DOCSLIB.ORG

Free Thought and Humanism in Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Free Thought and Humanism in Germany Free Thought and Humanism logre Dresdei .-1••~' in Germany orn • ¡•~,~, Fra kfurtS A Nu?emberg rGERMA NYY Mul Ich(• Renate Bauer Translated by Brian Kelly apere aude! Courageously use your common sense!" Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels—who, starting from a critique This saying from Immanuel Kant's essay "What Is of Feuerbach, formulated their own political theory with prac- SEnlightenment?" quite precisely marks the official be- tical conclusions and thereby went far beyond the demand for ginning of free thought in Germany. Kant's demand for the freedom of thought—but also the free-religionist groups that critical application of reason was especially inspiring to writers began to appear around the middle of the nineteenth century. and other educated people. It is interesting to note that Kant Friedrich Nietzsche, whose "God is dead" philosophy still spoke not of the right to think for oneself but rather of the provokes discussion today, can be named as the third philoso- courage that this endeavor required, and later of the duty to pher of German free thought, although his influence upon free- use one's reason. For many people, even today, freedom of thinking and free-religionist groups is harder to determine than thought seems not so much a right or a necessity as a test of that of Feuerbach. courage not frequently submitted to. Nevertheless, Kant's strict Besides the philosophers, the other historical figures whose systematism in philosophy and ethics proved itself ineffective. advocacy of human autonomy found expression in highly quot- It failed to stimulate people to oppose their respective state able formulations were Goethe and Schiller. Goethe's pantheism religions (Protestantism in Prussia, Catholicism in Bavaria, with added a unique coloring to the development of new religious the rest of Germany divided between the two) with freethinking and freethinking movements. One must also not forget Gotthold organizations of their own. An additional factor was Kant's Lessing, whose humanism and advocacy of religious tolerance defense of the traditional belief in God. Although he rejected had widespread influence. the classic proofs of God's existence, he substituted his own, the so-called moral proof. A shortened and usually corrupted rom the references above to important figures who formu- version of this argument is still gladly employed by the theolo- Flated concepts for a true freedom of thought, much can be gians in their disputes with atheists and people of other faiths, inferred regarding the spiritual climate in the German-speaking although it is ill suited to this purpose. states during the first part of the nineteenth century. This By contrast, Ludwig Feuerbach's materialist philosophy had climate was characterized by a mood of rebellion against the a substantially greater influence about fifty years later upon the authoritarian state and Germany's political fragmentation. The formation of freethinking and free-religionist groups. His philo- ideas and events of the French Revolution contributed sub- sophical analyses of religion, where he portrayed the various stantially to this climate, and its excesses were not enough to concepts of divinity as projections of man's self-ideal and called extirpate the impression that civil freedom was possible. After for the founding of a new nature-religion, influenced not only 1815 the "Restoration," another word for the restrengthening of authoritarian government in the German states, increased Renate Bauer has studied political pressure and led to intensified persecution of political psychology and philosophy dissenters. Added to this were the effects of the industrial in West Germany and the revolution, which so worsened the economic situation of the United States. She is head lower middle-class, farmers, and workers that tens of thousands of the Freireligioese Landes- sought a brighter future through emigration. gemeinde Pfalz in Ludwig- Thus during this period many social tensions coincided with shafen. the citizens' desire for political freedom and self-determination; for the abolishment of restrictive intra-German borders and the Spring 1987 35 In Germany itself, the German League