Latinx/Latinx American Image Timeline

Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo https://www.nps.gov/saan/planyourvisit/sanjose.htm

Slavery in Mexico (abolished 1829) https://indigenousmexico.org/guerrero/the-africans-of-mexico-from-slavery-to-the-2015-intercensal- survey/

Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794-1876) https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/santaanna.htm

Juan Seguin (1806-1890) https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/seguin.htm

Mexican-American War (1846 – 1848) https://www.sutori.com/item/the-united-states-win-a-lot-of-land-once-this-fight-is-over-after-the- signing-o

A family with their wagon in Loup Valley, Nebraska, c. 1886 (The Homestead Act) https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/homestead-act

Francisco Arias and José Chamales were lynched in Santa Cruz, California, 1877 https://www.latinousa.org/2016/03/11/the-history-of-anti-mexican-violence-and-lynching/

José Julián Martí y Pérez (1853-1895) https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-4-cuba/primary-documents-w- accompanying-discussion-questions/document-8-montecristi-manifesto-jose-marti-and-maximo- gomez-1895/

U.S. Navy diving crew at work on the wreck of “Maine” in 1898 https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/disasters-and-phenomena/destruction-of-uss- maine.html

The Platt Amendment https://nacla.org/file/cuba-platt-amendmentjpg

Workers at the Oxnard factory between 1910 and 1920. The Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA) was formed there in 1903, one of America’s first multiracial labor unions. https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-08-15/how-japanese-and-mexican-american-farm-workers-formed- alliance-made-history

Lucy Gonzales Parsons (c. 1853 – March 7, 1942) https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/lucy-gonzales-parsons/

The Mexican Revolution (1910 – 1920) https://edsitement.neh.gov/closer-readings/mexican-revolution-november-20th-1910

Jovita Idár was elected president of the Women’s League, El Primer Congreso Mexicanista https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/jovita-idar

Ludlow tent colony during the United Mine Workers' strike of 1914 https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/image/ludlow-strikers-1914

Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo (1859 – 1930) https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15032401304

First League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) Convention, 1929 https://lulac.org/about/history/

Mexican American deportation during the Great Depression https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/deportations-mexican-americans-great-depression/

Anti-Mexican Signs

https://www.latinousa.org/2016/03/11/no-mexicans-allowed-school-segregation-in-the- southwest/ https://www.pbs.org/video/american-experience-birth-and-growth-racism-against-mexican- americans/

https://www.mexicanamericancef.org/hidden-history/

https://fatwts.umbc.edu/segregation-signs/

Benjamin Nathan Cardozo (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/benjamin_cardozo.html

Strawberry pickers in the fields outside El Monte (El Monte Strike, 1933) https://www.kcet.org/history-society/bittersweet-fruit-el-montes-berry-strike-of-1933

The Bracero Program 1942-1964 https://reimaginingmigration.org/the-bracero-program-1942-1964/

Zoot Suit Riots, 1943 https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/zoot-suit-riots/

Dennis Chavez (1888–1962) https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/10875

Hernandez v. Texas (1954) https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/clark/mexican-american-civil-rights

Operation Wetback (1953 - 1958) https://www.history.com/news/operation-wetback-eisenhower-1954-deportation

Luisa Moreno, original name Blanca Rosa Lopez Rodrigues, (1906 – 1992) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/guatemalan-immigrant-luisa-moreno- expelled-us-groundbreaking-labor-activism-180969750/

“West Side Story” premieres on Broadway in 1957 and on film in 1961 https://www.westsidestory.com/1961-film

Rita Moreno, born Rosa Dolores Alverío Marcano, (1931 – ) https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/awards/9361535/rita-moreno-only-living-egot-won-all- 4-awards-as-performer

Castro’s Cuba https://adst.org/2013/12/castros-cuba-the-early-days/

Fidel Castro’s militia in Cuba’s Escambry Mountains during the1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. https://www.npr.org/2011/04/17/135444482/50-years-later-learning-from-the-bay-of-pigs

