A FLINT WORKSHOP ON THE HILL OF SKARES. 117

III. A FLINT WORKSHOP ON THE HILL OF SKARES, ABBRDBENSHIRB. B . YGRAHAJ M CALLANDER, SECRETARY. No county in Scotland is richer in prehistoric flint relics than Aber- deenshire, which is probably explained by the fact that the only extensive deposi countre flinf th o t n i t y occurs withi boundariess nit presence Th . e of flint nodule s beeha s n note othen di e raiserth partsn di s beachea , s round the coast, but they exist in superabundance only in Aberdeenshire, where the deposit extends diagonally across Buchan for a distance of eight or ten miles. Implements fashioned from this material have been collected in large numbers in many parts of the county, even in such a remote corner as the Cabrach, near the source of the Deveron, and I am abl reporo et sita t e where they were manufactured wel Strathdonp lu . Th flinte e th sit f eo factory e subjec,th f thio t s paper Hile , th lie ln so of Skares parise th Culsalmondf n h,i o Garioch,e th n ,i 1highla y cultivated stretc f countryho , famou corn-growina s sa g district, which lies neae rth centre of the county. The greater part of the Garioch consists of a large natural basin, broken up by small, rounded hills and ridges, and drained by the river Ury and its tributaries: its northern and eastern boundaries e markee Foudlanar th y b d d Hills and'a lower range which extends eastward thed an sn southile Barraf th lo fas s ha a r ; southe whilth n eo , Benachie, a very beautiful hill with three prominent peaks, separates it from Donside and the Vale of Alford. The parish of Culsalmond, forming a north-western sector of the basin, sweeps up to, and includes, the hills of Skare d Tillymorganan s e formeth , a hog-backer d hill rising very steeply on its northern flank and sloping more gradually on its southern coveres i p to de face witTh . h heather, whic girdles hi bela f treey dto b s middle onth ehighese slopeth d tan , point attain heighsa f onlo t y 1078 feet above sea-level. A rough cart-trac e southerth p u k y n make hille slopwa th ,s f it eso and where it emerges from the trees strikes sharply towards the summit of the western shoulder.2 Some 20 yards west of the turn in the track, e neahill-side e edgth shela th rf n eo o f , abou yard0 30 t s e soutth f ho

