Interviews with the Apollo Lunar Surface Astronauts in Support of Planning for EVA Systems Design
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Apollo 13 Mission Review
APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2. -
Apollo 13--200,000Miles from Earth
Apollo13"Houston,we'vegota problem." EP-76,ProducedbytheO fficeofPublicA ffairs NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration W ashington,D.C.20546 U.S.GOVERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE,1970384-459 NOTE:Nolongerinprint. .pdf version by Jerry Woodfill of the Automation, Robotics, and Simulation Division, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 77058 . James A. Lovell, Jr., Commander... Fred W. Haise, Jr., Lunar Module Pilot... John L. Swigeft, Jr., Command Module Pilot. SPACECRAFT--Hey, we've got a problem here. Thus, calmly, Command Module Pilot JackSwigert gave the first intimation of serious trouble for Apollo 13--200,000miles from Earth. CAPSULECOMMUNICATOR--ThisisHouston;say again, please. SC--Houston, we've hada problem. We've hada MainBbusundervolt. By "undervolt"Swigert meant a drop in power in one of the Command/Service Module's two main electrical circuits. His report to the ground began the most grippingepisode in man's venture into space. One newspaper reporter called it the most public emergency and the most dramatic rescue in the history of exploration. SC--Andwe hada pretty large bang associatedwith the cautionandwarning here. Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise was now on the voice channel from the spacecraft to the Mission Control Center at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center in Texas. Commander Jim Lovell would shortly be heard, then again Swigert--the backup crewman who had been thrust onto the first team only two days before launch when doctors feared that Tom Mattingly of the primary crew might come down with German measles. Equally cool, the men in Mission Control acknowledged the report and began the emergency procedures that grew into an effort by hundreds of ground controllers and thousands of technicians and scientists in NaSA contractor plants and On university campuses to solve the most complexand urgent problem yet encountered in space flight. -
Apollo Over the Moon: a View from Orbit (Nasa Sp-362)
chl APOLLO OVER THE MOON: A VIEW FROM ORBIT (NASA SP-362) Chapter 1 - Introduction Harold Masursky, Farouk El-Baz, Frederick J. Doyle, and Leon J. Kosofsky [For a high resolution picture- click here] Objectives [1] Photography of the lunar surface was considered an important goal of the Apollo program by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The important objectives of Apollo photography were (1) to gather data pertaining to the topography and specific landmarks along the approach paths to the early Apollo landing sites; (2) to obtain high-resolution photographs of the landing sites and surrounding areas to plan lunar surface exploration, and to provide a basis for extrapolating the concentrated observations at the landing sites to nearby areas; and (3) to obtain photographs suitable for regional studies of the lunar geologic environment and the processes that act upon it. Through study of the photographs and all other arrays of information gathered by the Apollo and earlier lunar programs, we may develop an understanding of the evolution of the lunar crust. In this introductory chapter we describe how the Apollo photographic systems were selected and used; how the photographic mission plans were formulated and conducted; how part of the great mass of data is being analyzed and published; and, finally, we describe some of the scientific results. Historically most lunar atlases have used photointerpretive techniques to discuss the possible origins of the Moon's crust and its surface features. The ideas presented in this volume also rely on photointerpretation. However, many ideas are substantiated or expanded by information obtained from the huge arrays of supporting data gathered by Earth-based and orbital sensors, from experiments deployed on the lunar surface, and from studies made of the returned samples. -
Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) and Mission Support Center (MSC)
Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1989) 8201.pdf EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY (EVA) AND MISSION SUPPORT CENTER (MSC) DESIGN ELEMENTS FOR FUTURE HUMAN SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. M. J. Miller1, A. F. J. Abercromby2, S. Chappell2, K. Beaton2, S. Kobs Nawotniak3, A. L. Brady4, W. B. Garry5 and D. S. S. Lim6,7. 