272 4Th Avenue

272 4TH AVENUE

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Remedial Investigation Work Plan

BCP Site No.: C224298 AKRF Project Number: 190021

Prepared for: 272 4th Avenue LLC 51 East 12th Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10003

Prepared by:

AKRF, Inc. 440 Park Avenue South, 7th Floor New York, New York 10016 212-696-0670

DECEMBER 2019 AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY ...... 2 2.1 Site Description and Surrounding Land Use ...... 2 2.2 Site Geology, Hydrogeology, and Subsurface Characteristics ...... 2 2.3 Nearby Areas of Public Concern ...... 2 2.4 Site History ...... 2 3.0 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ...... 4 3.1 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, AKRF, Inc. – April 2019 ...... 4 3.2 Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation, AKRF, Inc. – April 2019 ...... 5 4.0 FIELD PROGRAM ...... 7 4.1 Field Program Summary ...... 7 4.2 Soil Sampling ...... 7 4.3 Monitoring Well Installation and Development ...... 8 4.4 Groundwater Elevation Survey ...... 9 4.5 Groundwater Sampling ...... 9 4.6 Soil Vapor Sampling ...... 10 4.7 Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) ...... 10 4.8 Decontamination Procedures ...... 11 4.9 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste (IDW) ...... 11 5.0 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ...... 12 5.1 Remedial Investigation Report (RIR) ...... 12 5.1.1 Description of Field Activities ...... 12 5.1.2 Soil Boring Assessment ...... 12 5.1.3 Groundwater Assessment ...... 12 5.1.4 Soil Vapor Assessment ...... 12 5.1.5 Qualitative Human Health Exposure Assessment ...... 12 6.0 SCHEDULE OF WORK ...... 13 7.0 CERTIFICATION ...... 14 8.0 REFERENCES ...... 15

FIGURES Figure 1 – Site Location Figure 2 – Site Plan and Proposed RI Sampling Locations Figure 3 – Soil Sample Concentrations Above NYSDEC UUSCOs & RRSCOs Figure 4 – Groundwater Concentrations Above NYSDEC AWQS Figure 5 – Soil Vapor Concentrations

TABLES Table 1 – Sample Locations and Rationale

APPENDICES Appendix A – Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Appendix B – Health and Safety Plan (HASP) AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

1.0 INTRODUCTION This Remedial Investigation Work Plan (RIWP) has been prepared by AKRF, Inc. (AKRF) on behalf of 272 4th Avenue LLC (Requestor) for the property located at 272 4th Avenue in Brooklyn, New York (the Site). The Requestor is currently applying to investigate and remediate the Site under the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP) under BCP Site No. C224298. The approximately 0.204-acre Site—which is also referred to as Brooklyn Borough Tax Block 456, Lot 23—is bounded by Carroll Street to the northeast, by an auto repair shop to the northwest, 4th Avenue to the southeast by, and by a bar/cafe to the southwest. Currently, the Site is occupied by an approximately 19,200-gross-square-foot (gsf), two-story commercial building. An automobile collision repair facility currently operates at both the first and second stories of the Site building. A Site Location Plan is provided as Figure 1. AKRF performed a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) and Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation at the Site, which are summarized in Phase I ESA and Phase II reports dated April 2019. Laboratory results from the Phase II investigation identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) above 6 New York Codes, Rules, Regulations (NYCRR) Part 375 Unrestricted Use Soil Cleanup Objectives (UUSCOs) but below Restricted Residential Soil Cleanup Objectives (RRSCOs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) associated with combustion engines and petroleum products, and several metals were identified above the UUSCOs and RRSCOs in soil. Some petroleum-and chlorinated solvent-related VOCs and PAHs were detected in groundwater above the NYSDEC Technical and Operational Guidance Series (TOGS) Ambient Water Quality Standards and Guidance Values (AWQSGVs). Finally, the VOCs tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively referred to as BTEX), were detected at elevated concentrations in soil vapor beneath the first floor building slab. The soil, soil vapor, and groundwater contamination appear to be related to current and historical industrial operations at the Site and/or off-site sources. This RIWP has been prepared in accordance with DER-10 Technical Guidance for Site Investigation and Remediation dated May 2010 (DER-10) to delineate the vertical and horizontal contamination identified in the previous subsurface investigation. The RIWP describes the procedures to be used to further delineate and/or define the nature and extent of contamination in on-site soil, groundwater, and soil vapor. The data compiled from this Remedial Investigation (RI) and the previous Phase II investigation will be used to prepare a Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP). All work will be completed in accordance with this RIWP, which includes a Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) (Appendix A) and a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) (Appendix B). The Community Air Monitoring Plan (CAMP) detailed in the HASP will be implemented during all subsurface disturbance activities at the Site, including, but not limited to, soil boring advancement, soil sampling, monitoring well installation and development, groundwater and soil vapor sampling, and backfilling of boreholes.

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2.0 SITE DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY 2.1 Site Description and Surrounding Land Use The approximately 8,900-square feet (sf) Site is located at 272 4th Avenue, in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The Site contains an approximately 19,200-gsf, two-story commercial building, which was constructed around 1931. A majority of the building was constructed at-grade; however, there is a partial cellar in the northeast corner of the building beneath the ramp and facility offices. An automobile collision repair facility operates at both the first and second stories of the Site building. A plan that shows the Site layout and usage is provided as Figure 2. The Site is bounded to the northeast by Carroll Street, followed by a cafe; to the northwest by an auto repair shop, followed by a community garden; to the southeast by 4th Avenue, followed by apartment buildings and a furniture store; and to the southwest by a bar/cafe, followed by a New York City Transit (NYCT) system substation. The surrounding area is predominately mixed-use residential and commercial, with some industrial uses. 2.2 Site Geology, Hydrogeology, and Subsurface Characteristics Based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Brooklyn, New York 2013 Quadrangle map, the elevation of the Site is between approximately 25 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), which is an approximation of mean sea level. The Site surface topography is relatively level, and the regional surface topography generally slopes west-southwest towards the Gowanus Canal and Gowanus Bay. Subsurface materials, as described in the Phase II investigation report, consisted of historic fill (brown sand, silt, and gravel, with trace amounts of brick, glass, porcelain fragments, and concrete) from surface grade to depths ranging between 12 and 15 feet below grade surface (bgs) across the Site. The fill material was generally underlain by presumed native brown silt to 20 feet bgs (the terminus of the deepest soil boring). During the Phase II investigation, groundwater was encountered between approximately 11 and 16 feet below the at-grade building slab in the temporary wells; however, the slab elevation is variable across the Site. It is estimated that groundwater is approximately 12.5 feet below sidewalk grade along 4th Avenue. Based on regional topography, groundwater is anticipated to flow west- southwest towards the Gowanus Canal and Gowanus Bay, approximately 0.25 miles west of the Site, although actual groundwater flow can be affected by many factors, including underground utilities, subway tunnels, subsurface features, seasonal and tidal fluctuations in groundwater levels, precipitation, geology, and other factors beyond the scope of this assessment. An NYCT subway tunnel runs adjacent to the Site along 4th Avenue. Groundwater in Brooklyn is not used as a source of potable water. 2.3 Nearby Areas of Public Concern A review of the existing uses within the surrounding area of the Site identified seven daycare facilities, three schools, and several residential buildings within an approximately 3,000-foot radius. A Citizen Participation Plan (CPP) was prepared and submitted in November 2019 upon execution of a Brownfield Cleanup Agreement (BCA). 2.4 Site History Historical records indicate that the Site had numerous historical automotive uses, with some commercial and residential uses. The Site was mostly vacant apparent marshland with a single dwelling and a stable with attached sheds in 1888. The apparent marshland was filled in some time

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before 1906 when the Site was partially developed a bottle facility, with a stable in the remaining portion of the Site. In 1926, the Property was developed as a two-story garage with two gasoline tanks. In 1951, the first floor of the Site building was converted into an auto repair shop with a filling station and gasoline tanks, while the second floor remained a garage. In 1965, the Site appeared to have been used as an auto sales and service shop with a garage. Between 1982 and the present, the Site has remained an automobile service and repair facility, but is no longer an automobile sales center.

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3.0 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 3.1 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, AKRF, Inc. – April 2019 A Phase I ESA of the Site was prepared by AKRF on behalf of the Requestor, which is dated April 2019. The Phase I ESA was performed in conformance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-13, Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Practice. The report identified the following Recognized Environmental Conditions (RECs).  At the time of the reconnaissance, the Site operated as an automobile collision repair facility. Chemical storage was observed throughout the Site, including small containers of hydraulic oil, cleaning products, and a 55-gallon drum containing anti-freeze. Staining was observed on the floors throughout the facility and a system of floor drains, which apparently drained into the City sewer and were partially filled with stained sediment, was located in the central portion of the first-floor automobile maintenance area. Though not observed, it was presumed that an oil-water separator was located at the Site. Three sealed, presumed former in-ground hydraulic lifts were observed in the first-floor maintenance area. Historical Sanborn maps and a city directory search identified historical automobile repair, sales and service, and gasoline filling from on-site tanks since at least 1926. Though the facility was heated with natural gas at the time of the inspection, evidence (an exterior vent pipe and interior piping) of historical bulk petroleum storage was observed. The Site was also listed as a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Small Quantity Generator (SQG) of characteristic ignitable waste in 2007. Current and historical Site uses as an automobile service, sales, and repair facility, as well as current and historical petroleum and chemical storage, may have affected the subsurface at the Site and were considered RECs.  A review of Historical Sanborn maps indicated that a portion of the Site was marshland, which was filled in for a bottle manufacturing facility sometime between 1888 and 1906. Historic fill in New York City commonly contains elevated concentrations of VOCs, SVOCs, and metals; therefore, the presence of historic fill at the Site was considered a REC.  A review of the historical city directory database and Sanborn maps identified numerous industrial, manufacturing, and automotive uses on adjacent and surrounding properties between 1898 and 2014. Uses on adjacent properties and blocks included: a bottle facility, a junkyard, a blacksmith, a stone yard, Fulton Smelting and Refining Works, Finishing Metal and Wood Products, a waste paper facility, a scrap metal facility, a linoleum factory, auto body and repair shops, auto laundry areas, filling stations with gasoline tanks, and spraying booths. Other surrounding property uses included: junkyards, carpentry facilities, paint shops, lumber yards, bottle facilities, blacksmiths, rag shops, garages with gasoline tanks, machine shops, a knitting mill, Paper Novelty Manufacturing Co., an air conditioner equipment manufacturer, a motor freight station, an ice manufacturer, a railway express agency garage with a filling station, a metal production facility, tool and dye works, a carriage painting shop, Empire State Dairy Company, a tinsmith, garages, laundromats, automobile repair facilities, machine shops, sheet metal works, the Con Ed Third Avenue Yard with two large garages and two filling stations with seven gasoline tanks, a candle factory, a plastic molding facility, a concrete manufacturer, a doll manufacturer, a metal products manufacturer, the Brooklyn Edison Co. Substation, a metal box company, and several dry cleaners. Finally, the Gowanus Canal Superfund Site is located approximately 0.25 miles west of the Site. Historical automotive, industrial, and/or manufacturing uses on adjacent and surrounding properties may have affected the Site subsurface and were considered RECs.

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 Regulatory database records identified numerous petroleum spills on surrounding properties, including active NYSDEC Spill No. 8404005. The spill was reported on December 17, 1984 for a release of approximately 1,000 gallons of dielectric fluid at the 4th Avenue and Garfield Street intersection, approximately 88 feet south-southeast of the Site. The spill was caused by equipment failure of the feeders that run along the top of the subway. A Site Investigation Work Plan (SIWP) was approved in August 2017, and, at the time or reconnaissance, Con Edison was awaiting for approval from the NYCT to start the proposed investigation. Petroleum spills on surrounding properties, including this large dielectric fluid spill less than 100 feet from the Site, could have affected the subsurface at the Site and are considered RECs. AKRF recommended that the Requestor perform a subsurface investigation at the Site, including the collection of soil, groundwater and soil vapor samples, as described in Section 3.2 below. 3.2 Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation, AKRF, Inc. – April 2019 AKRF conducted a Phase II investigation at the Site in February 2019, which is summarized in the Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation report dated April 2019. The scope of work for the investigation included the advancement of 12 soil borings with the collection and laboratory analysis of 12 soil samples; the installation of five temporary wells with the collection and laboratory analysis of five groundwater samples; and the installation of six temporary soil vapor points with the collection of six soil vapor samples and one ambient air quality sample. The report included the following conclusions.  Historic fill (brown sand, silt, and gravel, with trace amounts of brick, glass, porcelain fragments, and concrete) was found from the surface to depths ranging between 12 and 15 feet bgs across the Site. The fill material was generally underlain by presumed native brown silt to 20 feet bgs (the terminus of the deepest soil boring). Apparent petroleum-like odors and elevated photoionization detector (PID) readings up to approximately 94.5 parts per million (ppm) were noted in soil borings across the Site; however, staining or free-phase product were not observed in the soil cores from these borings.  Twenty-seven VOCs were detected in the soil samples with total concentrations ranging from 0.0003 to 26.8 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). No VOCs were detected above the 6 NYCRR Part 375 RRSCOs in the soil samples. However, the VOCs 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, and total xylenes were detected at concentrations above their respective 6 NYCRR Part 375 UUSCOs in one or more of the soil samples.  Twenty-eight PAHs were detected in the soil samples with total concentrations ranging from 0.553 to 107 mg/kg. The PAHs benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were detected at concentrations exceeding their respective UUSCOs and RRSCOs in one or more of the soil samples.  No polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in the three soil samples submitted for laboratory analysis.  Twenty-two VOCs were detected in the groundwater samples with total concentrations ranging from 3.6 to 53.6 micrograms per liter (µg/L). The VOCs 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, o-xylenes, and p/m-xylenes were detected at concentrations exceeding their respective AWQSGVs in two groundwater samples.

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 Twenty-three SVOCs were detected in the groundwater samples with total concentrations ranging from 0.77 to 64.1 µg/L. The PAHs phenol, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were detected at concentrations above their respective AWQSGVs in one or more of the groundwater samples.  A total of 34 VOCs were detected in one more of the six soil vapor samples analyzed. The chlorinated solvent PCE was detected in all of the samples at concentrations ranging from 78.7 to 7,120 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3), and the chlorinated solvent TCE was detected in five of the soil vapor samples and in the ambient air sample at concentrations ranging between 1.49 to 372 µg/m3. BTEX and several other petroleum-related VOCs were detected at variable concentrations in the soil vapor samples. The elevated levels of chlorinated solvents and BTEX in soil vapor at the Site are likely attributable to the current and historical use of the Site as an automobile repair facility and/or off-site sources. A summary of the soil sample concentrations above NYSDEC UUSCOs and RRSCOs is presented as Figure 3, a summary of the groundwater concentrations above NYSDEC AWQSGVs is presented as Figure 4, and a summary of the soil vapor sample detections is presented as Figure 5.

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4.0 FIELD PROGRAM The RI field program will focus on collecting soil, groundwater, and soil vapor data to supplement the existing data and determine the nature and extent of Site contamination, and assisting with determination of the appropriate remedial action. 4.1 Field Program Summary The field sampling scope of work during the RI will consist of: the advancement of three soil borings with continuous soil sampling and laboratory analysis of two soil samples per boring, the installation of three permanent groundwater monitoring wells with the collection and analysis of three groundwater samples, the installation of six soil vapor points with the collection and analysis of six soil vapor samples, and the collection and analysis of two indoor air samples. In addition, all soil and groundwater samples will be analyzed for emerging contaminants. The rationale for the proposed sample locations is described in Table 1. Table 1 Sample Locations and Rationale Sampling Location Rationale For Sampling Location Location RI-SB-01/ To assess soil, groundwater, and soil vapor Western portion of the Site MW-01/SV-01 quality within the western portion of the Site. To assess soil, groundwater, and soil vapor RI-SB-02/ Southeastern portion of the quality within the existing boiler room and MW-02/SV-02 Site southeastern portion of the Site. RI-SB-03/ To assess soil, groundwater, soil vapor, and Southeastern portion of the MW-03/SV-03/ indoor air quality within the partial cellar and in Site IA-03 the southeastern portion of the Site. RI-SV-04/ To assess soil vapor and indoor air quality within Eastern portion of the Site IA-04 the offices and in the eastern portion of the Site. Site-adjacent sidewalk along To assess soil vapor quality along the eastern Site SV-05 4th Avenue boundary. Site-adjacent sidewalk along To assess soil vapor quality along the SV-06 Carroll Street northwestern Site boundary.

The proposed sample locations are shown on Figure 2. The following sections describe the methods that will be used to complete the scope of work. 4.2 Soil Sampling A Geoprobe drill rig with hollow stem augers (HSA) will be used to advance two of the soil borings (RI-SB-01, RI-SB-02), and a hand auger will be used to advance the soil boring within the partial cellar (RI-SB-03) at the approximate locations shown on Figure 2. Soil samples will be collected continuously until the groundwater interface to assess soil quality across the Site. Soil cores from the drill rig will be collected in 5-foot-long, 2-inch-diameter, stainless steel macrocore piston rod samplers fitted with dedicated, internal acetate liners; and soil from the hand auger will be collected by the sample cup and temporarily stored in plastic bags. Soil cores will be inspected by AKRF field personnel for evidence of contamination (e.g., odors, staining), screened for the presence of VOCs with a PID equipped with a 10.6 electron volt (eV) lamp, and logged using the modified

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Burmister soil classification system. The PID will be calibrated in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations prior to sampling. Two soil samples from each soil boring will be submitted for laboratory analysis. One soil sample will be collected from 0-2 feet below grade; and a second sample will be collected from either the interval exhibiting the highest level of field evidence of contamination (visual, olfactory, or elevated PID reading) is observed, or from the 2-foot interval directly above the groundwater interface in the absence of field contamination. Groundwater is expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet below the first floor slab. The Site is currently covered by impervious materials (buildings and pavement) without any exposed soil throughout the at-grade areas, and therefore, shallow samples will be collected from immediately beneath the cap. However, there is no slab in the partial cellar, and therefore, the shallow sample at this location (RI-SB-03) will be collected from the surface. All sampling equipment (e.g., drilling rods and casing and probe rods) will either be dedicated or decontaminated between each soil boring location. Soil samples slated for laboratory analysis will be labeled and placed in laboratory-supplied containers and shipped to a NYSDOH Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)- certified laboratory via courier with appropriate chain of custody documentation in accordance with appropriate United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocols. The samples will be analyzed for Target Compound List (TCL) VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by EPA Method 537 (modified), and the Total Analyte List (TAL) of metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series plus hexavalent chromium by EPA Method 7196A and cyanide by EPA Method 9012B, using Category B deliverables. A standard turnaround time will be requested from the laboratory. One blind duplicate, field blank, and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) will be collected for quality control/quality assurance (QA/QC) purposes. The trip blank sample(s) will be submitted to the laboratory at a frequency of one sample per courier delivery. The QA/QC samples, with the exception of the trip blank(s), will be analyzed for all of the previously listed testing parameters. The trip blank(s) will be analyzed for VOCs only. The laboratory sample data will be reviewed by a third-party validator, and a Data Usability Summary Report (DUSR) will be prepared to document the usability and validity of the data. The soil boring locations will be surveyed by a New York State (NYS)-licensed surveyor. After soil sampling is complete the soil borings will be converted into permanent groundwater monitoring wells. Soil cuttings from the borings will be containerized in properly labeled Department of Transportation (DOT)-approved 55-gallon drums for future off-site disposal at a permitted facility. Disposable sampling equipment, including spoons, gloves, bags, paper towels, etc. that come in contact with environmental media, will be double bagged and disposed in a facility trash dumpster as non-hazardous refuse. 4.3 Monitoring Well Installation and Development The three soil boring locations will be converted into monitoring wells (RI-MW-01 through RI- MW-03), as shown on Figure 2. The three wells be screened across the groundwater table, which is expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet bgs from at-grade locations and between 1 and 3 feet below the partial cellar. So, the at-grade monitoring wells (RI-MW-01 and RI-MW-02) will be installed up to approximately 20 feet below grade, and RI-MW-03 will be installed up to approximately 5 feet below grade. Procedures for field screening and soil sample collection will be consistent with those described in Section 4.2 and in the QAPP (Appendix A).

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Monitoring well construction will consist of 2-inch diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with between 5 and 10 feet of 0.020-inch slotted screen, and solid risers placed to ground surface. In at- grade wells, a No. 2 Morie sandpack will be installed to 2 feet above the well screen, and in the cellar location a pre-packed screen will be installed. The annular space around the solid well risers in all wells will be sealed with 1 foot of bentonite above the screen. The at-grade wells will be completed with concrete to approximately 1 foot bgs, and will be finished with a locking plug and flush-mounted protective locking well cover. The well in the partial cellar will be finished with a PVC riser stickup and locking plug. The proposed monitoring well locations are shown on Figure 2. Following installation, the permanent wells will be developed via pumping and surging to remove any accumulated fines and establish a hydraulic connection with the surrounding aquifer. Development will continue until turbidity within the permanent well is less than 50 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) for three successive readings, and until water quality indicators have stabilized to within 10% for pH, temperature, and specific conductivity for three successive readings. In the event that 50 NTUs cannot be achieved, the wells will be developed until at least three well volumes have been purged from the well. Well development details will be noted on field logs. Purge water needing to be managed will be containerized in properly labeled, DOT- approved 55-gallon drums for future off-site disposal at a state-permitted facility. 4.4 Groundwater Elevation Survey The monitoring wells will be surveyed by a New York State-licensed surveyor to determine their accurate location and elevation. To establish the direction of groundwater flow and facilitate the preparation of a groundwater elevation contour map, two elevation measurements will be taken at each well location: the at-grade elevation, and the elevation of the top of PVC casing (north side at marking). The elevation datum for the sampling points will be based on NAVD88 Elevation Datum with the horizontal datum being based on the New York State Plane Coordinates Long Island Zone. 4.5 Groundwater Sampling In accordance with EPA low-flow sampling protocols, the permanent wells will be sampled one to two weeks following their development. Prior to sampling, an electronic interface meter will be used to measure water levels and the thickness of separate phase product, if any. The purge water will be monitored for turbidity and water quality indicators (i.e., pH, dissolved oxygen, oxidation- reduction potential, temperature, and specific conductivity) with measurements collected approximately every five minutes. The criteria for stabilization will be three successive readings within ±10% for pH, temperature, and specific conductivity. Purge water needing to be managed on-site will be containerized in properly labeled, DOT-approved 55-gallon drums for off-site disposal at a permitted facility. Groundwater samples slated for laboratory analysis will be placed in laboratory-supplied containers and shipped in accordance with appropriate EPA protocols to a NYSDOH ELAP-certified laboratory. The samples will be analyzed for TCL VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and TAL Metals (total and dissolved) by EPA Method 6000/7000 series, using Category B deliverables. All dissolved metals samples will be field filtered. A standard turnaround time will be requested from the laboratory. One blind duplicate, one field blank, one trip blank, and one MS/MSD sample will be collected for QA/QC purposes. The QA/QC samples, with the exception of the trip blank, will be analyzed for TCL VOCs, TCL SVOCs, PCBs, pesticides, 1,4-dioxane, PFAS, and TAL Metals EPA Method

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6000/7000 series. The trip blank will be analyzed for VOCs only. The data will be reviewed by a third-party validator, and a DUSR will be prepared to document the usability and validity of the data. 4.6 Soil Vapor Sampling Soil vapor sampling will be performed in accordance with the guidelines provided in the NYSDOH document entitled “Guidance for Evaluating Soil Vapor Intrusion in the State of New York, October 2006.” Six soil vapor samples will be collected from six temporary monitoring points. SV- 01, SV-02, and SV-04 will be installed approximately 6 inches beneath the slab, SV-03 will be installed 1-foot above the groundwater interface (approximately 2 to 3 feet below the partial cellar floor), and SV-05 and SV-06 will be installed approximately 5 feet below surface grade at the locations shown on Figure 2. Two of the soil vapor points (RI-SV-03 and RI-SV-04) will be paired with indoor air samples. Each soil vapor probe/indoor air location will be surveyed using GPS to determine their accurate location. An ambient air sample will also be collected with the sampling for QA/QC purposes. All soil vapor monitoring points will be installed by advancing an expendable drive point using a drill rig to the specified depth below grade. At each monitoring point, a 6-inch stainless steel screen implant, connected to Teflon tubing, will be installed by hand or through the drilling rods and threaded into the drive point. The sampling tubing will extend from the end of the screen to above grade. The push probe rods will then be removed and the boring will be backfilled with clean silica sand to 3 to 6 inches above the screen. Hydrated bentonite will be used to fill the remaining void around the sampling tubing to the ground surface. The soil vapor and air samples will be collected over a 2-hour time period from each monitoring point using a 6-liter (6L), batch-certified SUMMA canister equipped with a vacuum gauge and flow regulator set at a maximum rate of 0.2 liters per minute. Prior to sample collection, the soil vapor sampling points will be purged of three sample volumes using a Gilair pump. During purging, an inverted 5-gallon bucket will be placed over the sampling point and helium gas will be introduced through a small hole in the bucket to saturate the atmosphere around the sample port with helium gas. Purged vapors will be collected in a Tedlar bag and field-screened for organic vapors using a PID. The purged air will also be monitored using a portable helium detector to check for short-circuiting of ambient air into the vapor sampling point. If the purged soil vapor contains greater than 10% helium, additional bentonite will used to enhance the surface seal, and the point will be retested. Following purging from the vapor points, soil vapor and air samples will be collected using the vacuum from the SUMMA canisters. Immediately after opening the flow control valves equipped with a 2-hour regulators, the initial SUMMA canister vacuums (inches of mercury) will be noted. After 2 hours, the flow controller valves will be closed, the final vacuums noted, and the canister placed in a shipping carton for delivery to the laboratory. All samples will be analyzed for VOCs according to EPA Method TO-15 by a NYSDOH ELAP- certified laboratory with Category B deliverables. Samples will be shipped to the laboratory with appropriate chain of custody documentation. No sample preservation is required for soil vapor samples. The data will be reviewed by a third-party validator and a DUSR will be prepared to document the suitability of using the data. 4.7 Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) Additional analysis will be included for quality control measures, as required by the Category B sampling techniques. The QA/QC samples for soil and groundwater will include two field blanks,

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trip blanks, MS/MSD samples, and blind duplicate samples at a frequency of one sample per 20 field samples per media. The field blanks, blind duplicates, and MS/MSD samples will be analyzed for VOCs by EPA Method 8260, SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and TAL metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series plus hexavalent chromium by EPA Method 7196A and cyanide by EPA Method 9012B (hexavalent chromium and cyanide for soil only), using Category B deliverables. One laboratory-prepared trip blank will be submitted for analysis of VOCs only to determine the potential for cross-contamination. An ambient air sample will be collected concurrently with the soil vapor and indoor air samples. The QAPP (Appendix A) describes the QA/QC protocols and procedures that will be followed during implementation of the RIWP. 4.8 Decontamination Procedures All non-dedicated sampling equipment (e.g., submersible pumps and oil/water interface probe) will be decontaminated between drilling and sampling locations using the following procedure. 1. Scrub equipment with a bristle brush using a tap water/Simple Green® solution. 2. Rinse with tap water. 3. Scrub again with a bristle brush using a tap water/Simple Green® solution. 4. Rinse with tap water. 5. Rinse with distilled water. 6. Air-dry the equipment. 4.9 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste (IDW) Soil and groundwater IDW will be containerized in DOT-approved 55-gallon drums. The drums will be sealed at the end of each work day and labeled with the date, the well or boring number(s), the type of waste (i.e., drill cuttings, decontamination fluids, development water, or purge water) and the name of an AKRF point-of-contact. All drums will be labeled “pending analysis” until laboratory data is available. All IDW will be disposed of or treated according to applicable local, state, and federal regulations.

