for Eunapius, 28. , ithout anyithout recourse he writingshe andemerging thenew the Empire. ideology of
L'agiografia cristiana antica: Testi, contesti, pubblico contesti, Testi, antica: cristiana L'agiografia élite
.
clsatc History Ecclesiastic – ic of Empire of ic
Christian bishops, abbots, and the clergy, and a whole new new whole a and clergy, the and abbots, bishops, Christian ing importance of imperial power, gain of influence of of influence of gain power, imperial of importance ing , 4. , 134
to miracles.
As Adele Monaci Castagno writes: , 131 131 , 38
– a acet author) ancient (an
133. 136 135
The social re social The
137 has the same claim to being being to claim same the has
The
in biogahiographic texts was to was texts biogahiographic in “ élites miraculous alities of many could stay could many of alities The Fragmentary Classicising Classicising Fragmentary The
found themselves in, had had in, themselves found (Bresci agtd o the on targeted, bios
” a: Morcelliana, 2010), 2010), Morcelliana, a:
f Origen of
was here, it was it here, was (Liverpool: Francis Francis (Liverpool: ie of Life 138
Life of of Life
CEU eTD Collection 141 140 1 décembre Rhétorique des d’Analyse Centre le par organize 139 and powerful preciselyinto the “seen.” symbols, described) into account their persuasion for skillfully so and used soflexibly shaped be cannot “seen” successfully.The which touse they managed s actually authors advantage their into paradox this turn to opportunity the of hold took authors contemporary the how byalso trustworthycan ( persuadeheard, ifnarrated the heard but the is what than trustworthy more indeed is seen is What listen. who those for benefit less no of heard”“the waysame the love, to worthy becomes seen” “the as that out pointing by written be to text this for need important. and symbol a into turned word The “word.” the of might the reinforced further then which society of aspects the all the penetrating symbols visual for contents the fed and created It great. was persuasion Christian in word heard and “word.”the ofathlete an was athlete God’s notes, Pernot Laurent As business. the of core very the at was persuasion the successful; be to were they if persuasion, with hand in hand go to had appropriation at attempts any world, antique late socio for as well as appropriation, spiritual so the both claim VPorph “Hagiography VanDam, orateur,” et martyr Pionios, “Saint Pernot, Laurent
1 (e 995 . W . 140
. g. , ed. Gérard Freyburger, Laurent Pernot (Paris: Institut d’Études Institut (Paris: LaurentFreyburger, Pernot ed.Gérard ,
s The author of the of author The ,
a i a rbe fr historians for problem a is hat
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- and described so carefully, was carefully, so described and cnmcl feig ials mrclu crs ec as etc) cures, miraculous miracles, (feeding economical - ”,
the p the
275. 275. –
the authors of the biohagiog the of authors the
recisely described accounts of what the witnesses had “seen” are are “seen”had witnesses the whatof accounts reciselydescribed
VPorph - economic appropriation. economic
set out in the first sentence of the proem to justify thejustify to proem the of sentence first the in out set s Religieuses de l’Antiquité (C.A.R.R.A.). Strasbourg,1 (C.A.R.R.A.). l’Antiquité de Religieuses s
39 , in
h cn ee ko wa t what know never can who
Du héros païen au saint chrétien. Actes du colloque colloque du Actes chrétien. saint au païen héros Du
ht a atal se ws o less not was seen actually was what raph an opportunity an
139 hr ws ps fr h spiritual the for push a was There
In the realities of the multifacete the of realities Inthe i The powerThe c texts often managed to arrange to managed often texts c
Augustiniennes, 1997), Augustiniennes, ). 141
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143 142 shown inthe following chapter. self from focus its shift slowly miracles The appropriation. the to to justification enough stable and strong was development, its in still though discourse, persuasive Christian the and laid, been have texts biohagiographic the grounds the century, fifth the In later. come to about however, was, That hagiography.” Christian “proper a for rules eventually, and “holiness”, true for rules self its and discourse Christian the of roots) the (and fruits the also were which biohagiographictexts, the in also storymirrored the worship. Chr in role major the played they subsequently, and, Bible, the of antilogical. language the of rather, component crucial or a were Metaphors illogical, something was itself metaphor the predication, or logic a was metaphor i thought, ‘this read, grammatically of which statement mode controlling “the rather was it language, Biblical the of ornament mere a not was metaphor emphasized, Frye Northrop As forefront. the into story which and them, texts, their in for used imagery literary of stock the furnished inspiration main the was which Bible like The authors, Marinus. “pagan” Neoplatonist the than easier “written” the “heard”, the and “seen” the between Ibidem. Macpherson, Fryeand As I will try to show, Christians biohagiographers Christians show, to try will I As 143 See
This Christian rhetoric, with its strong emphasis on the figurative language and language figurative the on emphasis strong its with rhetoric, Christian This also Cameron, also Biblical and Classical Myth and Biblical
Christianity and the Rhetoric of of E Rhetoric the and Christianity istian rhetoric as it developed in the first centuries of Christian Christian of centuries first the in developed it as rhetoric istian
- imposed control of this rhetoric which was establishing was which rhetoric this of control imposed s that.” s s , 31. , 40
played a big part in this process, as it will be will it as process, this in part big a played
142 mpire
The Bible did not use the language of language the use not did Bible The , chapter ,
used a poetic language and put the the put and language poetic a used managed
“ Showing and Telling and Showing
for the formal features of of features formal the for to
reconcile the tension the reconcile ” , 47 , - 88.
- CEU eTD Collection Christianities 144 c four the derived and effect), miracle’s the of acclamation or demonstration the c. act; miraculous hero’s the b. problem; story” “miracle a is what identified “word/text/doctrine more focused.” and more onwards century fourth the from became religiosity Greco the If texts. forc they and text, the of form the and content the both regarding been had texts such for patterns literary The expression. biohagiographi of authors ( Christian and classical the through transmitted their Nevertheless, men. 4.1 4 il Braun Willi
WOMEN INDISTRESS:T The hr wr dfeet id o mrce i miracles of kinds different were There Biohagiograp 144 . ed. Willi Braun (Canada:Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005), 2. 2005), Press, LaurierUniversity (Canada:Wilfrid Braun Willi ed. . story,Christian discourse, andthehealings
,
Reoi, htrclt, n Dsore efracs” in Performances,” Discourse and Rhetoricality, “Rhetoric, - Roman religiosity in those times was more action more was times those in religiosity Roman hic texts are first and foremost stories, foremost and first are texts hic
deeds c texts texts c
lasses: healings, exorcisms, raisings from the dead and nature nature and dead the from raisings exorcisms, healings, lasses:
ee oend y h word the by governed were in the fifth century were no longer really free in their their in free really longer no were century fifth the in HREE PERSPECTIVESHREE ON per se per sequence and ever afterward provided both a literary literary a and a moral pattern. both provided afterward ever and th sequence narrative a of in together strung fact in evolution were Jesus of life the the from sayings of and events for remembered takes the heart; Gospels, very one their view at is whatever Narrative deaths. their of and personages; preeminent: were possessed Empire A. it Indeed, story. a with religion a was Christianity , noted their common three common their noted , Cameron, 41
Christ himself was the was himself Christ , 89) eea dfeet id o sois Bt two But stories. of kinds different several boaigahc et. uof Bultmann Rudolf texts. biohagiographic n
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HEALING MIRACLES htrc n Raiy n Early in Reality and Rhetoric ed their way into the new new the into way their ed
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CEU eTD Collection 148 Annual 147 Times New Testament in Magic John In performed. disciples his and Jesus exorcism or healing to allude or describe either divided, are 146 145 revealed, things the see to order in and, discourse Christian to central indeed is revelation demonstrations meaning, hidden the and meaning surface the between contrast the writings Christian early the through all find can One audience. possible widest the reach to discourse Christian of tool strategic important in as culture. rhetoric traditional the of achievements c the To claiming thedirect eyewitnessaccounts,“way indisputable thatthis really oflife”works. ma They world. real the in consequences real with real, is saint a of holiness the demonstratethat their have to them, from requires ju (indirectly) the and truth the demonstrate to carefully beliefs, fo practices curative traditional, rather, or “pagan,” old the integrating of challenge a met structures its and society the traditions, and culture classical the history, m man, holy miracles. iracles VPorph In Healing.” Dream of Characteristics Damian: and Cosmas Saints of Miracles “The Csepregi, Ildikó A Cotter ke a case for a particular god, or a philosophical school, not by rational reasoning, but by by but reasoning, rational by not school, philosophical a or god, particular a for case a ke s Howard Clark Kee notes, one fifth of the approximately 250 literary units into which the synoptic gospels gospels synoptic the which into units literary 250 approximately the of fifth one notes, Kee Clark Howard s
and and
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Miracles the
ontrary, Christian discourse constantly used, reshaped, and implemented all the best best the all implemented and reshaped, used, constantly discourse Christian ontrary,
hat does hat 2. 145 i HPh r example, incubation ( r n Christian texts Christian n
and Pauline letters Pauline
T he ability to perform miracles was one of the most distinctive features of every of features distinctive most the of one was miracles perform to ability he tpsd o te l wvs fables.” wives old “the to xtaposed . the healings, together with exorcisms, belong exorcisms, with together healings, the , 2. , The role of role The
n o t mean that the logical argument was absent in the Christia the in absent was argument logical the that mean t
, the ,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 1. 1986), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: . 146 refe the “ the
It seems that Christianity in its struggle to “appropriate” the “appropriate” to struggle its in Christianity that seems It re nces are also very frequent. Howard Clark Kee, Kee, Clark Howard frequent. very also are nces figural
f eig n iin, n srn rvltr tendencies; revelatory strong and visions, in seeing of
stories ”
and ). 42 147 the “ the “ bce” y h eeinse. hy also They eyewitnesses. the by “backed”
That does apply to healing narratives as well, well, as narratives healing to apply does That authentic
148 dem
h authors The onstrative ”
eid h sit te ae also are they saint, the behind ed to the most common types of of types common most the to ed ” , however, became however, , often
int o its own system of of system own its o li, s the as claim, Medicine, Miracle, and Miracle, Medicine, n discourse. discourse. n the the Gospel of of Gospel a topos
very very CE U
CEU eTD Collection 151 59. 2000), Literature, SocietyofBiblical Texts and Figures, Themes, Platonism: Later and Gnosticism brought Christianity what 150 149 the yet, other, each engaging often were texts biohagiographic “pagan” and Christian them used narratives “pagan” the used narratives and healing Christian below, “pagan” examples three the on shown be will as narratives, thehealing Christian between similarities substantial found be may there While way. this in biohagi Christian specifically is it and texts, biohagiographic in qualities demonstrative and possessive, kerygmatic, these embody justification. and explanation thorough a not signs specific certain through affirmed be to meant is faith the and it, of part important very a is faith of statement The announce. and discourse Christian and message biohagiographic thehelp was often texts, reached also with “Classical” the of components established new familia used widely time same established the at but originality for claims demanded discourse his in Eusebius (cf. rhetoric classical of traditions best the lie discourse novelty The faith. of presupposition a is there Frye and Macpherson, Macpherson, Fryeand Plato’s in have we What Averil Cameron, dsiciey Crsin (tmig rm h Hbe taiin) ih h tutd and trusted the with traditions) Hebrew the from (stemming “Christian” distinctively , n h Crsin ieaue t literature, Christian the In , and understandable, appealing, notions. appealing, understandable, and , s in combining the specifically Christian elements (signs, proofs, proofs, (signs, elements Christian specifically the combining in s
hs esg i vr important; very is message this Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire of the Rhetoric and Christianity , mr epaial, itntvl, lot o a olgtrl, while obligatorily, say to almost distinctively, emphatically, more m everything is pointing to some ultimate reality and is meant to proclaim to meant is and reality ultimate some to pointing is everything Bibli
into perfection. Gregory Shaw, “After Aporia: Theurgy in Later Platonism,” in in Platonism,” Later in Theurgy Aporia: “After Shaw, Gregory perfection. into Seventh Letter Seventh cal and Classical Myths and cal , at that time, that at ,
is Socrates being evocative, not explanatory. This is very similar to to similar very is This explanatory. not evocative, being Socrates is he ographic texts which texts ographic emphasis –
often rather as a polemic with the Christian texts. Christian the with polemic a as rather often proofs. , 96 , 43 which , 151
o - hr i a tog eymtc asp kerygmatic strong a is there 97. f this newly developing manifold Christian Christian manifold developing newly this f , chapter “The Rhetoric ofParadox.” chapterRhetoric “The,
s ad n h msey f h Christian the of mystery the on laid is n y opinion my In , eds. John D. Turner and Ruth Majercik (Atlanta: (Atlanta: Majercik Ruth and Turner D. John eds. ,
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CEU eTD Collection 152 gets it as persuasive and reliable as story the paint to hard tried author the that indicate to seem which way, a such in used details many are There “rational” the to back come we if persuade, andreach gene the to and illiterate education, elite of anyone impress to enough well written s pure is uneducated t his that mind in kept or acknowledged least at have whetherTheodoretcould think to and propereducation, without bysomeoneunderstood as such text the imagine hardly can one Surely, so. hope be could audience targetedthe text single one within even that uneducated,but at ateducatedanotherone aimedonlyand is text one strongdichotomythat a always not therewas In myopinion, specific audience.a veryto tailoredbe specifically could uneducated versus educated just not was audience elite.” educated Roman late the of between distinction traditional a “irrat and “rational” of mentality elite in survival the to “testifies miracles in depicted Symeon, religi popular and élite an was there saythat to not is Thataudiences. different wereataimed texts differentbiogahiographic and literature, Christian the of part one just are texts Biohagiographic audiences. various manifol the in seen be can efforts these of part One whole. holywomen. menand Chris Gaşpar tian healing narratives developed gradually into a specific standard feature of lives of of lives of feature standard specific a into gradually developed narratives healing tian At the same time, the emerging Christian discourse strove to include the society as a a as society the include to strove discourse Christian emerging the time, same the At , “The Emperor”, 241. Emperor”, “The , ional” (religious) behavior that would have been familiar to the members members the to familiar been have would that behavior (religious) ional” peculation. On the other hand, a hand,other the On peculation.