1Department of Aerospace Engineering, 270 Ferst Dr, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, [email protected]; 2NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058; 3Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave, M-S 8072, Pocatello, ID 83209; 4McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 5NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Green- belt Road, Greenbelt, MD, 20771; 6Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 625 2nd St Ste. 209, Petaluma, CA 94952; 7NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, [email protected] Introduction: NASA’s Journey to Mars outlines a ration involves peering into the unknown and reacting vision that includes sending humans to an asteroid by to the observed. The quest for scientific discovery is an 2025 and to Mars in the 2030s. While it is expected iterative and ceaseless process, as answers to research that most of the design elements for prospective capa- questions reveal more refined and sometimes unex- bilities and operational concepts will focus on issues pected research questions. In stark contrast, current concerning astronaut safety and planetary protection, EVA execution is highly scripted, with procedures we also envision mission architectures that are strongly arranged as a prioritized set of tasks, configured to driven by scientific requirements that fully leverage the maximize the likelihood of accomplishing the a priori presence of human assets in deep space. -
IAG09.B6.3.6 21St CENTURY EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES
IAG09.B6.3.6 21 St CENTURY EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES: SYNERGIZING PAST AND PRESENT TRAINING METHODS FOR FUTURE SPACEWALKING Si"CCESS Sandra K. Moore, Ph.D. United Space Alliance, LLC 600 Gelrlini, Houston TX; 77058-2783 ;USA sandra.k.moore@rasa. gov Matthew A. Gast United Space Alliance, LLC 600 Gelrlini, Houston TX, 77058-2783; USA lnatthew.gast-1 @nasa.gov Abstract Neil Armstrong's understated words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." were spoken from Tranquility Base forty years ago. Even today, those words resonate in the ears of millions, including many who had yet to be born when man first landed on the surface of the moon. By their very nature, and in the tnie spirit of exploration, extravehicular activities (EVAs) have generated much excitement throughout the history of manned spaceflight. From Ed White's first space walk in June of 1965, to the first steps on the moon in 1969, to the expected completion of the International Space Station (ISS), the ability to exist, live and work in the vacuum of space has stood as a beacon of what is possible. It was NASA's first spacewalk that taught engineers on the ground the valuable lesson that successful spacewalking requires a unique set of learned skills. That lesson sparked extensive efforts to develop and define the training requirements necessary to ensure success. As focus shifted from orbital activities to lunar surface activities, the required skill-set and subsequently the training methods, changed. The requirements duly changed again when NASA left the moon for the last time in 1972 and have continued to evolve through the Skylab, Space Shuttle ; and ISS eras. -
Extravehicular Activity Operations and Advancements
Extravehicular A dramatic expansion in extravehicular activity (EVA)—or “spacewalkin g”—capability occurred during the Space Shuttle Activity Program; this capability will tremendously benefit future space Operations and exploration. Walking in space became almost a routine event during the program—a far cry from the extraordinary occurrence it had been. Advancements Engineers had to accommodate a new cadre of astronauts that included women, and the tasks these spacewalkers were asked to do proved Nancy Patrick significantly more challenging than before. Spacewalkers would be Joseph Kosmo charged with building and repairing the International Space Station. James Locke Luis Trevino Most of the early shuttle missions helped prepare astronauts, engineers, Robert Trevino and flight controllers to tackle this series of complicated missions while also contributing to the success of many significant national resources—most notably the Hubble Space Telescope. Shuttle spacewalkers manipulated elements up to 9,000 kg (20,000 pounds), relocated and installed large replacement parts, captured and repaired failed satellites, and performed surgical-like repairs of delicate solar arrays, rotating joints, and sensitive Orbiter Thermal Protection System components. These new tasks presented unique challenges for the engineers and flight controllers charged with making EVAs happen. The Space Shuttle Program matured the EVA capability with advances in operational techniques, suit and tool versatility and function, training techniques and venues, and physiological protocols to protect astronauts while providing better operational efficiency. Many of these advances were due to the sheer number of EVAs performed. Prior to the start of the program, 38 EVAs had been performed by all prior US spaceflights combined. -
A Case Study of the Failure on Apollo 13 Based on TMX-65270, Report of Apollo 13 Review Board