1 Locally pronounced Gaerry, the article always being used. 2 This part of the hill is named "Hill of Killmidden" on the O.S. map, but I think the name is wrongly spelt. This was the old name for the whole hill of Skares. I have only heard it once used, and then it was distinctly pronounced Culmedden. In Macdonald's Place-names of Strath- bogie, p. 24, it is " Culmeadden," meaning " the hill-back of the middle," or "middle hill." Cer- tainly "the middle back" accurately describe t liei s a betwee , sit higheo ntw r hills, Foudland Tillymorgand an . 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1917. highes televatio n hille a poin fee 0 t th a , n t95 i t abovf no e sea-levele th s ,i place wher flinte eth s wer edrya founds i , t sunnI . y spot, sheltered from the north by a quick rise in the ground, and commanding a very fine and extensiv ee opposit vieth wn i e direction e sout th d south-eas o han T . t liee fertilsth e Grarioch, studded with numerous plantation f treesso d an , to the south-west appears the more rugged upper part of Strathbogie wit CabracBuce e hth th ' ko h rising behind. Three important prehistoric sites stand out prominently in the landscape—the vitrified forts on Dunnydee op e massiv' th NothTa d d an e,an r ston e Mitheeth forn o rt Tap of Benachie. My attention was attracted to the site of the workshop—if we may use term—some th e twenty year presencse agoth y b , f threeo four eo r skelbs of flint, of different colours, lying on the upturned edge of one of the wheel-tracks minutesw fe A . ' picking wit hpocket-knifa e revealed some others, from which it was evident that this was a place where flint implements had been fashione earln i d y timessoie lTh here. s ovea , r the higher part of the hill, is only about 3 inches in depth, and consists of a mixture of slaty soil and decomposed moss and heather.. It took several days to examine the site, although the whole flint-bearing area extended ove spaca r f onleo feey9 n diameteri t , becauseo thern s ewa other metho f separatindo e flintgth s from their half-peaty matrix than by sifting the soil through the fingers. Every fragment of flint seen, no matter how small, was picked up, and ultimately about as much as could be held in one hand was recovered. The chips, which showed the usual numerous varieties of yellows and reds seen in Aberdeenshire collections of flint, were small, as a rule varying from the size of a pin-head to little more than j inc hlargef acrosso w rfe siza ; e were found t nonbu , e reached an inch in greatest diameter. The point of a leaf-shaped arrow-head, a scraper, and part of another worked flint flaked all over the surface were also foxmd. Abou eastyarde 0 th 2 tt thejbena ,o st cart-track e th n di e th , basal portion of a second leaf-shaped arrow-head was also picked up. Nothing to indicate the kinds of tools used to produce the flakes was seen, and no traces of fires were observed. Many of the chips, no more than i inc sizen hi , snowed tha smalleta r chibeed pha n flaked off before they beed ha n detached fro originae mth l flake. Trial diggings were madn ei a numbe f placevicinitye o rth n t si the bu , y faile produco t d singlea e fragment of flint. I think I have searched every rabbit-burrow on the hill—and they are very numerous—but I have never noticed a piece of flint thrown up by these animals. However, on some spaces that had been "skinned western.shouldee cuttinn "th i f o gp to "sods e r th fuel "fo n ro , of the hill, I have got a barbed arrow-head and several .other small flint implements. A FLINT WORKSHO E HIL F TH SKARES 9 LO N 11 O P . Although this discovery resulted only in the recovery of a handful of chips and three worked flints, it is of some importance, because the numbe f discoverieo r f Scottiso s h prehistoric flint workings recordes di not numerous, and, while it is quite different in character from any of these, it is complementary to some of them. Before referrin o recordet g d Scottish sites where workeds flinwa t , I may mention several new localities which have been brought to my notice. On rough ground on the hill-side above the farm of Broomhill, Strathdon a spo s i , t where flint flakes foune useb considerablo n dt i e numbers. It was a regular source from, which the neighbouring farm- ing population got their supply of flints wherewith to light their pipes. Whe nI visite placee dth , about three years ago, there "were w onlfe ya small-sized chips to be seen; but when we consider that flakes of a size suitable for use with the " fleerish " were found formerly, we may infer that the deposit originally contained many fair-sized flints. I have been told of a spadeful of chips having been exposed in casting peats in the Mos Wartlef so , paris Raynef ho barrowfua f o ; l (probabl exaggeran ya - tion) found while diggin fare gditca th f mTorrieso n h o , paris f Oyneho ; quantita f o d an y unearthe excavation a n di proposea r nfo d private bridge ove Shevocke rth , abov fare eth Wraes,f m o paris Kennethmontf ho .

'The hill of Skelmuir1 , in Buchan, is well known as a place where flint flake e numerousar s d soman , e good example f anvil-stoneso s whicf o , h we have several specimens in the Museum, have been found there. I have heard local collector antiquitief so s speaking abou fline th t t " smiddiesn "o I hav e hillt th ebu , been unabl fino et printea d d descriptiof o y an f no these sites t variouA . s place botn so hrivee sideth f r o sYthan , between Ellon and the sea, flint chips and flakes have been found in numbers sufficien o indicatt t e "verth e y spots wher e peoplth e e see havo mt e wroughd an t t sa them"a t ; they also e surfacoccuth n f somo ro e f eo e kitchen-middenth e samth en i sdistrict d moran , e plentifulle th n i y neighbourhood of some of the shell-mounds; and at one place on the Sands of Forvie, which lie to the north of the estuary of the Ythan, not only were abundant chips and flakes seen, but on turning up the under- lying soi stratula mblacf o k carbonaceous matter, apparentl remaine yth s of numerous fires, "wat with.sme 2 Large number flinf so t flakes were dis- covere whan do t onc knol y beed wettisa dr e ha n n i a l h trac f countryto ,

Wraes is locally called Vraes, and the same peculiarity in pronouncing the w as v is seen in

othe1 r words beginning with wr. Wrangham, a farm three miles distant, is pronounced Vrangham ; wright, vricht; wrong, vrang; wrought, vrocht; and wreath (of snow), vreath. .A terminal w sometimes i s pronounce same th n edi fashion: snow becomes snyaave (corn)w so ; , shaavew ma ; (sea-maw), myaave; law (hillock), lyaave; and tyaave, to struggle, may be cognate with the Old English verb tew, to lug or pull. 2 Proc. Soc. Ant. of Scot., vol. vi. p. 240. 0 PROCEEDING12 E SOCIETYTH F O S , FEBRUAR , 1917Y12 .