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rally educated audience. The author, however, seems to be trying to to trying be to seems however, author, The audience. educated rally
HPh
Tedrts otaa o dfeet ecin t Symeon’s to reactions different of portrayal Theodoret’s , on, however, as Cristian Cristian as however, on, 152
This distinction existed, moreover, the question of the of question the moreover, existed, distinction This 44 ext, after adjustment, may be presented to the the to presented be may adjustment, after ext,
( supposedly
text such as such text – –
“irrational” dichotomy, both of these. of both dichotomy, “irrational” he includes names, places, numbers, places, names, includes he Gaşpar d kinds of Christian texts aimed at aimed texts Christian of kinds d yet, it may be appealing to the the to appealing be may it yet, HPh
both, or least the author would would author the least or both, irrational VPorph
has shown on the case of of case the on shown has
being read or heard and and heard or read being )
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CEU eTD Collection 157 156 155 154 153 himself Augustine way the go to treaded. able not were who those for th piety with to readers way alternative his provide to meant was Augustine, Monica of mother example his the of on depiction Augustine’s shown Clark Elizabeth As piety. to way alternative the his wonder in fails repeatedly magician, a as described Simon, where Peter, and Magus Simon between Apostles of Acts th into later developed be to are which traditions, religious Judaistic the involving conflicts first the of One healing. miraculous the a as traditions religious different three least at appear there narratives examined I As ideologies. and traditions religious different the between 4.2 done. the from preface them among were children and women, men, many how specifying even converted, those of numbers exact the write to chose he conversions, wr he when last, to supposed was sail the days of he number exact travels, the specified Porphyry’s about wrote he When possible. whenever details other many and Clark, “Rewriting Early Christian History”, 17. History”, Christian “RewritingEarly Clark, Magician “The Tuzlak, VPorph thechapter See VPorph
154 WomenDistressin The miracles in some texts can be perhaps understood as providing the audience with audience the providing as understood perhaps be can texts some in miracles The Earlier, 157
1. 62, 57, 54, 74. 34, 31, 27,
- n hs ae oe wr te ersnain f h “oe” n e, hl God while men, in “lower” the of representation the were women case this In workin Mark the Deacon’s Life of Porphyry Lifeof Deacon’s the Mark I
ugse t focus to suggested , 9 8, HPh g. 156
and the Heretic” the and -
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, 420. 420. ,
n h polm f h mta ifune n conflict and influence mutual the of problem the on e new powerful Christian religion, is to be found in the in found be to is religion, Christian powerful new e , and other early apocryphal texts. It is the contest contest the is It texts. apocryphal early other and ,
. 45
. 155 153
Last, but not the least, he included the included he least, the not but Last,
il ar will
u later, gue hc pit hs was this point which ote about the the about ote
backbone of of backbone n h three the in e CEU eTD Collection 162 161 160 23 1986), Press, Essay Faith. Women’s and Piety 159 158 to others. holiness to faith) (of way “simple” this provided they God, with them connecting and the all path “elitist” more eventreaded pious as seen been the for truth,Christian they stand élite the of members the even or “pagans”, twists similar borrows aClassical also tradition. lot from the bee. a to mon stubborn liken Juvenal, wives.” of designs cruel infidelities, depravities, the Juvenal´s as works Classical such with images these juxtaposes she but literature, Classical of stacks character the of components stable authors proto the and maternal. qual feminine traditionally the appropriating as Augustine by portrayed was himself Ibidem. Amorgus. of Simonides I in World,” Christian Early the in Women Christ: of Bride and Gateway “Devil´s Clark, A. Elizabeth Ibidem,13. bidem,29. ir social life as they knew it, appropriated the “lower”, the “simple”, and, curing people people curing and, “simple”, the “lower”, the appropriated it, knew theyas life social ir
. E. A. Clark A. E. . As I will argue, the authors of healing of authors the argue, will I As tradition Literary oee, s e a se n h example the on see can we as However,
162
158
The strong misogynic understanding of women by the Christian Church fathers Church Christian the by women of understanding misogynic strong The
- key. – ed Christian traditions influenced the influenced traditions Christian
60. 60. -
women typologically to a bristly sow, mischievous fox, a curious dog, or a or dog, curious a fox, mischievous sow, bristly a to typologically women hs hae ae ersnig h lwr b te wmn uneducated, women, they be lower, the representing are healed those 161 160
practitioners
The only luck for a man is to get a wife typologically created according created typologically wife a get to is man a for luck only The quotes Elegiac Si Elegiac Semonides: Types of Women and Hipponax fr.68 Hipponax and Women of Types Semonides:
s
of s on Late Ancient Christianity Ancient Late on s
the “virtuous wives, lea wives, “virtuous the Classical Antiquity, along with along Antiquity, Classical
monides of Amorgos, writing more than six centuries before centuries six than more writing Amorgos, of monides - of their religion their of murderous and superstition, extravagance, lies, avarice, ties,
“lower.” they renunciated their sexuality, their possessions, and even even and possessions, their sexuality, their renunciated they The bishops and other Christian clerics Christian andother bishops The 46
-
miracles in biohagiographic texts often apply often texts biohagiographic in miracles
Sixth Satire, Sixth , the holy men however, were the ones who who ones the were however, men holy the , nes hy r nt rpry olwn the following properly not are they unless bio of , ed. , hagiographic rned mothers and brave heroines” brave and mothers rned the
Elizabeth A. Clark (Ontario: Edwin Meller Meller Edwin (Ontario: Clark A. Elizabeth H Ph which “in 661 lines catalogues lines 661 “in which the , .
hs ato ws a was author whose rdtos fteod Israel old the of traditions texts and the minds of the of minds the and texts might have have might ities, the ities, bishop Asceti 159
as c CEU eTD Collection 85. 1983), 164 U instance, for see, thefor discussion theclergy, 163 but heroes their of legitimacy the claim to contemporary, and older texts, other to referred healings miraculous the that see can we century fifth the in even on, later case the certainly their and hagiographic actions the writes, Flusin Bernard As narratives. healing of Proclus. case the in Asclepius and Macedonius, and Porphyry of case the in God Christian the healed, who power higher a was it that context the from and words explicit the from both obvious cas three the all in way different in this achieves he though distress, in woman the heals effectively and quickly He scene. the enters character saintly the affliction, the of victim the save to attempts vain these all After them. afford can emphasizes author the as And her. cure to family Aelias’ the of efforts desperate the in afterwards, in a theyare not that admit to have they attempts, many after but patient the save to hard try who doctors the calling are they First, means. all by her help to trying is family her and ill falls origin noble heals, asceticism, a this: like roughly looks chapter, this in analyzed finest representative educated of élite, could the promptly “simple”. the appropriate to ascetics “his” let who bishop the was himself enr Flusin, Bernard the In
conformity HPh hr ae ay commo many are There narratives three the in depicted is as such healing, of story the of thread common The –
since it is the author of the text who really “acts”, and not the hero of his text, it text, his of hero the not and “acts”, really who text the of author the is it since
, these are the best magicians and the best sorcerers available, since A available, sorcerers since best and best the magicians, these are the there is a is there
ble to cure her. In case of the the Inher. case of cure ble to et ae o original. not are texts ial e hsor dn loer d Crle e Scythopolis de Cyrille de l’ouevre dans histoire et Miracle
to hl te evny s heavenly the while
great deal of evidence on how Theodoret carefuly makes his ascetics act subserveintly to to subserveintly act ascetics his makes carefuly Theodoret how on evidence of deal great
the the
Scripture
n features in these three healings, which appear often in in often appear which healings, three these in features n
first, n h contrary the On rbainczyk, rbainczyk, igns confirm his sanctity. Suddenly, a woman of a a of woman a Suddenly, sanctity. his confirm igns
n te t the to then and VPorph 47
Theodoret of Cyrrhus of Theodoret
even soothsayers and magicians are called magicians and soothsayers even are s Hwvr i al h tre ae i is it cases three the all in However, es. , the virtuous, appropriate them forappropriate himself. them
touch
previous stone anl character saintly
(Paris: Études Augustiniennes, Augustiniennes, Études (Paris: , od o the of words 115 Then
Lives of - 129. hi authenticity their
in turn, he, as the the as he, turn, in .
164
hl ti is this While elias’ family
heroes practices practices 163
of is
CEU eTD Collection 168 7 (1984): Papers Oaks Antiquity,”Dumbarton in Late Practice Medical and ofMedicine Aspects Alexander, 167 166 165 household, that from nurse a Meanwhile, so. do to failed they but her, help to soothsayers wi together Heros, husband her her, help not could of because lot a suffered and peril Proclus’ death. healthy a in was she that condition. checked and personally her visited he that, After illness. her re suddenlyAsclepigeneia there, praying washe While behalf. her godon the to Asclepius of shrine the to philosopher, a Lydia, from Pericles with together went, Archiad r maid a still being 4.3 cues thete presentin be to not are stories these different of that combination specific the rather is show it defined, “canonically” strictly as understood to try will I Therefore, variations. these of one an narratives, healing the in variations many are they texts biohagiographic in wonderworking of features the of Some the of combination the and narrative same the of use the beyond go similarities man. holy a of representations other with compete to also Sa borrowing Christian On history” and “Hagiography VanDam, For the full texts of the three healing narra healing three theof the full texts For
ffrey could HolyMen at Work A noble lady Aelias, who was about to give birth to a child in Gaza, fell into a great a into fell Gaza, in child a to birth give to about was who Aelias, lady noble A in includedhealings areThese the as, after the doctors failed to cure her, visited Proclus and asked him for help. He He help. for him asked and Proclus visited her, cure to failed doctors the after as,
and
The also
Segonds, “Introduction,” xlii. “Introduction,” Segonds,
168 ie f Proclus of Life have been transmitted from other sources as complete units. complete as sources other from transmitted been have
The narrative is located in Athens, most probably Themost islocated narrative inAthens, aised xt whichmay uncoverxt new to layers help the message. of
s
rm hs ut n mgr ad ucin see function and imagery in cult this from
by parents in Athens, was gripped by severe illness. Her father father Her illness. severe by gripped was Athens, in parents by
a cmoe a sm pit n 8, rud n ya after year one around 486, in point some at composed was ,
284 childbirth
topoi topoi tives in English translation, see thesee apendix. translation, in tives English -
285. VPr
and other literary element literary other and topoi
48 complications. After the doctors and midwives midwives and doctors the After complications. ocli
d the three stories I present here stand for but but for stand here present I stories three the d
or references; it is the very structure of the of structure very the is it references; or , VPorph th her parents called enchanters and and enchanters called parents her th ,
and However, However, HPh Vivian Nutton, “From Galen to to Galen “From Nutton, Vivian
could be could
between 450’s andbetween 470’s. 450’s 166 s which make it similar. it make which s I will show that these that show will I : Asclepigeneia, whileAsclepigeneia,
used as as used 165
covered from from covered Surely, there Surely, 167 topoi
to pray to , but , - 8. 8.