A Case Study of the Failure on Apollo 13 Based on TMX-65270, Report of Apollo 13 Review Board Prepared by Brenda Lindley Anderson, QD34 1 ABSTRACT The dramatic journey of the crippled Apollo 13 vehicle has been heavily documented and popularized. Many people know there was an explosion in the service module which caused the vehicle to lose its oxygen supply. Less well known is the set of circumstances which led to the explosion. This paper examines the manufacturing, processing and testing history of oxygen tank #2, detailing the additive effects which caused the oxygen to ignite and to overpressure the tank. 2 The Apollo 13 Flight Apollo 13 was to be the third manned lunar landing. The selected landing site was in the hilly uplands of the Fra Mauro lunar region. A scientific package of five experiments was to be emplaced on the lunar surface. Also, the landing crew was to gather a third set of selenological samples from the lunar surface to be studied by scientists on earth. However, on the third flight day, an explosion of oxygen tank 2 in bay 4 of the Service Module (SM) changed the scientific exploration flight into an outstanding rescue mission. Design of the Apollo Oxygen Tank Assembly The oxygen tank of the Apollo Service Module (SM) is constructed of concentric inner and outer shells, containing a vacuum between shells to reduce heat leak. A dome caps the tank providing containment for the fluid, electrical and signal paths into and out of the tank. See figure 1. Figure 1 Service Module Oxygen Tank 3 The gap between the tank shells also contains insulating material. -
Human Spaceflight. Activities for the Primary Student. Aerospace Education Services Project
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 288 714 SE 048 726 AUTHOR Hartsfield, John W.; Hartsfield, Kendra J. TITLE Human Spaceflight. Activities for the Primary Student. Aerospace Education Services Project. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, Ohio. Lewis Research Center. PUB DATE Oct 85 NOTE 126p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Aerospace Technology; Educational Games; Elementary Education; *Elementary School Science; 'Science Activities; Science and Society; Science Education; *Science History; *Science Instruction; *Space Exploration; Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS *Space Travel ABSTRACT Since its beginning, the space program has caught the attention of young people. This space science activity booklet was designed to provide information and learning activities for students in elementary grades. It contains chapters on:(1) primitive beliefs about flight; (2) early fantasies of flight; (3) the United States human spaceflight programs; (4) a history of human spaceflight activity; (5) life support systems for the astronaut; (6) food for human spaceflight; (7) clothing for spaceflight and activity; (8) warte management systems; (9) a human space flight le;g; and (10) addition 1 activities and pictures. Also included is a bibliography of books, other publications and films, and the answers to the three word puzzles appearing in the booklet. (TW) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION Activities CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as mewed from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to norm. -
Extravehicular Activity and Planetary Protection
Planetary Protection Knowledge Gaps for Human Extraterrestrial Missions (2015) 1005.pdf EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY AND PLANETARY PROTECTION. J. A. Buffington1 and N. A. Mary2, 1EVA Exploration Architecture Lead, EVA Management Office, NASA Parkway/FX, Houston, TX, 2EVA Explora- tion Architecture, EVA Management Office, NASA Parkway/FX, Houston, TX Introduction: The first human mission to Mars Layered Engineering Defense Plan: A Layered will be the farthest distance that humans have traveled Engineering Defense Plan, which includes 6 layers, from Earth and the first human boots on Martian soil in should be utilized to help mitigate the effect of dust on the Exploration EVA Suit. The primary functions of the suit materials, the transfer of dust on the suits, for- the Exploration EVA Suit are to provide a habitable, ward and backward contamination to the crew and hab- anthropometric, pressurized environment for up to itation, cleaning and protection (interior and exterior) eight hours that allows crewmembers to perform au- and the use of air quality contamination zones. [1] tonomous and robotically assisted extravehicular ex- The 1st layer includes materials and engineering de- ploration, science/research, construction, servicing, and sign. Fabrication of an EVA suit with resistance to im- repair operations on the exterior of the vehicle, in haz- pact and abrasion from the Martian dust poses a signif- ardous external conditions of the Mars local environ- icant engineering challenge. Technology advances are ment. The Exploration EVA Suit has the capability to required for the material layup for both space and plan- structurally interface with exploration vehicles via next et environments, and can include material exposure to generation ingress/egress systems. -
Risk of Space Flight