of Free-Religionist "It seems to me better to offer positive help in the Congregations (Der Bund Freireligiöser Gemeinden Deutsch- search for personal meaning; to create a sense of lands, or the BFGD) was formed in 1859 out of the surviving community and establish forums for discussion .. German-Catholic and independent Protestant congregations and was later joined by newly revived congregations. humanism is a vibrant way of life that can be pursued The congregations began to divorce themselves more and independently of apathy or Christian dogma." more from Christian ideas and rites. The period up through the founding by Bismarck of the German national state proved creation of a unified nation-state; for freedom in religion from to be a difficult one for the congregations. The flame that had the traditional Christian churches, which assiduously aided the been lit in 1848 had been thoroughly put out; and, with the authorities in repressing the citizens; and not least of all for disappearance of the liberal-democratic movement in politics, financial security and a share in economic prosperity. all freethinking and free-religionist ideas and their proponents Because of the structure of the state, opportunities to effect appeared threatened. political change were practically nonexistent. The system sup- Alongside the independent congregations, the German ported a high degree of activity by informants and encouraged workers' movement came into being and gradually grew in denunciation. Indeed, among the best sources for current re- strength. It was influenced by the ideas of Feuerbach, Marx, search into the origin and development of the free religious and Engels, which determined its atheistic posture. movement are the carefully organized and preserved reports of As a result of Bismarck's battle with the Catholic church, informants. It is therefore not surprising that liberal aspirations there was greater freedom to espouse other religious views. At at first expressed themselves in the seemingly unpolitical found- the same time a ban on the political activity of workers' groups ing of independent religious congregations, a somewhat natural caused them to seek other forms of activity, particularly in but nevertheless extremely controversial area. The immediate educational and free-thought organizations. In 1881 these historical impetus for this movement was the exhibition in the organizations joined together in the League of German Free- cathedral at Trier of the so-called Holy Coat of Trèves. Many thinkers (Deutscher Freidenkerbund). During the last decade liberal-minded people who had been influenced by Enlighten- of the nineteenth century, and also after World War 1, this ment thought experienced this homage to superstition as a movement picked up extraordinary momentum. Its communal violation of reason. An open letter against this display by a celebrations of life, youth, and marriage resembled the social Catholic assistant priest named Johannes Ronge, written on structures of the existing independent religious congregations. October 1, 1844, found wide assent, and led, beginning in 1845, Coalitions of congregations, free-thought groups, and the to the formation of numerous "German Catholic" congrega- German League of Monists were formed in many localities. tions. These congregations rejected all notions of priestly medi- ation between man and God, declared reason to be the highest n 1906 the League of Monists, proposed by Professor Ernst arbiter, even in religion, and stressed the right of the individual I Haeckel, was founded. Its goal was the propagation of a to his own religious convictions as well as the necessity of a scientifically based world-view, a goal that it achieved in the new ethic and a new human togetherness based on the early freethinkers' movement and in the independent religious Christian concept of a community of love. congregations. It also attracted many interested outsiders. In 1841 a group of liberal ministers calling themselves Less organizationally strong but no less intrinsically signifi- "Friends of Light" joined together and made similar demands cant was the idea of "ethical culture." This idea, which was within the Protestant camp. promulgated in German-speaking countries in a magazine of The struggle for legal recognition of these new congregations the