CEU eTD Collection 172 171 170 Anthon miracles, the from wr also Athanasius cure, following the prayers himself Anthony healthy. her proclaimed find and go parents, to her and her meet prayers ofown her to refused Anthony well). as it meeting, said unworthyof healing our in was Porphyry what of aware already as depicted is Anthony and pains, her of description naturalistic 169 to seems healing of act actual the Moreover, used. elements literary the and structure, their before deathMacedonius. 420,the of mouth. the recognizing wa man holy the approached Ovodianus agreed man holy The Macedonius. husband her ineffective, be to out turned her continued healing being inGaza which401 between narrative is analyzedand islocated 398 fo sixty all, them baptize to eventually and catechumens, them make to him to went them of all Then God. his and Porphyry to awe their proclaimed her around all healthy, child her delivered “ words Porphyry’s with exclaimed nurse the Aelias, cures he if physician the deny not would her. cure can what them asked and members, its all gather household, the to back go to her told He Porphyry. met she where church a in prayed eu Crs has Christ Jesus Theodoret ofCyrrhus, Theodoret Diacre, le Marc n the In See the chapter thechapter See e oe wih e ae sg o slain A ta mmn, h bcm sn and, sane became she moment, that At salvation. of sign a made he which over ter . H .
These and drink nor eat not could wits, her lost Antioch, from woman wealthy a Astrion, HP g r epe Te ae f h cmoiin of composition the of date The people. ur ie f Anthony of Life e did not even actively asked for the girl being healed, all he d he all healed, being girl the for asked actively even not did e ospels of the healing of the hemorrhage. Athanasius, hemorrhage. the of healing the of ospels b h eing
was written most probably in 444. in probably most written was 169 three miraculous healing miraculous three y
Vie de Porphyre de Vie
“ again heal again o - After they promise they After A delirious for a long time. After many skills that have been employed to cure cure to employed been have that skills many After time. long a for delirious
“ te in this healing this in te which Anthony had just just had Anthony a o God of man
Bishop’s View Bishop’s eld her healed A
a , History of the Monks of Syria of Monks the of History
a gatd y o, h hle hr eas o hr w prayers, own her of because her helped who God, by granted was wa ed
il rm uii ws ufrn o a of suffering was Busiris from girl
s Jesus Christ who grants healing grants who Christ sJesus bypra ,
25. ” , : Theodoret’s : Theodoret’s wa narrative to hs ad pae i o hr ys n mvd t o her to it moved and eyes her on it placed hand, his took , y received foreknowledge of this cure from his own prayers, told the monks monks the told fromprayers, own his cure ofthis foreknowledge received
eiv hm n live! and him believe er, the faith the er, s depicted as a as depicted s d, and swore with their hands lifted unto heaven, that they that heaven, unto lifted hands their with swore and d,
to help to 172 s are similar, yet they show significant differences in differences significant show they yet similar, are s that her parents had faith in her being cured because of the story the of because cured being her in faith had parents her that reward they are willing to give to the physician who who physician the to give to willing are they reward
Philotheos Historia Philotheos , came to his house, prayed and let her drink cold drink her let and prayed house, his to came , wa s again emphasized. sagain 49
mediator, whose power power whose mediator, 171 ,
xvi.
The healing narrative is located in Antioc in located is narrative healing The
s VPorph
, and that they will find the girl healed because because healed girl the will find they that and , The Life of Anthony of Life The ”
A
. pitiable pitiable ” t that moment Aelias shrieked, shrieked, Aelias moment that t
id was obtaining the foreknowledge of of foreknowledge the obtaining was id
has not been established, the the established, been not has dis wa ease s in the access to God in his his in God to access the in s .
wa 58. In the other healing healing other the In 58. Athanasius provides a a provides Athanasius s going to happen (as happen to going s . and 170
her faith. faith. her h, – :
CEU eTD Collection writ be would writ were them of one 179 178 gréco monde 31 2005), Gruyter, de Walter York: New and 177 176 175 Rappe, silence. even and initiation, 174 Studies Hellenic of Journal The 173 there from proceeded Saba] of [Julian he disease, of kinds all from many freeing “After says: in related narratives healing other the in However, many. among miracle another miraclesare these narratives healing of structure is it directly, stated not usually although However, accounts. healing Jesus’ after,” ever pattern moral a and literary a “provided Averil both words Cameron, biohagiographic of inthe TheGospels, which, texts. example as them of one only however, in deal great a practices saytheurgic the relating could one story, long a make to wished one “if that remark the with the introduces Marinus Similarly, performed. already had saint the ascetic Macedonius). tra Gospel the to alluding one third the and Porphyry), bishop (Christian liturgy and God, only the to place, influences different to out point T Cameron, Pratsch, Thomas VProcli VProcli A Paganism,” Late in Response and “Persecution Athanassiadi, Polymnia see sites, holy of importance the On here is one prominent place in the the in place prominent one is here
number of different means could be used in theurgy: prayer, talisman, revelation, myth, divine names, names, divine myth, revelation, talisman, prayer, theurgy: in used be could means different of number 173 The healing episode in episodehealing The
29. 29. tradition, ritual and theurgy and ritual tradition, dition of active involvement of the holy man in the process of healing (Christian healing of process the in man holy the of involvement active of dition Christianity and the Rhetoric of the Empire, Empire, the of the Rhetoric and Christianity - romain ten”
Translated by Edwards, Translated John Der hagiographische Topos: Griechische Heiligenviten im mittelbyzantinischer Zeit mittelbyzantinischer im Heiligenviten Griechische Topos: hagiographische Der , vol. 1 1 vol. (Pa , ) . ex pluribus pauca pluribus ex 176 ten dow ten
21:25.
hs s a is This
n, I sup I n,
ris: Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 1993), 256 1993), Augustiniennes, ris: Institut d’Études 113 (1993): 7 (1993): 113 Reading Neoplatonism, Neoplatonism, Reading
( VPorph performed by Jesus, as described in the in described as Jesus, by performed Marinus of Neapolis: Neapolis: of Marinus pose that even the the even that pose John of Gospel topos topos on the authors: the on . 174 179 -
10. begins with an allusion to the chain of miracles,ofchain which the to allusion an beginswith
- nw as known
(Neoplatonist Proclus), the second the Proclus), (Neoplatonist 32, see also: Laurent Pernot, Pernot, Laurent also: see 32, Theodoret does not specify in this case that this is yetis this that case this specifyin not Theodoretdoes 178
usually do not u not do usually , at the end: “Jesus did many oth many did “Jesus end: the at , 50 89.
whole
193. the first one first the
Proclus, or On Happiness, On or Proclus, x lrbs pauca pluribus ex (
world world ) of the happy man.” happy the of )
would not have room for the for room have not would se this se is a htrqe e 'lg dn le dans l'éloge de rhétorique La stressing the importance of of importance the stressing - 7. topos
,
177 episode of the healing healing the of episode
er er
Gospel of John of Gospel 102.
rsn nt ny in only not present in the beginning of beginning the in things as well. If ev If well. as things is
175
based on prayer on based clear from the the from clear
He mentions, He
books that that books HPh
(Berlin (Berlin , that that , , he he , ery ery
CEU eTD Collection 183 to Antiquity Late in Biography affairs. political collective actually were broad and “antiquarians,” the the from in rather descended than biographers Greek individuals in interested less were and a testimony social oral on on mainly focused and written, especially sources, of kinds various BC century fifth the as early as historians and (antiquarians) research 182 them used 181 and history, in thaumaturgy 180 and divination, oracles, of use the of approved h Neoplatonist and author, “pagan” famous Another sort. similar of texts other to references polemical the reconstruct extent some to also but see can one it, of use their from Therefore, The number. immense their to reference the with balanced be to needed details other some with together dates the often name the performed, were miracles the where places The details. particular amassing by stories the prov to claims a had even and personally, ascetics the of many of text the Throughout here. examples best the t applies This eyewitnesses. multiple message. the of authenticity and truth the confirmingeyewitnesses multiple to alludes it history, classical a tradition. Christian used not ascetics.” other to proceed to haste my in rest, the omit but miracles, two or recall shall I miracles. perform to also grace much universe the of God the from received portrayed, he whom ascetic another assembl the to Pierre Canivet, Pierre HPh HPh the Patricia Cox traces “the continuity “the traces Cox Patricia x lrbs pauca pluribus ex eyewitnesses, or claimed to to claimed or eyewitnesses, s of the healed, their relatives, or any other characters involved in the miracle stories, miracle the in involved characters other any or relatives, their healed, the of s
14, 3. 14, 19. 2, exclusively
Translated by Price, by Price, Translated 182 i y of the pious.” the of y Le monachisme syrien selon Théodor selon syrien monachisme Le de the de
n hita mrce tre, oee, hi atos osaty ee to refer constantly authors their however, stories, miracle Christian In While this this While
in evidence
, 4. The authors of Christian biohagiographic texts biohagiographic Christian of authors The 4. , commonplace seems to be to balance the efforts to legitimate the the legitimate to efforts the balance to be to seems commonplace bio hagiographic texts, texts, hagiographic have Theodoret ofCyrrhus. Theodoret bio
180 , which , topos
of the biographic genre. There is the difference between so between difference the is There genre. biographic the of hagiographers had a certain freedom when us when freedom certain a had hagiographers
kn Similarly, when introducing a healing miracle performed by performed miracle healing a introducing when Similarly, o w
Maesymas, he opens the narration with these words: “He “He words: these with narration the opens he Maesymas, is more likely to be use be to likely more is o the o n
is, so to speak, first hand. Another reasonforAnother speak,hand. firstto so is,
the hero(es) of their texts personally. of theirtexts hero(es) the bio
not only not 51 et de Cyr de et hagiographic texts as well; Theodoret is one of one is Theodoret well; as texts hagiographic and, A
close relationship with some of them. of some with relationship close History of the Monks of Syria of Monks the of History HPh at the same time, it is not unique for the the for unique not is it time, same the at how they rhetorically built up their texts, their up built rhetorically they how
(Paris: Editions Beauchesne, 1977), 37 1977), Beauchesne, Editions (Paris: , he repeats many times that he knew knew he that times many repeats he , mef Enpu (4 Eunapius imself, nd cultural phenomena, the latter relied relied latter the phenomena, cultural nd E d in biohagiographic text than in than text biohagiographic in d
and thereafter. While the former used used former the While thereafter. and ,
however logopoioi
, 111. 111. , ,
always strove to refer refer to strove always or or th 181
logographoi – ing this this ing
T 5 - his th called erudite erudite called
the century), topos - 63. 183 topos. topos. of use .