The 1963 Coral Way Bilingual Program: the first publicly-funded U.S. dual language program https://ufsasc.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/1963-coral-way-bilingual-program-first-publicly-funded- dual-language-program-united-states-ufsasc/

Conchita Mares Thornton (left) demonstrating at Roosevelt High School in 1968. Conchita was on the Chicano Student Newspaper staff and was also a member of a teatro group. https://www.unitedwayla.org/en/news-resources/blog/1968Walkouts/

Though it began as a Puerto Rican street gang, the Young Lords Organization became a civil and human rights organization in September 1968 in Chicago. https://prcc-chgo.org/2018/07/09/the-young-lords-how-a-street-gang-turned-to-community- activism/#

Huerta organizes marchers in Coachella, Calif., in 1969. She's been an outspoken activist for the rights of farmworkers and the downtrodden for much of her life. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/17/551490281/dolores-huerta-the-civil-rights-icon- who-showed-farmworkers-si-se-puede

Chicano/Latino Movements History and Geography https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_intro.shtml https://www.sutori.com/story/latino-movement-post-1950--6rdMsx2ms4WxVqHCBBwD2PLi

Southwest Voter Registration Education Project https://utsalibrariestopshelf.wordpress.com/2018/06/25/southwest-voter-registration-education- project-records-open-for-research/

Bilingual ballot from a California local election in 1976, nine months after the 1975 amendments to the Voting Rights Act were enacted. https://www.maldef.org/2020/03/maldef-successfully-pushed-to-expand-the-voting-rights-act-to- language-minorities/

Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, born Ileana Carmen Ros y Adato, (1952 – ) https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/R/ROS-LEHTINEN,-Ileana-(R000435)/

Protesting California’s Proposition 187, 1994 https://www.maldef.org/2019/10/proposition-187-the-grand-daddy-of-anti-immigrant-measures/

Astronaut Ellen Ochoa on Space Shuttle Discovery's STS-96 mission in May, 1999 https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ellen-ochoa-at-work-on-the-shuttle

Latinos in the US Cabinet: A Report Card https://www.latinousa.org/2015/11/03/latinos-in-the-us-cabinet-a-report-card/

Vieques, Puerto Rico Protests (1999) https://nlgmltf.org/military-law/2013/vieques-10-years-after-u-s-bombing-ends-struggle-for- justice-in-puerto-rico-continues/

Leaders of The Congressional Hispanic Leadership Institute https://www.chli.org/news/2019/2/11/the-congressional-hispanic-leadership-institute-welcomes- the-116th-congress

Since 2005, large numbers of armed “citizen patrols,” like the Minuteman are seen at the border https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2012/investigating-deaths- undocumented-immigrants-border

Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice (1954 – ) https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx

Immigration rights protesters gather near the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement offices in Phoenix to protest Arizona's anti-immigrant law, S.B. 1070 (2012) https://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/08/03/11962/latinos- voice-continued-concerns-about-s-b-1070/ Colorism and Afro-Latinx Communities:

https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=socresp_etds https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=law_globalstudies https://hiplatina.com/colorism-within-the-latino-community/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262107699_Skin-Color_Prejudice_and_Within- Group_Racial_Discrimination_Historical_and_Current_Impact_on_Latinoa_Populations https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268141781_The_Influence_of_Colorism_On_Racial_I dentification_and_Racial_Identity_Among_Latinas https://www.coe.arizona.edu/sites/coe/files/pages/files/johntaylor_book-chapter.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5104999/

https://www.insider.com/anti-blackness-non-black-latinx-spaces-racism-2020-6 https://time.com/5889072/afro-latino-actors-roundtable/ https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1571&context=gse_pubs

Jim Crow Museum Educational Programming 2020

Jim Crow Museum Ferris State University 1010 Campus Drive Big Rapids, MI 49307 (231) 591-5873 [email protected]

This resource guide was made possible in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services MH-00- 19-0019-19. The views, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this Unit Plan do not necessarily represent those of the Institute of Museum and Library Services.