Overview of Space Health Threats and Technology Drivers Jonathan B. Clark M.D., M.P.H. Center for Space Medicine Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX Space Science Week Spring 2017 Meeting Of The Committee On Biological And Physical Sciences In Space Washington DC March 29, 2017 Significant Challenges of Deep Space Missions Human Space Exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit presents significant challenges to human health and performance 1. Loss of Van Allen Belt Radiation Protection 2. Communication delays (no real time support) 3. Training and proficiency issues 4. No resupply unless pre-positioned stores 5. Limited or no abort options for critical events Human Spaceflight Experience As of March 2017 Total spaceflight time: 136.4 crew-years Persons who have flown in orbit: 552 (60 women) Crew with Cumulative spaceflight in Low Earth Orbit Over 800 days - 3 Over 700 days - 5 Over 600 days - 7 Over 500 days - 19 (2 US) Over 400 days - 22 (2 US) Over 365 days - 35 (6 US) Crew with single mission duration over 1 year - 4 Significant Incidents and Close Calls in Human Spaceflight http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/index.html Significant Events in Human Spaceflight Space Fatalities Russian – 4 crew (2 Soyuz) US – 15 crew (X-15, 2 Space Shuttles) Mission Terminations/ Evacuations from Space Russian - 3 missions terminated and 3 near terminations Spacecraft Combustion Events 6 Salyut/ Mir, 4 Shuttle, 3 ISS Medical Events in Space Cardiac, Genitourinary, Neurologic, Behavioral Performance Events in Space Crew Coordination -
Benefits of a Single-Person Spacecraft for Weightless Operations (Stop Walking and Start Flying)
42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems AIAA 2012-3630 15 - 19 July 2012, San Diego, California Benefits of a Single-Person Spacecraft for Weightless Operations (Stop Walking and Start Flying) Brand N. Griffin1 Gray Research, Engineering, Science, and Technical Services Contract, 655 Discovery Drive Ste. 300, Huntsville, AL 35806 U.S.A Historically, less than 20 percent of crew time related to extravehicular activity (EVA) is spent on productive external work. For planetary operations space suits are still the logical choice; however, for safe and rapid access to the weightless environment, spacecraft offer compelling advantages. FlexCraft, a concept for a single-person spacecraft, enables any- time access to space for short or long excursions by different astronauts. For the International Space Station (ISS), going outside is time-consuming, requiring pre-breathing, donning a fitted space suit, and pumping down an airlock. For each ISS EVA this is between 12.5 and 16 hours. FlexCraft provides immediate access to space because it operates with the same cabin atmosphere as its host. Furthermore, compared to the space suit pure oxygen environment, a mixed gas atmosphere lowers the fire risk and allows use of conventional materials and systems. For getting to the worksite, integral propulsion replaces hand-over- hand translation or having another crew member operate the robotic arm. This means less physical exertion and more time at the work site. Possibly more important, in case of an emergency, FlexCraft can return from the most distant point on ISS in less than a minute. The one-size-fits-all FlexCraft means no on-orbit inventory of parts or crew time required to fit all astronauts. -
Suited for Spacewalking. Teacher's Guide with Activities for Physical and Life Science
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 392 SE 056 203 AUTHOR Vogt, Gregory L. TITLE Suited for Spacewalking. Teacher's Guide with Activities for Physical and Life Science. Revised. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. Educational Programs Div. REPORT NO EG-101 PUB DATE Aug 94 NOTE 70p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Biological Sciences; Earth Science; Elementary Secondary Education; Physical Sciences; *Science Activities; Science Curriculum; Science Education; *Space Exploration; Space Sciences; Student Projects IDENTIFIERS *Hands on Science; Space Shuttle;.*Space Suits; Space Travel ABSTRACT This activity guide for teachers interested in using the intense interest many children have inspace exploration as a launching point for exciting hands-on learning opportunities begins with brief discussions of thespace environment, the history of spacewalking, the Space Shuttle spacesuit, and working inspace. These are followed by a series of activities that enable studentsto explore the space environment as well as the science and technology behind the functions of spacesuits. The activitiesare not rated for specific grade levels because they can be adapted for students of many ages. A chart on curriculum application is designed to help teachers incorporate activities into various subjectareas. Activities and related student projects makeuse of inexpensive and easy-to-find materials and tools. Activitiesare arranged into four basic units including: (1) investigating thespace environment; (2) dressing for spacewalking; (3) moving and working inspace; and (4) exploring the surface of Mars. Contains 17 references and 25 resources. (LZ) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document.