Cox,
one one H
is e CEU eTD Collection 656 187 fluid. often become non to contrast in hagiography 170 186 185 Notes Historiographical and Cai Translation, Text, II. Malchus and Priscus, Olympiodorus, 184 as theone behind Marinus’ word The traditions. ideological c the and God between difference even sometimes and distance clear no usually is there Second, God. of assistance the need not do b distinctions God. of assistance the without miracles perform freely can who ones the not are they yet God, by man holy a on bestowed be bio different through men of mind.” the enlightens that racelight his unto occasions the turns compassionate, being “God, that specifies He VPorph Aclepigeniea’s theonly healing healing is in narrative ( a myriad” of “one only mention will he that states history, a writing not if even himself, Marinus prattle.” empty into slips and curiosity idle by away carried is who one of but truth, the inc to For history. formal serious a in inclusion for appropriate not are “they because them of use moderate for was he yet himself, rucial component to be taken into account when comparing the sources of different different of sources the comparing when account into taken be to component rucial Jas’ Elsner, “Beyond Compare: Pagan Saint and Christian Go Christian and Saint Pagan Compare: “Beyond Elsner, Jas’ important another is This 28. VPorph Blockley, C. R. rns, 1983), 45. 1983), rns, - - hagiographic text hagiographic 657. for 71
Right after introducing the healing narrative as as narrative healing the introducing after Right
d a the notetothat fail not oes discussion and literature; he id he literature; and discussion Translated by Hill Translated etween magic and miracle. In the “pagan” texts, those who perform magic often magic perform who those texts, “pagan” the In miracle. and magic etween
The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire. Eunapius, Eunapius, Empire. Roman Later the of Historians Classicising Fragmentary The s as the mediators of God. Although the power to perform miracles can can miracles perform to power the Although God. of mediators the as s
topos - Christian texts, where the boundary between (holy) human and and human (holy) between boundary the where texts, Christian , Mark the Deacon, theMark Deacon,
-
specific to Christian hagiography; see hagiography; Christian to specific
miracles he talks about are not Porphyry’smiracles. own arenot talksabout miracleshe entifies this as one of the main distinguishing features of Christian Christian of features distinguishing main the of one as this entifies lude every detail is not the action of one who respects respects who one of action the not is detail every lude 186 pagan holy man holy pagan as used by Mark does not contain the same concept same the contain not does Mark by used as
hs set s fe qoe a oe f h major the of one as quoted often is aspect This Life of Porphyry, Bishop Gaza of Bishop Porphyry, Lifeof ) of Proclus’ theurgic practices, and indeed, indeed, and practices, theurgic Proclus’ of ) 52
. 185
d in Late Antiquity,” Latein d Christian holy men are presented in the in presented are men holy Christian VProcli . 187 x lrbs pauca pluribus ex
The concept of “God” is another is “God” of concept The .
V an Uytfanghe, “L'Hagiographie,” “L'Hagiographie,” Uytfanghe, an , 28. 28. , Critical Inquiry Inquiry Critical
(Liverpool: Francis Francis (Liverpool: , the author of of author the , the the divine can can divine 35
(2009): (2009): 184
CEU eTD Collection 193 (B 192 191 190 189 498. Cerf,1977, de Les Editions Paris: Philothée Histoire Syrie: de moines 188 “the to appeal strong its and text a of meaning the of importance the emphasizes Cameron th him. by “loosed” be to request the with man holy the approached misdeed a for punishment divine culminat that stories colorful in couched In God. speak) to freedom (literally, a If God. to man. holy polemic character lines these seems be to of bios ( salvation” of “sign the making e VPorph 28. 28. VPorph Rapp, Claudia Kovács, Péter VProcli Ibidem. HPh erkeley: University of California Press, 2005 Press, California of erkeley: University tr , written by Marinus, cont Marinus, by written , ” ut 192
13, 13. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Cyrrhus, of Theodoret 13. 13, h The healing miracle in miracle healing The easily her healed god, a Christian a by miracle a performing being of component important very a was prayer The Saviour, ( the for occurred, recovery sudden a and maiden the in ( seen was change sudden a Saviour the p of temple the the stil ofcity the time that at behalf For invalid. on god the to pray to Asclepius of shrine the visited Proclus ... follows, what In
( rayin
29. 29. bio 191
by Edwards, Translated hagiograph
holy man holy Some holy men holy Some g Marcus Aurelius’ Rain Miracle and the Marcomannic Wars the Marcomannic and Miracle Rain Aurelius’ Marcus Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity (the Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition) of Age an in Leadership Christian of Nature (the Antiquity Late in Bishops Holy i n th e ). an 193
c texts ic cien acts in the sources as an intercess an as sources the in acts
aeois b Macedonius, rt i a iprat oin in notion important an is Truth t ma
is implied. A saint is the one who has who one the is saint A implied. is
appeared to be portrayed as portrayed be to appeared
I ains similar vocabulary similar ains - a oy a’ itreso o bhl o snes is sinners of behalf on intercession man’s holy a , VPorph XIII. XIII. nne Marinus of Neapolis: Neapolis: of Marinus
A 188
itr o te ok o Syria, of Monks the of History r Translation and notes by Pierre Canivet and Alice and Canivet Pierre by notes and Translation (
vr t adesd n ans splcto t God to supplication earnest an addressed it, over
), ), is said to call out many to com to many out call to said is efore ordering the doctors to bring cold water and and water cold bring to doctors the ordering efore e in a miracle. Typically, a sinner who had suffered suffered had who sinner a Typically, miracle. a in e
82. l enjoyed the use of this and retained intact intact retained and this of use the enjoyed l
apparent ). 53 190
). 189 Proclus, or On Happiness, Happiness, On or Proclus,
. Marinus writes: t s neetn ta te Neoplatonic the that interesting is It as
the Christian one; the anti the one; Christian the heal or, than the concept of concept the than or, . n wie e was he while And ). 105. 105. ing bio
(Leiden: Brill, 2009), 3. 2009), Brill, (Leiden:
hagiographic texts. texts. hagiographic “on themselves” or praying or themselves” “on hooe d Cyr, de Théodoret
e to the knowledge of knowledge the to e 103.
Leroy
towards the towards Histoire des des Histoire - - Molinghen. Molinghen.
Christian Christian ), “ usually Averil
CEU eTD Collection 203 202 201 200 199 th healed Hypati at shouted demon The woman a healing while 446, in death 198 197 196 195 194 in woman a meeting of fond not were men holy Christian many since cure, the needed who he healed god, a being Saviour, the for occurred, recovery sudden a and maiden the in seen was change Saviour.” invalid.” became it. over salvation” th ordered prayer, the completing God.” to supplication earnest addressed and house the to “went Macedonius prayer. a with cure their began and help to agreed Proclus a affliction wife’s his described person, daughter.” the of behalf on prayers own his make what new, tobea is and seems distinctive it words. with described or captured be cannot what and dialectic any of terms in explained being of capable not and is what signify miracles Thediscourse. Christian in kerygmaticaspect strong a is there important; is message this and message Christian the of mystery the on laid is stress The symbols. and signs of use the by balanced often was argument Logical truth.” Ibidem. Ibidem. Ibidem. VProcli Ibidem. Hypati man, holy Christian Another Ibidem. HPh VProcli Cameron,
13, 13. 13. 13, Archiadas, having come to the holy man, “earnestly begged him to come quickly and and quickly come to him begged “earnestly man, holy the to come having Archiadas, e woman. e
sane
200
29. 29. 29. 202 r easily." r Christianity and the Rhetoric of the Empire the of the Rhetoric and Christianity
Translated by Edwards, Translated Transl e pray He Translated by Price, Price, by Translated .” The recovery of Asclepigeneia occurred while he was praying there: “a sudden “a there: praying was he while occurred Asclepigeneia of recovery The 199 Vie d’Hypatios Vie
ated by ated Edwards, Proclus “visited the shrine of Asclepius to pray to the god on behalf of the of behalf on god the to pray to Asclepius of shrine the “visited Proclus 198 203 d i te nin manner,” ancient the “in ed
He bade Astrion to drink it and “as she drank, she came to herself and herself to came she drank, she “as and it drink to Astrion bade He 194 The healing with prayer could often happen when women were those were women when happen often could prayer with healing The
u The emphasis on the truth, and appeal to the faith of the audience, isaudience, the of faith the to appeal and truth, the on emphasisThe s to let it be, yet, as Callinic as yet, be, it let to s , 40. , Theodoret of Cyrrhus, of Theodoret
u Marinus of Neapolis: of Marinus Happiness On or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus
t ormented by a by ormented s, whose life was written by Callinic by written was life whose s, e doctors to bring cold water and traced the “sign of of “sign the traced and water cold bring to doctors e nd begged to obtain a cure.” a obtain to begged nd ly Christian cuely texts. inbiohagiographic Christian
54 demon, also made sign of the cross, and started to pray. pray. to started and cross, the of sign made also demon, , 48 , 197
A u -
201 195 Proclus, or On Happiness On or Proclus, 49. History of the Monks of Syria, of Monks the of History s writes, it was God who through the saint’s hands hands saint’s the through who God was it writes, s nie rcu ad opyy h, after he, Porphyry, and Proclus Unlike
aiu wie, i te epe f the of temple the “in writes, Marinus Ovodianus also “hastened to this godly this to “hastened also Ovodianus u s most pr most s 196
true but what is hidden is what but true
Both Macedonius and Macedonius Both obably few years after his his after years few obably , 103. , 103. , 105.
CEU eTD Collection 207 206 205 204 it Yet, divine. the with unite and soul his purify to path philosopher’s on “contemplative” philosophical of part a rather development was practiced Neoplatonists the of most the and and he astrologers, theurgy and magicians from actively himself dissociated himself Hierocles offe his what exactly know not do we although and exile, to sent was he flogging receiving After issue. serious very Hierocles( Neoplatonist, magic. resembling anything as seen be would fifth ( yetRufinus sight, her regained she that eyes woman’sthe to it applying of threedays mother and was it she Theodoret with friends became he virtues, his in uncertain that be w to not seemed however, who brother, own her even see to inappropriate a to body the of eyes.” part stranger’s any uncover to pain the than worse it “judged she because so, do sight. her Macrina recovered she days, three for eyes her to it applying and her, for home it brought had husband the after and oil, the blessed prayed, man holy The did. ( women meet not did John that grounds the on though, refused husband Her Lycopolis. of John man, holy the to her take to husband her asked and sight the in goes story the As person. HPh of Sayings The ofNyssa, Gregory Egypt of Monks the of History The
century), Christian monk and the author of the text, seems not to be afraid that this this that afraid be to not seems text, the of author the and monk Christian century),
13, 3. 13, Apart of the prayer, timid John gave the man the blessed oil blessed the man the gave John timid prayer, the of Apart was
severely ill, ill, severely -
Pelagius the Deacon and John the Subdeacon John Deacon and the Pelagius wit ). Therefore she asked him at least to go to ask John to pray for for pray to John ask to go to least at him asked she Therefore ). 205 Life of Macrina Lifeof h some simplification it can be seen as the “practical” counterpart of the the of counterpart “practical” the as seen be can it simplification some h
hr i a tr o a oa, h wie l i hr ovn, on it found convent, her in ill while who woman, a of story a is There ,
who supplied him with food himwith when supplied oldandill. who fif she th century), practitioner of theurgy, any accusation of magic was a magic was of accusation anytheurgy, of century),practitioner th nce was, it was most probably related to his theurgic activities. theurgic his to related probably most was it was, nce did not want to see doctors, de doctors,see to want not did
, 992. , 1, 12 1, 12 History of the of History
-
13.