within " an area of about 15 to 20 yards in circumference," on the Black- hill, near Boddam. Ther a ver s i ey good recor discovera f do y made

while reclaiming som1 e moorland at Hindstones, parish of Tyrie, in the northern par f Buchano t , wher t leasea peca t f flakesko , ranging from the breadt thicknesd hanhe an abouth o dt f so t \ inc breadthn i h , were foun hola n dei abou foo1 t tsubsoil d deere e p th ,scoope quitf o t e dou nea "Pictsa r groua ' circle,f o pe whic"on h once existed there. dise -Th . coverer carefully notes tha t a completther s wa e e absenc f dresseeo d flints.2' About a hatful of small, flattened pebbles of flint split in two by a blow on the edge, some of the moieties of which fitted exactly, were recovered fro mstona e cist foun t Cross-stonea d , near Ellon. These ear

l Aberdeenshiral e examples t fea ther wbu ,e ear more , whiche b fal o t l 3 noticed, in other parts of Scotland. The supposed manufactora sit f eo r arrow-headyfo s discoverewa s d n HillBi , e neaonth r Cullen, Banffshire. r DanieSi l Wilson mentions

the discovery, about 4 mile4 s north of Port Ellen, Islay, of a cist' contain- humaa g in n skeleton larga d ean , quantit f flakey o d chipan s s which on being removed fro grave mth e forme heada p measurin inche8 g1 o st 2 fee e findinheightn i tth quantita f d o gan , f flakeyo cistn i s s which were discovered unde cairnestate o th r tw n f Wellseso o , Roxburghshire.

Important discoverie f largo s e number f flino s t cores, flakes6 , chips, and slightly worked objects have been reported from the 30-foot raised beach t Campbeltowna , Argyll circumstancen i , s which showed that thed yha been worked during the formation of that beach, when the water en- croached much e furthelanth dn o tha rpresene t doei th n t a s t day.6 The first find was at Dalaruan, in the north-west part of the town, where Bronza cinerarincineratee d ean Ag n yur d human bones were founa n di cavity partly excavated in the gravel of the beach. The occurrence of the beace flintth n hsi underneat showen ur e hdth tha manufacture tth e th f eo flint had taken place long anterior to the Bronze Age burial. The second ' find took place at Millknowe, some 300 or 400 yards south-west of Dalaruan, where flakes and skelbs of flint were discovered in great abundance in a dark layer covered with 2 feet of shingle and with the same-depth below. This dark deposit, evidently produce e occupath y db - prehistoria e sit y tioth eb f no c people, extende ddistanca yards7 f eo , varied from 3 inches to 6 inches in thickness, and gradually tapered out at the edges. Besides the flints, it contained fragments of burnt wood d numerouan s animal bones ,fis w withfe bonesha zinA .c bucketful 1 Proa. Soc. Ant. of Scot., vol. x. p. 512. Ibid., vol. xxxvii . 366p . . Ibid., . 245 p vol . . vi .

•2 Evans, Ancient Stone Implements,3 second edition, p. 280. 6 Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, second edition, vol. i. p. 177. . 8 Proceedings, vol. xxviii . 266p . . A FLINT WORKSHO E HIL TH F SKARES LO N O P . 121 taken from, the dark layer yielded no less than "four hundred and ninety-eight piece f flinto s , mostly very small chip scalesd an s , sucs ha f durinflof y e procesth g f breaking.o s " Many piece f quarto s z which had apparently undergone severe burning were observed, but no shells scraa t potterf pno o d an y were recovered t confinedeposie no Th s . wa td spote t littlon ,bu o et nest similaf so r dark material were foun frequent da t intervals. Three large nodule f flintso , with large slices broke eacf nof h of them, weighing respectively 5 Ibs., 7J Ibs., and 10 Ibs. 1 oz., were found at the same level and not far apart, about a depth of 5 feet in the beach. The discovere d littlha r e doubt tha e flinbeed th tha tn brought from Ireland large th es a , nodules were " apparently identical wit flinte hth s e oppositoth f e coas f Antrim.o t " After discussion e rejecteh , e th d theories that they were transported hithe driftiny b r g seaweey b r o d e actionth f iceo . e GlasgoAth t w Exhibitio f 191 no r Ludovi 1M c M'L. Mann exhibited hoardo tw f largeo s , selected, partly worked flint flakes e founth n i d Rinn Gallowayf so , whic believee hh beed dha n imported fro norte mth h of Ireland. hoare On d consiste seventy-sevef do n flakes tightly packed