11 AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

5.0 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Remedial Investigation Report (RIR) Upon completion of all field work and receipt of laboratory analytical results, an RIR will be prepared. The RIR will: document field activities; present field and laboratory data; evaluate exposure pathways in an exposure assessment; and discuss conclusions and recommendations drawn from the results of the investigation. Soil, groundwater, soil vapor, and indoor air sampling results will be presented in the text and on figures and tables with comparisons to applicable standards, criteria, and guidance (SCGs) for each media. 5.1.1 Description of Field Activities This section of the RIR will describe the field methods used to characterize the Site conditions, including: sampling techniques; field screening equipment; drilling and excavation equipment; monitoring well installation procedures; and management of IDW. 5.1.2 Soil Boring Assessment The RIR will include a section that presents field and laboratory data for soil results. The section will include a description of soil characteristics and figures will be provided that illustrate soil boring locations. Field and laboratory analytical results will be presented in the body of the report, summarized in tables and figures, and the detected concentrations will be compared to regulatory standards. Soil boring logs and laboratory analytical reports will be provided as attachments. Category B deliverables will be provided by the laboratory and a third-party DUSR will be prepared. 5.1.3 Groundwater Assessment The RIR will include a section that presents field and laboratory data from the groundwater monitoring results. The section will include a description of groundwater characteristics and figures will be provided that illustrate monitoring well locations. Well survey data and water level measurements will be used to create a groundwater elevation contour map and determine inferred groundwater flow direction. Field and laboratory analytical results will be presented and compared with regulatory standards and/or guidance values. Well construction, well development, and low-flow groundwater sampling logs and laboratory analytical reports will be provided as attachments. Category B deliverables will be provided by the laboratory and a third-party DUSR will be prepared. 5.1.4 Soil Vapor Assessment The RIR will include a section that presents field and laboratory data from the soil vapor and indoor air sampling results. The section will include a description of soil vapor and indoor air characteristics and will provide a summary of the sample analytical data. Figures will be provided that illustrate the soil vapor point locations. Field and laboratory analytical results will be presented and compared with regulatory standards and/or guidance values. Sampling logs and laboratory analytical reports will be provided as attachments. Category B deliverables will be provided by the laboratory and a third-party DUSR will be prepared. 5.1.5 Qualitative Human Health Exposure Assessment A Qualitative Human Health Exposure Assessment will be performed in accordance with DER-10 Section 3.3. The assessment will be included in the RIR.

12 AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

6.0 SCHEDULE OF WORK The following tentative schedule has been developed for the project. This schedule is subject to change. Activity Time To Complete Submittal of BCP Application September 2019 30-day Completeness Review September 2019 Brownfield Cleanup Agreement (BCA) Execution November 2019 Submittal of Citizen Participation Plan November 2019 Submittal of Draft RIWP December 2019 Submittal of Final RIWP and Fact Sheet January 2020 30-day Public Notice/Public Comment Period is Initiated January 2020 Remedial Investigation Field Activities February 2020 Submittal of Draft Remedial Investigation Report (RIR) April 2020 Submittal of Draft Interim Remedial Measure Work Plan (IRMWP) May 2020 Implementation of Interim Remedial Measure July 2020 Submittal of Draft Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP) March 2022 45-day Public Comment Period for RIR and RAWP is initiated May 2022 Submittal of Final RAWP August 2022 Issuance of Remedial/Construction Notice Fact Sheet August 2022 Begin Remedial Construction with RAWP implementation September 2022 Execution of Environmental Easement June 2023 Submittal of Draft Site Management Plan (SMP) July 2023 Submittal of Draft Final Engineering Report (FER) September 2023 Final SMP and FER November 2023 Certificate of Completion December 2023

13 AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

7.0 CERTIFICATION I, Marc Godick, QEP, certify that I am currently a Qualified Environmental Professional as defined in 6 NYCRR Part 375 and that this Supplemental Remedial Investigation Work Plan was prepared in accordance with all applicable statutes and regulations and in substantial conformance with the DER Technical Guidance for Site Investigation and Remediation (DER-10).

Marc Godick, QEP DRAFT December 4, 2019 Name Signature Date

14 AKRF, Inc. Remedial Investigation Work Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No. C224298

8.0 REFERENCES  U.S. Geological Survey; Quadrangle Map – Brooklyn, New York; 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic); Scale 1:24,000; 2013.  U.S. Geological Survey Sheet 3 Bedrock and Engineering Geology Map of New York County Geology and Parts of Kings and Queens Counties.  Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, 272 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 11215, Tax Block 456, Lots 23, AKRF, Inc., April 1, 2019.  Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation Report, 272 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 11215, Tax Block 456, Lots 23, AKRF, Inc., April 1, 2019.  6 NYCRR Section 375-6: Remedial Program Soil Cleanup Objectives (SCOs), December 14, 2006.  NYSDEC Division of Water Technical and Operational Guidance Series 1.1.1 Ambient Water Quality Standards and Guidance Values and Groundwater Effluent Limitations, March 1998.  NYSDOH Final Guidance for Evaluating Soil Vapor Intrusion in the State of New York, October 2006; updated September 2013 for change of AGV for PCE; updated in August 2015 and May 2017.

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F 190021 R K A 440 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 FIGURE 9 1

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Automotive Repair SB/MW/SV-08 Facility SB-07 17 RI-SB/MW/SV-01 SB-06 @A Hydraulic Lifts SB-09 SB/MW SB-10 /SV-05 SB-04 Approximate Location 23 SV-04 of Floor Drains SB/MW-01 SB/MW/SV-12 SV-01 SB/MW-03 Office E SB/MW/SV-11 Boiler RI-SV/IA-04 s D u l 456 Room ERI-SV-05 a z s j 12

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0 DATE 9 1 \ th s 272 4 Ave t 12/2/2019 c e j o r PROJECT NO. P Brooklyn, New York \ : W 190021 F R

K 440 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 A SITE PLAN AND PROPOSED SAMPLE FIGURE 9 PROPOSED RI SAMPLE LOCATION PLAN 1 0

2 LOCATION PLAN 2 c c 2019 AKRF W:\Projects\190021 - 272 4TH AVENUE\Technical\GIS and Graphics\hazmat\RIWP\190021 Fig 3 Soil Sample Concentrations Above NYSDEC UUSCOs & RRSCOs.mxd11/22/2019 12:14:48 PM jszalus NYCDCP (NYC Dept. ofCityPlanning) GISdatabase Map Source: ed6 0 85.3 0.257 400 0.81 3.6 63 0.18 1.9 3.9 mg/kg J 3.1 0.43 3.8 1.1 mg/kg 0.5 1 3.8 0.33 1 3.9 0.5 1 Mercury 0.33 1 Lead mg/kg 1 0.8 TotalMetals 1 J 0.41 mg/kg Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1/19/2019 1 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene SB-01(7-9') RRSCOS Chrysene NYSDEC 100 UUSCOS Benzo(k)fluoranthene NYSDEC Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene 0.33 Benzo(a)anthracene 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylpheno SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample 1 455 1 ecr .808 0.599 0.81 0.18 mg/kg 2/9/2019 mg/kg SB-12(13-15') RRSCOS NYSDEC UUSCOS NYSDEC Mercury TotalMetals Sampled Date ID Sample 6 ivr2102.92 1,800 29 180 24.1 400 2 0.81 16 63 0.18 13 mg/kg 2/10/2019 SB-8 (4-6') mg/kg RRSCOS NYSDEC UUSCOS NYSDEC Silver Mercury Lead Arsenic Total Metals Sampled Date ID Sample ed6 0 66.1 0.461 400 2.3 0.81 63 0.18 3.9 1.9 1.1 2.3 mg/kg 2.2 1 mg/kg 0.5 1 1 mg/kg 1 0.5 1 mg/kg Mercury 1 2/9/2019 Lead SB-7 (11-13') 1 RRSCOS Total Metals NYSDEC UUSCOS Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene NYSDEC Chrysene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample 8

ed6 0 779 0.889 400 0.81 9.3 63 0.18 5.2 mg/kg 3.9 1.2 7.5 10 mg/kg 3.7 1 0.5 9.6 0.33 1 3.9 1 0.5 Mercury 0.33 Lead mg/kg 1 1 0.8 Metals Total 1 mg/kg J 0.51 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 2/9/2019 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 1 SB-11 RRSCOS Chrysene (15-17') NYSDEC UUSCOS Benzo(k)fluoranthene 100 NYSDEC Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene 0.33 Benzo(a)anthracene 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylpheno SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample De 9 n to 11 n P

34 l 12 ed6 0 99.6 2.7 400 0.81 63 0.18 mg/kg 2/9/2019 (13-15') SB-10 mg/kg NYSDEC RRSCOS NYSDEC UUSCOS Mercury Lead Total Metals Sampled Date ID Sample 456 14 Park mg/kg mg/kg 32 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 13 mg/kg mg/kg 17 SB/MW/SV-12 29 @ A Substation 47 NYCT SB/MW/SV-11 mg/kg Hydraulic Hydraulic SB/MW-01 < @ A Lifts SB/MW/SV-8 46

ed6 0 171 1.71 400 0.81 J 0.59 63 0.18 5 mg/kg 100 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 0.26 52 2/10/2019 SB-6 (12-14') RRSCOS NYSDEC 3.6 Mercury UUSCOS NYSDEC Lead Metals Total Total Xylenes, 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene VOCs Sampled Date ID Sample @ A ic191,0 166 500 9.46 10,000 400 109 0.81 63 0.18 1.1 mg/kg 0.57 mg/kg mg/kg 1 0.5 mg/kg 1/19/2019 (9-11') SB-03 NYSDEC Zinc RRSCOS 1 0.5 NYSDEC Mercury UUSCOS Lead Metals Total Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample Boiler Room i SB-09 & SB-10

SB/MW-03 i 45 SB-07 & Second Floor Second & < Ramp to Ramp 23

SB-04 i C

yee,Ttl02 0 0.39 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 0.26 2/10/2019 SB-5 (13-15') RRSCOS NYSDEC UUSCOS NYSDEC Xylenes, Total VOCs Sampled Date ID Sample

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ed6 0 838 3.09 400 0.81 63 0.18 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg J 0.52 mg/kg 2/9/2019 SB-9 (13-15') RRSCOS NYSDEC 100 UUSCOS NYSDEC Mercury Lead 0.33 TotalMetals 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylpheno SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample l 42 ic191,0 966 596 5.13 141 10,000 400 109 0.81 270 4.1 63 0.18 50 2.8 3.9 mg/kg 4.3 0.71 5.6 1.3 mg/kg 0.5 1 4.6 Zinc 0.33 1 3.9 Mercury 0.5 1 Lead mg/kg 0.33 J Copper 0.5 1 1 0.8 mg/kg Total Metals 1 1/19/2019 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene SB-04(3-5') RRSCOS Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene NYSDEC 1 100 UUSCOS Chrysene NYSDEC Benzo(k)fluoranthene 1.9 0.33 Benzo(b)fluoranthene mg/kg Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene J 1.1 mg/kg mg/kg SVOCs 100 Sampled Date mg/kg ID Sample 1/19/2019 1.1 100 SB-04 RRSCOS (12-14') NYSDEC UUSCOS NYSDEC 0.33 Phenol 3-Methylphenol/4-Methylpheno SVOCs Chlorobenzene VOCs Sampled Date ID Sample 41 mg/kg 4t h Ave 40 39 mg/kg mg/kg 1 961 2 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg 7502 69 mg/kg gray. in highlighted are (RRSCO) Objectives Cleanup Soil Residential Restricted 375 ofPart Exceedances bolded. are (UUSCO) Objectives Cleanup Soil Unrestricted 375 Part (NYSDEC) Conservation ofNew Exceedances York Environmental of Department State Regul and Rules 6 Codes in listed Objectives Soil Cleanup Objectives: Cleanup 375 Soil Part SOIL J: The concentration given is an estimated value. estimated is an given J: concentration The ecr .808 0.599 0.81 0.18 mg/kg 2/9/2019 mg/kg SB-12(13-15') RRSCOS NYSDEC UUSCOS NYSDEC Mercury TotalMetals Sampled Date ID Sample - milligrams per kilogram per - milligrams LEGEND 456 @ A Analyte/Compound < & 23 03060 SOIL BORING/WELL/VAPOR POINT SOIL BORING/TEMPORARY WELL SOIL BORING BUILDING NUMBER BLOCK LOTBOUNDARY AND TAX LOT NUMBER PROJECT LOCATION SITE ations (NYCRR) Part 375. Part ations (NYCRR) SCALE IN FEET SCALE = parts per million (ppm) million per =parts Sample ID Concentration [ mg/kg Sample Date

11/22/2019 th

PROJECT NO. PROJECT 272 4 Ave 190021 FIGURE DATE Brooklyn, New York 3

440 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 Soil Sample Concentrations Above NYSDEC UUSCOs & RRSCOs c 2019 AKRF W:\Projects\190021 - 272 4TH AVENUE\Technical\GIS and Graphics\hazmat\RIWP\190021 Fig 4 Groundwater Sample Concentrations Above NYSDEC AWQS.mxd11/22/2019 12:19:26 PM jszalus NYCDCP (NYC Dept. ofCityPlanning) GISdatabase Map Source: 455 1 hyee00200 J 0.01 0.002 J 0.01 µg/L J 0.02 2/9/2019 MW-12 0.002 AWQS 0.002 NYSDEC Chrysene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(b)fluoranthene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample 1 hyee00223J 2.3 J 1.1 0.002 J 2.2 J 1.1 J 3 0.002 J 2.6 µg/L ND 0.002 2/9/2019 0.002 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene MW-11 Chrysene 0.002 AWQS NYSDEC Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample 6 8 hyee00200 J 0.03 J 0.02 0.002 J J 0.04 0.02 J 0.05 0.002 J 0.03 µg/L 0.002 ND 0.002 2/10/2019 MW-8Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Chrysene 0.002 AWQS NYSDEC Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(b)fluoranthene D Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample en 9 t on Pl 11 12 34 456 14 Park µg/L µg/L 32 µg/L 13 17 29 SB/MW/SV-12 Substation NYCT @ A SB/MW/SV-11 Hydraulic Hydraulic SB/MW-01 Osµg/L 1/19/2019 MW-03 AWQS NYSDEC 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzen VOCs Sampled Date ID Sample hnl1* . J 1.5 J 0.27 ** 1 J 0.09 0.002 J 0.3 J 0.12 J 0.31 0.002 J 0.22 7.1 µg/L 0.002 ND 14 Phenol 0.002 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Chrysene 0.002 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 5 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 5 Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)anthracene SVOCs Methylene chloride Chlorobenzene < @ A Lifts SB/MW/SV-8

46 @ A Boiler Room i 45

SB/MW-03 i Second Floor Second < Ramp to Ramp e 23 i

Office a

i r o

S µg/L µg/L

i t SB/MW /SV-5 Cellar Partial 43

@ A

i 448 e J 3.8 ** 1 J 6.6 0.03 5.2 J 0.02 J 0.04 µg/L ND 0.002 5 5 3.4 0.002 µg/L Phenol Benzo(k)fluoranthene 2/10/2019 Benzo(b)fluoranthene MW-5 3 Benzo(a)pyrene AWQS NYSDEC SVOCs p/m-Xylene o-Xylene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene VOCs Sampled Date ID Sample

P l 42 of FloorDrains Approximate Location 4t h A ve 41 40 961 µg/L µg/L 1 2 7502 E aesthetic values marked E aestheticvalues WaterQuality Values andGuidance Standards (AWQS) ClassGA Type Technical and OperationalGuidance New York State DepartmentofEn ClassGANYSDEC Ambient Standard: GROUNDWATER J μ Only parameters thatexceed : The concentration value. givenisanestimated g/L: LEGEND hyee00200 J 0.01 0.002 J 0.01 µg/L J 0.02 2/9/2019 MW-12 0.002 AWQS 0.002 NYSDEC Chrysene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Benzo(b)fluoranthene SVOCs Sampled Date ID Sample micrograms per Liter= micrograms 456 @ A < 23 Analyte/Compound 03060 SOIL BORING/TEMPORARY WELL/VAPOR POINT SOIL BORING/TEMPORARY WELL BUILDING NUMBER BLOCK LOTBOUNDARY AND TAX LOT NUMBER PROJECT LOCATION SITE with two asterisks(**).with SCALE IN FEET IN SCALE parts perbillion(ppb) Sample ID of NYSDEC of NYSDEC AWQS areshown. vironmental Conservationvironmental (NYSDEC) Series (1.1.1): ClassGA Ambient Concentration [ Sample Date µg/L

11/22/2019 th

PROJECT NO. PROJECT 272 4 Ave 190021 FIGURE DATE Brooklyn, New York 4

440 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 Groundwater Sample Concentrations Above NYSDEC AWQS Sample ID SV-12 Sample ID SV-8 Date Sampled 2/9/2019 Date Sampled 2/10/2019 3 3 [ VOCs µg/m VOCs µg/m LEGEND 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 2.19 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 551 Sample ID AA-01 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 150 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 683 448 Date Sampled 1/19/2019 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 155 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 26,200 PROJECT SITE LOCATION VOCs µg/m3 455 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 66.9 4-Ethyltoluene 258 Acetone 5.23 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 10.4 Acetone 603 13 Benzene 0.764 LOT BOUNDARY AND TAX LOT NUMBER 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 21.3 Benzene 286 Chloromethane 1.08 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2.1 Cyclohexane 2,980 l Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.69 P 2-Butanone 84.1 Ethylbenzene 1,860 456 BLOCK NUMBER Ethyl Alcohol 9.42 n 2-Hexanone 3.82 Heptane 5,860 us o iso-Propyl Alcohol 1.49 t 4-Ethyltoluene 30.3 n-Hexane 6,310 n Toluene 1.12 BUILDING 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 11.8 o-Xylene 2,590 e Trichloroethene (TCE) 1.49 10016 NY York, New South, Avenue 440 Park D Acetone 337 p/m-Xylene 5,170 Trichlorofluoromethane 1.47 Benzene 3.67 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) 7,120 C @A SOIL BORING/WELL/VAPOR POINT Carbon disulfide 24.3 ar Toluene 7,240 ro Chloroform 5.62 ll Trichloroethene (TCE) 372 St ? SOIL VAPOR POINT Cyclohexane 3.29 Xylene (Total) 7,730 Dichlorodifluoromethane 2.59 Ethyl Alcohol Park108 E AMBIENT AIR Ethylbenzene 198 E Heptane 7.95 AA-1 iso-Propyl Alcohol 14.4 Automotive Sample ID SV-5 Methylene chloride 35.4 Repair SB/MW/SV-08 Date Sampled 2/10/2019 n-Hexane 4.83 Facility @A VOCs µg/m3 o-Xylene 130 i SOIL VAPOR p/m-Xylene 869 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 26.4 tert-Butyl Alcohol 21.9 1,2-Dichloroethane 2.6 µg/m³- micrograms per cubic meter Tetrachloroethene (PCE) 369 i 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 12.1 Toluene 39.6 Hydraulic 1,3-Butadiene 3.34 Trichloroethene (TCE) 4.75 i 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 120 NYSDOH AGVs or Matrix Values.mxd11/22/2019 12:23:57 PM jszal PM 12:23:57 Values.mxd11/22/2019 Matrix AGVs or NYSDOH Lifts Trichlorofluoromethane 1.35 @A 2-Butanone 192 Xylene (Total) 999 iSB/MW/ 4-Ethyltoluene 8.31 SV-5 4-Methyl-2-pentanone 36.1 Acetone 1,490 456 81.8 @A Benzene ? Carbon disulfidee 13.4 i v SB/MW/SV-12 SV-04 Cyclohexane 49.2 SV-01 A ? Dichlorodifluoromethaneh 2.85 t Office Ethyl 4Alcohol 2,860 SB/MW/SV-11 Approximate Ethylbenzene 168 Ave @A Location Heptane 127 th Boiler iso-Propyl Alcohol 96.8 of Floor Room n-Hexane 116

Drains o-Xylene 148 4 272 p/m-Xylene 786 Ramp to York Brooklyn, New Sample ID SV-11 Styrene 1.75 Date Sampled 2/9/2019 Second Floor tert-Butyl Alcohol 37.3 VOCs µg/m3 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) 78.7 Toluene 165 Sample ID 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 30.7 Trichloroethene (TCE) 4.13 hazmat\RIWP\190021 Fig 5 Soil Vapor Sample Concentrations Above Concentrations Sample Vapor Fig 5 Soil hazmat\RIWP\190021 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 11.7 Partial Xylene (Total) 934 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 4.25 Cellar Sample Date DETECTIONS SAMPLE VAPOR SOIL 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 1.54 2-Butanone 6.67 Sample ID SV-01 Sample ID SV-04 4-Ethyltoluene 7.96 NYCT Date Sampled 1/19/2019 Date Sampled 1/19/2019 3 Acetone 50.6 VOCs µg/m 3 Substation VOCs µg/m Benzene 4.7 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 9.09 Acetone 55.1 Carbon disulfide 15.5 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 6.49 Cyclohexane 3.72 2-Butanone 14.9 Sample ID SV-04 Benzene 8.05 115 Dichlorodifluoromethane 4.16 Acetone Date Sampled 1/19/2019 Carbon disulfide 23.7 3.58 12.4 Benzene 3 Ethyl Alcohol VOCs µg/m Chloroform 300 Ethylbenzene 137 Carbon disulfide 69.8 7.91 Acetone 55.1 Tetrachloroethene (PCE)1,890 Heptane 14.3 Dichlorodifluoromethane 8.06 961 n-Hexane 8.21 iso-Propyl Alcohol Benzene 8.05 Toluene 5.62 n-Hexane 3.81 o-Xylene 73.4 Carbon disulfide 23.7 Trichloroethene (TCE) 103 tert-Butyl Alcohol 17.4 p/m-Xylene 639 G Chloroform 300 Concentration Tetrachloroethene 1,720 a tert-Butyl Alcohol 3.79 rf DATE Toluene 13 ie Tetrachloroethene (PCE)1,890 Tetrachloroethene (PCE) 190 l Analyte/Compound Trichloroethene (TCE) 14.1 d 11/22/2019 Toluene 18.2 P Toluene 5.62 l PROJECT NO. 103 Trichlorofluoromethane 2.1 Trichloroethene (TCE) 03060 W:\Projects\190021 - 272 4TH AVENUE\Technical\GIS and Graphics\ and AVENUE\Technical\GIS 4TH 272 - W:\Projects\190021 Xylene (Total) 712 190021 Map Source: FIGURE NYCDCP (NYC Dept. of City Planning) GIS database SCALE IN FEET 2019 AKRF 2019 5 c

APPENDIX A QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN

272 4TH AVENUE

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Quality Assurance Project Plan

BCP Site No.: C224298 AKRF Project Number: 190021

Prepared for: 272 4th Avenue LLC 51 East 12th Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10003

Prepared by:

AKRF, Inc. 440 Park Avenue South, 7th Floor New York, NY 10016 212-696-0670

DECEMBER 2019

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C224298

TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE AND APPROVAL PAGE ...... 1 1.0 PROJECT ORGANIZATION CHART ...... 1 2.0 PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 2 3.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION/PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3 3.1 Problem Definition ...... 3 3.2 Project Description ...... 3 3.2.1 Site Location and Description ...... 3 3.2.2 Site History...... 4 3.3 Project Decision Statements ...... 4 4.0 PROJECT QUALITY OBJECTIVES ...... 6 5.0 PROJECT SCHEDULE/TIMELINE ...... 8 6.0 SAMPLING METHODS AND LOCATIONS ...... 9 6.1 Soil Boring Installation ...... 10 6.2 Soil Sampling ...... 11 6.3 Monitoring Well Installation ...... 12 6.4 Groundwater Sampling ...... 13 6.5 Collection of Groundwater Samples for PFAS from Monitoring Wells Sample Protocol ...... 13 6.6 Soil Vapor and Indoor Air Sampling ...... 14 6.7 Decontamination of Sampling Equipment...... 15 6.8 Decontamination for Emerging Contaminants ...... 15 6.9 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste (IDW) ...... 15 7.0 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND REQUIREMENTS ...... 1 8.0 FIELD EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION, MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND INSPECTION ...... 2 9.0 SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM ...... 3 10.0 SAMPLE CUSTODY REQUIREMENTS...... 4 10.1 Sample Identification ...... 4 10.2 Sample Labeling and Shipping ...... 4 10.3 Sample Custody ...... 5 11.0 DATA MANAGEMENT AND DOCUMENTATION ...... 8

FIGURES

Figure 1 – Site Location Figure 2 – Existing Land Use Figure 3 – Proposed RI Sample Location Plan

APPENDIX Appendix A – Resumes of Key Personnel Appendix B – Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures for Emerging Contaminants Analyses

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C224298

TITLE AND APPROVAL PAGE

Title: Remedial Investigation Work Plan – 272 4th Avenue Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Project Name/Property Name: 272 4th Avenue Property/Site Location: 272 4th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11385

Date: 12/06/2019 Agreement Number: C224298

272 4th Avenue LLC Brownfield Cleanup Program Volunteer

Marc S. Godick, QEP AKRF, Inc. 440 Park Avenue South, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016 914-922-2356 , [email protected] Preparer’s Name and Organizational Affiliation Preparer’s Address, Telephone Number, and E-mail Address

12/06/2019 Preparation Date (Day/Month/Year)

Environmental Consultant Quality Assurance Officer (QAO)

Michelle Lapin, P.E./AKRF, Inc. Printed Name/Organization/Date

AP-1

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

1.0 PROJECT ORGANIZATION CHART

New York State Department of New York State Department of Health Environmental Conservation Christine Vooris, PE Steven Wu

Brownfield Volunteer Environmental Consulting Firm

272 4th Avenue LLC AKRF, Inc.