same name published by Rudolf Penzig starting in 1893, only contributed to the already growing and widespread polit- had as its goal the pedagogical and sociopolitical mediation of ical tension. This tension exploded in the Revolution of 1848, an autonomous ethical system. which led to the calling of a national constituent assembly in All these organizations received their strongest support the church of St. Paul at Frankfurt. Leading dissident German during the Weimar period (1918-1933). It was estimated at the Catholics and Protestant Friends of Light participated actively time that around 700,000 people belonged to these groups, and in these political events. This was not surprising since, in the a national steering committee was founded to coordinate their programs of the free congregations, religious, political, and efforts. Concurrently the freethinkers and free-religionists com- social demands were quite closely interwoven. In 1849 the bined into the People's League for Spiritual Freedom (der revolution was
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Johannes Ronge (1813-1887)
    Johannes Ronge (1813-1887) Tabellarischer Lebenslauf 1813 Am 16. Oktober in Bischofswalde/Kreis Neiße geboren, aufgewachsen mit 9 Geschwistern in bäuerlicher Familie 1827 Beginn der Gymnasialzeit zu Neiße 1937 Beginn der Studentenzeit an der Universität Breslau, Burschenschaftler 1839 Priesterseminar (Alumnat) in Breslau 1841 Katholische Priesterweihe, Kaplan in Grottkau/Schlesien 1843 Aufgrund der Nichtanerkennung des freisinnigen Bischofs von Breslau durch den Papst kritischer und anonymer Artikel gegen die Amtskirche. Infolge des bloßen Verdachts der Autorenschaft als Kaplan suspendiert, seitdem Privatlehrer für Beamtenkinder im oberschlesischen Industrierevier Laurahütte 1844 Am 1. Oktober Abfassung des Offenen Sendschreibens und Protestbriefs gegen die Ausstellung des Hl. Rocks in Trier, Veröffentlichung in den „Sächsischen Vaterlandsblättern“ am 16.10., zahlreiche Parallel- und Sonderdrucke auch in Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Darmstadt u.a. - Exkommunikation Ronges am 4. Dezember 1845 Am 12. Januar Aufruf zur Gründung einer romfreien Kirche, aufsehenerregende Rundreisen, Empfänge, Predigten vor Massenpublikum 1848 Mitglied des Vorparlaments in Frankfurt am Main 1849 Im Juni d.J. Offener Brief gegen den preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm IV., Aufruf zum bewaffneten Aufstand gegen den Despoten, daraufhin steckbrieflich gesucht, vor seiner Flucht ins Ausland Aufenthalt in Hamburg 1850 Flucht über Frankreich, Belgien und Holland nach London. Mitverfasser des „Aufrufs an die Deutschen“, politische Arbeit im Exil, Rundreisen in England 1852 Gründung der Humanen Religionsgemeinde in London. Ronge wird Schwager von Carl Schurz, der mit Frau Margarethe geb. Meyer in die USA ausreist. 1855 Handbuch für die Kindergartenerziehung mit Ehefrau Bertha gesch. Traun geb. Meyer (1819-1863), das im Parlament durch englische Schulinspektoren bekannt wird und die Fröbel’sche Pädagogik auch in England popularisiert.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (Pp
    communicated his desire to the Bishop, in inimitable fashion: MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (pp. 224-266) The Holy Ghost and I are agreed that Prelate Schaffgotsch should be coadjutor of [Bresslau] and that those of your canons who resist him shall be regarded as persons who have surrendered to the Court in Vienna and to the Devil, and, having resisted the Holy Prussia annexed Silesia in the early phase of the Enlightenment. Europe was Ghost, deserve the highest degree of damnation. turning its back on the religious bigotry of the preceding period and was entering the so-called 'Age of Reason'. What is more, Prussia was one of the The Bishop replied in kind: more tolerant of the German states. It did not permit the same degree of religious liberty that had been practised in neighbouring Poland until the late The great understanding between the Holy Ghost and Your Majesty is news to me; I was seventeenth century, but equally it did not profess the same sort of religious unaware that the acquaintance had been made. I hope that He will send the Pope and the partisanship that surrounded the Habsburgs. The Hohenzollerns of Berlin had canons the inspiration appropriate to our wishes. welcomed Huguenot refugees from France and had found a modus vivendi between Lutherans and Calvinists. In this case, the King was unsuccessful. A compromise solution had to be Yet religious life in Prussian Silesia would not lack controversy. The found whereby the papal nuncio in Warsaw was charged with Silesian affairs. annexation of a predominantly Catholic province by a predominantly But, in 1747, the King tried again and Schaffgotsch, aged only thirty-one, was Protestant kingdom was to bring special problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany from Luther to Bismarck