together, wit1 hammeo htw r f whitstoneso e ee othe on ,quart th d r zan of greywacke semicirculaa d an , r rubbing stone e deposi Th s dis. -wa t covered abou mile2 t r 1o ^s eas f Portpatricko t , covere growta y db f ho 8 fee f peato t , touchin e bollargea g th f eo , decaye treek doa , whicd hha been overgrown by the peat. The other hoard, which was.also found packed close together abou mile7 t s eas f Portpatricko t , containee don hundred and fifty-six flakes of flint. The instances of flint deposits previously mentioned relate almost entirel collectiono yt f spliso t nodules, flakes chipsd an ,e onlth , y objects bearing evidenc f furtheeo r work bein three gth e implement e Hilth ln si of Skares find, and the slightly dressed Campbeltown flakes. But two discoveries of collections of secondarily worked flints found in association have been described to our Society. The first of these consisted of thirty- four roughly dressed, oval objects, twenty-eigh cherta f o x y si flinf d o t tan nature, which were found 9 inches below the surface of the ground, on the Hil f Bulwarko l Deerd Ol , , Aberdeenshire.2 They were placed between stoneo tw s abou inche6 t s square, withou a covert s coula r stondfa o es be ascertained, and many chips were found buried to a considerable depth immediate inth e vicinity secone Th . d discover recordes yi Mannr M y db , fortunats anwa dI visitinn i e site gth e witsubsequentlym hhi , whena few more specimens were obtained site eTh .occupie dsligha t ridgn eo the farm of Culmore, Wigtownshire, overlooking Luce Bay, and from 1 Catalogue of the Scottish Exhibition, Glasgow, p. 813. 2 Proc. Soc. Ant. of Scot,, vol. xxx. p. 346. 122 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , FEBRUAR , 1917Y12 .

yardw spacfe e s"a th "f oveeo hundrex rsi thirty-sid dan x chippingd an s cores of flint were recovered, many of the chippings being mere skelbs; ten unbroken nodules were got, and some of the flakes bore evidence of having undergon actioe eth f fireno ; eighty good implements, including arrow-heads, scrapers, saws, borers knivesand , thirtand , y with very slight secondary working, were found s alsa , o four hammer-stonef o s quartz and quartzite, and a rubbing stone of sandstone.1 An uncommon feature of some of the implements -was the retrimming of portions of their surface peculiarita , y commente Mannr m M note d hi y ,an b y db n do on some of the flint implements in his collection from other parts of • Wigtownshire. The original flaking was covered with a distinct patina,' whil latee eth r flaking showed sharp unpatinated ridges, from whict hi was inferred that they were implements' belonging to an older period which had been brought to this spot to be refashioned. Doubtless many sites approximately similar in character to some of those referred to ha-ve been turned over during farming operations and in peat-cuttin n Scotlandi g , especiall Aberdeenshiren yi , without being recognised, far less recorded; but when those about which we have some informatio e comparedar n , they throw som ee method lighth n d o t an s customs of the ancient Scottish workers in flint. One of the primary processe e manufacturth n i s f flino e t implement s indicatei s e th n di collectio f smalno l split nodules e cisfoun t Cross-stoneth a t n i d . They were split by a blow on the edge. This, however, was not the only method of breaking down a nodule of flint into flakes. Perhaps a more e pebblth d removfrequenf o an e d een t e proceso strikt on f s of ewa s longitudinal flakes from its entire circumference by striking them off by truncateblowe th n so d end. After sufficient flake beed sha n detachedr o , impossibls wa t -i _ removo et e more centrae th , l portio nodule th s f no ewa discarde s wasteda , which when foun s termei d dcorea f nucleuso , y b , archa3ologists. From a small farm in the parish of Insch, Aberdeenshire, I have got more than one hundred of these cores, besides many imple- ments and flakes, but they were found scattered over the farm. There must have been a considerable amount of flint-working on this place, the materiaw ra l used being complete nodule knowe w s sa , whichr fa o s , had been brought here from a distance of over 20 miles, as there is no known natural flint deposit nearer than Buchan. This would seem to indicat ebusinesa flinw ra t n radiatinsi g from Bucha r lonnfo g distances over the north-east of Scotland. The site of the Strathdon flint working lies nearl e cro mile0 th y4 w s a sflie s fro e nearesmth t Buchan deposits; intervenine s muca th d f ho an g countr stils yi l rougn hillyd ca han e ,w realise that it was a matter of no little difficulty for the inhabitants of