55 As we can see on the case of another famous famous another of case the on see can we As
M onks of Egypt of onks
4, 61. 4, s lo consecrated. also as
spite her mother imploring her to to her imploring mother her spite , a wife of a senator lost her lost senator a of wife a , 207 , and it was only after after only was it and ,
204
206 Similarly,
her, which he he which her, Macedonius,
fourth when ’ s -
CEU eTD Collection 215 214 213 212 211 210 209 208 atta high the represent physicians and doctors The physicians. of care the afford to enough wealthy cure.” ( illness severe a by gripped drink.” or food take to bear not could and household, her of none recognize “could she so wits” her nobility.” Macedonius, ( by cured woman the Astrion, city origin. noble the of also is narrative, healing Marinus' in cured is who Asclepigeneia, of people 4.4 capital punishment. even or élite), the of members the for (even torture exile, as such punishments, severe to lead could discovered, if latter the texts, biohagiographic Christian in extolled and praised was ri theurgic or magic, to similar very eye, untrained an for fact, powerful and striking really as seen be can healings their and men holy Christian Hierocles. of case the in as punished authorities the by magic as interpreted easily be could which rituals, practical required VProcli HPh 28. VPorph HPh VProcli 28. VPorph Ibidem. Schibli, S. Hermann
13. 13, , TheDoctors 215 13, 13. 13. 13, 214 At this point the doctors enter the narrative: Aelias, Astrion, and A and Astrion, Aelias, narrative: the enter doctors the point this At the of episode this in healed being woman The
29. 29. 29. 29. inments of the classical “pagan” healing arts. Plato’s references to, and attitude attitude and to, references Plato’s arts. healing “pagan” classical the of inments
212
slpgni,“hl h a silami adbigrae y e aet, was parents, her by reared being and maid a still was she “while Asclepigeneia,
Translated by Edwards, Translated Translated by Price, Price, by Translated
Aelias, “ Aelias, Translated by Price, by Price, Translated Hierocles of Alexandria of Hierocles 209 being about to give birth to a child, fell into great peril” great into fell child, a to birth give to about being
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, A Cyrrhus, of Theodoret
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, A Cyrrhus, of Theodoret Marinus of Neapolis: Proclus, or On Happiness On or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus 208
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 38 2002), University Press, Oxford (Oxford:
t s n hs otx, hrfr, hn h pwr of power the when therefore, context, this in is It 56 i “ wmn f h vr watis o the of wealthiest very the of woman “a s
History of the Monks of Syria of Monks the of History Hist ory of the Monks of Syria of Monks the of ory VPorph ) which the doctors were unable to to unable were doctors the which ) tuals, and yet while the former the while yet and tuals, , Aelias, is one of the notable notable the of one is Aelias, , , 103. , , , 105. s 105. clepigeneia were clepigeneia -
39. 213
Astrion “lostAstrion 211 –
it was in in was it
Finally, , and and , ). 210
CEU eTD Collection 221 220 219 143 1981), augustiniennes, Études (Paris: V des Réponses et Questions de recueils 218 overc invariably intercession man’s holy the world, this in use of be to admitted were skills their if even but entirely, discredited 217 Plato 216 misery: time,” long very a for m the beforepassed had which time longthe to referring by doctors the of inability intensifythe cure.” a obtain to begged and affliction of curial a Ovodianus, husband woman’s the it, from came help no and expended been had skill all “When ascetics. Christian “true” but simple, by defeated were they ascetics of efficiency striking the to juxtaposed was doctors the of inability the inevitable almost an established healings. miraculous these for Church those centuries. fo elites cultural the influenced turn in writings his and times, medical his of profession Greek the of prestige intellectual and social the to out points medicine towards, iraculous intervention. Theodoret writes about Astrion that she “continued being delirious being “continued she that Astrion about writes Theodoret intervention. iraculous VPorph 28. 28. VPorph Ibidem. HPh tra à hagiographiques thèmes de Étude l'astrologue: savant, le saint, “Le Dagron, Gilbert Nutton, W erner Jaeger, Jaeger, erner . Translated from German by Gilbert Highet (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 1984), University Press, Oxford (Oxford: Highet Gilbert by from German . Translated
13, 13. 13. 13, the evil being days, seven unto endured labours her And second. the than painful more was likewise day third the and first; the after the followed day increased second laboursthe when her more and child; the forth bring to sought she travail her her in since unspeakable, was woman the upon was that pain the But ,
and their mediations. The d The mediations. their and “ 216 rm ae t Alexander, to Galen From
Translated by Translated
Translated by Price, Price, by Translated Christianity was not, as such, opposed to these secular achievements. Yet, even Yet, achievements. secular these to opposed such, as not, was Christianity ame F Paideia: The Id The Paideia: athers
them.
, ever increased.
who were inclined to the secular medical knowledge, reserved a room room a reserved knowledge, medical secular the to inclined were who 220
the highest rank highest the Hill,
and the author of author the and
Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza of Porphyry,Bishop Lifeof Deacon, the Mark eals of Greek Culture. Volume 3. The Conflict of Cultural Ideas in the Age of of Age the in Ideas Cultural of Conflict The 3. Volume Culture. Greek of eals Theodoret of Cyrrhus, A Cyrrhus, of Theodoret
217 topos ”
In Christian biohagiographic Christian In - e 5. In biohagiographic texts, the doctors doctors the texts, biohagiographic In 5. - 56. VII 221 octors were the privilege of the noble and wealthy. Yet, Yet, wealthy. and noble the of privilege the were octors
e to be employed in healing narratives. The emphasis on emphasis The narratives. healing in employedbe to
siècles,” in in siècles,” –
219 hastened to this godly person, described his wife’s wife’s his described person, godly this to hastened
VPorph oh hooe ad h ato of author the and Theodoret Both 57
Hagiographie, cultures et sociétés (IV sociétés et cultures Hagiographie,
History of the Monks of S of Monks the of History
diligently paints an intensive image of image intensive an paints diligently 218 texts, however, their authors their however, texts,
hooe mks t plain: it makes Theodoret were ,28. , often often , yria,
not necessarily to be be to necessarily not 105.
throes of throes 3 - simple, rugged simple,
45.
r subsequent subsequent r vers quelques quelques vers the
e - XII –
VPorph
e he was was he
siècles)
CEU eTD Collection female a was there example, For powers. evil the else. 224 anything for than 223 rather superstition, 1993), Press, Clarendon Clark, and Gillian beliefs questionable. is of periods issues the inf gathering for sources such of reliability of for level the Consequently, mainly relevant nevertheless extent, certain a to can, they that 222 too salvation. n they All them. save to fail connections and wealth their even that show to here are women (aristocratic) God, Christian to culture high traditional of achievements the of inferiority the demonstrate Chris In agenda. own their of with curiosities and details texts rhetorical all of first some opinion, my in are, they practices, regarding its and life daily contemporary information of source a as bioh circumstances the although and sources, legal or tools. medical handicraft the and pharmacy, dietetics, branches: Soranus to According doctors. doctors. the the with collaborate from could hand, other skills the on practical nurses, and learn Midwives they could nor schools medical in lectures the called women were There cure. of means traditional home at treated usually were sick The alike. dimension mental household the in healthiness keep to task their was word The remedies. medical care took Diseases and health complicatio health and Diseases Clark, Gillian seems it and healing, and health of issues the to refer often which sources the to belong texts Biohagiographic - irn fertility, vibrant Gravidity life. everyday women’s of component important an was care health The
(1 of
st - 2 the food and drink supplies in the household, part of which was supplying the supplying was which of part household, the in supplies drink and food the Women in Late Antiquity Late in Women 223 nd
etr CE) century 224 eed to do is to have faith, and follow the right authorities on their path to path their on authorities right the follow and faith, have to is do to eed Most of the information about contemporary medicine comes from medical from comes medicine contemporary about information the of Most
was a central point in the life of every adult woman; infertility woman; everyadult of life the in point central a was 63 a gaeavriy eadn e elhadi mos in and health her regarding adversity grave a was
–
64.
bring the evidence about particular medical practices. However, these texts are are texts these However, practices. medical particular about evidence the bring
ns related to childbearing and delivery were of course commonly attributed to to attributed commonly course of were delivery and childbearing to related ns a iwf ws s was midwife a ,
oe i Lt Atqiy Pgn n Crsin Lifestyles Christian and Pagan Antiquity: Late in Women , in ihgorpi txs dcos r uuly ee to here usually are doctors texts, biohagiographic tian
67.
, however, meant “medicine” but “ but “medicine” meant however, ,
demon, agiographic texts can be used under certain certain under used be can texts agiographic 58
poe t udrtn al h mi medical main the all understand to upposed Gylou, Gylou, medicae – –
with long shaggy hair and snaky lower part of of part lower snaky and hair shaggy long with ormation about women and health in these these in health and women about ormation
, but they could not take part at at part take not could they but , –
and it bore the physical and physical the bore it and ;
the women provided the the provided women the
-
including the use of of use the including charm” as well. It well. as charm” css lo the also cases t 222 , as well as ,
W (Oxford: (Oxford: omen as CEU eTD Collection 228 227 – 226 Antiquity, Late in Women 225 World delivery as classes all of women Byzantine 2003), Museums, Art University (Harvard in Living,” a Earning of Craft and Art “The Heintz, desiring women by worn were a as depicted is She Virgin. enthroned is there Egypt Upper the is in Bawita In newborns. the killing a were and which miscarriages formulas causing magic creature and dangerous amulets extant many are There body. her children rear to want not did and state a such with satisfied she, despite son, a have to mother sterile says. author the insecuriti the and pregnancy Eudoxia’s uses cleverly Porphyry when again, later story the in topic this expect.” would one as grief, of full and distraught was in emphasized is seriousness This of audience. female and male both touch to potential survival the had families, whole further and inheritance, health, to connection its and issue the of seriousness depic as gravidity with problems or infertility child. her and mother the for prayers sev The days. calle seven for impure be to considered childbirth the After high. very was rate death infant The child. her and mother the for both situation birth any against pressure strong a was there time, same the At well. as dangerous Fathers as pregnancies Church frequent regarded The conditions. both for recommended were Cures situation. economic
monastic fresco of a of fresco monastic 160. a bronze amulet, dated back to the turn of the fifth and sixth century, depicting the holy rider Sissinios and the the Sissinios and rider holythe depicting century, sixth and fifth the of turnthe to back dated amulet, bronze a VPorph VProcli Earni of Craft and Art “The Heintz, Fulghum Molly common were measures contraceptive the Although d ,
ed. Ioli Kalavrezou (Harvard University Art Museums, 2003), 35 2003), ArtUniversity Museums, (Harvard Kalavrezou Ioli ed. , see: ,
29. 36. es connected with it to sway her on his side, even against the will of the Emperor,as the of will the against evenside, his swayon to her it with connected es ,
the
Elizabeth A., Gittings, “Women as Embodiments of Civic Life”, in Life”, Civic of Embodiments as “Women Gittings, A., Elizabeth , lying in, and at the end of the week there was a banquet accompanied with accompanied banquet a was there week the of end the at and in, lying , mother was considered to be impure for forty days, the midwives were also also were midwives the days, forty for impure be to considered was mother VProcli 228
holy man holy
hooe hmef eons h soy o Mcdnu pae fr his for prayed Macedonius how story the recounts himself Theodoret
82
as we as –
- 83.