Environmental Laboratory Alpha Analytical, Inc.

Drilling Subcontractor Eastern Environmental Solutions

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

2.0 PERSONNEL RESPONSIBILITIES

Telephone Name Title Organization Responsibilities Number Review all technical and New York schedule aspects of the project. State Communicate regularly with Department of AKRF and New York State Steven Wu BCP Manager 718-482-6725 Environmental Department of Health Conservation (NYSDOH) to ensure project in (NYSDEC) compliance with project work plans. General oversight of all aspects of the project. Communicate regularly with all members of AKRF, Inc. Marc S. Godick Project Director 914-922-2356 the AKRF project team to (AKRF) ensure a smooth flow of information between involved parties. Coordinate the implementation of all aspects of the technical Project scope, and communicate with J. Patrick Diggins AKRF 646-388-9784 Manager NYSDEC. Interpretation of laboratory results and preparation of report. Quality Interpretation of laboratory Michelle Lapin Assurance AKRF 646-388-9520 results and coordination with Officer project team. Responsible for enforcing all quality control requirements and checks in the laboratory and Laboratory Alpha ensuring adherence to Jim Todaro QA/QC Analytical (800) 624-9220 laboratory protocols. Conduct a Director Laboratories final check on the analytical calculations and sign off on the laboratory reports. Responsible for third-party data Lab Validation Lori Beyer DUSR Preparer 631-454-6100 validation and DUSR Corp. preparation. Oversee installation of soil borings, monitoring wells, and Field Team soil vapor probes; Collect soil Evan Venice AKRF 203-206-8879 Leader samples, groundwater samples, and soil vapor and indoor air samples. Resumes of key personnel are provided as Appendix A.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

3.0 PROBLEM DEFINITION/PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Problem Definition Historical records indicate that the Site had numerous historical automotive uses, with some commercial and residential uses between approximately 1906 to the present. The Site, which appears to have previously been a marshland with a residential dwelling around 1888, was filled in some time before 1906 when the Site was partially developed as a bottle facility with a stable. In 1926, the Property was developed as a two-story garage with two gasoline tanks. From 1951 to present, the Site has been used for several automotive uses including: service and repair, sales, and collision repair. Based on an evaluation of the data and information from a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation conducted by AKRF in February 2019, on-site soil is contaminated with certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [a class of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)], and metals, which were detected above the NYSDEC 6 New York City Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) Part 375 Unrestricted Use Soil Cleanup Objectives (UUSCOs) and Restricted Residential Soil Cleanup Objectives (RRSCOs). Several VOCs (1,2,4,5- tetramethylbenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, o-xylenes, and p/m- xylenes) and SVOCs (benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were detected in groundwater above NYSDEC Technical and Operational Guidance Series (TOGS) Ambient Water Quality Standards and Guidance Values (AWQSGVs). The chlorinated VOCs tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), as well as petroleum-related compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively referred to as BTEX), were detected at elevated concentrations in soil vapor beneath the Site. The soil, groundwater, and soil vapor contamination at the Site are likely attributable to the historical automotive uses on-site and/or off-site sources. As a result of the soil, soil vapor, and groundwater contamination identified during previous investigations, the environmental questions being asked are: 1. Are there contaminants in the soil and/or groundwater that exceed NYSDEC criteria and may impact human health and the environment? 2. Are there VOCs in the soil vapor at the Site that may impact indoor air quality during future use of the Site? 3.2 Project Description 3.2.1 Site Location and Description The approximately 8,900-square feet (sf) Site is located at 272 4th Avenue, in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The Site contains an approximately 19,200-gsf, two-story commercial building, which was constructed around 1931. A majority of the building was constructed at-grade; however, there is a partial cellar in the northeast corner of the building beneath the automobile ramp and facility offices. An automobile collision repair facility operates at both the first and second stories of the Site building. The surrounding area was predominately mixed-use residential and commercial, with some industrial uses. The Site location is provided as Figure 1 and a map that shows the surrounding land usage is provided as Figure 2. Based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Brooklyn, New York 2013 Quadrangle map, the elevation of the Site is between approximately 25 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88), which is an approximation of mean sea level. The Site surface topography was relatively level, but regional surface topography generally slopes west-southwest towards the Gowanus Canal and Gowanus Bay.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

Subsurface materials as described in the Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation report (dated April 2019) consisted of historic fill (brown sand, silt and gravel, with trace amounts of brick, glass, porcelain fragments, and concrete) from surface grade to depths ranging between 12 and 15 feet bgs across the Site. The fill material was generally underlain by presumed native brown silt to 20 feet below grade (the terminus of the deepest soil boring). Groundwater was encountered during the Phase II investigation between approximately 11 and 16 feet below the at-grade building slab; however, the slab elevation is variable across the Site. It is estimated that groundwater is approximately 12.5 feet below sidewalk grade along 4th Avenue. Based on regional topography, groundwater is anticipated to flow west- southwest towards the Gowanus Canal and Gowanus Bay, approximately 0.25 miles west of the Site; however, actual groundwater flow can be affected by many factors, including underground utilities, subway tunnels, subsurface features, seasonal and tidal fluctuations in groundwater levels, precipitation, geology, and other factors beyond the scope of this study. A New York City Transit (NYCT) subway tunnel runs adjacent to the Site along 4th Avenue. Proposed Remedial Investigation (RI) soil, groundwater, soil vapor, and indoor air sample locations are shown on Figure 3. AKRF and their subcontractors will be responsible for installing the soil borings, groundwater monitoring wells, and soil vapor sampling points. AKRF will collect soil, groundwater, soil vapor, and indoor air samples and submit them for laboratory analysis for the contaminants of concern. The field sampling scope of work consists of: the advancement of three soil borings with continuous soil sampling and laboratory analysis of two soil samples per boring, the installation of three permanent groundwater monitoring wells with the collection and analysis of three groundwater samples, the installation of six soil vapor points with the collection and analysis of six soil vapor samples, and the collection and analysis of two indoor air samples during the RI. 3.2.2 Site History Historical records indicate that the Site had numerous historical automotive uses, with some commercial and residential uses. The Site was mostly vacant apparent marshland with a single dwelling and a stable with attached sheds in 1888. The apparent marshland was filled in some time before 1906 when the Site was partially developed a bottle facility, with a stable in the remaining portion of the Site. In 1926, the Property was developed as a two-story garage with two gasoline tanks. In 1951, the first floor of the Site building was converted into an auto repair shop with a filling station and gasoline tanks, while the second floor remained a garage. In 1965, the Site appeared to have been used as an auto sales and service shop with a garage. Starting in 1982, the Property remained an automobile service and repair facility, but was no longer an automobile sales center. The Site is currently operated as an automobile collision repair facility. The contamination identified during the Phase II is likely attributable to the current and historical use of the Site as an automobile repair facility and/or off-site sources. 3.3 Project Decision Statements To assess the contaminant pathway for potential contaminants of concern, it is necessary to acquire soil and groundwater samples for analysis of VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals, 1,4-dioxane, and per- polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); and soil vapor and indoor air samples for analysis of VOCs. The primary concern is to identify potential impacts to the environment that may affect human health. Soil and groundwater analytical results will be evaluated against NYSDEC criteria listed in Part 375: “Unrestricted Use,” “Restricted Residential,” and for “Protection of Groundwater” and Part 703.5: “Water Quality Standards Surface Water and Groundwater”. If an analyte(s) in the collected groundwater exceeds criteria listed in Part 703.5,

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

then the exceedance will be evaluated against potential human health and safety protection as well as discharge requirements for the collected groundwater. Based on these assessments, it may be necessary to develop a construction health and safety plan (CHASP) for mitigating potential exposure for any activities that may encounter contaminated media. Due to the presence of potential sources of petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents at or near the Site, there is the possibility that VOCs exist in the soil vapor that could impact future indoor air quality. An evaluation of potential vapor intrusion impacts needs to be performed using soil vapor and indoor air samples. The type and magnitude of any elevated soil vapor and/or indoor air concentrations will be compared to NYSDOH vapor intrusion guidance and evaluated as to potential impacts to indoor air quality of future Site structures.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

4.0 PROJECT QUALITY OBJECTIVES The overall project objectives for the RI sampling include:  Determine whether soil, groundwater, indoor air, and/or soil vapor at the Site poses a risk to human health and safety by exposure to hazardous substances;  Determine whether groundwater collected from the Site during dewatering activities (if any) will require treatment prior to disposal;  Investigate the potential for off-site impacts; and  Determine the potential for vapor intrusion into future structures from soil vapor. To meet these objectives, soil samples will be analyzed for regulated hazardous substances including Target Compound List (TCL) VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and the Total Analyte List (TAL) of metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series plus hexavalent chromium by EPA Method 7196A and cyanide by EPA Method 9012B using Category B deliverables. Groundwater samples will be analyzed for TCL VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and TAL Metals (total and dissolved) by EPA Method 6000/7000 series, using Category B deliverables. Soil vapor and indoor air samples will be analyzed for VOCs by EPA Method TO-15. Who will use the data? The collected data will be used by NYSDEC, NYSDOH, the Volunteer, and AKRF to determine what remediation will be necessary to redevelop the Site. What types of data are needed?  Soil samples will be collected from soil borings and analyzed by a NYSDOH Environmental Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP)-certified laboratory for TCL VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and TAL metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series plus hexavalent chromium by EPA Method 7196A and cyanide by EPA Method 9012B using Category B deliverables  Groundwater samples will be collected from monitoring wells using low-flow groundwater sampling techniques and analyzed by a NYSDOH ELAP-certified laboratory for TCL VOCs by EPA Method 8260, TCL SVOCs by EPA Method 8270, PCBs by EPA Method 8082, pesticides by EPA Method 8081, 1,4-dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM, PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified), and TAL Metals (total and dissolved) by EPA Method 6000/7000 series, using Category B deliverables.  Soil vapor and indoor air samples will be collected in Summa canisters and analyzed for VOCs by Method TO-15 using Category B deliverables.  Groundwater elevation measurements will be taken from the newly installed monitoring wells to determine the inferred groundwater flow direction. How much data are needed?  Two soil samples from three RI soil borings will be collected and analyzed.  Three groundwater samples will be collected and analyzed.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

 Six soil vapor samples and two indoor air samples (paired with two of the soil vapor samples) will be collected and analyzed.  For soil and groundwater – field blanks, blind duplicates, matrix spike/matrix spike duplicates, and trip blanks will be collected and analyzed at a sample frequency of one sample per 20 field samples per media.  For soil vapor and indoor air – an ambient air sample will be collected for QA/QC purposes. Figure 3 shows the proposed soil, groundwater, indoor air, and soil vapor sampling locations. Where, when, and how should the data be collected/generated?  During the RI, continuous soil samples will be recovered from the soil borings, which will be advanced to the groundwater interface. Two soil samples will be submitted for laboratory analysis from each soil boring. One soil sample will be collected from 0-2 feet below grade, a second sample will be collected from the interval exhibiting the highest level of contamination [visual, olfactory, or elevated photoionization detector (PID) reading]. If contamination is not observed, the second sample would be collected from the 2-foot interval directly above the groundwater interface. Groundwater is expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet below the at- grade building grade. The Site is currently covered by impervious materials (buildings and pavement) without any exposed soil in the at-grade portion of the Site. Soil is exposed within the partial cellar, so the shallow soil sample will be collected from the surface during the RI.  Groundwater samples will be collected from three permanent monitoring wells to be installed as part of this investigation. Groundwater sampling will occur one to two weeks after well installation and development.  Soil vapor and indoor air samples will be collected in Summa canisters over a 2-hour sampling period. Who will collect and generate the data? AKRF and their contractor will be responsible for: advancing the soil borings and sampling the soil; installing, developing, and sampling the monitoring wells; and installing soil vapor points and sampling the soil vapor and indoor air. All samples will be analyzed by Alpha Analytical Laboratories (Alpha) of Westborough, MA (subcontracted by AKRF), a NYSDOH-certified laboratory. The laboratory QA/QC officer’s resume is attached in Appendix A. AKRF will be responsible for collecting, reviewing, assessing, and disseminating validated data. Third-party data validation and the preparation of a Data Summary Usability Report (DUSR) will be prepared by Ms. Lori Beyer of Lab Validation Corp. Ms. Beyer’s professional certification and resume are attached in Appendix A. How will the data be reported? The data will be reported in a Remedial Investigation Report (RIR) and as EQuIS-compatible electronic data deliverables (EDDs). How will the data be archived? All hard-copy data will be maintained at AKRF offices for a minimum of one year. Field logbooks and forms will be scanned and all electronic data will be archived on the AKRF corporate server.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

5.0 PROJECT SCHEDULE/TIMELINE

Dates (MM/DD/YY) Anticipated Anticipated Deliverable Activities Organization Deliverable Date(s) of Date of Due Date Initiation Completion Preparation of Work AKRF, Inc. 11/6/19 12/06/19 Work Plan 12/06/19 Plan and QAPP Preparation of Health AKRF, Inc. 11/6/19 12/06/19 HASP 12/06/19 and Safety Plan Laboratory Request AKRF, Inc. 02/01/20 02/01/20 N/A N/A Procurement of AKRF, Inc. 02/01/20 02/01/20 N/A N/A Equipment Field Reconnaissance/ AKRF, Inc. 02/01/20 02/01/20 N/A N/A Access Collection of Field AKRF, Inc. 02/10/20 02/14/20 N/A N/A Samples Laboratory Package Unvalidated AKRF, Inc. 02/14/20 02/21/20 02/21/20 Received data package Validation of L.A.B Validation Validated data 02/24/20 03/20/20 03/20/20 Laboratory Results Corp. Package Data Evaluation/ Preparation of Final AKRF, Inc. 03/09/20 04/10/20 Final Report 04/10/20 Report

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

6.0 SAMPLING METHODS AND LOCATIONS Samples will be collected from soil borings, monitoring wells, indoor air, and soil vapor points to provide information on general conditions on and immediately adjacent to the Site. AKRF will use a Geoprobe drill rig with hollow stem augers (HSA) to advance soil borings RI-SB-01 and RI-SB-02, and a hand auger to advance soil boring RI-SB-03 at the approximate locations shown on Figure 3. Soil samples will be inspected by AKRF field personnel for evidence of contamination (e.g., odors, staining) and field-screened for presence of volatile organics using a PID. The soil borings will be converted into 2-inch diameter permanent groundwater monitoring wells. The at-grade wells will be finished with a locking plug and flush-mount well cover, and the well located in the partial cellar (RI-SB- 03) will be finished with a stickup and locking plug. The wells will be developed upon installation, and sampled one to two weeks after installation utilizing the low flow sampling methodology. In addition, one trip blank, one field blank, one blind duplicate, and one matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD)will be collected at a frequency of one sample per 20 samples. The drill rig and/or hand auger will be used to install soil vapor points from six proposed locations to adequately evaluate soil vapor. The six soil vapor samples will be collected using 6-Liter (6L) stainless steel batch-certified Summa canisters. Samples slated for laboratory analysis will be placed in laboratory-supplied containers and shipped in accordance with appropriate EPA protocols to a NYSDOH-certified laboratory certified in the appropriate fields of accreditation (Alpha). All non-dedicated drilling and sampling equipment will be decontaminated between sampling locations. Soil and groundwater samples will be placed on ice and stored in a cooler at temperatures below 4ºC. Soil vapor samples will be placed in the laboratory-supplied containers immediately after sample collection. The following table summarizes the sampling locations, analytical groups, number of samples, section reference for sampling SOP and rationale for sampling locations.

Sampling Depth Rationale for Sampling Matrix Analytical Group Location (feet below grade) Location Beneath the at-grade Soil: VOCs, concrete cap (approx. 0.5 SVOCs, Pesticides, to 2 feet below grade), PCBs, Metals, 1,4- and the interval exhibiting To assess soil and Dioxane, and PFAS Soil/ RI-SB- the highest PID reading or groundwater quality Groundwater: Groundwater 01/MW-01 visual evidence of within the western VOCs, SVOCs, contamination (if portion of the Site. PCBs, Pesticides, identified) or above water Metals, 1,4- table (approx. 11 to 16 Dioxane, and PFAS feet below grade).

Beneath the at-grade Soil: VOCs, concrete cap (approx.0.5 SVOCs, Pesticides, to 2 feet below grade), PCBs, Metals, 1,4- To assess soil, and and the interval exhibiting Dioxane, and PFAS groundwater quality Soil/ RI-SB- the highest PID reading or Groundwater: within the existing boiler Groundwater 02/MW-02 visual evidence of VOCs, SVOCs, room and southeastern contamination (if PCBs, Pesticides, portion of the Site. identified) or above water Metals, 1,4- table (approx. 11 to 16 Dioxane, and PFAS feet below grade).

Soil/ RI-SB- From the partial cellar Soil: VOCs, To assess soil and Groundwater 03/MW-03 (surface to approx. 1 foot SVOCs, Pesticides, groundwater quality

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

Sampling Depth Rationale for Sampling Matrix Analytical Group Location (feet below grade) Location below grade), and the PCBs, Metals, 1,4- within the partial cellar interval exhibiting the Dioxane, and PFAS and in the southeastern highest PID reading or Groundwater: portion of the Site. visual evidence of VOCs, SVOCs, contamination (if PCBs, Pesticides, identified) or above water Metals, 1,4- table (approx. 1 to 3 feet Dioxane, and PFAS below grade). To assess soil vapor Beneath the at-grade Soil Vapor RI-SV-01 VOCs (TO-15) within the western concrete cap portion of the Site To assess soil vapor Beneath the at-grade within the existing boiler Soil Vapor RI-SV-02 VOCs (TO-15) concrete cap room and southeastern portion of the Site. To assess soil vapor and Approximately 3 feet indoor air quality within Soil Vapor/ RI-SV-03/IA- below surface within VOCs (TO-15) the partial cellar and in Indoor Air 03 partial cellar the southeastern portion of the Site. To assess soil vapor and indoor air quality within Soil Vapor/ RI-SV-04/IA- Beneath the Site concrete VOCs (TO-15) the offices and in the Indoor Air 04 cap eastern portion of the Site. To assess soil vapor Approximately 5 feet Soil Vapor RI-SV-05 VOCs (TO-15) quality along the eastern below grade Site boundary. To assess soil vapor Approximately 5 feet quality along the Soil Vapor RI-SV-06 VOCs (TO-15) below grade northwestern Site boundary.