Proc. Sor, Ant. of Scot.,' vol. xlii . 329p . . 1 A FLINT WORKSHO E HIL TH F SKARES 3 LO N 12 O P .

the hill-country to secure their supply of this very necessary material during the Stone and Bronze Ages. The flint-using people on the Bin Hill, Cullen, had a flint supply nearer at hand on the shore at Boyndie Bay, west of the town of Banff.1 The Campbeltown discoveries, which fortunately were carefully exploite clearld dan y recorded, were surpris- ingly unproductive of finished implements, such as scrapers or arrow- heads. It would appear that the flint-workers had their raw material brought from Ireland to the head of Campbeltown Loch, not in small quantities, but, as has been suggested, by the canoe load, had squatted raisee dowth n dno beach time therth et beins ea whe wa gt ni formed, flaked ha dd dowan n their flint nodules. Whether they completee dth manufactur implementthe of e at this s plac carefulland e y removed the finished objects, or whether they contented themselves with perform- ing the simple operation of striking off the flakes, carrying away the bes themf to leavind ,an g onl rejectee yth d pieces impossibls i t ,i sayo et . In referring to this discovery, however, it has to be remembered that the relics were found under circumstances which seeme indicato dt e that they were fashioned during the formation of a raised beach which since that time has been elevated some 30 feet above sea-level. Not only has this rise taken intervale placth havI n e i t e,bu seen evidenc whaf eo believI t e to be a distinct depression of the land, in widely separated parts of the west of Scotland, since neolithic times. As these land movements would probably extend over a long period, the Campbeltown worked flints seem to belong to a very remote time. This may explain the absence of well- known types of neolithic flint implements in the deposits. The discoveries near Portpatrick demonstrate a more advanced con- dition of trade, inasmuch as they consisted only of fine selected flakes, apparently consignment f partiallso y manufactured goods packer fo p du transport froe districmon o anothert t e theorTh . y that theso tw e parcels of flint and the Campbeltown discoveries betoken a traffic between the north-east of Ireland and the nearest points of the south- west coast of Scotland in very early times is not at all unreasonable. Other prehistoric relics discovered in the south-west of Scotland bear traces of Irish influence. As an instance, I think it will be found that the hollow-based arrow-head of flint (not the lop-sided variety), which is not at all uncommon in Ireland though comparatively rare throughout Scotland founs i , greaten di r number Wigtownshirn si eothey thaan rn i part of Scotland. A further developmen e Scottisth n i t h flint industry seems displayed Bulware inth k fin f roughly-fashioneddo , oval objects recordinn I . g this discovery Dr Anderson said that they seemed "to point to another 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. of Scot., vol. x. p. 516. 124 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , FEBRUAR , 1917Y12 . variety of conveyance from the source of supply. The carriage of selected nodules from the place where they were found to the place where they were broker manufacturfo p nu previoua s i e s stage have W e. here eth material partially manufactured, roughly blocke arrowr fo t spearr d-o ou - heads apparentld an , treateo ys easile b y dy thatransportema t i t a o dt distance and bartered away in places where there is no natural supply of flint."1 To the discoveries on the Hill of Bulwark and in the Rinns of Galloway, and perhaps to those at Campbeltown, that on the Hill of Skare fittina s si g sequel absence Th . e of core nodulesd san , either broken e presencwholer o th d an ,f smaleo l flakes only, see indicatmo t e thae tth flints were brought there in a partially manufactured