control or abortive measures. abortive or control , the protection or, on the other hand, longing for conception. conception. for longing hand, other the on or, protection the
Sissinios, killing Gylou, dated to the turn of the sixth centur sixth the of turn the to dated Gylou, killing Sissinios,
ll: “Archiadas, whose hope of offspring rested entirely in her, her, in entirely rested offspring of hope whose “Archiadas, ll: a protection and supernatural aid in the issues relating to childbearing and and childbearing to relating issues the in aid supernatural and protection
counterpart of the evil evil the of counterpart 288. Relics and saintly images of of images saintly and Relics 288. 226
age ht n h boaigahc et, both texts, biohagiographic the in that argue I Byzantine Women and Their World Their and Women Byzantine 59 being
ng a Living,” in in Living,” a ng ,
e in ted o example for Gylou, Gylou, isrce i te hns f God”, of things the in “instructed 227 225 VPorph en days after the delivery were were delivery the after days en
piked by Sissinios. These sorts of amulets amulets of sorts These Sissinios. by piked
The author of author The The , Byzantine Women and Their World Their and Women Byzantine
mn prostitutes among –
42. – , were used rhetorically, the the rhetorically, used were , child
Mary Mary
what, greatly distressed her her distressed greatly what, supposed to protect against this this against protect to supposed birth
Byzantine Women and Their Their and Women Byzantine soon soon
VPorph was a very difficult very a was became important became , ed. Ioli Kalavrezou Kalavrezou Ioli ed. , see: , y . Similarly, there there Similarly, . Molly Fulghum Fulghum Molly
Gillian Clark, Clark, Gillian implements , 139 139 , was was
for for
CEU eTD Collection 234 nothing.” “accomplished theMark Deacon, all they that clearly demonstrate to just Aelias, of parents the by offered 233 232 231 230 229 texts. Christian Earlier in to reference polemic a be to seems savior” “benevolent the and anchor” “final the as Proclus of designation his but doctors, the of inability the emphasize not does c God, to connection their through men, holy Christian the only where ground their stand to citizens, noble and wealthy by paid doctors, educated and trained well best, the of inability the on biohagiographers Christian the by used emphasis Saviour.” benevolent his rather or anchor, final his was,” custom his “as sought, father Asclepigeneia’s up, gave they when and t of intervention her threefrom children the dead. raised miraculously and did, he which sunset, after Gaza enter to her promised he until cried unwi Hilarion, before ground the upon herself threw she Desperate, a miracle, In Hilarion. meeting after year one cured was she which of sterility, her of because perform father. Theodoret’s husband, VProcli the of author The VProcli Jerome, HPh
16 hi sil wtot ea. And delay. something rescuedgreatest extra,andfrom thus manythe perils. without skills their exercise to them pressing and together doctors the calling solicitously, invalid the attended he then hymns, and words behalfwith his godson the appealedto any if And the before lasted illness the long how to reference any entirely omits Marinus -
29. 29. 17. 17. Life of HIlarion Lifeof 17. ‘ a VProcli
woman
ial o a oa fo Eeteooi, h ws epsd y her by despised was who Eleutheropolis, from woman a on miracle
Tran by Translated Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza of Bishop Porphyry, Lifeof slated by slated Edwards, he holy man. He only says that the doctors were unable to cure the illness, illness, the cure to unable were doctors the that says only He man. holy he VPorph
though, he issaid: though,
named named f i ascae ws flce b iles frt e strenuously he first illness, by afflicted was associates his of
13
Edwards, Edwards, adds up to to up adds - 14. ’ rsaee apoce hm bcue h ls hr he children. three her lost she because him, approached Aristanete,
229
Marinus of Neapolis: Proclus, or On Happiness On or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus Happiness On or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus 230 nte fmu hl mn Hlro fo Gz, s ad to said is Gaza, from Hilarion man, holy famous Another the scene also the enchanters and soothsayers, along with the sacrifices sacrifices the with along soothsayers, and enchanters the also scene the
,28. n hs crusacs e isl did himself he circumstances these in 60
232
This tempts me to see it as a delibe a as it see to me tempts This ould . 233
Proc lling to leave his cell, and and cell, his leave to lling lus, on the other hand, other the on lus, 234 , 83. , 103. ,
Ibidem.
231
for Proclus for VPorph 28. 28. VPorph
husband another rate –
CEU eTD Collection 238 237 Christian T message. well. richas the alienate simple the used Christianity and noble the of paradox 236 235 we c as such texts in even effectively point the make presence their ( audience privileged socially educated, at aimed texts the in appropriate biohagiog Christian for tool rhetorical powerful a eventually became it with connected insecurities and health human that seems it texts, biohagiographic the in narratives healing the of place prominent the and frequency could hardly which house, “idolatrous an from was as woman however, Macedonius, displayed. is peers among help the socially, Proclus everyone. at aimed be to supposed was institutions charitable first the in care medical the so message, the accept save to supposed gospelwas Christian the rhetoric.As and view world Christian the in place its and discourse medical the in rather found be to is however, change, did Christianity What practice. and education both in centuries subsequent many fo used were authorities medical ancient the contrary, the To practices. medical of change share didnot because thesuffering.” him best the part of m them bore he him on fell they if or them, shunned he ailments ould VPorph VPorph On the and poor the healingof While VProcli re prepared to give all their possessions to the physicians who would cure her, yet all all yet her, cure would who physicians the to possessions their all give to prepared re his way of life see way life of his
afford the mos the afford h cag ta Crsint bogt bu dd o cnit f n revolutionary any of consist not did about brought Christianity that change The for “As writes: Marinus what is this though, distress physicalin was himself he When texts , 20. Translated by Edwards, Translated 20. , wa 29. he accumulation of all these cues, how often and persistently persistently and often how cues, these all of accumulation he an hlig o h wf o a eeatr f the of benefactor a of wife the to helping s
, was what constituted the change. change. the whatwasconstituted ,
old
and adjusted the message in different texts to the audience, so as to reach the poor and not and poor the reach to as so audience, the to texts different in message the adjusted and rugged ascetic rugged 236
O HPh t expensive doctors, magicians, and soothsayers, yet all in vain, and they and vain, in all yet soothsayers, and magicians, doctors, expensive t n a literary level,t literary na
l o the of All
13.
“simple” “simple” 237 Marinus of Neapolis: Proclus, or On Happiness On or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus W .
, and bishop Porphyry bishop and , he wmn n u nraie we narratives our in women three hat might have existed before, was now put into the forefront, forefront, the into put now was before, existed have might hat he social inclusivness of Christianity of inclusivness he social raphers. was
n o t a novelty in itself, itself, in novelty t a 61 The noble women in the narratives seem to be be to seem narratives the in women noble The
e saved.” be 235 wa
cdm wee rcu taught Proclus where academy s helping a noble woman, but shebut woman, noble a helping s Christian authors made a made authors Christian one
everyone can find them in the the in them find can 238 eekly, and made them less less them made and eekly, VPorph
was a prominent feature of the ofthe feature prominent a was aig no con the account into Taking e f ol oii, yet origin, noble of re wa , 88. , HPh, VProcli HPh, who wa who
s helping a noble noble a helping s –
eis parents Aelias’ fair use of useof fair s willing to to willing s Late Antique Antique Late ), yet ), the the – r -
CEU eTD Collection 242 241 for Christians, heretic and “pagans”, philosophers, “sithe vainto (and juxtaposed be,repeatedly, to appears faith” “simple the itsforms, 240 239 that light his unto occasions different mind.” the enlightens through men of race the turns compassionate, in chance” “by happens nothing However, during chance” “by meet they deliberately; Porphyry seek not does she that however, significant, is It mention. not does author the name whose Christian, a Aelias, man holy the contacts who mediator The suffering. Aelias’ for be to said are parents and husband her with together Aelias, of household the that only Not Christianity. to Gaza from “p the of conversion final the to narrative healing the direct to opportunity this use on miracul a such from local not. or Christians are them, spec not does text The help. for him of case the 4.5 even theholy man, and togetthecure. offaith need man, of imperfection the emphasized texts biohagiographic Christian the life, man’s holy “pag physician their believe to is do to them asks Porphyry VPorph 28. 28. VPorph HPh VPorph
Again, the emphasis is being put on the faith theput on is being the emphasis Again, it in his text. The author of text. inhis the it
an” lives of the fourth century, which focused on the efforts on perfection of human, and human, of perfection on efforts the on focused which century, fourth the of lives an” curia
Theeffects 13. After the doctors doctors the After
28. , and this may imply that he is a Christian; if he were to be a be to were he if Christian; a is he that imply may this and , HPh
Translation by Hill, Hill, by Translation
it is Ovodianus, the husband of Astrion, who contacts the holy man and begs begs and man holy the contacts who Astrion, of husband the Ovodianus, is it ous healing, Theodoret would would Theodoret healing, ous 242
–
healin In in our texts texts our in “ pagans VProcli 241 Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza of Porphyry,Bishop Lifeof Deacon, the Mark
However, Ovodianus is said to be a prominent member of the of member prominent a be to said is Ovodianus However, g, victoryg, ofthe divine,conversion VPorph ” , , their ,
it is the father of Asclepigeneia, Archiadas, “whose hope “whose Archiadas, Asclepigeneia, of father the is it failed in their efforts, the holy man enters the scene. In scene. the enters man holy the efforts, their in failed ify whether Astrion and Ovodianus, or at least one of of one least at or Ovodianus, and Astrion whether ify . W , however, builds up the narrative so as to be able to able to soastobe however, buildsupthe narrative , “ hile "perfection paganism VP 62 this does not apply for the late antique Christinaity in all Christinaityin antique thefor late notapply does this orph
probably
240 . and it is rather God himself, who “being who himself, God rather is it and ” "
is even directly identified as the reason the as identified directly even is
- -
use this opportunity to elaborate to opportunity this use Christ.”
s n hs ae nre of nurse a case this in is 239 nful”) efforts ofthe nful”) ,28.
a Unl
prayer in a church. church. a in prayer “
pagan k Neoplatonic ike
”
benefiting benefiting agans” agans”
CEU eTD Collection 248 247 246 245 244 243 conver to bequoted infull: and agreed, They y that you, unto me “ that Aeliasof husband andparents the told andher Porphyry told heal God, living the of Son th woman the unto say this, done have they when And promised. have they that things the all perform will they that word their give th “cause to and childbirth dreadful the of the scene to Aelias unhappy the of kinsfolk the all gather to household, the to back go to nurse religion.” true only “the to converts new get to cunning) certain a (with benefactor,” anchor;” “final his is who Proclus, in entirely rested offspring of VPorph 28. 28. VPorph 28 VPorph Ibidem. 28. VPorph Ibidem. VProcli ts While Porphyry makes sure that ev that sure makes Porphyry While woman were innumber sixty and four. this of occasion the through enlightened were that they And Porphyry. name his called they And child. the and woman the with together them, baptized he make to them tim little exhortinga after and holychurch; in attendance peace, in away them and them sent sealed catechumens having them man made blessed the And Christ. in sealed be to asking and family her all and husband her and woman the of parents daythe next the on And Porphyry.' were there priest the is were great Christians; the that of God the they is Great ' all out: cried and And astonied, alive. child the forth brought and aloud, shriek woman the straightway 'And live." and him on believe thee; healeth God, living the of Son the Christ, "Jesus Porphyry: priest great the saith Thus nurse, Aelias’ met he where church the in praying Porphyry,
29. 29. as possible, Proclus, living at the time when the “pagan” cults “pagan” the when time the at living Proclus, possible, as .