6.1 Soil Boring Installation The three proposed soil boring locations are depicted on Figure 3. Utility mark-outs are required by law and the drilling contractor is required to call Dig Safely New York at least two days prior to intrusive work. If there are any questions regarding locations of utilities in the sidewalk, the respective utility(s) will be contacted to clarify any concerns and/or the sampling location would be adjusted following consultation with NYSDEC. Borings RI-SB-01 and RI-SB-02 will be advanced using a Geoprobe drill rig with HSAs, while RI- SB-03 will be advanced using a hand auger. All borings will be advanced to the groundwater interface at the approximate locations shown on Figure 3. Groundwater is expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet below the slab from at-grade locations and 2 to 3 feet below the partial cellar. Soil will be inspected for evidence of contamination (e.g., odors, staining), screened for the presence of VOCs with a PID equipped with a 10.6 electron volt (eV) lamp, and logged using the modified Burmister soil classification system. The PID will be calibrated prior to sampling in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. NYSDEC will be contacted immediately if evidence of contamination is identified during the sampling activities. Each soil

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

boring location will be surveyed using a Global Positioning System (GPS) handheld device to determine their accurate location. At each boring location, AKRF field personnel will record and document subsurface conditions. 6.2 Soil Sampling Soil sampling will be part of this RI to: (1) determine the nature and extent of potentially affected media; (2) determine whether potentially impacted soil may require special handling requirements relating to construction worker health and safety; and (3) determine the potential for a soil to soil vapor to indoor air pathway. Two soil samples from each boring will be submitted for laboratory analysis. Samples from soil borings will be analyzed for the following:

 VOCs by EPA Method 8260B;  SVOCs by EPA Method 8270C;  Pesticides by EPA Method 8081A;  PCBs by EPA Method 8082;  TAL Metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series;  Cyanide by EPA Method 9012B;  Hexavalent Chromium by EPA Method 7196A;  1,4-Dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM; and  PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified) (the list of compounds is below). The PFAS list includes the following analytes: perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanessulfonic acid, perfluorodecanesulfonic acid, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotridecanoic acid, perfluorotetradecanoic acid, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, perfluroroctanesulfonamide, n-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid, and n-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid. The laboratory’s standard operating procedures (SOPs) for PFAS analyses are included as Appendix B. During the RI, at each boring location, two soil samples will be collected from each boring. From at-grade locations, one soil sample will be collected from beneath the at-grade slab (from approximately 0.5 to 2 feet below grade, and from the cellar location a sample will be collected from the surface (0 to 2 feet); and a second sample will be collected from all borings from the interval exhibiting the highest level of contamination (visual, olfactory, or elevated PID reading) or from and from the 2-foot interval directly above the groundwater interface if field evidence of contamination is not observed. Groundwater is expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet below at-grade locations (RI-SB-01 and RI-SB-02) and 1 to 3 feet below the cellar location (RI-SB-03). One field blank, one blind duplicate, and MS/MSD will be collected for QA/QC purposes for analysis of all of the previously noted parameters and one laboratory-prepared trip blank will be submitted for analysis of VOCs to determine the potential for cross-contamination at a frequency of one sample per 20 samples. All samples will be analyzed by a NYSDOH-certified laboratory with Category B deliverables.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

6.3 Monitoring Well Installation A Geoprobe drill rig with HSAs will be used to advance a steel core barrel from grade up to approximately 10 feet into the groundwater table, expected to be encountered at approximately 11 to 16 feet below grade from at-grade locations, and a hand auger will be advanced from the partial cellar location. The wells will be constructed with 2-inch diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) casing with a 0.020-inch slotted well screen installed approximately 5 feet into the water table with a solid PVC riser to ground surface (where necessary). At at-grade well locations, a No. 2 Morie sandpack will be installed around the well screen to a depth of 2 feet above the top of the screen and a 1 to 2 foot bentonite seal will be installed above the sand pack. The remainder of the annular space above the at-grade locations will be filled with concrete to one foot below the slab. At the cellar location, a pre-pack screen will be installed in groundwater, the area around the screen will be backfilled with No. 2 Morie sandpack, and a 1 foot bentonite seal will be placed above the screen. Monitoring wells RI-MW-01 and RI-MW-02 will be completed with a flush-to-grade manholes, and RI-MW- 03 will be finished with a PVC stickup. A concrete apron will be set around the at-grade manholes to prevent drainage of surface runoff toward the well. The wells will be capped with locking caps. The proposed well locations are provided on Figure 3. Following well installation, the wells will be developed according to the following procedure:  Measure the depth to water using an oil/water interface probe and the total depth of the well using a weighted tape. Use these measurements to calculate the length of the water column. Calculate the volume of water in the well using 0.163 gallon per foot of water column as the conversion factors for a 2-inch diameter well.  Develop the well using a check valve (Waterra-type) pump and a surge block and discharge the water to five-gallon buckets.  Insert the surge block into the well, and allow it to sink to the bottom. Surge the screened zone in 3-foot intervals by lifting the block.  Remove the block, insert the groundwater pump, and pump out groundwater. The type of pump used will depend on the type and size of the well. For 1-inch wells, a peristaltic pump or bladder pump will be required. For a 2-inch well (or larger) a submersible (Monsoon-type) pump or an inertial (Waterra-type) pump is appropriate. Record the initial water quality parameters (pH, specific conductivity, temperature, turbidity, DO, and salinity) in the field notebook and/or development log. Note any colors or odors.  During development, collect periodic samples and analyze for turbidity and water quality indicators (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, reduction-oxidation potential, and specific conductivity) with measurements collected approximately every five minutes.  Continue developing the well until turbidity is less than 50 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) for three successive readings and until water quality indicators have stabilized to within 10% for pH, temperature and specific conductivity for three successive readings, or if not possible, until at least three well volumes have been purged from the well.  Once development is complete, transfer the water from the buckets to 55-gallon drums designated for well development water.  Document the volume of water removed and any other observations made during well development in the field book or on field data sheets.  Decontaminate the equipment prior to and following development at each well location as described in Section 6.7 of this QAPP.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

Additionally, each well will be surveyed by a New York State licensed surveyor to determine their accurate location and elevation. A permanent marker (e.g., a sharpie) will be used to draw a thick line on the northern lip of the PVC casing – this will be the marker of what would be considered “Top of Casing” for surveying and measuring the depth to water/product and the total depth. Depth to groundwater will be measured to the nearest 1/100th of a foot. 6.4 Groundwater Sampling One to two weeks after well installation and development, one groundwater sample will be collected from each of the wells in accordance with EPA low flow sampling techniques. The expected targeted purge rate will be around 500 mililiters per minute (ml/min) and water quality parameters will be monitored during purging. Prior to collecting any samples, each well will be screened for the presence of VOCs using a PID after removing the well cap. The depth to groundwater will then be measured in the wells using an electronic oil/water interface probe attached to a measuring tape accurate to 0.01 feet. The groundwater samples will be analyzed for the following:  VOCs by EPA Method 8260B;  SVOCs by EPA Method 8270C;  PCBs by EPA Method 8082;  Pesticides by EPA Method 8081A;  Total and Dissolved TAL Metals by EPA Method 6000/7000 series:  1,4-Dioxane by EPA Method 8270D SIM: and  PFAS by EPA Method 537 (modified) (analytes listed in section 6.2). One field blank, one blind duplicate, and one matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate (MS/MSD) will be collected for quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) purposes for analysis of VOCs and SVOCs. One equipment blank will be collected per day, for sampling of PFAS. One laboratory- prepared trip blank will be submitted per shipment for analysis of VOCs to determine the potential for cross-contamination, or at a frequency of one sample per 20 samples. All samples will be analyzed by a NYSDOH certified laboratory with Category B deliverables. All metals samples will be field filtered. 6.5 Collection of Groundwater Samples for PFAS from Monitoring Wells Sample Protocol Samples collected using this protocol are intended to be analyzed for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds by EPA Method 537 Modified (Low Level). The sampling procedure used will be consistent with the NYSDEC March 1991 Sampling Guidelines and Protocols (Revision 1.2 August 9, 2018) with the following materials limitations. At this time acceptable materials for sampling include: stainless steel, high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene. Additional materials may be acceptable if proven not to contain PFAS. It should be noted that Grundfos pumps and some bladder pumps are known to contain PFAS materials (e.g., TeflonTM washers for Grundfos pumps and LDPE bladders for bladder pumps) and should not be used for PFAS sampling. All sampling equipment components and sample containers will not come in contact with aluminum foil, low density polyethylene (LDPE), glass, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, TeflonTM) materials including sample bottle cap liners with a PTFE layer. Standard two-step decontamination using detergent and clean water rinse will be performed for equipment that does come in contact with PFAS materials. Clothing that contains PTFE material (including GORE-TEX®) or that have

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

been waterproofed with PFAS materials will be avoided. Food and drink packaging materials and “plumbers thread seal tape,” which contain PFAS, will be avoided during sampling. All clothing worn by sampling personnel will have been laundered multiple times. The sampler will wear nitrile gloves while filling and sealing the sample bottles. Pre-cleaned sample bottles with closures, coolers, ice, sample labels and a chain of custody form will be provided by the laboratory, and the sampler will adhere to the following sampling protocol: 1. Fill two pre-cleaned 250 mL HDPE or polypropylene bottle with the sample. 2. Cap the bottles with an acceptable cap and liner closure system. 3. Label the sample bottles. 4. Fill out the chain of custody. 5. Place in a cooler maintained at 4 ± 2º Celsius. One equipment blank, matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate, and field blank will be collected for every sample batch, not to exceed 20 samples. Category B electronic data deliverables will be requested from the laboratory. 6.6 Soil Vapor and Indoor Air Sampling One soil vapor sample will be collected from each of the six temporary vapor monitoring points, and two indoor air samples will be paired with and collected from the locations of two of the soil vapor points. Six soil vapor samples will be collected from six temporary monitoring points. SV- 01, SV-02, and SV-04 will be installed approximately 6 inches beneath the slab, SV-03 will be installed 1-foot above the groundwater interface (approximately 1 to 3 feet below the basement slab), and SV-05 and SV-06 will be installed approximately 5 feet below surface grade. Indoor air samples will be collected from the locations of RI-SV-03 and RI-SV-04. Each soil vapor probe/indoor air location will be surveyed using a GPS handheld device to determine their accurate location. The proposed soil vapor and indoor air sampling locations are shown on Figure 3. The soil vapor monitoring points will be installed with a Geoprobe® drill rig or hand auger. A 6- inch stainless steel screen implant, connected to Teflon tubing will be installed at each location. The sampling tubing will extend from the end of the screen to above grade, and the borings will be backfilled with clean silica sand to 3 to 6 inches above the screen. Hydrated bentonite will be used to fill the remaining void around the sampling tubing to the ground surface. The soil vapor and indoor air samples will be collected over an approximately 2-hour time period using a 6L, batch-certified SUMMA canister equipped with a vacuum gauge and flow regulator set at a maximum of 0.2 liters per minute. Prior to sample collection, the soil vapor sampling point will be purged of three sample volumes using a peristaltic pump. During purging, an inverted five- gallon bucket will be placed over the soil vapor sampling point and helium gas will be introduced through a small hole in the bucket to saturate the atmosphere around the sample port with helium gas. Purged vapors will be collected into a Tedlar bag and field-screened for organic vapors using a PID and for helium using a portable helium detector to check for short-circuiting of ambient air into the vapor sampling point. If the purged soil vapor contains greater than 10% helium, additional bentonite will used to enhance the surface seal, and the point will be retested. The soil vapor and indoor air samples will be collected using the vacuum from the SUMMA canister. Immediately after opening the flow control valve equipped with a 2-hour regulator, the initial SUMMA canister vacuum (inches of mercury) will be noted. After approximately 2 hours, the flow controller valve will be closed, the final vacuum noted, and the canister placed in a shipping carton for delivery to the laboratory.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan 272 4th Avenue BCP Site No.: C241230

The soil vapor samples will be analyzed for VOCs according to EPA Method TO-15 by a NYSDOH-certified laboratory with Category B deliverables. An ambient air sample will be collected concurrently with the soil vapor and indoor air samples. 6.7 Decontamination of Sampling Equipment All sampling equipment (augers, drilling rods, split spoon samplers, probe rods and pumps, etc.) will be either dedicated or decontaminated between sampling locations. The decontamination procedure will be as follows: 1. Scrub using tap water/Simple Green® mixture and bristle brush. 2. Rinse with tap water. 3. Scrub again with tap water/ Simple Green® and bristle brush. 4. Rinse with tap water. 5. Rinse with distilled water. 6. Air-dry the equipment, if possible. 6.8 Decontamination for Emerging Contaminants Prior to sampling for emerging contaminants the sampler must also: 1. Have selected clothes that do not contain perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) (such as GORE- TEX® or other waterproofed items) and laundered them multiple times using detergent that does not contain PFCs. 2. Must be wearing nitrile gloves. 3. Obtained pre-cleaned sample bottles with closures, coolers, ice, sample labels and a chain of custody form provided by the laboratory. 4. Ensured that all sampling equipment components and sample containers have not come in contact with aluminum foil, low density polyethylene (LDPE), glass or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, a.k.a. TeflonTM) materials including sample bottle cap liners with a PTFE layer. 5. Rinse with PFC-free distilled water provided by the laboratory. 6. Air-dry the equipment, if possible. 6.9 Management of Investigation-Derived Waste (IDW) IDW will be containerized in Department of Transportation (DOT)-approved 55-gallon drums. The drums will be sealed at the end of each work day and labeled with the date, the well or boring number(s), the type of waste (i.e., drill cuttings, decontamination fluids, development water, or purge water) and the name of an AKRF point-of-contact. All drums will be labeled "pending analysis" until laboratory data is available. All IDW will be disposed of or treated according to applicable local, state, and federal regulations.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

7.0 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND REQUIREMENTS Alpha Analytical Laboratories of Westborough, Massachusetts will perform analyses on soil, groundwater, and soil vapor.

Number of Number of Frequency Duplicate, Matrix Spike Analytical and Sample Max. Analytical Conc. of Samples Field Blank, and Matrix Preservation Matrix Preparation Volume Containers Hold Group Level Per and Trip Spike Requirement Method * Time Location Blank Duplicate Samples Samples 3 encores and Soil VOCs Low Up to 3 1 1 SW846 8260B 17 oz. 4 °C 2 days % Solid 1, 8-oz Soil SVOCs Low Up to 3 1 1 SW846 8270C 8 oz. 4 °C 14 days Amber Glass 1, 8-oz Glass Soil PCBs Low Up to 3 1 1 SW846 8082 8 oz. 4 °C 14 days or Plastic 1, 8-oz Glass Soil Pesticides Low Up to 3 1 1 SW846 8081A 8 oz. 4 °C 14 days or Plastic 1, 8-oz Glass Soil Metals Low Up to 3 1 1 SW846 6010B 8 oz. 4°C 6 months or Plastic 1,4- SW846 Soil Low Up to 3 1 1 1 L Amber Jar 4°C 7 days Dioxane 8270SIM SW846 537 HDPE Plastic Soil PFAS Low Up to 3 1 1 275 mL 4°C 7 days (modified) Jar

Groundwater VOCs Low 1 1 1 SW846 8260B 40 mL 40-ml VOAs HCl, 4 °C 14 days

1L Amber Groundwater SVOCs Low 1 1 1 SW846 8270C 1L Teflon-lined 4°C 7 days Glass 1L Amber Groundwater PCBs Low 1 1 1 SW846 8082 1L Teflon-lined 4°C 14 days Glass

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

1,4- SW846 Groundwater Low 1 1 1 1 L Amber Jar 4°C 7 days Dioxane 8270SIM

SW846 537 HDPE Plastic Groundwater PFAS Low 1 2 2 275 mL 4°C 7 days (modified) Jar

Soil Vapor & 6-L Summa VOCs Low 1 n/a n/a TO-15 6 L None 30 days Indoor Air Canister * Minimum sample volumes required by the laboratory per sample. Additional volume may be requested as a contingency for dilutions, breakage, etc.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

Laboratory Method Detection Limits (MDLs) for Emerging Contaminants MDL [nanograms per Analyte liter (ng/l)]

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid 0.609 Perfluoroundecanoic acid 0.461 N-methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 0.272 Perfluoropentanoic acid 0.504 6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate 0.211 N-ethyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic acid 0.405 Perfluorohexanoic acid 0.535 Perfluorododecanoic acid 0.643 Perfluorooctanoic acid 0.500 Perfluorodecanoic acid 0.674 Perfluorodecanesulfonic acid 0.42 Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid 0.474 Perfluorobutanoic acid 0.406 Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid 0.413 Perfluoroheptanoic acid 0.404 Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid 0.565 Perfluorononanoic acid 0.474 Perfluorotetradecanoic acid 1.07 8:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonate 0.316 Perfluorotridecanoic acid 0.341 Perfluroroctanesulfonamide 0.604 Total FAS 0.500 1,4-Dioxane (P-Dioxane) 33.9

The reporting limit for PFAS in groundwater and soil is 2 ng/l and 1 microgram per kilogram (µg/kg), respectively. The reporting limit for 1,4-Dioxane (Method 8270 SIM) for groundwater and soil is 0.35 micrograms per liter (µg/L) and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

8.0 FIELD EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION, MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND INSPECTION

Field Testing/ Calibration Maintenance Acceptance Corrective Equipment Inspection SOP Activity Activity Frequency Criteria Action (Parameter) Activity Mini Rae 2000 Instrument Clean air Charge Calibration – or 3000 PID calibration reading As per Recalibrate battery daily Operation with Inspect for operator’s Perform Replace or Maintenance manual (Organic isobutylene visual manual maintenance clean sensor as needed vapors) span gas damage Lower into Oil/water well water interface probe Check battery to check Replace battery Calibrated by and Between Proper tone Operation alarm and/or (Depth to GW Manufacturer decontaminate wells produced manual Inspect for decontaminate and LNAPL or between wells visual DNAPL) damage

Horiba U-52 Verify Calibrate at water quality calibration beginning of with auto- NA meter day calibration Calibration Charge Recalibrate or Operation (conductivity, solution for Inspect for does not battery visual replace model turbidity, pH, pH, DO, After drift damage ORP, DO, conductivity, maintenance temperature) turbidity, as required ORP

MGD 2002 Clean air helium leak Instrument reading Recalibrate, Charge or As per detector calibration Calibration replace battery, Operation replace operator’s with helium Inspect for daily replace manual battery manual (helium) span gas visual instrument damage Note: Equivalent equipment may also be used as available.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

9.0 SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM

SAMPLE COLLECTION, PACKAGING, AND SHIPMENT Sample Collection (Personnel/Organization): Evan Venice, AKRF Sample Packaging (Personnel/Organization): Evan Venice, AKRF Coordination of Shipment (Personnel/Organization): Evan Venice, AKRF Type of Shipment/Carrier: Courier or overnight delivery services SAMPLE RECEIPT AND ANALYSIS Sample Receipt (Personnel/Organization): Alpha Analytical Personnel Sample Custody and Storage (Personnel/Organization): Alpha Analytical Personnel Sample Preparation (Personnel/Organization): Alpha Analytical Personnel Sample Determinative Analysis (Personnel/Organization): Alpha Analytical Personnel SAMPLE ARCHIVING Field Sample Storage (No. of days from sample collection): Samples to be sent to Alpha Analytical either by Alpha Personnel courier the same day as the sampling or by overnight delivery services to laboratory for delivery the following morning. 1 day Sample Extract/Digestate Storage (No. of days from extraction/digestion): As per analytical methodology; 30 days SAMPLE DISPOSAL Personnel/Organization: Alpha Analytical Personnel Number of Days from Analysis: Until analysis and QA/QC checks are completed; as per analytical methodology; 30 days

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

10.0 SAMPLE CUSTODY REQUIREMENTS 10.1 Sample Identification All samples will be consistently identified in all field documentation, chain-of-custody documents and laboratory reports using an alpha-numeric code. The samples will be identified by a prefix of “RI” to designate the type of investigation (RI) followed by the soil boring or monitoring well number with sample depth interval in parenthesis (for soil samples only). The blind duplicate samples will be labeled with a dummy sample location to ensure that they are submitted as blind samples to the laboratory. The dummy identification will consist of the sample type followed by a letter. Trip blanks will be identified as TRIP BLANK with the date of collection, and field and rinsate equipment blanks will be identified as FIELD BLANK with the date of collection. The following table presents the sampling identification scheme.

Sample Description Sample Designation

Soil sample collected from 0 to 2 feet at boring RI-SB-03 collected RI-SB-03_0-2_20191210 on December 10, 2019

Groundwater sample collected from monitoring well RI-MW-03 RI-MW-03_20191210 collected on December 10, 2019

MS/MSD duplicate groundwater sample from RI-MW-03 collected RI-MW-03MS/MSD_20191210 on December 10, 2019

Blind duplicate soil sample from 9 to 11 feet at RI-SB-03 collected RI-SB-X_9-11_20191210 on December 10, 2019

Blind duplicate groundwater sample at RI-MW-03 collected on RI-MW-X_20191210 December 10, 2019

Soil vapor sample collected RI-SV-06 collected on December 10, RI-SV-06_20191210 2019

Indoor vapor sample collected RI-IA-04 collected on December 10, RI-IA-04_20191210 2019

Trip Blank submitted with samples collected on December 10, 2019 TB_20191210

Field Blank submitted with samples collected on December 10, 2019 FB_20191210

Following the labeling of each sample, the appropriate laboratory Chain-of-Custody (COC) form will be completed and will accompany the samples. Each person having custody of the samples will document receipt and relinquishment of such samples. 10.2 Sample Labeling and Shipping All sample containers will be provided with labels containing the following information:  Project identification  Sample identification  Date and time of collection

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

 Analysis(es) to be performed  Sampler’s initials Once the samples are collected and labeled, they will be placed in a container and maintained in a secure environment until transported to the laboratory. The soil and groundwater samples will be prepared for shipment by placing each sample in a sealable plastic bag, then wrapping each container in bubble wrap to prevent breakage, adding freezer packs and/or fresh ice in sealable plastic bags and the COC form. Freezer packs and/or blue ice cannot be used for transport of PFAS samples. The canisters for the soil vapor and indoor air samples will be placed in shipping cartons for delivery to the laboratory. Samples will be transported by a laboratory courier or, if necessary, shipped via FedEx. 10.3 Sample Custody Field personnel will be responsible for maintaining the sample containers in a secured location until they are picked up and/or sent to the laboratory. The record of possession of samples from the time they are obtained in the field to the time they are delivered to the laboratory or shipped off-site will be documented on COC forms. The COC forms will contain the following information: project name; names of sampling personnel; sample number; date and time of collection and matrix; signatures of individuals involved in sample transfer; and the dates and times of transfers. Blanks and example COCs for soil and groundwater and air are provided on the following pages.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

Upon receipt at the laboratory, the condition of each sample will be checked to ensure that the sample integrity has not been compromised. Any discrepancy between the samples and the chain- of-custody information, any broken or leaking sample bottles, or any other abnormal situations will be reported by the laboratory project manager to the AKRF Project Manager. If required, corrective action options will be discussed and implemented. Notations of the problem and resolution will be made in the laboratory analytical report. Once samples are in the custody of the laboratory, sample integrity will be maintained. Each sample batch will be assigned a unique project number by the laboratory and each sample will be assigned a unique laboratory identification number. When samples are required for preparation and/or analysis, the sample custodian or designee will distribute the samples to the appropriate analysts. An internal chain-of-custody form will be signed by the individual to whom the samples are relinquished to track the samples internally.

AKRF, Inc. Quality Assurance Project Plan Queens Animal Shelter and Care Center BCP Site No.: C241230

11.0 DATA MANAGEMENT AND DOCUMENTATION

Field Sample Analytical Laboratory Data Assessment Collection Documents Documents and Documents and Project File and Records Records Records

 Field books  Sample receipt logs  Data validation  Project files will be  Boring logs  Internal and external report stored for one year  Well construction COC forms  Field inspection in AKRF main diagrams  Equipment forms office  Chain-of-Custody calibration logs  Corrective action  After minimum of (COC) forms  Sample preparation documentation one year, hard copy  Well Development worksheets/logs  Electronic Data files will be Forms  Sample analysis Deliverables (EDD) archived off-site  Well Sampling worksheets/run logs compatible with  EDDs archived on Forms  Corrective action EQuIS. AKRF corporate  Photos documentation server  Air Sampling Logs  Soil Vapor Sampling Logs

FIGURES

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APPENDIX A RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT

Michelle Lapin is a Senior Vice President with more than 30 years of experience in the assessment and remediation of hazardous waste issues. She leads the firm’s Hazardous Materials group and offers extensive experience providing strategic planning and management for clients. Ms. Lapin has been responsible for the administration of technical solutions to contaminated soil, groundwater, air and geotechnical problems. Her other duties have included technical and report review, proposal writing, scheduling, budgeting, and acting as liaison between clients and regulatory agencies, and project coordination with federal, state, and local authorities. Ms. Lapin’s hydrogeologic experience includes groundwater investigations, formulation and administration of groundwater monitoring programs and remediation throughout the Northeast. Her experience with groundwater contamination includes Level B hazardous waste site investigations; leaking underground storage tank studies, including hazardous soil removal and disposal and associated soil and water issues; soil gas/vapor intrusion surveys; and wetlands issues. Ms. Lapin is experienced in coordinating and monitoring field programs concerning hazardous waste cell closures. She has directed hundreds of Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III investigations and remediations, many of them in conjunction with developers, law firms, lending institutions, and national retail chains. She is also experienced in the cleanup of contaminated properties under Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP) and Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) regulations.

BACKGROUND

Education M.S., Civil Engineering, Syracuse University, 1985 B.S., Civil Engineering, Clarkson University, 1983 Professional Licenses/Certifications New York State P.E. State of Connecticut P.E. Professional Memberships Member, National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), National and CT Chapters Member, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), National and CT Chapters Member, Connecticut Business & Industry Association (CBIA), CBIA Environmental Policies Council (EPC) Member, Environmental Professionals’ Organization of Connecticut (EPOC) Board Member, New York City Brownfield Partnership Member, NAIOP, a Commercial Real Estate Development Association Years of Experience Year started in company: 1994 Year started in industry: 1986

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center-CUNY 74th Street EIS, New York, NY

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 2

AKRF was engaged by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) and CUNY-Hunter College (CUNY) to prepare an EIS for a proposed joint facility located on a New York City-owned parcel located between East 73rd Street and East 74th Street adjacent to the FDR Drive in Manhattan. The proposed facility was formerly occupied by the Department of Sanitation, with over 41 underground storage tanks, will include an ambulatory medical care center for MSK and educational and medical research facilities for CUNY. Ms. Lapin led the hazardous materials work, which included the preparation of the Phase I and II environmental site assessments, remedial action work plans (RAWPs), and construction health and safety plans (CHASPs) for submission to the New York City Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) for the Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) and to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) for remediation of a petroleum spill. The RAWPs and CHASPs included provisions for excavation of contaminated soil and rock, removal of tanks and environmental monitoring during the construction activities. AKRF also performed a pre-demolition asbestos survey of the remaining concrete foundation structures and prepared specifications for asbestos abatement, soil management and underground storage tank removal and disposal. The subgrade remediation was completed in compliance with the OER-approved RAWP and the spill was closed by the NYSDEC. The project has been completed, the spill was closed by the NYSDEC, and a Notice of Satisfaction was issued from the OER.

New York City Transit Hazardous Materials On-Call Contract, Various Locations, New York City, NY As part of a five-year, $10 million on-call environmental engineering and consulting services contract with MTA New York City Transit (NYCT), AKRF performed phase I Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs), asbestos, lead paint, indoor air quality and hazardous materials consulting services at various stations, tunnels and structures. Ms. Lapin oversaw the firm's team of technicians responsible for work at construction work sites occupied by multiple contractors and trades, monitoring contractor work practices, and inspection hazardous waste storage activities. She also reviewed AKRF's asbestos consulting services, coordinating the efforts of AKRF team members who conducted asbestos surveys and reporting, design services, and asbestos abatement oversight at manholes, stations, tunnels and other structures throughout New York.