condition, either as simple flakes or perhaps roughly dressed, after which they underwent the final process of shaping and flaking. From the small quantity of waste material remaining it is obvious that the number of objects which had been fashioned must have been small, and it is peculiar that each of the three worked pieces left should represent a different class of implement. Possibly the kind of implement produced would many a time be deter- mined not only by the original shape of the flake but by the shape it took • after being further broken. The absence of all traces of fire and of any other evidenc f humaeo n occupation smale th d l quantitan , flinf yo t chips Hile f Skares th o le sito n nth eo , indicat t inhabiteno s e thawa dt i tfor . any length of time. It seems to have been occupied only for. the time necessary to fashion a few flint implements, which operation accomplished, e flint-worketh s friendhi d passeo somd t ha san n reo d other place. Whether we see in this site evidence of a visit from a travelling arrow- head maker or of a local craftsman we cannot say. The collection from Culmore indicates sita e quite differen characten i t r from all the others except the one on the Sands of Forvie. Flints in the statew ra wasts a , e pieces partly manufactured finishes a r o , d implements of different sorts evidence th , presence th f fired eo an hamme,f eo r stones rubbina d an g stone, see mindicato t e that more tha ntemporara y visit had been paid to the spot. The Culmore flint folk could get a supply of the raw material in the raised beach on which they lived, and they dwelt distric" a n i t wit a hcomparativel y good climata plentifu d an e l food supply e neighbourinirth i g Luce Bay ,combinatioa f conditionno s found in few parts of Scotland. Outside Aberdeenshire, flint must have been a scarce and valuable commodity in Scotland during Neolithic and Bronae Age times. I have been surprised at the number of small, irregular, pitted nodules of flint Gleulucn o e Sands which bear trace f attemptso removo t s e flakes from them. It is quite evident that the flint-workers there had not a super- 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. of Scot., vol. xxx . 351p . . A FLINT WORKSHO E HIL TH F SKARES LO N O P . 125 fluous supple commodityth f o y ; becaus f thei e y had s difficuli t ,i o t t understan they ydwh should have wasted tim treatinn ei g such unpromis- ing material. In recent times, granted suitable conditions, and especially before mean f communicatioso n wer highlo es y developed tendence th , fos rywa goods to be manufactured near the source of the raw material, as in the case of the iron industry in the midlands of Scotland. This does not seem to have obtained with the flint industry in prehistoric times. Whatever future discoveries may reveal, there is no evidence, so far, to indicate that East Aberdeenshire, in spite of its abundant supply of raw material, was a great centr r manufacturinefo g flint implement r exporfo s otheo t t r parts of the country. Doubtless many of them would be carried con- siderabl larg knoany not e w distancesrefuse-heapof do we but , s which would have accumulate therd dha e been manufacturin larga n go e scale, and any evidence with which we are familiar, small though it be, points r partlo rathe w tradya ra manufacture o t rn e i d material papero Tw .s dealing with the Aberdeenshire flint deposits, read to the Society more than forty years ago, touche thin do s question firse Th t . paper stated tha examinatioe tth e smalf somno th f elo yard w pits fe diameten si a , r and 12 to 18 inches deep, dug into the flint bed on a brae-face at the Den of Boddam, yielde flakeso dn . However, mention -was mad larga f eo e quantity of chippings which had been found in the same locality by another archaeologist. e seconth n I d notes papewa dt i r tha flino n t t