Translation by Hill, Hill, by Translation Hill, by Translation Edwards, by Translation 244
that is, thebenefactorthat is, Academy. of the
the final part of the narrative, opening with the words of the nurse, is worth is nurse, the of words the with opening narrative, the of part final the ou
may give me your word that if she be cured y cured be she if that word your me give may
kinsfolk went unto the blessed Porphyry and fell at his feet, his at fell and Porphyry blessed the unto went kinsfolk Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, Bishop of Gaza of Porphyry,Bishop Lifeof Deacon, the Mark Gaza of Porphyry,Bishop Lifeof Deacon, the Mark
her,” who sought Proclus. As Marinus writes, Archiadas knows knows Archiadaswrites, Marinus As Proclus. sought who her,” ed
Marinus of Neapolis: Proclus, or or Proclus, Neapolis: of Marinus you,
eiv o hm n live.” and him on believe 243 at gave childbirth before them all: “ all: them before childbirth gave at
eryone may see his miracle so as to get as many many as get to as so miracle his see may eryone ht s oe Acids son Archiadas’ more, is what 63 248
em all to lift up their hands to heaven and heaven to hands their up lift to all em
e, when he had instructed them, instructed had he whene, On Happiness On a 246 n excellent physiciansentexcellent n ou
h nre oe what done nurse The will not deny him.” deny not will we s t hspit trying point this at is ,30 ,30. , 103. , 245 re forbidden by the the by forbidden re -
31. 31. He persuades the persuades He Jesus Christ, the Christ, Jesus -
in
- a i “our is law ed 247
CEU eTD Collection 252 251 250 249 more much relatively been have must Jewish or Christian, “pagan”, was what between rather all, after was in moved elites the society biohagiographictexts. in abandoned. he which life, monastic that promised he after so did only but favour, political of out and ill fell her of pregnancy. month fifth the in miscarriage of danger the into fell mother Theodoret’s happen, will this that secure to if as and, return, in service God’s into given being child the asked free for sterility her despite son the father) his precisely, more (or, mother Theodoret’s then and age, of years seven reaches he until influence external any without home at up him bring John, “pay physician” thecommander asked to Porphyry the did, he subsequent commander’s the of in recovery nor childbirth successful the in participation any having as described ( childbirth his to birth given just had wife his that him told John home. at wife pregnant his left who commander military a by contacted was the in narrative healing another In cured. respectgreat tohim.” assistance of this in was dwelt he which in house The him. against plot to wished who those to pretext no i yet performed, he ha persecution, a to liable such, as and, law imperial Palladius, Palladius, HPh Egypt of Monks the of History The VProcli
17. t s o ncsaiy ovrin o hitaiy w Christianity to conversion necessarily not is It
29. 29. Lausiac History Lausiac 251 Translation Translation
Similarly, Melania is said to have cured an archdeacon of Constantinople, who Constantinople, of archdeacon an cured have to said is Melania Similarly,
o ad i oe t a monastery. a to over him hand to n this as in every other case he evaded the notice of the mob, and offered and mob, the of notice the evaded he case other every in as this n
by Edwards, Edwards, by
, 38. 38. ,
It does not need to be a conversion from one religion to another, the another, to religion one from conversion a be to need not does It
as However, events. these of foreknowledge than other wife,
, 1, 10. ,
Marinus of Neapolis: of Marinus 249 252
The conversion The History of the Monks of Egypt of Monks the of History hl, n ta se el agrul il fe the after ill dangerously fell she that and child, 64
), but that she will recover soon. He is not is He soon. recover will she that but ), fluid. By the fifth century, the differences differences the century, fifth the By fluid.
Proclus, or On Happiness On or Proclus, d 250
in one form or another is another or form one in to be more careful: “ careful: more be to
aeois isl dd o give not did himself Macedonius ih s xetd rm hs being those from expected is hich –
he told him to name the child child name to the him told he , 104. , , John of Lycopolis of John ,
he will adopt the adopt will he Such was the act act the was Such
often presentoften –
he he
CEU eTD Collection 256 fromAttica a 255 254 youth.” of adornment HPh the with conent was and age, of flower the at was she virtue; perfect more the tasted yet ear to exhorted was she however, granted, was cure The cure. to unable were doctors the again, which, infection eye an of because ascetic the visited Christian, a already She, 253 miracle rain above, described as miracle healing on efforts his all concentrating miracle. any performing without faith Christian the to Alps aims. and taste author‘s the dependedon a became gradually they However, a not texts. these of with connected audience the from expected turn in is same the Arguably, convert healings conversion instigating and texts, biohagiographic Thessalonica life, f converting as ( mind one’s of change texts. biohagiographic cer significantly, varied have must practices and identities religious the yet, century, fourth the in than clear and pronounced VPorph Severus, Sulpitius in ascetic yetanother by healed been having said motheris Theodoret’s instance, For Proclus is also said to perform a perform to said also is Proclus - rings, necklaces, and necklaces, rings,
9, 6. 9,
while must. must. n, dpig oe ot f sei lf, r ipy unn aa fo ter sins. their from away turning simply or life, ascetic of sort some adapting ing, eetees the Nevertheless, )
62.
are
baneful drought. drought. baneful
Porphyry They depicted as goi as depicted behind rom his intended future future intended his rom conversions, m conversions, The Life of Saint Martin Saint Lifeof The ee oe rmnn i sm boaigahc texts biohagiographic some in prominent more were
and adaptandEgypt. the solitary life in other golden jewelry, and an elaborate dress woven from silk thread, for she had not had she for thread, silk from woven dress elaborate an and jewelry, golden other
Furthermore, the conversion in these texts could be also depicted as a a as depicted also be could texts these in conversion the Furthermore, decides to leave the riches and splendor of his noble family in in family noble his of splendor and riches the leave to decides –
those healed those VProcli conversion ng through ng as it seems, seems, it as
rain miracle: He actually caused rains by an apposite use of a of use apposite an by rains caused actually He miracle: rain
iracles were expected to be a be to expected were iracles
28. conversion ) without changing the religion. Thus, Thus, religion. the changing without )
stable part of such texts and the extent and their quant their and extent the and texts such of part stable any o mthn te clear the matching not tainly , 5 in ( as a rhetorician a as . and
htvr om wa form whatever For instance, Saint Martin had turned a robber in the the robberin a turned had Martin Saint Forinstance,
the miracles were the tools tools the were miracles the sometimes also sometimes sd l srs f means of sorts all used 65
255 th , e pious lifestyle, because before she “was wearing wearing “was she before because lifestyle, pious e proclaim their faith in Christian God, and God, Christian in faith their proclaim , prophecy , to
devote himself to himself devote
s part of such a such of part 254 those witnessing the miraculous miraculous the witnessing those ostensibly 256
Porphyry, on the other hand, other the on Porphyry, , and eventually overturning eventually and , - u dpcin w fn in find we depictions cut
o an e converts new gain to , rsn i Christian in present Proclus is described is Proclus HPh
a excellance par
and less in others. others. in less and text, but they were they but text, the philosophical philosophical the , Peter the Gala Peter , fe tightly Often
iunx, releasing releasing iunx,
tian. tian. for for ity ity 253
-
CEU eTD Collection 41 2009), Springer, York: (New Willich N. ElmStefan and 259 22. 1999). Association, Cultural 258 Century First Fifteenth Land in Antiquity,” Late in Paganism Palestinian “L’origine at Christianity Uytfanghe, to Van Paganism bodies.” divine [martyrs’] their of relics the with gods false the “opposing church new this to gathering martyrs, the by inhabited one Christian 257 and divinity, promoted the of power the in requirement obeisance. for faith of importance the of highlighting behaviours “educ being than rather religion” “true the of showcase the presenting to closer narratives these of meaning and function the place to stories martyrdom and crucifiction, miracles, Jesus’ of tradition the continuing depicted death and demons, illnesses, over victories striking the incorporate and moralsand the as authors the to seemed have might behavior “ as seen be could texts biohagiographic compelled many toconvert Christians toHellenism. Marneion. temple, pagan the See Athanassiadi, Polymnia Gabal near temple “pagan” a destroyed Thalelaleus hermit a Theodoret, to According Susanna Elm, “Roman Pain and the Rise of Christianity”, in Christianity”, of Rise the and Pain “Roman Elm, Susanna In relatio In
into minds of the audience. T audience. the of minds into –
if there is a stable morale in the story apart from the “promotional” aspect, it is is it aspect, “promotional” the from apart story the in morale stable a is there if n to the conversion, not only in its narrow sense of changing the religion, religion, the changing of sense narrow its in only not conversion, the to n
h Pioohcl itr. et ih rnlto ad Notes and Translation with Text History. Philosophical The , ed Aryeh Kofsky, Guy Stroumsa (Yerusalem: Y (Yerusalem: Stroumsa Guy Aryeh Kofsky, ed , Late Antique Gaza.” Gaza.” Antique Late
them into them
257
n the On
Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Holy the in Conflicts and Contacts Religious Sacred: the Sharing the mi the he stor he tools
best vehicle vehicle best ational” stories promoting particular morals or or morals particular promoting stories ational”
Viator n te hn, oaol, h “Soul the Horapollo, hand, other ies and metaphors used generously in such in generously used metaphors and ies ds of the audience. the of ds 66 ”
used to used
– (1985), 1 1 (1985),
54. 258 ” , 182. 182. ,
to transmit effectively the effectively transmit to imp Quo Vadis Medical Healing Medical Vadis Quo – rint See also Raymond Van Dam, “From “From Dam, Van Raymond also See
20; And Joseph Geiger, “Aspects of of “Aspects Geiger, Joseph And 20;
morals, rules, morals,
Yet, the intense imagery and imagery intense the Yet, ad Izhak Ben Zvi, 1998), 3 3 Zvi,1998), Ben Izhak ad
n h haig narratives, healing the in
(Athens: Apamea Apamea (Athens: and 259 , n cetd a created and a, , often seem often , - destroyer,” , ed Susanna ed , patterns of of patterns new codes codes new –
texts texts
17.