Brooklyn Bridge Park, Brooklyn, NY AKRF prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and is continuing to provide technical and planning support services for Brooklyn Bridge Park, which revitalizing the 1.3-mile stretch of the East River waterfront between Jay Street on the north and Atlantic Avenue on the south. The new park, allows public access to the water’s edge, allowing people to enjoy the spectacular views of the Manhattan skyline and New York Harbor. It also provides an array of passive and active recreational opportunities, including lawns, pavilions, and a marina. As with many waterfront sites around New York City, the lands along the Brooklyn waterfront have a long history of industrial activities. Some of these industries used dangerous chemicals and generated toxic by-products that could have entered the soil and groundwater. In addition, landfilling activities along the shoreline also used ash and other waste materials from industrial processes. Based on site inspections, historical maps, government records, and other sources, AKRF has been investigating the potential for the presence for hazardous materials in the park. This information was compiled into a Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment report. AKRF has also provided and continues to support to the design team related to designing the project to minimize costs related to remediating hazardous materials where possible. Ms. Lapin is serving as senior manager for the hazardous materials investigations.

Columbia University Manhattanville Academic Mixed-Use Development, New York, NY Ms. Lapin served as Hazardous Materials Task Leader on this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for approximately 4 million square feet of new academic, research and neighborhood uses to be constructed north of Columbia University’s existing Morningside campus. The work included Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for the properties within the site boundaries, and estimates for a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation of the entire

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 3 development area. The firm’s Hazardous Materials group performed over 30 individual Phase I Environmental Site Assessments for properties within the development area. In addition, a Preliminary Environmental Site Assessment (PESA) was completed in conjunction with the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Based on the Phase I studies, AKRF conducted a subsurface (Phase II) investigation in accordance with a New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP) approved investigative work plan and health and safety plan. Subsurface activities included the advancement of soil borings, groundwater monitor wells, and the collection of soil and groundwater samples for laboratory analysis. This study was used to estimate costs to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater, and underground storage tanks and hazardous building materials, including lead-based paint and asbestos-containing materials.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, Bronx, NY Ms. Lapin directed the firm’s hazardous materials work in connection with the construction a new Center for Genetics and Translational Medicine (CGTM) building on the Bronx campus of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. AKRF prepared an Environmental Assessment Statement (EAS) that examined such issues as land use, zoning, air quality, urban design and visual resources, hazardous materials, traffic, noise, and air quality. Ms. Lapin’s work included analysis of the existing conditions and potential impacts that the construction could cause to the environment and human health.

West 61st Street Rezoning/Residential Development, New York, NY Ms. Lapin directed the firm’s hazardous materials work for this mixed-use development in Manhattan. The Algin Management Company hired AKRF to prepare an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the proposed rezoning of the western portion of the block between West 60th and 61st Streets, between Amsterdam and West End Avenues. The purpose of the proposed action was to facilitate the development of two 30-story residential towers with accessory parking spaces, and landscaped open space. The EIS examined a “worst case” condition for rezoning the block, which allowed Algin to build a residential building of approximately 375,000 square feet at their site. The building now contains 475 apartments, 200 accessory parking spaces, a health club, and community facility space. This site, with the services of AKRF, entered into New York State’s Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP). On-site issues included underground storage tanks remaining from previous on-site buildings, petroleum contamination from these tanks and possibly from off-site sources, and other soil contaminants (metals, semi- volatile organic compounds, etc.) from fill materials and previous on-site buildings. AKRF oversaw the adherence to the Construction Health and Safety Plan (HASP), which was submitted to and approved by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), and monitored the waste streams, to ensure that the different types of waste were disposed of at the correct receiving facilities. This oversight also included confirmation and characteristic soil sampling for the receiving facilities and NYSDEC. A “Track 1” Clean up of the majority of the property (the portion including the buildings) was completed and the final Engineering Report was approved by the NYSDEC. AKRF has also completed a smaller portion of the property as a “Track 4” cleanup, which includes a tennis court and landscaped areas. Ms. Lapin continues to manage the annual inspections for the property owner in accordance with the Brownfield Cleanup Agreement.

2477 Third Avenue, Bronx, NY AKRF conducted the investigation and remediation of the former 2477 Third Avenue gasoline station property under the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s (NYSDEC's) Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP). The work included shallow and deep aquifer groundwater testing, delineation of known areas of soil contamination, soil vapor analyses, and investigation and delineation of non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) from past industrial activities. Upon NYSDEC approval of the Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP), AKRF conducted the removal of the nine on-site underground storage tanks (USTs) and 1,100 tons of petroleum- contaminated soil, the application of six in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) groundwater treatments, and the implementation of four Enhanced Fluid Recovery (EFR) events to remove desorbed gasoline-related hydrocarbons in the groundwater. The site received a Certificate of Completion (COC) from the BCP in

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December 2015 and a Notice of Satisfaction (NOS) in October 2016 from the Mayor's Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) in connection with the hazardous materials E-Designation assigned to the property. Ms. Lapin was the professional engineer of record, responsible for the remediation design elements and overall adherence to the NYSDEC and New York City Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) regulations. Larkin Plaza, Yonkers, NY – Remedial Investigation, Construction Oversight AKRF assisted RXR Realty with enrolling the 1.1-acre Larkin Plaza site in the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation’s (NYSDEC’s) Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP). Since being accepted into the program, AKRF conducted an extensive remedial investigation, prepared the necessary remedial action plans, managed the citizen participation tasks, and is in the process of conducting the remediation in conjunction with NYSDEC oversight. To date, the remedial work has included in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) treatments, contaminated soil removal, and petroleum product recovery. AKRF also assisted RXR with various construction- related services, including dewatering discharge permitting, soil disposal characterization testing, and storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) preparation. AKRF’s Cultural Resources department is in the process of preparing a submission to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) on behalf of RXR related to the acquisition of additional public funding sources for the construction project. A Certificate of Completion (COC) from the NYSDEC is anticipated at the end of 2018. Ms. Lapin is the professional engineer of record, responsible for the remediation design elements and adherence to the NYSDEC-approved work plans and remediation design.

NY Wheel, Staten Island, NY Working with the New York City Department of Small Business Services (SBS) as lead agency, AKRF conducted an environmental review for the forthcoming Empire Outlets and New York Observation Wheel (NY Wheel), a mixed-use development situated on a State Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) site managed by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (EDC), on the northern Staten Island waterfront. AKRF provided an EIS analyzing the combined project. In addition, AKRF prepared an updated Site Management Plan (SMP) reflecting the proposed development for the VCP site. The SMP was approved by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) in March 2015. Hazardous materials services provided by AKRF for New York Wheel LLC during construction on the NY Wheel site include environmental construction oversight, inspection and documentation of SSDS installation, soil sampling, and reporting to ensure compliance with the SMP, storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) inspections, and site design services. AKRF’s work entails regular coordination with EDC for reporting to NYSDEC, modifications to the SMP, etc. Ms. Lapin is the professional engineer of record, responsible for adherence to the NYSDEC-approved plans and coordination with the NYSDEC regarding the design elements.

443 Greenwich Street, Manhattan, NY This Site was assigned an E-Designation for hazardous materials (as well as air quality and noise) during the North Tribeca Rezoning in 2010, which requires environmental testing and, if necessary, remediation to the satisfaction of the New York City Mayor’s Office of Environmental Remediation (OER). After years of public opposition to the original redevelopment scheme calling for a boutique hotel, this former manufacturing building and its current developer gained acceptance through the Department of City Planning and the Landmarks Preservation Commission to move forward with redevelopment as residential lofts. The redevelopment process began in 2012 and led to initial re-occupancy in 2016 after overcoming several regulatory challenges while seeking LEED® certification. Once trichloroethene (TCE) was identified on-site, the typically straight forward assignment of delineating contaminant sources for AKRF became much more complex following the identification of an off-site TCE groundwater plume. Based on the completion of several rounds of additional sampling and investigation activities including a compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of the chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in the central portion of the Site and the off-site monitor wells south of the Site, the presence of two

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 5 separate releases (one originating on-site and one originating off-site) of TCE was confirmed. Based on the confirmation that the Site was not the contamination source associated with the off-site plume, the redevelopment of the Site proceeded under the review of the OER, and did not require direct or continued oversight from the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). Furthermore, the developer of the Site, who had become the owner, was not deemed responsible to complete additional off-site investigation or remediation associated with the separate, off-site TCE groundwater plume. For this project, AKRF utilized forensic-based analysis of chlorinated VOC plumes and was one of the first projects that included a groundwater treatment technology managed by the OER in its E-Designation program. The Site also includes an engineered cap to prevent exposure to underlying soil/fill, a vapor barrier/waterproofing system beneath the building slab and along foundation sidewalls, and the operation of an active sub-slab depressurization (SSD) system. The project was awarded the 2017 Environmental Protection award by the New York City Brownfield Partnership. Ms. Lapin was the professional engineer of record, responsible for the remediation design and adherence of the remediation and remediation systems installation and ongoing operation.

Hudson River Park, New York, NY Ms. Lapin is directing AKRF’s hazardous materials work during construction of Hudson River Park, a five-mile linear park along Manhattan’s West Side. As the Hudson River Park Trust’s (HRPT’s) environmental consultant, AKRF has overseen preparation and implementation of additional soil and groundwater investigations [working with both the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP)], all health and safety activities, and removal of both known underground storage tanks and those encountered during construction. Previously, the firm performed hazardous materials assessments as part of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process, including extensive database and historical research, and soil and groundwater investigations. Ms. Lapin has been the senior consultant for the soil and groundwater investigations and remediation, and the asbestos investigations and abatement oversight.

Roosevelt Union Free School District – District-wide Improvement Program, Roosevelt, NY Ms. Lapin managed the hazardous materials investigation for the Draft and Final Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) for the improvement program, which included the demolition of three existing elementary schools and portions of the junior-senior high school, and the reconstruction of three replacement elementary schools, a separate replacement middle school, and renovations to the high school. Following the EIS, additional hazardous materials investigations were completed, including comprehensive asbestos and lead surveys; Phase I and Phase II Environmental Site Assessments; the preparation of asbestos, lead, hazardous materials and demolition specifications; and obtaining site-specific variances from the New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL). The middle school remediation was conducted through coordination with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH), the New York State Education Department (NYSED) and the local school district. The project was approved, and construction/renovation for the new middle school completed such that the school opened for the Fall 2008 semester as planned.

Fiterman Hall Deconstruction and Decontamination Project, New York, NY The 15-story Fiterman Hall building, located at 30 West Broadway between Barclay and Murray Streets, originally constructed as an office building in the 1950s, had served as an extension of the City University of New York (CUNY) Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) since 1993. The building was severely damaged during the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) when 7 WTC collapsed and struck the south façade of the building, resulting in the partial collapse of the southwest corner of the structure. The building was subsequently stabilized, with breaches closed and major debris removed, however, extensive mold and WTC dust contaminants remain within the building, which must be taken down. The project required the preparation of two Environmental Assessment Statements (EASs) for the redevelopment of Fiterman Hall—one for the deconstruction and decontamination of the building and one for the construction of a replacement building on the

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 6 site. AKRF prepared the EAS for the Deconstruction and Decontamination project, which included the decontamination of the interior and exterior of the building, the removal and disposal of all building contents, and the deconstruction of the existing, approximately 377,000-gross-square-foot partially collapsed structure. Ms. Lapin reviewed the deconstruction and decontamination plans for the EAS. The cleanup plan was submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Yonkers Waterfront Redevelopment Project, Yonkers, NY For this redevelopment along Yonkers’ Hudson River waterfront, Ms. Lapin headed the remedial investigation and remediation work that included Phase I Environmental Site Assessments of 12 parcels, investigations of underground storage tank removals and associated soil remediation, remedial alternatives reports, and remedial work plans for multiple parcels. Several of the city-owned parcels were remediated under a Voluntary Cleanup Agreement; others were administered with state Brownfields grants. Hazardous waste remediation was completed on both brownfield and voluntary clean-up parcels, which enabled construction of mixed-use retail, residential development, and parking.

Davids Island Site Investigations, New Rochelle, NY Ms. Lapin managed the hazardous materials investigation of Davids Island, the largest undeveloped island on the Long Island Sound in Westchester County. The 80-acre island features pre- and post-Civil War military buildings and parade grounds, and is viewed as a major heritage, tourism, and recreational amenity. The island, formerly known as Fort Slocum, was used by the U.S. military, beginning in the 19th century, as an Army base, hospital, and training center. The island was planned for county park purposes. The investigation included a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, with historical research going back to the 17th century, a Phase II (Subsurface) Investigation, underground storage tank investigations, asbestos surveys, and conditions surveys of all remaining structures. Cost estimates were submitted to Westchester County for soil remediation, asbestos abatement, and building demolition.

Site Selection and Installation of 11 Turbine Generators, New York and Long Island, NY AKRF was retained by the New York Power Authority (NYPA) to assist in the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) review of the proposed siting, construction, and operation of 11 single-cycle gas turbine generators in the New York metropolitan area. Ms. Lapin managed the hazardous materials investigation of the sites. The work has included Phase I Environmental Site Assessments, subsurface investigations, and construction health and safety plans.

Cross Westchester (I-287) Expressway Phases V and VI, Westchester County, NY For the New York State Department of Transportation’s (NYSDOT) I-287 reconstruction project, Ms. Lapin served as Project Manager and was responsible for directing the contaminated materials aspect of the final design effort for the reconstruction of Westchester County’s major east-west artery. As part of her duties, Ms. Lapin managed the asbestos investigations at eight bridges and wetland delineation along the entire corridor and wrote the scope of work and provided general management of the project.

Supermarket Redevelopment, New Fairfield, CT AKRF provided consulting services to the developer and owner of a nine-acre site, including conducting a remedial investigation and remediation of a site contaminated from former dry cleaning operations and off-site gasoline spills. The investigation included the installation of monitoring wells in three distinct aquifers, geophysical logging, pump tests, and associated data analysis. Ms. Lapin presented the environmental issues and planned remediation to local and state officials during the early stages of the planning process to incorporate their comments into the final remedial design. A remedial action work plan (RAWP) was completed and approved by the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP) within a year to enable redevelopment work for a new supermarket and shopping center. The RAWP included the remediation of soil within the source area

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 7 and a multi-well pump and treat system for the recovery of non-aqueous and dissolved phase contamination in groundwater. The design of the recovery well system included extensive groundwater modeling to ensure capture of the contaminant plume and the appropriate quantity and spacing of the wells. Ms. Lapin directed the soil removal remedial activities and monitoring for additional potential contamination during construction. In addition, AKRF performed comprehensive pre-demolition asbestos and lead-based paint surveys of the former site structures, conducted abatement, air monitoring and oversight, and provided environmental consulting support for the development of the site. The groundwater remediation system was installed during site development and began operation once development was complete. Broad Street, Stamford, CT [former Project name: Target Stamford) AKRF originally completed a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) for a developer of this property, located at southeastern corner of Broad Street and Washington Boulevard in downtown Stamford, Connecticut, for a proposed residential development. Four years later, an update of this Phase I ESA was conducted for a proposed Target retail development. The study area included the current Target site and the west-adjacent site which was subsequently developed as a luxury residential tower. Following the Phase I report, a subsurface (Phase II) investigation was conducted, which included soil borings, groundwater monitor wells, soil and groundwater sample collection and analysis. The results of the Phase II investigation were used to develop a remediation strategy. An additional Phase I/Phase II investigation was conducted of the adjacent former transmission repair facility, which included a site inspection, review of local and state records, an underground storage tank markout survey, advancement of soil borings, and collection of soil samples for laboratory analysis. AKRF also conducted asbestos surveys prior to abatement and demolition of the former Broad Street and Washington Boulevard buildings. EPA Brownfields Assessment Program, Naugatuck, CT Ms. Lapin is currently serving as the Principal-in-Charge for a USEPA Brownfields Assessment program project in Naugatuck, Connecticut. She is overseeing the assessment and investigation of key development parcels, including Work Plan and QAPP preparation, and conducting community outreach tasks to communicate site risks and the project process. Mr. Stefaniak plays the lead role in administering the USEPA Cooperative Agreement on behalf of the Borough. East 75th/East 76th Street Site, New York, NY Ms. Lapin served as Senior Manager for this project that encompassed coordination and direct remediation efforts of this former dry cleaning facility and parking garage prior to the sale of the property and its ultimate redevelopment for use as a private school. A preliminary site investigation identified 20 current and former petroleum and solvent tanks on the property. A soil and groundwater testing program was designed and implemented to identify the presence and extent of contamination resulting from potential tank spills. This investigation confirmed the presence of subsurface petroleum contamination in the soil and solvent contamination from former dry cleaning activities in the bedrock. AKRF completed oversight of the remediation under the State’s Voluntary Cleanup Program. Remediation, consisting of tank removals and excavation of contaminated soil and the removal of solvent-contaminated bedrock down to 30 feet below grade, has been completed. AKRF completed oversight of the pre-treatment of groundwater prior to discharge to the municipal sewer system and an off-site study to determine impacts to groundwater in downgradient locations.

Former Macy’s Site, White Plains, NY While assisting Tishman Speyer with plans to redevelop this site, Ms. Lapin managed the pre-demolition work, which included a Phase I site assessment; subsurface investigation (Phase II), including the analysis of soil and groundwater samples for contamination; a comprehensive asbestos, lead paint, and PCB investigation; radon analysis; and coordination and oversight of the removal of hazardous materials left within the building by previous

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 8 tenants. Work also included asbestos abatement specifications and specifications for the removal of two 10,000- gallon vaulted fuel-oil underground storage tanks.

Storage Deluxe, Various Locations, NY Ms. Lapin manages the firm’s ongoing work with Storage Deluxe, which includes Phase I Environmental Site Assessments and Phase II Subsurface Investigations, underground storage tank removals and associated remediation, asbestos surveys and abatement oversight, and contaminated soil removal and remediation for sites in Connecticut, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Westchester County, and Long Island.

Home Depot, Various Locations, NY and CT Ms. Lapin, serving as either Project Manager or Senior Manager, has managed the investigations and remediation at multiple Home Depot sites in the five boroughs, Long Island, and Connecticut. The investigations have included Phase I, II, and III site assessments, asbestos and lead paint surveys, abatement specifications and oversight, and soil and groundwater remediation.

Avalon on the Sound, New Rochelle, NY For Avalon Bay Communities, Ms. Lapin managed the investigations and remediation of two phases of this residential development, including two luxury residential towers and an associated parking garage. Remediation of the first phase of development (the first residential tower and the parking garage) included gasoline contamination from a former taxi facility, fuel oil contamination from multiple residential underground storage tanks, and chemical contamination from former on-site manufacturing facilities. The remediation and closure of the tank spills was coordinated with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). The initial investigation of the Phase II development—an additional high-rise luxury residential building—detected petroleum contamination. A second investigation was conducted to delineate the extent of the contamination and estimate the costs for remediation. AKRF oversaw the remediation and conducted the Health and Safety monitoring. The remediation was completed with closure and approvals of the NYSDEC.

Mill Basin, Gerritsen Inlet, and Paerdegat Basin Bridges, Final Design, Shore Parkway, Brooklyn, NY Following the preparation of the Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS) for the Belt Parkway Bridges Project, the firm was retained for supplemental work during the final design phase of the project. This included National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) documentation for three of the bridges—Mill Basin, Gerritsen Inlet, and Paerdegat Basin—which will be federally funded. Ms. Lapin managed the contaminated materials investigation that included a detailed subsurface contaminated materials assessment, both subaqueous and along the upland approaches.

NYSDOT Transportation Management Center (TMC), Hawthorne, NY AKRF conducted environmental studies for the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) at the current troopers’ headquarters in Hawthorne, NY. The property is the proposed site of a new Transportation Management Center. AKRF completed a comprehensive asbestos survey of the on-site building and prepared asbestos abatement specifications; performed a Phase I site assessment; conducted an electromagnetic (EM) survey that located two fuel oil underground storage tanks, and developed removal specifications for the two underground storage tanks and an aboveground storage tank.

Metro-North Railroad Poughkeepsie Intermodal Station/Parking Improvement Project, Poughkeepsie, NY Ms. Lapin served as Project Manager of the hazardous materials investigation in connection with AKRF’s provision of planning and environmental services for parking improvement projects at this station along the Hudson Line. The project included an approximately 600-space garage, additional surface parking, and an intermodal station to facilitate bus, taxi, and kiss-and-ride movements. Ms. Lapin conducted Phase I and II

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 9 contaminated materials assessments and worked with the archaeologists to locate an historical roundhouse/turntable.

Metro-North Railroad Golden’s Bridge Station Parking Project, Westchester County, New York For Metro-North Railroad, Ms. Lapin managed a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment of a property that has since become the new parking area, used by the existing Golden’s Bridge train station. Ms. Lapin also conducted a subsurface (Phase II) investigation of the original parking area, track area, and existing platform for the potential impact of moving tracks in the siding area to extend the existing parking area and adding an access from a proposed overhead walkway (connecting the train station to the new parking area over a highway). The study also included an assessment for lead-based paint and asbestos on the platform structures.

East River Science Park, New York, NY Originally, New York University School of Medicine (NYUSOM) retained the firm to prepare a full Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for its proposed East River Science Park (ERSP). The proposed complex was to occupy an underutilized portion of the Bellevue Hospital campus between East 30th Street and approximately East 28th Street, immediately south of NYU’s campus. As originally contemplated, Phase I was to include 618,000 square feet of development, including a clinical practice and research building, a biotech center, 220 housing units for post-doctorate staff, a child care center, and a conference center. This phase would include reuse of the former Bellevue Psychiatric Building, a historic structure on East 30th Street east of First Avenue. Phase II was to include a second biotech building with a library to serve NYU and Bellevue at the eastern end of the block between 29th and 30th Streets. Phase III was to include a third biotech building and parking. The project’s EIS considered a full range of issues, including land use, socioeconomics, shadows, historic resources, open space, traffic and transportation, air quality, noise, and construction. The firm also prepared all of the traffic and transportation studies for the urban design and master planning efforts. Ms. Lapin managed the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment and other hazardous materials-related issues. Events relating to September 11, 2001 put a hold on the project for a number of years. When the project resurfaced, it had a new developer and a decreased scope. Ms. Lapin updated the hazardous materials issues for the new developer and consulted with them regarding remediation strategies and involvement of regulatory agencies. For the actual remediation/development, the city requested oversight by AKRF to represent its interests (the city is retaining ownership of the land). Ms. Lapin completed directing the remediation oversight on behalf of the City of New York for the remediation of the former psychiatric hospital building, laundry building and parking areas associated with Bellevue Hospital. The new development includes a biotechnology center (Commercial Life Science Research and Office Park) comprising two buildings (combined 550,000 square feet), street level retail, and an elevated plaza.

68, 76 and 78 Forest Street and 96-98 Grove Street, Stamford, CT Ms. Lapin led this project, for which AKRF was retained to complete a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) of five residential properties, and asbestos surveys and lead-based paint surveys of the five multi-family residential structures prior to a real estate transaction. The investigations were completed to allow demolition of the residential structures and prepare the properties for development into the Highgrove high rise condominium complex. AKRF represented the purchaser and site developer during the due diligence process, identified areas of environmental concern, and completed underground storage tank closure activities prior to initiating site development. In addition, AKRF conducted a Phase I ESA of a property on Summer Street that was being used by the developer as a “temporary” office building and a parking area utilized as a sales center and apartment model for the Highgrove residential development.

Shelton Storage Deluxe, Shelton, CT AKRF completed Phase I, Phase II and Tank Removal/Remediation services for a storage facility in Shelton, Connecticut. Based on this information from the Phase I ESA, AKRF conducted a Phase II study that revealed

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 10 groundwater impact (gasoline), possibly from an off-site source. Additional testing was then conducted to determine the source of the gasoline contamination. Testing of a wood block floor revealed concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbons; therefore, disposal of this material had to be as a petroleum-contaminated waste. The additional testing included upstream and downstream surface water samples, and on-site detention pond water and sediment samples. Subsequent to the Phase II testing, a 4,000-gallon on-site underground storage tank was removed. Upon removal, contaminated soil and groundwater were observed and a spill was called into the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP). Following completion of remedial activities and submission of a closure report, the spill was closed by the CTDEP. Ms. Lapin directed the firm’s efforts to complete this project. DPR Soundview Park Playgrounds and Open Space, Bronx, NY AKRF is part of a team working on the reconstruction of this 212-acre NYCDPR public park located along the Bronx River in the Bronx, New York. The park was identified as an underutilized park and is being improved in accordance with the goals of PlaNYC. Ms. Lapin is overseeing AKRF’s hazardous materials investigations including environmental and remediation-related work. AKRF prepared the Environmental Assessment Statement (EAS) and the project has moved into the design and construction phase. The remediation/construction of multiple phases of the development is currently underway. 164 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn, NY (AKA Northside Piers and 1 North 4th Place) The project was a multi-phase development consisting of a large waterfront block in the Williamsburg Rezoning Area. The project site has been developed with a mixed-use residential-commercial high rise towers with an esplanade and a pier along the East River. AKRF provided acquisition and development support, including performing Phase I and II environmental site assessments, and preparation of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) and Construction Health and Safety Plan (CHASPs) for approval by DEP and OER. AKRF provided assistance with construction oversight during soil handling activities and managing the Community Air Monitoring Plan (CAMP) activities. To date, closure reports have been prepared and occupancy achieved for three of the four buildings. Ms. Lapin is the Professional Engineer (P.E.) of record for the DEP and OER RAPs, CHASPs and Remedial Closure Reports (RCRs).