nodules occurre r nea o e spot t th rda s wher1 e flakes were found abund- antly, nor in districts where nodules. abounded did flakes occur, from which it was concluded that material used in manufactories must have been conveyed there from a considerable distance.2 Discoveries recorded since these views were expressed in no way refute them. These records certainly giv soms eu e information regardin pree gth - historic flint trade in Scotland, but they tell us very little regarding the actual method of working the flint, of transforming the nodule into the finished arrow-head, scraper, or whatever tool was desired. Only in the Culmore find and in one of those near Portpatrick was there discovered any tool which might have been used in the manufacture of flint, and that was the hammer stone. From the conchoidal fractures and bulbs of per- cussion see flinn no t flake knoe sw w that they must have been struck off wit hshara p blow. But, whil e hammeeth r stone havy ma se beee nth instruments used for this purpose, we must remember that these objects have frequently been foun dwellinn o d g sites belongin perioa o gt d long after flint implements cease madee b o wherr dt o , flinto en s were seen. Ther s littli e e doubt that they were use r trituratindfo r poundingo g 1 Proc. Soc. Ant. of Scot., . 243 pp vol, . 244vi . . « Ibid., . 514volp . ..x 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1917. down foodstuffs. Some of the smaller examples, which have been found considerabln i e number Glenluce th n so e Sands, would ha've bee littlf no e use for'this purpose and may easily have been utilised in the manufacture of flint, but others are so large that the preparation of food seems a more feasible explanation of their purpose. If required in working flint, t knono wo d ewhethe r they were use striko t d e flineth t directlr yo hammea s a striko rt flakinesmallesa e th f o go toolt hammeTw . r stones in my collection were found on the farm of. Jericho, which lies at the e Hil f Skaresth fooo lf o a fielt n di , that border e market-stancth s n eo soute t Sairth S e Hil hn f th farme o o slsidth f e.o They were founn do the highest part of the field, where many small skelbs of flint have been seen scattered over a considerable area. Flint implements have been found ove farme onle e mos th t thith th ry f bu s ,o tsi plac e where small chip alse sar o foun quantitiesn i d I hav. doubo en t tha flina t t work- shop existed hereabout, although I have been unable to locate the exact spot. It would have been important to learn that the Skelmuir anvil-stones were found directly associated with flint noflakeo d t r I chipso st bu , kno wsucf i hfacbeea s ha t n place recordn do . We have still much to learn about the methods adopted by the old flint-workers in producing the different varieties of implements and tools with familiar e whicar e hw . Site flinf so thabitatione factorieth f o d san s e peoplo th fuse o e implementedth wh sstily detecteturnee lb ma t dou d carefuy b d methodicaan l l investigatio f rougno h countr d eveyan f no cultivated groundevene th lany n tI o.an d f being reclaime countien di s like Aberdeenshire, Wigtownshire, or Berwickshire, where plenty of implements have been found, archaeologists should if possible endeavour «to get into touch with the people who are undertaking the work and ask them immediately to report discoveries of flint in any form. A fe we sai b word dy abouma s t other antiquitiese founth n i d neighbourhood - of the Hill. of Skares. Four farms, Waulkmill, Colpy Farm, Jericho, and Upper Jericho, encroach on the south-east and south slopes of the hill. A carved stone ball with six knobs was found on the first-mentioned farm, in the field which borders the hill on the south-east. Immediately to the south-west of this field is a croft on which is the site of the cairn where the three stone cups described by me last session were found. This sit s markeei e O.S th .n mapo d , which also states thaa t stone s discovereciswa t abou , 186n di or Colp site e n n 0tth O o . y Farm, the adjoining place, the map also records the discovery of a stone axe, and the sites of a stone circle and of a cairn, between which an urn was found. To the record for this farm I can add discoveries of a flint axe and of three other stone axes, now in my collection. From the farm of FLINA T WORKSHO E HIL TH F SKARES7 LO N 12 O P . Jerich oI hav e secured four stone axes frod ,an m Upper Jericho three. Besides these, I have got more than one hundred arrow-heads and several hundred other implement flinf so t fro three mth e last-mentioned farms. On the right bank of the Jordan, a small burn that runs down the glen, is St Mary's Well, on the farm of Jericho. This spring is correctly placed on the Q.S<. map, but, following the incorrect statement in the New Statistical Account that it lies on Colpy Farm, certain writers have been misled. This does not exhaust the list of Biblical and religious place-names of this very limited area I hav. e mentionee t Sairth S e hil n f o dth so l sout e hfar th sidf Jerichomf o o e summie Th . f thito s hilbees r lha nfo several centurie becom w t Sair S site no f ss th seo e Fairha littl t I .e more than a horse market, although it still attracts caravan folk from the environs of London. In spite of the remoteness of the locality it remains largese onth f eo t horse fair Scotlandn i s . Accordin locao gt l tradition, there is the site of a church in the small plantation on the south side of markee th t stance lat e abouw eTh no farme. ts t Sairsi eighty S o f o r, wh - three years of age, told me that in his young days the outline of a rect- angular building overgrown with grass was plainly visible, and that whe fathes nhi s rebuildin wa r e farmhousgth e the int g moune yodu th d hope th f gettin o en i g some large building stones t "withou,bu t success. All trac f thio e s structurdisappearedw no s e s beesitha eth ha e ns a , encroached upoquarrya y nb .