    University of California at San Diego HIEU 132 GERMANY FROM LUTHER TO BISMARCK Fall quarter 2009 #658659 Class meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 2 until 3:20 in Warren Lecture Hall 2111 Professor Deborah Hertz Humanities and Social Science Building 6024 534 5501 Readers of the papers and examinations: Ms Monique Wiesmueller, [email protected]. Office Hours: Wednesdays 1:30 to 3 and by appointment CONTACTING THE PROFESSOR Please do not contact me by e-mail, but instead speak to me before or after class or on the phone during my office hour. I check the mailbox inside of our web site regularly. In an emergency you may contact the assistant to the Judaic Studies Program, Ms. Dorothy Wagoner at [email protected]; 534 4551. CLASSROOM ETIQUETTE. Please do not eat in class, drinks are acceptable. Please note that you should have your laptops, cell phones, and any other devices turned off during class. Students do too much multi-tasking for 1 the instructor to monitor. Try the simple beauty of a notebook and a pen. If so many students did not shop during class, you could enjoy the privilege of taking notes on your laptops. Power point presentations in class are a gift to those who attend and will not be available on the class web site. Attendance is not taken in class. Come to learn and to discuss. Class texts: All of the texts have been ordered with Groundworks Books in the Old Student Center and have been placed on Library Reserve. We have a systematic problem that Triton Link does not list the Groundworks booklists, but privileges the Price Center Bookstore.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitteilungen Für Die Presse
    Read the speech online: www.bundespraesident.de Page 1 of 6 Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier at the inauguration of the Robert-Blum-Saal with artworks depicting Germany’s history of democracy at Schloss Bellevue on 9 November 2020 According to legend, the last words of Robert Blum were “I die for freedom, may my country remember me.” He was executed – shot – by imperial military forces on 9 November 1848, one day before his 41st birthday. The German democrat and champion for freedom, one of the most well-known members of the Frankfurt National Assembly, thus died on a heap of sand in Brigittenau, a Viennese suburb. The bullets ended the life of a man who had fought tirelessly for a Germany unified in justice and in freedom – as a political publicist, publisher and founder of the Schillerverein in Leipzig, as a parliamentarian in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt, and finally with a gun in his hand on the barricades in Vienna. To the very last, Robert Blum fought for a German nation-state in the republican mould, legitimised by parliamentary structures. He campaigned for a brand of democracy in which civil liberties and human rights were accorded to one and all. And he fought for a Europe in which free peoples should live together in peace, from France to Poland and to Hungary. His death on 9 November 1848 marked one of the many turning points in our history. By executing the parliamentarian Robert Blum, the princes and military commanders of the Ancien Régime demonstrated their power and sent an unequivocal message to the Paulskirche National Assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 094 892 PS 007 449 AUTHOR Snyder, Agnes TITLE Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C. PUB DATE [72] NOTE 421p. AVAILABLE FROM Association for Childhood Education International, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 ($9.50, paper) EDRS PRICE NF -$0.75 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Biographical Inventories; *Early Childhood Education; *Educational