Rego Park Home Depot, Queens, NY Solvent contamination was encountered during retail development of a former industrial property in Rego Park, Queens, New York. The site work included an extensive investigation and a multi-phase remediation performed under the NYSDEC Voluntary Cleanup Program (BCP). Remediation included removal of aboveground and underground storage tanks (ASTs and USTs) and hotspot soil removal. An Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction (AS/SVE) groundwater remediation system designed by AKRF was installed as part of the building construction. Continued remediation work included upgrading and expanding the AS/SVE system after the store was opened. AKRF prepared the Final Engineering Report and obtained closure with a Release and Covenant Not to Sue issued by NYSDEC in 2013. AKRF continues operations, maintenance, and monitoring under the NYSDEC- approved Site Management Plan. Ms. Lapin is the Professional Engineer (P.E.) of record for the remediation design and implementation in accordance with the NYSDEC Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP).

250 North 10th Street, LLC., Residential Redevelopment Site, Brooklyn, NY AKRF was retained to investigate and remediate this former industrial property in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York in connection with site redevelopment. The site is approximately 50,000 square feet, and redevelopment included a six story residential building and parking garage. The work was completed to satisfy the requirements of the NYC E-designation Program and NYC Voluntary Cleanup Program (NYC VCP). AKRF completed a Remedial Investigation (RI) to evaluate the nature and extent of site contamination, and developed a Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP) to properly address site contamination during redevelopment. Remediation included removal of underground storage tanks, more than 7,500 tons of contaminated soil, and installation of a

MICHELLE LAPIN, P.E. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT p. 11 vapor barrier and site cap across the entire property. The remediation was completed under oversight of the NYC Office of Environmental Remediation (OER), and in a manner that has rendered the Site protective of public health and the environment consistent with residential use of the property. Ms. Lapin is the Professional Engineer (P.E.) of record for the remedial effort in accordance with the OER Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP).

AP-Williamsburg, LLC, 50 North 5th Street Development, Brooklyn, NY AKRF directed the remedial program at a 55,000-square foot site located in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York. The site had an industrial and manufacturing history for over 100 years that included a barrel making factory, use of kilns, and a carpet and flooring materials warehouse. AKRF completed a Remedial Investigation (RI) to evaluate the nature and extent of site contamination, and developed a Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP) to properly address site contamination during redevelopment. Remediation included removal of more than 5,000 tons of contaminated soil, and installation of a vapor barrier and sub-slab depressurization system (SSDS) beneath the site building. The remediation was completed in a manner that has rendered the Site protective of public health and the environment consistent with commercial and residential use of the property, and in accordance with the requirements of the NYC OER E-designation program. The site includes a seven story residential apartment building with street level retail space and a parking garage. Ms. Lapin is the Professional Engineer (P.E.) of record for the NYC OER RAWP and Remedial Closure Report (RCR).

New York City School Construction Authority (NYCSCA), Environmental Consulting Hazardous Materials Services AKRF has undertaken various assignments under consecutive hazardous materials on-call contracts, including environmental assessment, remedial design, and plumbing disinfection consulting tasks. For potential new school sites, assignments include initial due diligence, Phase I environmental site assessments (ESAs) and multi-media subsurface investigation of soil, groundwater, and soil vapor to determine the suitability of a site for development as a school, likely remediation requirements, and associated costs. For sites undergoing design and development, assignments include preparation of remediation plans, design of sub-slab depressurization systems (SSDS) and contract specifications, and construction oversight. The work has also included conducting Phase I ESAs and indoor air quality testing, preparation of specifications, supervision of storage tank removals, and investigation and remediation of spills for existing schools. Due to the sensitivity of school sites, work under this contract is often conducted on short notice and during non-school hours. Ms. Lapin is the QA/QC officer for all of the SCA hazardous materials assignments and the Professional Engineer (P.E.) of record for the various remediation systems, including SSDS. In addition, Ms. Lapin is also the QA/QC officer for the lead in drinking water and plumbing disinfection tasks also under AKRF’s on-call hazardous materials consulting contract with the NYCSCA. AKRF performed lead in drinking water sampling in about 160 schools during two three-month periods in 2016 and 2017 and continues to provide lead sampling, reporting, and recommendations as new plumbing is installed. AKRF also oversees plumbing disinfection work, which is required prior to new plumbing being placed into service. The assignments involve reviewing and commenting on disinfection plans, supervision of the disinfection and confirmation testing, and preparation of reports documenting that the work was conducted in accordance with the specifications and applicable requirements. As with the Phase I/II studies, work under the lead testing and plumbing disinfection contract is often conducted on short notice during non-school hours.

MARC S. GODICK, LEP

SR. VICE PRESIDENT

Marc S. Godick, a Senior Vice President of the firm, has over 27 years of experience in the environmental consulting industry. Mr. Godick has broad-based environmental experience includes expertise in brownfield redevelopment, site assessment, remedial investigation, design and implementation of remedial measures, compliance assessment, and litigation support. Education M.E., Engineering Science/Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 1998 B.S., Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 1989 Licenses/Certifications Licensed Environmental Professional (License # 396) – State of Connecticut – 2003 - Present 40 Hour HAZWOPER and Annual Refresher Training, 1990 - Present Supervisors of Hazardous Waste Operations (8 Hour), 1990 Professional Memberships Chairman, Village of Larchmont/Town of Mamaroneck Coastal Zone Management Commission, 1997 – Present Member, Westchester County Stormwater Advisory Board, 2011 – Present Chairman/Member, Westchester County Soil and Water Conservation District, 2005 - 2010 Board of Directors, Sheldrake Environmental Center, Larchmont, New York, 2006 - 2008 Member, NYSDEC Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Advisory Group for Petroleum-Impacted Sites, 1997 Community Leadership Alliance, Pace University School of Law, 2001 Years of Experience Year started in company: 2002 Year started in industry: 1990

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE New York City Department of Design and Construction, East Side Coastal Resiliency, Manhattan, NY Mr. Godick leads the environmental investigation and related support for a multidisciplinary design team selected by the New York City agency partnership of DDC, DPR, and ORR for the Feasibility Study and Pre-Scoping Services for East Side Coastal Resiliency (ESCR) project. The AKRF Team is providing design services, for 100+ year storm protection with anticipated sea level rise along the east side of Lower Manhattan. The ESCR subsurface exploration program involved a review of available utility plans and environmental reports involving manufactured gas plant (MGP) and potential petroleum-related contamination along a 2.5 mile study area from Montgomery Street to East 25th Street to develop a Subsurface Investigation Work Plan, which was approved by the NYCDEP. The program included both public and private utility mark-out services across vast areas of the project site containing critical infrastructure to enable the installation of numerous shallow and deep borings and groundwater wells. Mr. Godick supervised the implementation of the investigation, which was completed in two phases. He was also responsible for the interpreting the wide-range of chemical parameters to evaluate critical cost and environmental impacts for the City and design team, and to prepare technical reports for submission and approval by the NYCDEP to satisfy for City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) requirements. In addition, he continues to support the design and environmental review team, including preparation of the Hazardous Materials chapter for the Environmental Impact Statement, estimating cost impacts to the project for design and cost

MARC S. GODICK, LEP SR. VICE PRESIDENT p. 2 [Name] recovery purposes, and developing a Soil Management Plan. Mr. Godick also managed a hydrogeologic modeling study to evaluate potential hydraulic and contaminant migration impacts associated with construction of the proposed flood control structure. Mr. Godick continues to coordinate with the NYC team, NYSDEC, and Con Edison to ensure that the design incorporates appropriate remedial measures to be implemented prior to and/or in conjunction with construction. Remedial Design, Gowanus Canal First Street Turning Basin, New York City Department of Design and Construction (DDC) Mr. Godick is managing the remedial design for restoration of the filled-in former First Street Turning Basin in Brooklyn, New York. The remediation is being conducted as part of an Order of Consent between the City of New York and EPA for the Gowanus Canal Superfund Site. The remedial design will include removal of fill and sediment within the fill-in basing in an approximately 475-foot by 50-foot area. The restored basin will provide enhanced waterfront access to the community and a boat launch for canoes and kayaks. Design considerations include geotechnical concerns related to adjacent buildings and new and existing bulkheads; soil and water management; landscape design; and access/construction logistics. The design in anticipated to be completed in late 2017. Remediation & Litigation Support, 3200 Jerome Avenue, Bronx, NY (Former PS 151) Mr. Godick managed the investigation and remediation of a former public school in the Bronx under the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Brownfields Cleanup Program (BCP). The site was contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) from historic operations at the property prior to use as a school. The remedial investigation included soil, groundwater, and vapor intrusion assessment both on-site and off-site. The remedial design included excavation of the source area, in-situ chemical oxidation of groundwater, and installation of a sub-slab depressurization system (SSDS) to address to potential vapor intrusion. Implementation of the remedy was complete in late 2014. The completed remediation allows for future multi- family residential, educational, childcare, and/or medical uses. Mr. Godick also provided litigation support in connection with a cost recovery claim against the former operator of the site. Remediation & Litigation Support, Queens West Project, Avalon Bay Communities, Queens, NY For over 20 years, AKRF has played a key role in advancing the Queens West development, which promises to transform an underused industrial waterfront property into one of largest and most vibrant mixed-use communities just across the East River from the United Nations. AKRF prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that examines issues pertaining to air quality, land use and community character, economic impacts, historic and archaeological resources, and infrastructure. As part of this project, Mr. Godick managed one of the largest remediation projects completed under the NYSDEC BCP at the time that was contaminated by coal tar and petroleum. The remedy included the installation of a hydraulic barrier (sheet pile cut off wall), excavation of contaminated soil under a temporary structure to control odors during remediation, a vapor mitigation system below the buildings, and implementation of institution controls. The investigation, remediation design, and remedy implementation, and final sign-off (issuance of Certificate of Completion) were completed in two years. Total remediation costs were in excess of $13 million. Following completion of the remediation, Mr. Godick developed a cost allocation model and provided litigation support for a cost recovery action against a former operator of the site, including participation in a deposition as a fact witness prior to settlement between the parties. On-Call Environmental Consulting Services (Various Locations), New York City Mayor’s Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) (administered by NYCEDC) Mr. Godick is managing an on-call contract with the OER for brownfields environmental assessment and remediation. The work has included conducting Phase I environmental site assessments (ESAs) and multi-media sampling of soil, groundwater, and soil vapor for various sites funded by EPA grants. The work plans and investigation reports were completed in accordance with OER and EPA requirements. AKRF also developed a remedial plan for a former gas station site in the Bronx and implemented a remedial plan for capping a park site in Staten Island. In addition, Mr. Godick is providing support to OER and an affordable housing developer to expedite an application for entry into the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

MARC S. GODICK, LEP SR. VICE PRESIDENT p. 3 [Name] (NYSDEC) Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP), as well as preparation and implementation of the remedial investigation and remedial plan. On-Call Environmental Consulting (Various Locations), New York City School Construction Authority Mr. Godick is managing an on-call contract with the SCA for environmental assessment, remedial design, and plumbing disinfection. For new school sites, initial due diligence involves conducting Phase I environmental site assessments (ESAs) and multi-media sampling of soil, groundwater, and soil vapor to determine the suitability of a site for development as a school and remediation requirements and associated costs. Once design for a school is underway, AKRF would prepare remediation plans and construction specifications and oversee the construction activities. For existing school sites, the work can involve conducting Phase I ESAs and indoor air quality testing, preparation of specifications, supervision of storage tank removals, investigation and remediation of spills, and development of remediation cost estimates. AKRF also oversees plumbing disinfection work, which is required prior to new plumbing being placed into service. The assignments involve reviewing and commenting on disinfection plans, supervision of the disinfection and confirmation testing, and preparation of a report documenting the work was conducted in accordance with the specifications and applicable requirements. Due to the sensitivity of school sites, work under this contract is often conducted on short notice and during non-school hours. Mr. Godick also manages AKRF’s potable water sampling (for lead) work for SCA, including providing recommendations for mitigating exceedances. Remediation, Former Industrial Laundry/Dry Cleaning Plant, 2350 Fifth Avenue. New York, NY Mr. Godick managed the assessment, cleanup and post-remedial operations, maintenance and monitoring of the only NYSDEC listed inactive hazardous waste (State Superfund) site in Manhattan, a former laundry/dry cleaning plant in Harlem. Remedial investigation included evaluation of soil, groundwater, soil vapor, indoor air, and building materials. Interim remediation included the removal of contaminated building materials and operation of a sub-slab vapor extraction system retrofitted into the existing building. Mr. Godick coordinated with the regulatory agencies, site owner and occupants; and managed the investigation, remedial design, and remedial implementation activities. Phase 1 of the Remedial Action Work Plan consisted of further removal of contaminated building materials. Phase 2 of the remediation included a sub-slab depressurization system (SSDS) retrofitted into the existing building, soil vapor extraction (SVE) system, and chemical oxidation injection. Remedial action work was completed in 2014 and documented in a Final Engineering Report. NYSDEC issued Certificate of Completion in January 2015 and the site has been reclassified to a “Class 4” site (site properly closed – requires continued management). Mr. Godick continues to manage the project, including operations, maintenance and monitoring of the SSDS and SVE system under the NYSDEC-approved Site Management Plan. 606 West 57th Street, New York, NY, TF Cornerstone AKRF has been retained by TF Cornerstone to provide environmental services for the proposed redevelopment of a portion of the block bounded by Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues and West 56th and 57th Streets. The proposed actions included a zoning map amendment, zoning text amendments, a special permit, and an authorization to facilitate development of approximately 1.2 million square feet of residential and retail space. AKRF prepared an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the New York City Department of City Planning (DCP) to analyze the effects of the proposed actions and development of the proposed building. The EIS addressed the full range of environmental impacts associated with the proposed development. Mr. Godick was responsible for the elements of the EIS pertaining to hazardous materials, including coordination of a Phase I ESA and summarizing pertinent site information for the hazardous materials and construction chapters. Mr. Godick provided pre-acquisition support to TF Cornerstone, which included development of a remedial cost estimate report to outline remediation cost during site development. Mr. Godick also managed work related to the subsurface investigation, localized remediation (chemical injection and limited excavation beneath the building basement) and regulatory closure of a petroleum spill on a portion of the project site to satisfy NYSDEC requirements. After EIS certification, Mr. Godick coordinated approvals with NYCOER, the regulatory agency overseeing remedial measures related to the redevelopment of the site. The Site has an (E) Designation and is participating in the New York City Voluntary Cleanup Program. Mr. Godick managed the preparation of a Phase II Investigation Work Plan, Remedial Investigation Report, Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP), and contractor

MARC S. GODICK, LEP SR. VICE PRESIDENT p. 4 [Name] specifications for soil management and tank and hydraulic lift removal. Mr. Godick managed implementation of the remediation in accordance with the RAWP. 164 Kent Avenue, Brooklyn, NY (AKA Northside Piers and 1 North 4th Place), RD Management, L&M Development, Toll Brothers, and Douglaston Development The project was a multi-phase development consisting of a large waterfront block in the Williamsburg Rezoning Area. The project site has been developed with a mixed-use residential-commercial high rise towers with an esplanade and a pier along the East River. AKRF provided acquisition and development support, including performing Phase I and II environmental site assessments and development of remedial cost estimates for development, and preparation of Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) and Construction Health and Safety Plan (CHASPs) for approval by DEP and OER. AKRF provided assistance with construction oversight during soil handling activities and managing the Community Air Monitoring Plan (CAMP) activities. Closure reports were prepared and the project is fully built-out and occupied. Site Investigation–Over 20 Facilities, Con Edison, New York, NY Mr. Godick managed site investigations associated with petroleum, dielectric fluid, and PCB releases at over 20 Con Edison facilities including service centers, substations, generating stations, and underground transmission and distribution systems. Site investigations have included due diligence site reviews, soil boring installation, monitoring well installation, hydrogeologic testing, and water quality sampling. Risk-based closures were proposed for several sites. Underground Storage Tank Closure and Site Remediation–Program Management, Con Edison, New York, NY Mr. Godick provided technical assistance to Con Edison in developing technical submittals and budgets associated with tank closures at over 50 facilities. Technical summaries were prepared for submittal of contractor-prepared closure reports to the NYSDEC. The summaries included a review of historic pre-closure assessments, tank closure data, and provided recommendations for additional assessment, remediation or closure. Subsequently, a three-year program budget was developed for implementation of the UST investigation/remedial program, which Con Edison utilized for internal budgeting purposes. Site Investigation–7 World Trade Center Substation, Con Edison, New York, NY Mr. Godick managed the site investigation at the former 7 World Trade Center Substation in an effort to delineate and recover approximately 140,000 gallons of transformer and feeder oil following the collapse of the building. The project involved coordination with several crews, Con Edison, and other site personnel. Site Investigation–Former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Facilities, Con Edison, New York, NY Mr. Godick managed site investigations at four former manufactured gas plant (MGP) facilities. The investigations were completed at Con Edison substations, a flush pit facility, and a service center to support remedial design and expansion at select locations. The findings from these characterizations were used by Con Edison to make appropriate changes to the design specifications and to plan for appropriate handling of impacted materials and health and safety protocols during future construction activities. National Grid – Halesite Manufactured Gas Plant Site Remediation, Town of Huntington, NY Mr. Godick managed the remedial design and engineering work associated with remediation of National Grid's former MGP located in the Town of Huntington. The site is situated in a sensitive location along the waterfront, surrounded by commercial and residential properties, and half the property where the remediation was conducted was a steep slope. The remedy consisted of soil removal, oxygen injection, and non-aqueous phase liquid recovery. Mr. Godick was responsible for the development of the remedial work plans, design/construction documents, landscape architecture, confirmatory sampling, air monitoring, supervision, and preparation of close-out documentation in accordance with NYSDEC requirements. Verizon, Investigation & Remediation, Various Locations, NY, PA and DE Mr. Godick managed over 50 environmental investigations and remediation projects related to petroleum releases at various facilities. Responsibilities included annual budgeting, day-to-day project management, development and

MARC S. GODICK, LEP SR. VICE PRESIDENT p. 5 [Name] implementation of soil and ground water investigation workplans, ground water modeling, risk evaluation, remedial action work plans, remedial design, system installation, waste disposal, well abandonment, and operation and maintenance. Many of the assessment and remedial projects followed a risk-based approach. Remedial technologies implemented included air sparging, soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, pump and treat, soil excavation, and natural attenuation. Storage Tank Management, Verizon, Various Locations, NY, PA, DE, and MA Mr. Godick managed the removal and replacement of underground and aboveground storage tank systems for Verizon in New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Massachusetts. Responsibilities included the management of design, preparation of specifications, contractor bidding, construction oversight, project budget, and documentation. For selected AST sites, managed the development of Spill Control, Contingency and Countermeasures (SPCC) plans. Litigation Support, Cost Recovery Action, Gowanus Superfund Site, New York Mr. Godick provided technical support to one of the 40+ potential responsible parties (PRPs) associated with a Federal Superfund site in New York State, which included conducting a liability assessment for the various parties and development of a cost allocation model. Litigation Support, Cost Recovery Action, New York State Superfund Site Mr. Godick provided technical support for the former owner of a New York State Superfund site in upstate New York. The owner of the property brought a cost recovery action against our client as a PRP. Mr. Godick completed a technical review of the draft Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study prepared by the opposing party’s consultant to develop a more cost effective remedial strategy and to better position the client for liability allocation as part of future settlement negotiations. Mr. Godick also developed a cost allocation report that included a model for settlement negotiations, as well as participated in mediation. Litigation Support & Remediation, Former Service Station, Brooklyn, New York Mr. Godick took over management of remediation of an inactive service station (formerly conducted by another firm). His approach outlined additional characterization and remediation efforts which resulted in successful closure of the spill by NYSDEC within two years. Mr. Godick testified as an expert witness at a hearing in the New York State Supreme Court of Kings County to determine the adequacy of the remediation efforts. Litigation Support, Cost Recovery Action, Town of Carmel, New York Mr. Godick served as an expert witness representing the owner of a property in a landlord-tenant dispute, which was used as a gasoline station and oil change facility. Mr. Godick prepared exhibits, testified, and participated in meetings with NYSDEC to support the landlord’s claim that the oil change tenant’s practices were poor and were adversely affecting the environment and the overall facility systems at the site. Litigation Support, Cost Recovery Action, New York State Petroleum Spill Site, New York, NY Mr. Godick provided technical support for the former owner of a New York City multi-unit residential apartment building. The State of New York brought a cost recovery action against our client as a result of a previous spill from a former underground storage tank. Mr. Godick reviewed invoices and project documentation to dispute work performed by the NYSDEC, which provided the basis for settlement at a fraction of the initial claim. Litigation Support, Class Action Lawsuit, Confidential Client, NJ Mr. Godick provided technical support for a class action suit involving a petroleum-impacted community water supply in southern New Jersey. The technical assistance included analysis of expert testimony and coordination with legal counsel in preparing for cross-examination of the opposing party’s lead expert witness. Cost Analysis, Environmental Insurance Claims, Various Locations Mr. Godick provided technical support for cost analyses completed for a large national insurance company related to several former MGP and other industrial sites. Responsibilities included evaluation and development of cost- effective remedial strategies, as well as compilation of detailed costs for remedial action implementation and closure.

J. PATRICK DIGGINS, P.G.

Technical Director

J. Patrick Diggins has 10 years of environmental consulting experience primarily in environmental investigations, and remediation planning and oversight. His experience includes implementing Phase I Environmental Site Assessments, Subsurface (Phase II) Investigations and/or Remedial Investigations; developing and managing remedial action programs including soil excavation, remediation system design and installation, regulatory reporting, and post-remedial site management. Several of his New York City (NYC) projects have been successfully remediated under either the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) Brownfield or NYC Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP). Prior to his work in New York City, he gained experience in the New England region implementing large-scale environmental investigation and groundwater remediation projects.

BACKGROUND

Education M.S. Hydrogeology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 2009 B.S Geology, Beloit College, 2005 Years of Experience Date started at AKRF: January 2016 Prior industry experience: Langan Engineering and Environmental Services – Oct. 2011 to Dec. 2015 (4 years) Environmental Resources Management – September 2008 to October 2011 (3 years) Certifications New York State Certified Professional Geologist (August 2017)

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE 110-10 Astoria Boulevard (419Q), Queens, NY The property is a future public school, and is enrolled in New York City Mayor’s Office of Environmental Remediation (NYC OER) E-Designation program. AKRF is representing the New York City School Construction Authority (NYC SCA) and has performed the remedial investigation; developed remedial work plans for approval by the NYC OER, and is currently overseeing the implementation of remedial actions. For this project, Mr. Diggins is acting as project manager, overseeing field personnel and reviewing daily reports. 11 Greene Street, New York, NY The property is a New York City Mayor’s Office of Environmental Remediation (NYC OER) Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) site. AKRF performed the remedial investigation; developed remedial work plans for approval by the NYC OER, and is currently overseeing the implementation of remedial actions. For this project, Mr. Diggins is acting as project manager, overseeing field personnel and reviewing daily reports. 74-16 Grand Avenue, Queens, New York AKRF was tasked with completion of Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) and implementation of a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation. Mr. Diggins acted as project manager, overseeing field personnel implementing the Phase I ESA site reconnaissance and the subsurface investigation, as well as completing reports for delivery to the client. DOT Relocation Site, Long Island City, New York

J. PATRICK DIGGINS, P.G.

SENIOR GEOLOGIST p. 2

AKRF was tasked with completion of Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) and implementation of a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation. Mr. Diggins acted as project manager, overseeing field personnel implementing the Phase I ESA site reconnaissance and the subsurface investigation, as well as completing reports for delivery to the client. AKRF is now assisting the client with entering the proposed site redevelopment project into the New York State Brownfield Cleanup Program. Mr. Diggins completed the application for submittal and is working with colleagues to begin design of remedial elements. 29-39 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY The property has undergone remediation of a petroleum spill that originated in the facility basement. AKRF performed the spill investigation, developed remedial work plans for approval by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), and oversaw the implementation of remedial actions. For this project, Mr. Diggins acted as project manager overseeing field personnel and guiding the client over the regulatory hurdles. East Side Coastal Resiliency, East River Waterfront/Lower Manhattan, New York Mr. Diggins prepared cost estimates for construction of coastal resiliency structures in potentially contaminated areas of the East River waterfront, on behalf of NYC Department of Design and Construction (DDC). He evaluated field and laboratory data to assist the project manager in the report preparation, and represented AKRF at meetings with city officials.

CHRISTOPHER PUOPLO

FIELD TECHNICIAN

Christopher Puoplo is geologist in AKRF’s Hazardous Materials Department. He has experience in groundwater sampling, air monitoring, water disinfection and sampling, lead in water sampling, SWPPP inspections, phase II subsurface investigations, sturgeon monitoring, crewing and driving a motorboat, and construction oversight.