CEU eTD Collection I texts, my in narratives healing miraculous If texts. “biohagiographic” I thesis, this of purposes the for therefore, texts, these in element praising and biographical of presence the is which identified, be to agendthe assess, to possible if and, them, shaped at I Therefore, well. as thesis my in many referred texts various from for coming narratives applies that and thesis, my in analyzed narratives healing three the for applies That tone. in even structure, in language, in similar very first, at seem, often where a what sort different for I better, narratives healing miraculous composed the understand to Therefore, reasons. primarily were they and audience, different at aimed were three they These of. part are they writ were texts texts biogahiographic very the in differences the from stem healing of displayed, process similar even vocabulary, similar the despite differences, These them. yetnarratives, intheir verystructure, similar healing miraculous contain which century, fifth the from sources different three on based was analysis My them. in employed discourse biohagiographic the and texts these of agenda texts these in played have might narratives these function what to answer an find to try and texts, biohagiographic
Cross the
at iest fteetxs n hi uine, eiiu adltrr rdtos that traditions literary and religious audiences, their and texts these of diversity vast hy per oe oie o vr dfeet hs txs r, e te eln miracles healing the yet are, texts these different very how notice one appear, they - hs eea cnetaiain s ad u i te is chapter, first the in out laid is contextualization general This I thesis my In er Category Genre of late antique texts containmiraculousof latehealings, antiqueand themcloser. texts toexplore –
set out to explore the miraculous healing narratives in late antique antique late in narratives healing miraculous the explore to out set
which may in turn help in better underst better in help turn in may which . ”
hn n ras iauos eln nraie i vros texts various in narratives healing miraculous reads one When I
a t arv a ay nwr a fr h fnto o the of function the for as answers any at arrive to was ten on the basis of different literary and religious traditions, traditions, religious and literary different of basis the on ten C ONCLUSION
with significant differences in the agenda behind theagendawith significant behind differences in sd n mrla em o al f hs texts these of all for term umbrella an used 67
needed to contextualize the diverse body of of body diverse the contextualize to needed
as behind them. One common thread needed threadneeded common One them. behind as
anding of the function and function the of anding “ ihgorpy as Biohagiography
needed to define define to needed other healing healing other
tried to look to tried
-
CEU eTD Collection t Neapolis, of Marinus inspiration. century fifth and fourth the of times tumultuous the in position “secure” a in were alike, “pagan” men holy Christian than standing different was that authors, then “ prominent a convert to tirelessly tries novel, ancient an of reminding narrative, biohagiographic colorful this in who pose than Greek simpler much in written, itself, text The persons. real fact in were them of neither that suggestions Porp about anything almost know not Po of follower a calligrapher, a be to said the Deacon, the Markfor predecessors.classicalAs anyhis with parof on and elites, the acceptableforbe imagedress his andembellish withthe finest achievements s ofclassical literaryforms, ascetic Christian a of image the “translate” to attempt an was work this that argued who the writing for interpr different since discussed, be to needed text the behind agenda his I the three texts I where chapter, the to proceeded and Antiquity, Late of perspective historical thei and texts, other to references upon, drew they influences common most the name to texts, biohagiographic Philotheos Historia Philotheos s
a lot lot a , Theodoret of Cyrrhus, t Cyrrhus, of Theodoret
true to some extent some to true n ter neatos per o ipa cnet suspicio contest, display to appear interactions their and o alleged f problems for its interpretation. Porphyry interpretation. its for problems f on
- was Ph Christian authors While andappear position. their tobe in aChristian heroes defensive ltes Historia ilotheos
working with in more detail. working more within detail. HPh author of author rsetv ltrr gne. hn I Then genres. literary respective r , a collection of Syrian ascetics’ lives, either in 440 or in 444. The The 444. in or 440 in either lives, ascetics’ Syrian of collection a , pagan” stronghold of Gaza to Christianity. to Gaza of stronghold pagan” yt orwn, almos borrowing, yet ,
-
the official religion of the of religion official the the he influentia he Life of Porphyry of Life
e a he ee rpsd y coas I ed o ge wt those, with agree to tend I scholars. by proposed were h to o the of uthor r hmef aat rm th from apart himself, yry r phyry, said bisho said phyry,
l bishop of Cyrrhus, and a prolific writer, wrote wrote writer, prolific a and Cyrrhus, of bishop l – 68
n at n fact, in
vrai, pr of part a verbatim, t
, we do not know almost anything. He is is He anything. almost know not do we ,
ie f Proclus of Life e i n o tee uhr, hita and Christian authors, these of one mpire being Christianity, they Christianity, being mpire s depicted as an ardent missionary, ardent an as depicted s
rel pt hs no h broader the into this put briefly p of Gaza. What is more, we do do we more, is What Gaza. of p is text. text. is Contrary to Contrary ,
e the opsd the composed t at n, but also mutual mutual also but n, ions of his motives his of ions
re from proem There have been been have There
contextualized contextualized the Christian Christian
ie of Life o as to o as to
had a a had HPh
-
to ,
CEU eTD Collection I Antiquity. a were stories n healing traditions,and mutual influence ofdifferentliterary of representations co of perspective the I the manifesting and victory the signifying as miracles as portrayed invariably almost was magic texts, d how and miracle, a be to considered was I texts, my in played they function what evaluate to Furthermore, in solely present not f be are can they miraclestexts, biogahiographic hand, other the On miracles. perform not do heroes a of mytexts thethree analysis of own consideredmy before questions needed tobe behin agendas himself. state divine the reaching finally nations, all of cults all of worshipper Marinus, to according the of representatives striking most the of one was He time. the at education of centre advanced an still Athens, in philosophy of school forty nearly spent Proclus philosopher. Neoplatonist converted later who Samaritan, a probably most was He Proclus
needed to take a take to needed
biohagiographic text. There are texts which can be considered biohagiographic, yet their their yet biohagiographic, considered be can which texts are There text. biohagiographic n h fut catr f y hss I thesis, my of chapter fourth the In th After
. As scholars beforescholarsha As . at some point in 486, around one year after, and at the occasion of, Proclus’ death. death. Proclus’ of, occasion the at and after, year one around 486, in point some at
raie ae tre. t a be son ovnigy n eet coasi, how scholarship, recent in convincingly shown been has It stories. are arratives
tried to show how metaphors and kerygmatic language was part of the pers the of part was kerygmaticlanguage and metaphors how show to tried them, d
e contextualization of these three biohagiographic texts and interpreting the the interpreting and texts biohagiographic three these of contextualization e significant part of specifically Christian rhetoric and persuasion in Late Late in persuasion and rhetoric Christian specifically of part significant
look at the historical situation when these texts were written, this time from time this werewritten, whentexts these situation historical the at look nflict between miracles and magic, contest between different religious religious different between contest magic, and miracles between nflict I
oue o te rsne f ials n ihgorpi txs Few texts. biohagiographic in miracles of presence the on focused ve
shown convincingly, miracles were not the definingfe the not miracleswere convincingly, shown ound for instance in classicizing in instance for “religious” line of Neoplatonism, an ascetic, and, and, ascetic, an Neoplatonism, of line “religious” id
69
it relate to rituals or magic. In biohagiographic biohagiographic In magic. or rituals to relate it began with the very fact that the miraculous miraculous the that fact very the with began
somethin - five years as the head of Neoplatonic Neoplatonic of head the as years five “ real g ”
eaie n utpsdt the to juxtaposed and negative, supernatural powers. Therefore, Therefore, powers. supernatural to “paganism” and became a a became and “paganism” to
needed to focus on what on focus to needed the histories or invectives. invectives. or histories miraculous healing miraculous
supernatural. supernatural. uasive uasive
ature ature s
in
CEU eTD Collection men, holy Christian the portray century healed) be to promise a receiving or healed, converts aristocratic of a heroes their or authors The not did I materia the with such life, human of areas vulnerable really be to tended stories miracle pragm healing the Especially change. to encounter they their and magicians, renowned doctors, are who ascetics, Christian of layer prominent culturally app men the while force, leading the be to appear men holy and miracles Christian the influence, dic lose and win fall, and rise in a as understood be to used waswhat that scholarship, in developments a without powerful, something into developed a with pervasive, discourse Christian new This virtues. in educate or sins, from away turn to exhortate Christianity, to convert to meant not were which texts dif on present another, or form one in be, to came rhetoric Christian the di
conversion, penance, or support of Christian institutions Christian of support or penance, conversion, s course in these texts, whose authors otherwise may have had other agendas and reasonsfor and may agendas other had whoseauthorshave course otherwise texts, inthese
composition, the persuasive aspect might not necessarily be the main one. Yet, the the Yet, one. main the be necessarily not might aspect persuasive the composition, miracle stories stories miracle a i, hy migh they tic, ear to be in defensive. The majority of spectacular miraculous healings involve new, new, involve healings miraculous spectacular of majority The defensive. in be to ear tackle in my thesis), thesis), my in tackle
or even even or eieae authors deliberate l
wellbeing and survival) and wellbeing eiie uh o aporain whi appropriation, for push decisive cross were not in the texts texts the in not were t . T .
- have been bombastic and and bombastic been have
to monastic life or clerical career, required from many of those those of many from required career, clerical or life monastic to fertilization of different traditions. As I As traditions. differentof fertilization hey were the were hey ’
gna Atog I Although agenda. which was a was which oois i t b udrto rte a a as rather understood be to is hotomies,
as
health rhetorical tools intended to intended tools rhetorical “ only
and pagan on
cn a ta te hita discourse Christian the that say can e fruitful field for field fruitful 70 to a to the
Sne h mjrt o te et o te fifth the of texts the of majority the Since . and and
”
ascetic counterparts, and who and counterparts, ascetic maze “ spiritual wellbeing spiritual pregnancy
rud ale, n ie ih h recent the with line in earlier, argued a ma
ch their audience their portrayed z
“ ing, yet they targeted the most most the targeted they yet ing, (which was the practical outcome practical the was (which ocd itself forced such
( which were were which
shown in the fourth chapter, fourth the in shown
rhetoric to reach its its reach to rhetoric
superior to the expensive expensive the to superior “ ferent levels even in even levels ferent ” ( ” , make a make
conflict, and described and conflict, or ” the exorci the
to glorify either the either glorify to no h txs even texts the into in
contest, mutual mutual contest, change fact “ lead all lead pagan s ms connected
( ” n the and , which , - ”
aims
be it it be holy holy who the the . CEU eTD Collection after the became about more know ever hardly triump and superstition, of authors words hs
(because that exactly i exactly that (because
. ihgorpi txs as texts biohagiographic eta “narrative” textual “ pagan ”
asceticism might have gone on and on long after the fifth century fifth the after long on and on gone have might asceticism
them
s f h Empire the of how it is described is it how , since as Christ himself becamehimself Christ assince , a at of part 71
, it ) hr i hrl a hardly is there wr hig were ,
in these texts these in h l y
suc
the ) of Christianit of ) ( kind c e s logos sful. Even if magic, magic, if Even sful. ) word about them them about word )
and
Christianity Christianity y, we will will we y, CEU eTD Collection (Kalamazoo: 1985): Publications, Cistercian Price, Richard by Translated Philotheos Historia and her moveditto mouth.Fromcontinued thenon tohave she a soundmind. b and God, of man the recognized she As drink. she the affliction, her of freed totally sane: wife became and herself to came his she drank, gave and them of company whole the dismissed s brought, objected, doctors be the When water it. drink her bade bade and salvation he of sign the prayer, traced his completing On ear God. addressed to and house supplication the to went consented, man inspired The the cure. affli wife’s it, his from described person, came godly this help to no and expended been husband woman’s had skill all When brain. a others the The time. it long called very a for delirious to continued bear She not drink. could or food and take household, her of none recognize could she wits; her nobility the of wealthiest very the of woman A a y ing that drinking cold water would increase the disease, the husband husband the disease, the increase would water cold drinking that ing , X to fa eo, hl h otr nmdi adsaeo the of disease a it named doctors the while demon, a of ction III, 13: -
he was Ovodianus, a curial of the highest rank highest the of curial a Ovodianus, was he
hooe o Crhs A itr o te ok o Syria of Monks the of History A Cyrrhus, of Theodoret APPENDIX egging to take his hand placed it on her eyes eyes her on it placed hand his take to egging 105. 72
- to ad egd o ban a obtain to begged and ction
she was called Astrion called was she –
hastened hastened –
n lost lost es
t
CEU eTD Collection 498. notes byLeroy Alice PierreCanivet and Théodoret deCyr,
Histoire desHistoir Histoire moinesde Syrie:
- Molinghen
73
( Paris: LesParis: de Cerf, Editions 1977
e Philothée
--
I -
XIII. XIII.
Translation and
), 496
- CEU eTD Collection Liverpool 200): University Press, Translated by Vita Procli Athena. of acropolis the from visible, became it not if or seen, theatre, the Dionysusby a was It forefather. his styled neighbou himself he whom Plutarch, by and Syrianus father his by inhabited one the also being him, to congenial extremely was too great of respect this in was in For him. dwelt to assistance he which in house The him. against to plot wished who those to pretext no offered and mob, the of notice the evaded c has she healthy a in was and body that her of sufferings critical the from foundreleased been just and Aclepigeneiea to went he done, were acts sacred the when And easily. her helaed god, a being Saviour, the for occurred, recovery th in seen was change sudden a manner, ancient the in prayingwas he while Saviour.And the of temple the retainedintactand this of use the enjoyed still city the time that at For invalid. the of behalf on god the Proclushimself nomean vi philosopher, the was who man a to Lydia, from Pericles great the was him with Taking daughter. the custom his of behalf on prayers as own his make and quickly come to went him begged earnestly he up, gave philosoph doctors the of When hope expect. whose Archiadas, would one as grief, cure. of full and distraught to was her, in entirely unable rested offspring were doctors the parent of which her by illness daughter reared being the and maid Asclepigeneia, a still Once was hear. to she while benefactor, our Theagenes even of wife the and Plutarche, and Archiadas marvellous is it for practice theurgic the relating in deal great a say could one story, long a make to wished one if And ondition. Such was the act he performed, yet in this as in every other case he case other every in as this in yet performed, he act the was Such ondition. , 29: Mark Edwards, Mark
r r h ws i fnl nhr o rte hs eeoet aiu, and saviour, benevolent his rather or anchor, final his was who er
to the shrine of Asclepius celebrated Asclepius of shrine the to
s of the happy man. But I shall recall just one of a myriad, a of one just recall Ishall But man. happy the of s Marinus of Neapolis: Proclus, Neapolis: Marinus of orOnHappiness addition to the rest of his good fortune, his dwelling his fortune, good his of rest the to addition 103 - 104. 74 sited the shrine of Asclepius to pray to shrine pray to ofAsclepius to sited the
by Sophocles, and of that of of that of and Sophocles, by s, was gripped by a severe severe a by gripped was s, e maiden and a sudden sudden a and maiden e
(Liverpool: CEU eTD Collection
34 Alain Saffrey, Dominique Marinus - 35.
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Proclus ou Sur le bonheur le Sur ou Proclus , . ,
, ,
, ,
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Phillipe Segonds (Paris: Les Belles Le Belles Les (Paris: Segonds Phillipe
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75 Texte établi, traduit et annoté par Henri Henri par annoté et traduit établi, Texte
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