Change; Educational Development; *Educational History; *Educational Philosophy; *Females; Leadership; Preschool Curriculum; Women Teachers IDENTIFIERS Association for Childhood Education International; *Froebel (Friendrich) ABSTRACT The lives and contributions of nine women educators, all early founders or leaders of the International Kindergarten Union (IKU) or the National Council of Primary Education (NCPE), are profiled in this book. Their biographical sketches are presented in two sections. The Froebelian influences are discussed in Part 1 which includes the chapters on Margarethe Schurz, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, Susan E. Blow, Kate Douglas Wiggins and Elizabeth Harrison. Alice Temple, Patty Smith Hill, Ella Victoria Dobbs, and Lucy Gage are- found in the second part which emphasizes "Changes and Challenges." A concise background of education history describing the movements and influences preceding and involving these leaders is presented in a single chapter before each section. A final chapter summarizes the main contribution of each of the women and also elaborates more fully on such topics as IKU cooperation with other organizations, international aspects of IKU, the writings of its leaders, the standardization of curriculuis through testing, training teachers for a progressive program, and the merger of IKU and NCPE into the Association for Childhood Education.(SDH) r\J CS` 4-CO CI.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Blum Und Die Burschenschaft
    Robert Blum und die Burschenschaft von Harald Lönnecker Koblenz 2006 Dateiabruf unter: www.burschenschaft.de Dateiabruf unter: www.burschenschaft.de Robert Blum und die Burschenschaft* von Harald Lönnecker In der Einleitung zur Verfassungsurkunde der Jenaischen Burschenschaft vom Juni 1815 heißt es: „Nur solche Verbindungen, die auf den Geist gegründet sind, auf welchen überhaupt nur Verbindungen gegründet sein sollten, auf den Geist, der uns das sichern kann, was uns nächst Gott das Heiligste und Höchste sein soll, nämlich Freiheit und Selbständigkeit des Vaterlands, nur solche Verbindungen benennen wir mit dem Namen einer Burschenschaft.“1 Die Burschenschaft war die Avantgarde der deutschen Nationalbewegung. Sie wurzelte in den Freiheitskriegen, stand unter dem Einfluß von Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Ernst Moritz Arndt und Johann Gottlieb Fichte, war geprägt durch eine idealistische Volkstumslehre, christliche Erweckung und patriotische Freiheitsliebe. Diese antinapoleonische Nationalbewegung deutscher Studenten war politische Jugendbewegung und die erste gesamtnationale Organisation des deutschen Bürgertums überhaupt, die 1817 mit dem Wartburgfest die erste gesamtdeutsche Feier ausrichtete und mit rund 3.000 Mitgliedern 1818/19 etwa ein Drittel der Studentenschaft des Deutschen Bundes umfaßte.2 Die zur nationalen Militanz neigende Burschenschaft, zu einem Gutteil hervorgegangen aus dem Lützowschen Freikorps, setzte ihr nationales Engagement in neue soziale Lebensformen um, die das Studentenleben von Grund auf reformierten. Aber nicht nur das: Die Studenten begriffen die Freiheitskriege gegen Napoleon als einen Zusammenhang von innerer Reform, innenpolitischem Freiheitsprogramm und * Zuerst in: Bundesarchiv (Hg.), Martina Jesse, Wolfgang Michalka (Bearb.), „Für Freiheit und Fortschritt gab ich alles hin.“ Robert Blum (1807-1848). Visonär – Demokrat – Revolutionär, Berlin 2006, S. 113-121. 1Paul Wentzcke, Geschichte der Deutschen Burschenschaft, Bd.
    [Show full text]
  • FRENCH KLEINDEUT8CH POLICY in 1848. the University Of
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 6 8» 724 CHASTAIN, James Garvin, 1939- FRENCH KLEINDEUT8CH POLICY IN 1848. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1967 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ©COPYRIGHT BY JAMES GARVIN CHASTAIN 1968 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE FRENCH KLEINDEUTSCH POLICY IN 1848 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY JAMES GARVIN CHASTAIN Norman, Oklahoma 1967 FRENCH KLEINDEUTSCH POLICY IN 1848 APPROVED BY A • l \ ^ DISSERTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE This work is the outgrowth of an interest in French Diplomatic History and 1848 which I experienced under the questioning encourage­ ment of Professor Brison D. Gooch. I have especially appreciated the helpful suggestions of Professor William Savage. I am indebted to Professors William H. Maehl and Kenneth I, Dailey for their demanding insistence on detail and fact which balanced an earlier training in broad generalization by Professors H. Stuart Hughes, John Gaus and Herbert Spiro. For the idea of the French missionary feeling to export liberty, which characterized Lamartine and Bastide, the two French Foreign Ministers of 1848, I must thank the stimulating sem­ inar at the University of Munich with Dr. Hubert Rumpel, To all of these men I owe a deep gratitude in helping me to understand history and the men that have guided politics. I want to thank the staff of the French Archives of the Min­ istry of Foreign Affairs, which was always efficient, helpful and friendly even in the heat of July. Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Deutschen
    Die Deutschen Dokumentarreihe in zehn Folgen Ab 26. Oktober 2008 sonntags um 19.30 Uhr und dienstags um 20.15 Uhr Materialien für den Unterricht – Folge 8: Robert Blum und die Revolution Die Deutschen - Folge 8: Robert Blum und die Revolution 1. Inhalt des Films Im Mittelpunkt der achten Folge der Serie „Die Deutschen“ steht die Revolution von 1848/49. Thematisiert werden kurz die Ursachen, ausführlicher dagegen Verlauf und Begleiterscheinungen sowie die Folgen. Eng verknüpft werden die Ereignisse mit einem wichtigen Protagonisten der damaligen Zeit, dem Revolutionär Robert Blum (1807-1848), einer Symbolfigur der demokratischen Bewegung in Deutschland. Die wichtigsten Schauplätze sind Leipzig, der deutsche Südwesten, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main und schließlich Wien, wo Blum am 9. November 1848 erschossen wurde. Die Verkündung und der Vollzug des Todesurteils bilden die Rahmenhandlung der achten Folge. Die Darstellung beginnt mit einer Szene, die Robert Blum in einer Gefängniszelle beim Schreiben des Abschiedsbriefes an seine Ehefrau Eugenie, genannt „Jenny“, (geb. 1810) zeigt. Bevor das Todesurteil vollstreckt wird, erfolgt ein Rückblick in das Leipzig des Jahres 1844, wo Blum seit 1832 am Stadttheater beschäftigt und wegen eines kritischen Zeitungsartikels schon einmal verhaftet worden war. Als Autor und Herausgeber der regimekritischen Zeitung „Sächsische Vaterlandsblätter“ versuchte er seine Kritik gegen die erstarrte Herrschaftsordnung in den deutschen Ländern durch die Zensur zu bringen. Damit wird auf die innenpolitische Situation
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus! • Review and Follow the Course Calendar Below: O Students Must Stay on Top of Things Especially in an Online Course
    April 27, 2021 Do not copy without the express written consent of the instructor. EUH 4462: History of Modern Germany, 1815-1945 RVC 1208 Dr. Charles A. M. Jones [email protected] (305) 348-2328 Office Hours: TU/TH 2:30-3:45 via Zoom COURSE DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE This class focuses on German history from the end of the Napoleonic Wars through the end of the Second World War. A number of themes will be explored, including the problems of unification, warfare, empire, conservative vs liberal ideologies and conflicts, monarchy vs democracy, politics, economic and military competition with neighboring powers, societies and cultures within the nation, racism, genocide, and the rise and fall of fascism. These patchwork components, examined together, represent an evolution of the question “Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?” You will be equipped to critically engage with questions such as: • When did German nationalism take root and what developments encouraged its growth? • Who was Otto von Bismarck and what role did he play in German history? • What events and ideas led to the unification of Germany in 1871? • How did warfare impact German society? • Why did the Weimar Republic collapse? • What were the driving forces behind the Holocaust? COURSE OBJECTIVES By the end of the semester, you should be able to discuss why certain events and people are important and have a sense of how history shapes our contemporary world. After completing this class, students will be able to: • Course Objective 1 (CO1). Assess key events, central themes, and questions pertaining to Modern German history (1815 – 1945).