BACKGROUND

Education BS Geology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY

Licenses/Certifications 40-Hour OSHA HAZWOPER Certified 10-Hour OSHA Construction Program Certified DOL Asbestos Project Monitor, Air Technician, and Inspector Certified SWPPP Certified TWIC Certified

Years of experience Year started in company: 2014 Year started in industry: 2014

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

New York City School Construction Authority: On-Call Environmental Consulting Under an on-call contract, AKRF provides the New York City School Construction Authority (NYCSCA) with hazardous materials consulting services. Mr. Puoplo performs environmental assessment tasks including lead in drinking water sampling and plumbing disinfection oversight tasks under the current on-call contract. NY Wheel, Staten Island, NY Working with the New York City Department of Small Business Services (SBS) as lead agency, AKRF conducted an environmental review for the forthcoming Empire Outlets and New York Observation Wheel (NY Wheel), a mixed-use development situated on a State Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) site managed by the New York City Economic Development Corporation (EDC), on the northern Staten Island waterfront. The approximately 60- story NY Wheel will be one of the world’s tallest Ferris wheels, while Empire Outlets will be New York City’s first outlet mall. The combined project is the largest investment in the borough since the construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in the 1960s. AKRF is also providing hazardous materials services and civil engineering services to New York Wheel LLC during construction on the NY Wheel site. Mr. Puoplo has performed construction oversight to ensure compliance with the SMP.

CHRISTOPHER PUOPLO

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST p. 2

87 Gedney Way, White Plains NY – Groundwater Sampling AKRF was hired by the City of White Plains’ Department of Public Works (DPW) to prepare a Site Investigation Work Plan (SIWP) of the 22.7-acre Gedney Way Leaf and Yard Waste Compost Facility. AKRF completed the SIWP and obtained NYSDEC approval on the plan. AKRF also collected of soil, groundwater, soil gas and surface water samples. Closure activities have been completed and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) closure approval is pending. As part of ongoing monitoring, Mr. Puoplo screened wells for methane, measured depth to groundwater, and collected groundwater samples from the site. Rego Park Home Depot, Queens, NY Solvent contamination was encountered during retail development of a former industrial property in Rego Park, Queens, New York. The site work included an extensive investigation and a multi-phase remediation performed under the NYSDEC Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP). Remediation included removal of aboveground and underground storage tanks (ASTs and USTs) and hotspot soil removal. An AS/SVE groundwater remediation system designed by AKRF was installed as part of the building construction. Mr. Puoplo performed quarterly groundwater monitoring. Storage Deluxe, Various Locations, NY AKRF assists Storage Deluxe with the ongoing expansion of their self-storage facilities primarily in the five boroughs of New York City and Westchester County. AKRF provides environmental due diligence services related to their property transactions, including Phase I Environmental Site Assessments (ESAs), Phase II investigations, and geophysical surveys, remediation, as well as consulting on petroleum bulk storage tank management. Mr. Puoplo has assisted Storage Deluxe with asbestos surveys at various properties. 34 Berry Street, Williamsburg, NY AKRF was retained to prepare close-out documentation for this former industrial/warehouse facility in Williamsburg, which was remediated under the New York City Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) E- designation and NYSDEC Spills programs. The closure report, which was based on documentation provided by the environmental contractor, was prepared on an expedited basis so that the developer could obtain a Certificate of Occupancy in time for the scheduled opening of the new building. AKRF is currently providing on-going remediation monitoring services to fulfill NYSDEC Spill closure requirements. For this project, Mr. Puoplo performed monthly/quarterly groundwater monitoring. Crestwood 300-308 Columbus Avenue, Tuckahoe, NY – Environmental Monitoring Investigation and remediation of the former gasoline filling station is being conducted under the New York State Brownfield Cleanup Program (BCP). AKRF completed a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, Phase II Subsurface Investigation, and prepared a Remedial Action Plan (RAP) to address subsurface contamination during site redevelopment. For this project, Mr. Puoplo served as an on-site environmental monitor who performed construction oversight and conducted work zone and community air monitoring. Flushing Industrial Park, Flushing, NY Investigation and remediation of former garage and filling station is being conducted under the New York State BCP. AKFR conducted a remedial investigation, and prepared and executed a Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP). For this project, Mr. Puoplo served as a lead on-site environmental monitor who performed construction oversight and conducted work zone and community air monitoring. Extell Construction Oversight, Manhattan, NY Environmental investigation and remediation of this Site is being conducted under the New York City Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP) managed by the New York City Mayer’s Office of Environmental Remediation (OER).

CHRISTOPHER PUOPLO

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTIST p. 3

The Site is also subject to environmental review by the NYSDEC. For this project, Mr. Puoplo performed post- remediation groundwater sampling at the site. The Crossing at Jamaica Station, Jamaica, NY AKRF was retained to prepare close-out documentation for this former industrial/warehouse facility in Williamsburg, which was remediated under the New York City Office of Environmental Remediation (OER) E- designation and NYSDEC Spills programs. The closure report, which was based on documentation provided by the environmental contractor, was prepared on an expedited basis so that the developer could obtain a Certificate of Occupancy in time for the scheduled opening of the new building. For this project, Mr. Puoplo performed monthly/quarterly groundwater monitoring. Tappan Zee Bridge, Tarrytown, NY AKRF was retained to perform a sturgeon monitoring program with near field monitoring during construction activities at the Tappan Zee Bridge project. For this project, Mr. Puoplo performed sturgeon monitoring and near field data collection, as well as crewing and driving a motor boat. 29-39 East Fordham Road, Fordham, NY AKRF was retained to perform a phase II subsurface investigation, create and implement a remedial action work plan for this commercial building in Fordham which had an aboveground oil storage tank spill, which was remediated under the NYSDEC Spills programs. The spill is still open today. For this project, Mr. Puoplo acted as the primary field person for construction oversight during soil remediation, installation of groundwater monitoring wells, and concrete restoration. Adelaar Resort (Formerly known as Concord Resort), Thompson, NY Developed over several years and phases, the Adelaar Resort project will redevelop the historic Concord Resort into a variety of amenities, uses, and experiences. The Adelaar Resort will include a Resort Core with casino hotels and conference facilities, an entertainment village, a family resort area, and a residential village encompassing a total area of over 1,500 acres. AKRF was retained for engineering and remediation oversight. For this project, Mr. Puoplo conducted construction oversight, community and work zone air monitoring during remediation activities, collected soil samples, and performed stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) inspections. All activities done in accordance with the RAWP, SMP, and SWPPP. Marymount School, Manhattan, NY AKRF was retained to perform a phase I environmental site assessment (ESA) and phase II subsurface investigation to be submitted to the NYSDEC for the athletic field at Marymount School in Manhattan, NY prior to redevelopment of the field. For this project, Mr. Puoplo performed the phase II subsurface investigation, which included soil boring oversight and logging, temporary monitoring well development, sampling, and subsequent abandonment, and installation and sampling of temporary soil vapor monitoring points.

Alpha Analytical PROFESSIONAL PROFILE

James C. Todaro Qualifications Summary Quality Assurance Officer • Over 30 years of experience in the environmental field and over 40 years in Professional Affiliations analytical laboratories National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) • Extensive experience American Chemical Society (ACS) involving management of environmental laboratory American Society for the Testing of Materials (ASTM) operations. Independent Testing Laboratory Association (ITLA) Society of American Military Engineers (SAME) • Involvement with NELAC since its inception and member of “Accreditation Committee” Fields of Expertise

• ASTM committee member Laboratory Management – Environmental, Analytical, Medical on D-34 “Waste Characterization and Marketing and Sales Disposal” Laboratory Design • Co-founder of Matrix Analytical, Inc. Higher Education • Diverse experience in laboratory from medical, B.A., Biology – Ricker College (1970) industrial and environmental M.T. A.S.C.P. – Norwood Hospital (1971)

• Lab Design for wastewater, Employment History water treatment, analytical & environmental facilities for 2007-Present Alpha Analytical Labs – Quality Assurance Officer, existing & new labs, 2005-2007 Alpha Analytical Labs – Laboratory Director - Mansfield including equipment 2000-2005 Alpha Analytical Labs – Laboratory Director - Westboro selection, casework, hood 1983-2000 Matrix Analytical Laboratory – Owner/Laboratory Director selection. Linear process flow for 1979-1983 NE Medical Laboratory – Laboratory Director expansion considerations 1976-1979 Corning Medical Diagnostics – Quality Assurance Officer 1974-1976 NE Deaconess Hospital – Emergency Lab Technologist 1971-1974 NE Medical Laboratory – Automated Chem Supervisor

Professional Training/Committees NELAC/TNI Expert PT Committee DoD Technical Advisory Group MassDEP Laboratory Advisory Committee NJDEP Environmental Laboratory Advisory Committee ASTM D-34 Waste Management Committee Certified Instructor 4 hr LEP and LSP CEU courses for: “Interpretation of Analytical Data”, “Selection of Organic Methods”.

1 Alpha Analytical PROFESSIONAL PROFILE

APPENDIX B LABORATORY SOPS FOR ANALYSES OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS

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APPENDIX B HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

272 4TH AVENUE

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Health and Safety Plan

BCP Site No.: C224298 AKRF Project Number: 190021

Prepared for: 272 4th Avenue LLC 51 East 12th Street, 7th Floor New York, NY 10003

Prepared by:

440 Park Avenue South, 7th Floor New York, NY 10016 212-696-0670

DECEMBER 2019 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES...... 2 2.1 Hazard Evaluation ...... 2 2.1.1 Hazards of Concern ...... 2 2.1.2 Physical Characteristics...... 2 2.1.3 Hazardous Materials ...... 2 2.1.4 Chemicals of Concern ...... 3 2.2 Designated Personnel ...... 4 2.3 Training ...... 5 2.4 Medical Surveillance Program ...... 5 2.5 Site Work Zones ...... 5 2.6 Community Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) ...... 6 2.6.1 Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulates ...... 6 2.6.2 Work Zone Air Monitoring ...... 6 2.7 Personal Protection Equipment ...... 6 2.8 General Work Practices ...... 7 3.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN ...... 8 3.1 Hospital Directions ...... 8 3.2 Emergency Contacts ...... 8 4.0 APPROVAL & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF HASP ...... 9

FIGURES Figure 1 – Site Location Figure 2 – Hospital Location Map

APPENDICES Appendix A – Potential Health Effects from On-site Contaminants Appendix B – Report Forms Appendix C – Emergency Hand Signals

AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

1.0 INTRODUCTION This environmental Health and Safety Plan (HASP) has been developed for implementation of the Remedial Investigation (RI) activities conducted by all personnel on-site, both AKRF employees and others, at 272 4th Avenue (the “Site”). The Site is located at 272 4th Avenue, in the Gowanus neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The legal definition of the Site is Brooklyn Borough Tax Block 456, Lot 23. A Site Location map is provided as Figure 1. Currently, the Site is occupied by an approximately 19,200-gross-sf, two-story commercial building, which was constructed around 1931, and is operated as an automobile collision repair facility. A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) was conducted at the Site by AKRF, Inc. in February 2019, and is summarized in a Phase I ESA report dated April 2019. The Phase IESA indicated that the Site had the Site had numerous historical automotive uses, with some commercial and residential uses. Site reconnaissance identified the potential for contaminated soil, soil vapor, and/or groundwater at the Site from historic automotive uses and potential off-site sources. AKRF, Inc. conducted a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation at the Site in February 2019, which is summarized in a Subsurface (Phase II) Investigation report dated April 2019. The scope of the investigation was based on AKRF’s Phase I ESA. The Phase II included a geophysical survey across accessible portions of the Site, advancement of soil borings with collection and analysis of soil samples, installation of monitoring wells and collection of and analysis groundwater samples, and installation of soil vapor points and analysis of soil vapor samples. The analytical results indicated that volatile organic compounds (VOCs), poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [a class of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)] and metals were detected in soil samples at concentrations above the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) 6 New York City Rules and Regulations (NYCRR) Part 375 Unrestricted Use Soil Cleanup Objectives (UUSCOs) and/or Restricted Residential Soil Cleanup Objectives (RRSCOs). VOCs and PAHs were detected in groundwater above NYSDEC Technical and Operational Guidance Series (TOGS) Ambient Water Quality Standards and Guidance Values (AWQSGVs). Petroleum- and chlorinated solvent-related VOCs were detected at elevated concentrations in soil vapor samples collected from the Site. The presence of contaminants in the soil, groundwater and soil vapor samples is likely associated with the historic auto motive uses at the Site and/or off-site sources. This HASP does not discuss other routine health and safety issues common to general construction and excavation, including but not limited to slips, trips, falls, shoring, and other physical hazards. All AKRF employees are directed that all work must be performed in accordance with the Company's Generic HASP and all Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) applicable regulations for the work activities required for the project. All project personnel are furthermore directed that they are not permitted to enter Permit Required Confined Spaces (as defined by OSHA). For issues unrelated to contaminated materials, all non-AKRF employees are to be bound by all applicable OSHA regulations as well as any more stringent requirements specified by their employer in their corporate HASP or otherwise. AKRF is not responsible for providing oversight for issues unrelated to contaminated materials for non- employees. This oversight shall be the responsibility of the employer of that worker or other official designated by that employer.

B-1 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

2.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES 2.1 Hazard Evaluation 2.1.1 Hazards of Concern Check all that apply (X) Organic Chemicals (X) Inorganic Chemicals ( ) Radiological ( ) Biological ( ) Explosive/Flammable ( ) Oxygen Deficient Atm (X) Heat Stress (X) Cold Stress ( ) Carbon Monoxide Comments: No personnel are permitted to enter permit confined spaces.

2.1.2 Physical Characteristics Check all that apply (X) Liquid (X) Solid (X) Sludge (X) Vapors ( ) Unknown ( ) Other Comments:

2.1.3 Hazardous Materials Check all that apply Chemicals Solids Sludges Solvents Oils Other ( ) Acids (X) Ash ( ) Paints ( ) Halogens ( ) Transformer ( ) Lab (X) ( ) Caustics ( ) Asbestos ( ) Metals ( ) Other DF ( ) Pharm Petroleum (X) (X) Motor or ( ) Pesticides ( ) Tailings ( ) POTW Chlorinated ( ) Hospital Hydraulic Oil solvents (X) Petroleum (X) Other ( )Other: (X) Gasoline ( ) Rad ( ) Inks Fill material (X) Fuel Oil ( ) MGP ( ) PCBs ( ) Mold (X) Metals ( ) Cyanide (X)Other: VOCs & SVOCs

B-2 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

2.1.4 Chemicals of Concern

Chemicals REL/PEL/STEL Health Hazards Ulceration of nasal septum, dermatitis, gastrointestinal REL = 0.002 mg/m3 Arsenic disturbances, peripheral neuropathy, resp irritation, PEL = TWA 0.010 mg/m3 hyperpigmentation of skin, potential occupational carcinogen Irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin burns; PEL = 0.5 mg/m3 gastroenteritis; muscle spasm; slow pulse, extrasystoles; Barium REL = 0.5 mg/m3 hypokalemia. Irritation eyes, skin, nose, respiratory system; dizziness; REL = TWA 0.1 ppm Benzene headache, nausea, staggered gait; anorexia, lassitude (weakness, PEL = TWA 1 ppm exhaustion); dermatitis; bone marrow depression. Berylliosis (chronic exposure): anorexia, weight loss, lassitude REL = 0.0005 mg/m3 (weakness, exhaustion), chest pain, cough, clubbing of fingers, Beryllium PEL = TWA 0.002 mg/m3 cyanosis, pulmonary insufficiency; irritation eyes; dermatitis; [potential occupational carcinogen]. Pulmonary edema, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), cough, chest tightness, substernal (occurring beneath the sternum) pain; Cadmium PEL = TWA 0.005 mg/m3 headache; chills, muscle aches; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; anosmia (loss of the sense of smell), emphysema, proteinuria, mild anemia; [potential occupational carcinogen]. Irritation eyes, skin; dizziness, mental dullness, nausea, REL = 2 ppm Chloroform confusion; headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); PEL = 50 ppm anesthesia; enlarged liver; [potential occupational carcinogen]. Irritation eyes, skin; lung fibrosis (histologic) Chromium TWA = 1 mg/mg3

REL = TWA 0.1 mg/m3 Chrysene Dermatitis, bronchitis, [potential occupational carcinogen]. PEL = TWA 0.2 mg/m3 REL = 1 mg/m3 Irritation eyes, nose, pharynx; nasal septum perforation; metallic Copper PEL = 1 mg/m3 taste; dermatitis; in animals: lung, liver, kidney damage; anemia Irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, nausea; lacrimation (discharge of tears); possible polyneuropathy, Diethyl Phthalate REL = TWA 5 mg/m3 vestibular dysfunc; pain, numb, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), spasms in arms & legs REL = TWA 100 ppm Irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; headache; dermatitis; Ethyl Benzene PEL = TWA 100 ppm narcosis, coma. REL = TWA 5 mg/m3 Benign pneumoconiosis with X-ray shadows indistinguishable Iron PEL = TWA 10 mg/m3 from fibrotic pneumoconiosis (siderosis) Lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), insomnia; facial pallor; anorexia, weight loss, malnutrition; constipation, abdominal REL = 0.05 mg/m3 Lead pain, colic; anemia; gingival lead line; tremor; paralysis wrist, PEL = 0.05 mg/m3 ankles; encephalopathy; kidney disease; irritation eyes; hypertension. Manganism; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing REL = 1 mg/m3 Manganese difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; PEL = 0.2 mg/m3 malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage. Irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), Methylene Chloride PEL = TWA 25 ppm drowsiness, dizziness; numb, tingle limbs; nausea. Methyl Ethyl Ketone REL = TWA 200 ppm Irritation eyes, skin, nose; headache; dizziness; vomiting; (2-Butanone) PEL = TWA 200 ppm dermatitis. Methyl tert-butyl ether Headaches, nausea, dizziness, irritation of the nose or throat, TLV = TWA 50 ppm (MTBE) and feelings of spaciness or confusion. Irritation eyes, skin; cough, chest pain, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), bronchitis, pneumonitis; tremor, insomnia, REL = 0.1 mg/m3 Mercury irritability, indecision, headache, lassitude (weakness, PEL = 0.05 mg/m3 exhaustion); stomatitis, salivation; gastrointestinal disturbance, anorexia, weight loss; proteinuria.

B-3 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

Chemicals REL/PEL/STEL Health Hazards Irritation eyes; headache, confusion, excitement, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; REL = TWA 10 ppm Naphthalene irritation bladder; profuse sweating; jaundice; hematuria (blood PEL = TWA 10 ppm in the urine), renal shutdown; dermatitis, optical neuritis, corneal damage. REL = TWA 0.015 mg/m3 Sensitization dermatitis, allergic asthma, pneumonitis; [potential Nickel PEL = TWA 1 mg/m3 occupational carcinogen]. REL = TWA 5 ppm Irritation eyes, nose, throat; anorexia, weight loss; lassitude (19 mg/m3) [skin] (weakness, exhaustion), muscle ache, pain; dark urine; cyanosis; Phenol PEL = TWA 5 ppm liver, kidney damage; skin burns; dermatitis; ochronosis; (19 mg/m3) [skin] tremor, convulsions, twitching

Polycyclic Aromatic Harmful effects to skin, bodily fluids, and ability to fight PEL = 5 mg/m3 Hydrocarbons (PAHs) disease, reproductive problems; potential carcinogen.

Irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; visual disturbance; headache; REL = TWA 0.2 mg/m3 chills, fever; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), bronchitis; metallic Selenium PEL = TWA 0.2 mg/m3 taste, garlic breath, gastrointestinal disturbance; dermatitis; eye, skin burns REL = TWA 0.01 mg/m3 Blue-gray eyes, nasal septum, throat, skin; irritation, ulceration Silver PEL = TWA 0.01 mg/m3 skin; gastrointestinal disturbance. REL = 2 mg/m3 Irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; pneumonitis; eye, skin Sodium PEL = TWA 2 mg/m3 burns; temporary loss of hair Central nervous system depression, causing fatigue, headache, PEL = TWA 200 ppm (750 confusion, paresthesia, dizziness, and muscular incoordination, Toluene mg/m3) irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat, respiratory system; nausea; PEL: 100 ppm flush face, neck; dizziness, incoordination; headache, Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) PEL C: 200 ppm; max peak: drowsiness; skin erythema (skin redness); liver damage; 300 ppm [potential occupational carcinogen]. Irritation eyes, skin; headache, visual disturbance, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, tremor, drowsiness, nausea, Trichloroethylene (TCE) PEL = TWA 100 ppm vomiting; dermatitis; cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia; liver injury; [potential occupational carcinogen]. Irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; dizziness, excitement, REL = TWA 435 mg/m3 drowsiness, incoordination, staggering gait; corneal Xylenes PEL = TWA 435 mg/m3 vacuolization; anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; dermatitis Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); metallic taste; REL = TWA 5 mg/m3 Zinc headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise PEL = TWA 5 mg/m3 (vague feeling of discomfort); chest tightness; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, decreased pulmonary function. Comments: REL = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit PEL = OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit STEL = OSHA Short Term Exposure Limit

2.2 Designated Personnel AKRF will appoint one of its on-site personnel as the Site Safety Officer (SSO). This individual will be responsible for the implementation of the HASP. The SSO will work under the direction of a Qualified Environmental Professional (QEP) and will be experienced in the implementation of air monitoring and hazardous materials sampling programs. Health and safety training required for the SSO and all field personnel are outlined in Section 2.3 of this HASP.

B-4 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

2.3 Training All personnel who enter the work area while intrusive activities are being performed will have completed a 40-hour training course that meets OSHA requirements of 29 CFR Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards. In addition, all personnel will have up-to-date 8-hour refresher training. The training will allow personnel to recognize and understand the potential hazards to health and safety. All field personnel must attend a training program, whose purpose is to:  Make them aware of the potential hazards they may encounter;  Provide the knowledge and skills necessary for them to perform the work with minimal risk to health and safety and make them aware of the purpose and limitations of safety equipment; and  Ensure that they can safely avoid or escape from emergencies. Each member of the field crew will be instructed in these objectives before he/she goes onto the Site. A Site safety meeting will be conducted at the start of the project. Additional meetings shall be conducted, as necessary, for new personnel working at the Site. 2.4 Medical Surveillance Program All AKRF and subcontractor personnel performing field work involving subsurface disturbance at the Site are required to have passed a complete medical surveillance examination in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.120 (f). A physician’s medical release for work will be confirmed by the SSO before an employee can begin Site activities. The medical release shall consider the type of work to be performed and the required personal protective equipment (PPE). The medical examination will, at a minimum, be provided annually and upon termination of hazardous waste Site work. 2.5 Site Work Zones During any activities involving subsurface disturbance, the work area must be divided into various zones to prevent the spread of contamination, ensure that proper protective equipment is donned, and provide an area for decontamination. The Exclusion Zone is defined as the area where exposure to impacted media could be encountered. The Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ) is the area where decontamination procedures take place and is located next to the Exclusion Zone. The Support is the zone area where support facilities such as vehicles, fire extinguisher, and first aid supplies are located. The emergency staging area (part of the Support Zone) is the area where all workers on-site would assemble in the event of an emergency. A summary of these areas is provided below. These zones may be changed by the SSO, depending on that day’s activities. All field personnel will be informed of the location of these zones before work begins.

Task Exclusion Zone CRZ Support Zone Remedial 10 ft. from Drill Rig 25 ft. from Drill Rig As Needed Investigation Comments: Control measures such as “caution tape” and/or traffic cones will be placed around the perimeter of the work area when work is being done in a public area.

B-5 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

2.6 Community Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) The purpose of the CAMP is to identify any exposure of the field personnel to potential environmental hazards in the soil, groundwater, and soil vapor. Results of the air monitoring will be used to determine the appropriate response action, if needed. 2.6.1 Volatile Organic Compounds and Particulates A photoionization detection (PID) will be used to perform air monitoring during soil disturbance activities to determine airborne levels of total VOCs and a Dust Trak will be used to perform air monitoring during soil disturbance activities to determine airborne levels of particulate (dust). The air monitoring equipment will be calibrated prior to the start of work each day in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. 2.6.2 Work Zone Air Monitoring Real time air monitoring will be performed with the PID and Dust Trak. Measurements will be taken prior to commencement of work and continuously during the work, as outlined in the following table. Measurements will be made as close to the workers as practicable and at the breathing height of the workers. The SSO will set up the equipment and confirm that it is working properly. His/her designee may oversee the air measurements during the day. The initial measurement for the day will be performed before the start of work and will establish the background level for that day. The final measurement for the day will be performed after the end of work. The action levels and required responses are listed in the following table:

Instrument Action Level Response Action

Less than 5 ppm in breathing zone Level D or D-Modified

PID Between 5 ppm and 50 ppm Level C

Stop work. Resume work when More than 50 ppm readings are less than 50 ppm.

Less than 1.25 mg/m3 above Level D or D-Modified background in breathing zone Dust Trak Less than 1.25 mg/m3 above Stop work. Resume work when background in breathing zone readings are less than 1.25 mg/m3.

mg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter ppm = parts per million

2.7 Personal Protection Equipment The personal protection equipment required for various kinds of site investigation tasks are based on 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, Appendix B, “General Description and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear.” AKRF field personnel and other site personnel shall wear, at a minimum, Level D personal protective equipment. The protection will be based on the air monitoring described in Section 2.6.