    [Show full text]
  • History of the German Struggle for Liberty
    ' / ~l HISTORY OF TJHE if GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY/ LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIC6O if03 WILLIAM THE CHEAT HISTORY OF THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY M. UNIV. YALE HON. MEMBER ROYAL A. (HON. CAUSA) ; UNITED SERVICE LIFE MEMBER AMERICAN HISTORICAL INST., LONDON ; ASSOCIATION HON. MEMBER ROYAL ARTILLERY INSTITUTION, WOOLWICH ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS - IN (THREE^VOLUMES VOL. III. 1815-1848 NEW YORK AND LONDON HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 1903 Copyright, 1903, by HAKPKK & BBOTHKM. All riokti nuntd. Published September, 1903. THIS BOOK I DEDICATE TO THE MEMORY OF THE MANY NOBLE GERMANS who have suffered prison, exile, and death in order that their country might be United and Free. CONTENTS OF VOL. Ill I. AFTER WATERLOO 1 II. THE STUDENTS LIGHT SOME DANGEROUS FIRES ON THE WARTBURG 7 III. PRUSSIA SORELY IN NEED OF MONEY 21 IV. THE GERMAN EMPIRE COMMENCES TO TAKE FORM 29 V. BIRTH AND EARLY PRIVATIONS OF ROBERT BLUM . 35 VI. PROFESSOR AND POLITICIAN 44 VII. A CHRISTIAN SPIRIT IN GERMANY 48 VIII. DEMOCRACY AND SCHOLARSHIP 55 IX. POETRY, Music, AND PATRIOTISM 58 X. NATIONAL ART 68 ""* XI. THE EARLY YEARS OF TURNVATER JAHN .... 72 XII. STUDENT AND FIGHTER 80 POPULARIZES THE MODERN TURNS* *^~ XIII. JAHN 90 XIV. METTERNICH DECLARES TURNEN TO BE TREASON . 97 ^ XV. JAHN'S IMPRISONMENT AND DEATH 101 XVI. AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1818) AND THE HOLY ALLIANCE 115 XVII. PRUSSIAN FREE-TRADE, 1818 123 XVIII. THE FIRST GERMAN EMPEROR EARLY YEARS . 135 XIX. JULIE KRUDENER AND THE CZAR 145 XX. THEOLOGY PATRIOTISM ASSASSINATION .... 156 XXI. CARLSBAD DECREES, 1819 173 XXII. PRUSSIA WELCOMES THE CARLSBAD DECREES .
    [Show full text]
  • Final Copy 2019 11 28 Zhou
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Tai, T Title: Visions of the Teuton Perceptions of Germany and the German in mid-nineteenth century England General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Visions of the Teuton: Perceptions of Germany and the German in mid-nineteenth century England Tai Teng Zhou A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of PhD in the Faculty of Arts, Department of Historical Studies, 2/6/19 78,007 words 1 Abstract This thesis examines mid-nineteenth century perceptions of Germany in the minds of English thinkers, writers, and journalists.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 „Vertraut Nicht, Sondern Denkt!“
    1 „Vertraut nicht, sondern denkt!“ Zum 175. Geburtstag von Carl Schurz und zur Wirksamkeit seiner Frau Margarethe Erg. u. ill. Vortrag der Feierstunde vom 21.März 2004 Von Pfarrer Martin Buchner Freireligiöse Gemeinde Idar-Oberstein Ideale sind wie Sterne: man wird sie niemals mit den Händen greifen können. Aber wenn man sie sich – wie der Seemann auf den Weiten der Meere – zur Führung wählt und Ihnen folgt, wird man sein Ziel erreichen. Worte von Carl Schurz. Am 2. März vor 175 Jahren ist Carl Schurz geboren worden. Ein Mann, der hier in Germany viel weniger bekannt ist als in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Kein Wunder, denn hier in deutschen Landen hat er nur seine Kindheit, Jugend und Studentenzeit verbracht, rund 20 Jahre seines Lebens. In den USA jedoch ist es ihm gelungen, sich einen steilen Aufstieg zu erarbeiten, durch besondere Leistungen über Jahrzehnte hinweg. Die USA galten damals, vor und nach 1848/49, als Inbegriff der Freiheit und als Traumziel aller derjenigen Menschen, die hier bei uns vergeblich für Einigkeit, Recht und Freiheit gegen die Willkürherrschaft der Fürsten und ihrer Militärgewalten gekämpft hatten. Ein Mann, der mit der Waffe für neue gesellschaftliche Grundlagen und Werte gekämpft hat, ist in unserem Land nicht automatisch ein Held oder hoch verehrt. Und wenn doch, dann zumeist erst, wenn er eine Grundbedingung erfüllt. Er muss tot sein, und das möglichst lange…Und doch taucht dieser Carl Schurz auch hier immer wieder auf, einige Schulen sind nach ihm benannt und Straßen, und es gibt eine Carl-Schurz-Gesellschaft in Freiburg, allerdings eine ursprünglich amerikanische Nachkriegseinrichtung für Bildungsarbeit.
    [Show full text]