B-6 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

LEVEL OF PROTECTION & PPE Excavation/ Sampling (X) Safety Glasses Level D ( ) Face Shield (X) Steel Toe Shoes (X) Ear Plugs (within 25 ft of (X) Hard Hat drill rig) Yes (within 25 ft of drill rig) (X) Nitrile Gloves (X) Work Gloves (X) Tyvek for drill rig operator if NAPL present Level C (in addition to Level D) ( ) Particulate (X) Half-Face Cartridge Respirator OR ( ) Organic (X) Full Face Cartridge If PID > 5 ppm (breathing zone) Respirator (X) Dual Organic/ ( ) Full-Face PAPR Particulate Cartridge Comments: Cartridges to be changed out at least once per shift unless warranted beforehand (e.g., more difficult to breathe or any odors detected).

2.8 General Work Practices To protect the health and safety of the field personnel, field personnel will adhere to the guidelines listed below during activities involving subsurface disturbance:  Eating, drinking, chewing gum or tobacco, and smoking are prohibited, except in designated areas on the Site. These areas will be designated by the SSO.  Workers must wash their hands thoroughly on leaving the work area and before eating, drinking, or any other such activity.  The workers should shower as soon as possible after leaving the Site. Contact with contaminated or suspected surfaces should be avoided.  The buddy system should always be used; each buddy should watch for signs of fatigue, exposure, and heat/cold stress.

B-7 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

3.0 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN The field crew will be equipped with emergency equipment, such as a first aid kit and disposable eye washes. In the case of a medical emergency, the SSO will determine the nature of the emergency and he/she will have someone call for an ambulance, if needed. If the nature of the injury is not serious, i.e., the person can be moved without expert emergency medical personnel, he/she should be taken to a hospital by on-site personnel. Directions to the hospital are provided below, and a hospital route map is provided as Figure 2. 3.1 Hospital Directions

Hospital Name: New York Methodist Hospital

Phone Number: 718-780-3000

Address/Location: 506 6th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11215-3645 1. Turn left from the facility on 4th Avenue toward Garfield Pl. 2. Turn LEFT onto 5th Street. Directions: 3. Turn RIGHT onto 7th Avenue. 4. Destination will be on the LEFT. 3.2 Emergency Contacts

Company Individual Name Title Contact Number

Marc S. Godick Project Director 914-922-2356 (office)

J. Patrick Diggins Project Manager 646-388-9784 (office) AKRF

Evan Venice SSO 203-206-8879 (cell)

Chris Puoplo SSO Alternate 914-419-7263 (cell)

272 4th Avenue LLC Jesse Wark Volunteer 917-826-2847 BCP Project NYSDEC Steven Wu 718-482-6725 Manager Ambulance, Fire Department & - - 911 Police Department NYSDEC Spill Hotline - - 800-457-7362

B-8 AKRF, Inc. 272 4th Avenue Health and Safety Plan BCP Site No. C224298

4.0 APPROVAL & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF HASP APPROVAL

Signed: Date: AKRF Project Manager Signed: Date: AKRF Health and Safety Officer

Below is an affidavit that must be signed by all workers who enter the site. A copy of the HASP must be on-site at all times and will be kept by the SSO. AFFIDAVIT

I,______(name), of______(company name), have read the Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for the property located at 272 4th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. I agree to conduct all on-site work in accordance with the requirements set forth in this HASP and understand that failure to comply with this HASP could lead to my removal from the site.

Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date: Signed: Company: Date:

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APPENDIX A POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS FROM ON-SITE CONTAMINANTS

BENZENE CAS # 71-43-2

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs September 1997

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about benzene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Benzene is a widely used chemical formed from both natural processes and human activities. Breathing benzene can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and unconsciousness; long-term benzene exposure causes effects on the bone marrow and can cause anemia and leukemia. Benzene has been found in at least 813 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is benzene? q It breaks down more slowly in water and soil, and can pass through the soil into underground water. (Pronounced b.n“z¶n”) q Benzene does not build up in plants or animals. Benzene is a colorless liquid with a sweet odor. It evapo- How might I be exposed to benzene? rates into the air very quickly and dissolves slightly in water. q Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco It is highly flammable and is formed from both natural pro- smoke, automobile service stations, exhaust from motor cesses and human activities. vehicles, and industrial emissions. Benzene is widely used in the United States; it ranks in q Indoor air generally contains higher levels of benzene the top 20 chemicals for production volume. Some industries from products that contain it such as glues, paints, furniture wax, and detergents. use benzene to make other chemicals which are used to make q plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers. Benzene is Air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations will contain higher levels of benzene. also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, q detergents, drugs, and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene Leakage from underground storage tanks or from hazardous waste sites containing benzene can result in benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. Benzene is also a natural contamination of well water. part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette smoke. q People working in industries that make or use benzene What happens to benzene when it enters the may be exposed to the highest levels of it. q environment? A major source of benzene exposures is tobacco smoke. q Industrial processes are the main source of benzene in the How can benzene affect my health? environment. Breathing very high levels of benzene can result in death, q Benzene can pass into the air from water and soil. while high levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart q It reacts with other chemicals in the air and breaks down rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eat- within a few days. ing or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can q Benzene in the air can attach to rain or snow and be car- cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, ried back down to the ground. convulsions, rapid heart rate, and death.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BENZENE Page 2 CAS # 71-43-2

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

The major effect of benzene from long-term (365 days or Has the federal government made longer) exposure is on the blood. Benzene causes harmful recommendations to protect human health? effects on the bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red The EPA has set the maximum permissible level of ben- blood cells leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive zene in drinking water at 0.005 milligrams per liter bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing the (0.005 mgL). The EPA requires that spills or accidental re- chance for infection. leases into the environment of 10 pounds or more of benzene Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for be reported to the EPA. many months had irregular menstrual periods and a decrease in The Occupational Safety and Health Administration the size of their ovaries. It is not known whether benzene ex- (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of ben- posure affects the developing fetus in pregnant women or fer- zene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during tility in men. an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed bone formation, and bone marrow damage when pregnant animals breathed benzene. Glossary Anemia: A decreased ability of the blood to transport oxygen. How likely is benzene to cause cancer? Carcinogen: A substance with the ability to cause cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. has determined that benzene is a known human carcinogen. Chromosomes: Parts of the cells responsible for the develop- Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene in the air can ment of hereditary characteristics. cause leukemia, cancer of the blood-forming organs. Metabolites: Breakdown products of chemicals. Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram. exposed to benzene? Pesticide: A substance that kills pests. Several tests can show if you have been exposed to benzene. There is test for measuring benzene in the breath; this References test must be done shortly after exposure. Benzene can also be measured in the blood, however, since benzene disappears This ToxFAQs information is taken from the 1997 Toxico- rapidly from the blood, measurements are accurate only for logical Profile for Benzene (update) produced by the Agency recent exposures. for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Ser- vice, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public In the body, benzene is converted to products called me- Health Service in Atlanta, GA. tabolites. Certain metabolites can be measured in the urine. However, this test must be done shortly after exposure and is not a reliable indicator of how much benzene you have been exposed to, since the metabolites may be present in urine from other sources.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, FAX: 404-498-0093. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper Polychlorinated Biphenyls - ToxFAQs™

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about polychlorinated biphenyls. For more information, CAS # call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a mixture of individual chemicals which are no longer produced in the United States, but are still found in the environment. Health effects that have been associated with exposure to PCBs include acne-like skin conditions in adults and neurobehavioral and immunological changes in children. PCBs are known to cause cancer in animals. PCBs have been found in at least 500 of the 1,598 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What are polychlorinated biphenyls? •• PCBs are taken up by small organisms and fish in water. They are also taken up by other animals that eat these Polychlorinated biphenyls are mixtures of up to 209 individual aquatic animals as food. PCBs accumulate in fish and chlorinated compounds (known as congeners). There are no marine mammals, reaching levels that may be many known natural sources of PCBs. PCBs are either oily liquids or thousands of times higher than in water. solids that are colorless to light yellow. Some PCBs can exist as a vapor in air. PCBs have no known smell or taste. Many How might I be exposed to PCBs? commercial PCB mixtures are known in the U.S. by the trade •• Using old fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical name Aroclor. devices and appliances, such as television sets and PCBs have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers, refrigerators, that were made 30 or more years ago. capacitors, and other electrical equipment because they don’t These items may leak small amounts of PCBs into the burn easily and are good insulators. The manufacture of PCBs air when they get hot during operation, and could be a was stopped in the U.S. in 1977 because of evidence they build source of skin exposure. up in the environment and can cause harmful health effects. •• Eating contaminated food. The main dietary sources Products made before 1977 that may contain PCBs include old of PCBs are fish (especially sportfish caught in fluorescent lighting fixtures and electrical devices containing contaminated lakes or rivers), meat, and dairy products. PCB capacitors, and old microscope and hydraulic oils. •• Breathing air near hazardous waste sites and drinking What happens to PCBs when they enter contaminated well water. the environment? •• In the workplace during repair and maintenance of •• PCBs entered the air, water, and soil during their PCB transformers; accidents, fires or spills involving manufacture, use, and disposal; from accidental spills transformers, fluorescent lights, and other old electrical and leaks during their transport; and from leaks or fires in devices; and disposal of PCB materials. products containing PCBs. How can PCBs affect my health? •• PCBs can still be released to the environment from hazardous waste sites; illegal or improper disposal of The most commonly observed health effects in people industrial wastes and consumer products; leaks from old exposed to large amounts of PCBs are skin conditions such electrical transformers containing PCBs; and burning of as acne and rashes. Studies in exposed workers have shown some wastes in incinerators. changes in blood and urine that may indicate liver damage. PCB exposures in the general population are not likely to •• PCBs do not readily break down in the environment and result in skin and liver effects. Most of the studies of health thus may remain there for very long periods of time. PCBs effects of PCBs in the general population examined children can travel long distances in the air and be deposited in of mothers who were exposed to PCBs. areas far away from where they were released. In water, a small amount of PCBs may remain dissolved, but most stick Animals that ate food containing large amounts of PCBs to organic particles and bottom sediments. PCBs also bind for short periods of time had mild liver damage and some strongly to soil. died. Animals that ate smaller amounts of PCBs in food over

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Polychlorinated Biphenyls

several weeks or months developed various kinds of health effects, •• Children should be discouraged from playing CASin the # including anemia; acne-like skin conditions; and liver, stomach, dirt near hazardous waste sites and in areas where and thyroid gland injuries. Other effects of PCBs in animals there was a transformer fire. Children should also be include changes in the immune system, behavioral alterations, and discouraged from eating dirt and putting dirty hands, impaired reproduction. PCBs are not known to cause birth defects. toys or other objects in their mouths, and should wash How likely are PCBs to cause cancer? hands frequently. •• If you are exposed to PCBs in the workplace it is Few studies of workers indicate that PCBs were associated with possible to carry them home on your clothes, body, certain kinds of cancer in humans, such as cancer of the liver and or tools. If this is the case, you should shower and biliary tract. Rats that ate food containing high levels of PCBs for change clothing before leaving work, and your work two years developed liver cancer. The Department of Health and clothes should be kept separate from other clothes and Human Services (DHHS) has concluded that PCBs may reasonably laundered separately. be anticipated to be carcinogens. PCBs have been classified as probably carcinogenic, and carcinogenic to humans (group 1) Is there a medical test to show whether by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International I’ve been exposed to PCBs? Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), respectively. Tests exist to measure levels of PCBs in your blood, body How can PCBs affect children? fat, and breast milk, but these are not routinely conducted. Women who were exposed to relatively high levels of PCBs in the Most people normally have low levels of PCBs in their body workplace or ate large amounts of fish contaminated with PCBs because nearly everyone has been environmentally exposed had babies that weighed slightly less than babies from women to PCBs. The tests can show if your PCB levels are elevated, who did not have these exposures. Babies born to women who ate which would indicate past exposure to above-normal levels PCB-contaminated fish also showed abnormal responses in tests of of PCBs, but cannot determine when or how long you were infant behavior. Some of these behaviors, such as problems with exposed or whether you will develop health effects. motor skills and a decrease in short-term memory, lasted for several Has the federal government made years. Other studies suggest that the immune system was affected recommendations to protect in children born to and nursed by mothers exposed to increased levels of PCBs. There are no reports of structural birth defects human health? caused by exposure to PCBs or of health effects of PCBs in older The EPA has set a limit of 0.0005 milligrams of PCBs per children. The most likely way infants will be exposed to PCBs is from liter of drinking water (0.0005 mg/L). Discharges, spills or breast milk. Transplacental transfers of PCBs were also reported In accidental releases of 1 pound or more of PCBs into the most cases, the benefits of breast-feeding outweigh any risks from environment must be reported to the EPA. The Food and exposure to PCBs in mother’s milk. Drug Administration (FDA) requires that infant foods, eggs, milk and other dairy products, fish and shellfish, poultry How can families reduce the risks of and red meat contain no more than 0.2-3 parts of PCBs exposure to PCBs? per million parts (0.2-3 ppm) of food. Many states have •• You and your children may be exposed to PCBs by established fish and wildlife consumption advisories for PCBs. eating fish or wildlife caught from contaminated locations. References Certain states, Native American tribes, and U.S. territories have issued advisories to warn people about PCB-contaminated Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). fish and fish-eating wildlife. You can reduce your family’s 2000. Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls exposure to PCBs by obeying these advisories. (PCBs). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. •• Children should be told not play with old appliances, electrical equipment, or transformers, since they may contain PCBs.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027. Phone: 1-800-232-4636. ToxFAQsTM Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

July 2014 Page 2 of 2 Phenol - ToxFAQs™ CAS # 108-95-2

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about phenol. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance. Phenol is used as a disinfectant and is found in a number of consumer products. Skin exposure to high amounts can produce skin burns, liver damage, dark urine, irregular heart beat, and even death. Ingestion of concentrated phenol can produce internal burns. Phenol has been found in at least 595 of the 1,678 National Priority List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is phenol? How might I be exposed to phenol? Phenol is both a manufactured chemical and a natural •• You may be exposed to phenol if you live near substance. It is a colorless-to-white solid when pure. The landfills or hazardous waste sites that contain commercial product is a liquid. Phenol has a distinct odor phenol or near facilities manufacturing phenol. that is sickeningly sweet and tarry. •• You may be exposed to very low levels in your You can taste and smell phenol at levels lower than those home because it is found in a number of that are associated with harmful effects. Phenol evaporates consumer products, including mouthwashes and more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form throat lozenges. a solution with water. •• You may be exposed to phenol if you undergo Phenol is used primarily in the production of phenolic “chemical peels” to remove skin lesions with resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other phenol-containing products or are treated for synthetic fibers. It is also used in slimicides (chemicals chronic pain or spasticity with injections of phenol. that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant •• Low levels of phenol are found in some foods, and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as including smoked summer sausage, fried chicken, mouthwash and sore throat lozenges. mountain cheese, and some species of fish. What happens to phenol when it enters •• Smoking or inhaling second hand smoke will the environment? expose you to phenol. •• Low levels of phenol can be present in air and •• Following small, single releases, phenol is rapidly drinking water. removed from the air (generally, half is removed in less than a day). How can phenol affect my health? •• Phenol generally remains in the soil only about 2 to Most of the phenol that you may inhale or ingest will 5 days. enter the bloodstream; less will enter if there is contact •• Phenol can remain in water for a week or more. with the skin. •• Larger or repeated releases of phenol can remain in Short-term exposure to phenol in the air can cause the air, water, and soil for much longer periods of time. respiratory irritation, headaches, and burning eyes. •• Phenol does not build up in fish, other animals, People who had skin exposure to high amounts of or plants. phenol had skin burns, liver damage, dark urine,

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Phenol

CAS # 108-95-2

irregular heart beat, and some died. Ingestion of high •• Always store household products and over-the- concentrations of phenol has resulted in internal burns counter medications that contain phenol in their and death. original labeled containers out of the reach of children. In animals, breathing air with high levels of phenol resulted in irritation of the lungs. Repeated exposures Is there a medical test to determine induced muscle tremors and loss of coordination. whether I’ve been exposed to phenol? Exposure to high concentrations of phenol in the air for several weeks caused paralysis and severe injury to Phenol can be measured in blood and urine. A higher- the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, and in some cases, than-normal concentration of phenol in the urine may death. Some animals that drank water with very high suggest recent exposure to phenol or to substances that concentrations of phenol suffered muscle tremors and are converted to phenol in the body. loss of coordination. The detection of phenol and/or its metabolites in your Phenol can have beneficial effects when used medically urine cannot be used to predict the kind of health effects as an antiseptic or anesthetic. that might develop from that exposure. How likely is phenol to cause cancer? Has the federal government made The International Agency for Research on Cancer recommendations to protect (IARC) and the EPA have determined that phenol is not human health? classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. The EPA has determined that exposure to phenol in drinking water at concentrations of 6 mg/L for up to 10 How can phenol affect children? days is not expected to cause any adverse effects in a child. Vomiting and lethargy were the most frequent signs of The EPA has determined that lifetime exposure to 2 mg/L toxicity observed in children who accidentally ingested phenol in drinking water is not expected to cause any phenol and were treated at a poison control center. We adverse effects. do not know whether children would be more sensitive than adults to the effects of phenol. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a limit of 5 parts per million (ppm) of Phenol has caused minor birth defects and low birth phenol in air to protect workers during 8-hour work shifts. weight in animals generally at exposure levels that also were toxic to the pregnant mothers. References How can families reduce the risks of Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). exposure to phenol? 2008. Toxicological Profile for Phenol. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public •• Avoiding environmental tobacco smoke, which Health Service. contains phenol, will reduce phenol exposures.

September 2008 Page 2 of 2 SELENIUM CAS # 7782-49-2

Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM September 2003

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about selenium. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: People may be exposed to low levels of selenium daily through food and water. Selenium is a trace mineral needed in small amounts for good health, but exposure to much higher levels can result in neurological effects and brittle hair and deformed nails. Occupational inhalation exposure to selenium vapors may cause dizziness, fatigue, irritation of mucous membranes, and respiratory effects. This substance has been found in at least 508 of the 1,636 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What is selenium? ‘ Insoluble forms of selenium will remain in soil, but soluble Selenium is a naturally occurring mineral element that is forms are very mobile and may enter surface water from distributed widely in nature in most rocks and soils. In its soils. pure form, it exists as metallic gray to black hexagonal ‘ Selenium may accumulate up the food chain. crystals, but in nature it is usually combined with sulfide or with silver, copper, lead, and nickel minerals. Most How might I be exposed to selenium? processed selenium is used in the electronics industry, but it ‘ The general population is exposed to very low levels of is also used: as a nutritional supplement; in the glass selenium in air, food, and water. The majority of the daily industry; as a component of pigments in plastics, paints, intake comes from food. enamels, inks, and rubber; in the preparation of ‘ People working in or living near industries where selenium pharmaceuticals; as a nutritional feed additive for poultry is produced, processed, or converted into commercial and livestock; in pesticide formulations; in rubber products may be exposed to higher levels of selenium in the production; as an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos; and air. as a constituent of fungicides. Radioactive selenium is used ‘ People living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites or in diagnostic medicine. coal burning plants may also be exposed to higher levels of selenium. What happens to selenium when it enters the environment? How can selenium affect my health? ‘ Selenium occurs naturally in the environment and can be Selenium has both beneficial and harmful effects. Low doses released by both natural and manufacturing processes. of selenium are needed to maintain good health. However, ‘ Selenium dust can enter the air from burning coal and oil. exposure to high levels can cause adverse health effects. This selenium dust will eventually settle over the land and Short-term oral exposure to high concentrations of selenium water. may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Chronic oral ‘ It also enters water from rocks and soil, and from exposure to high concentrations of selenium compounds can agricultural and industrial waste. Some selenium compounds produce a disease called selenosis. The major signs of will dissolve in water, and some will settle to the bottom as selenosis are hair loss, nail brittleness, and neurological particles. abnormalities (such as numbness and other odd sensations

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Page 2 SELENIUM CAS # 7782-49-2

ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html in the extremities). manufacturer’s directions. Brief exposures to high levels of elemental selenium or ‘ Children living near waste sites that contain selenium or selenium dioxide in air can result in respiratory tract irritation, coal burning plants should be encouraged to wash their bronchitis, difficulty breathing, and stomach pains. Longer- hands before eating and to avoid putting their unwashed term exposure to either of these air-borne forms can cause hands in their mouths. respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and coughing. Levels of these forms of selenium that would be necessary to Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been produce such effects are normally not seen outside of the exposed to selenium? workplace. Low levels of selenium are normally found in body tissues Animal studies have shown that very high amounts of and urine. Blood and urine tests for selenium are most selenium can affect sperm production and the female useful for people who have recently been exposed to high reproductive cycle. We do not know if similar effects would levels. Toenail clippings can be used to determine longer- occur in humans. term exposure. These tests are not usually available at your doctor’s office, but your doctor can send the samples to a How likely is selenium to cause cancer? laboratory that can perform the tests. None of these tests, Studies of laboratory animals and people show that most however, can predict whether you will experience any health selenium compounds probably do not cause cancer. In fact, effects. studies in humans suggest that lower-than-normal selenium levels in the diet might increase the risk of cancer. Has the federal government made The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has recommendations to protect human health? determined that selenium and selenium compounds are not The EPA restricts the amount of selenium allowed in public classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans. water supplies to 50 parts total selenium per billion parts of The EPA has determined that one specific form of selenium, water (50 ppb). selenium sulfide, is a probable human carcinogen. Selenium The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sulfide is not present in foods and is a very different sets a limit of 0.2 mg selenium/m3 of workroom air for an chemical from the organic and inorganic selenium compounds 8-hour work shift. found in foods and in the environment. ATSDR and the EPA have determined that 5 micrograms of selenium per kilogram of body weight taken daily would not How can selenium affect children? be expected to cause any adverse health effects over a It is likely that the health effects seen in children exposed to lifetime of such intake. selenium will be similar to the effects seen in adults. However, one study found that children may be less susceptible to the health effects of selenium than adults. References Selenium compounds have not been shown to cause birth Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry defects in humans or in other mammals. (ATSDR). 2003. Toxicological Profile for Selenium (Update) Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, How can families reduce the risk of exposure to Public Health Service. selenium? ‘ Certain dietary supplements and shampoos contain selenium; these should be used according to the

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422- 8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper XYLENE CAS # 1330-20-7

Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine ToxFAQsTM August 2007

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about xylene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to xylene occurs in the workplace and when you use paint, gasoline, paint thinners and other products that contain it. People who breathe high levels may have dizziness, confusion, and a change in their sense of balance. Xylene has been found in at least 840 of the 1,684 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is xylene? How might I be exposed to xylene?

There are three forms of xylene in which the methyl groups o Using a variety of consumer products including gasoline, vary on the benzene ring: meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and paint varnish, shellac, rust preventatives, and cigarette para-xylene (m-, o-, and p-xylene). These different forms are smoke. Xylene can be absorbed through the respiratory referred to as isomers. tract and through the skin. o Ingesting xylene-contaminated food or water, although Xylene is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that catches on these levels are likely to be very low. fire easily. It occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar. o Working in a job that involves the use of xylene such as Chemical industries produce xylene from petroleum. It is one painters, paint industry workers, biomedical laboratory of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in workers, automobile garage workers, metal workers, and terms of volume. furniture refinishers.

Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and How can xylene affect my health? leather industries. It is also used as a cleaning agent, a thinner for paint, and in paints and varnishes. It is found in No health effects have been noted at the background levels small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. that people are exposed to on a daily basis.

What happens to xylene when it enters the High levels of exposure for short or long periods can cause environment? headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one’s sense of balance. Exposure of people o Xylene evaporates quickly from the soil and surface water to high levels of xylene for short periods can also cause into the air. irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat; difficulty in o In the air, it is broken down by sunlight into other less harmful breathing; problems with the lungs; delayed reaction time; chemicals in a couple of days. memory difficulties; stomach discomfort; and possibly o It is broken down by microorganisms in soil and water. changes in the liver and kidneys. It can cause o Only a small amount of it builds up in fish, shellfish, plants, unconsciousness and even death at very high levels. and other animals living in xylene-contaminated water.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Page 2 XYLENE CAS # 1330-20-7

ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

How likely is xylene to cause cancer? Is there a medical test to determine whether I’ve been exposed to xylene? Both the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the EPA have found that there is insufficient Laboratory tests can detect xylene or its breakdown products information to determine whether or not xylene is in exhaled air, blood, or urine. There is a high degree of carcinogenic. agreement between the levels of exposure to xylene and the levels of xylene breakdown products in the urine. However, a How can xylene affect children? urine sample must be provided very soon after exposure ends because xylene quickly leaves the body. These tests The effects of xylene have not been studied in children, but are not routinely available at your doctor’s office because it is likely that they would be similar to those seen in they require special equipment. exposed adults. Although there is no direct evidence, children may be more sensitive to acute inhalation exposure Has the federal government made recommendations than adults because their narrower airways would be more to protect human health? sensitive to swelling effects. The EPA set a limit of 10 parts xylene per million parts Studies of unborn animals indicate that high concentrations drinking water (10 ppm). of xylene may cause increased numbers of deaths, and delayed growth and development. In many instances, these The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) same concentrations also cause damage to the mothers. We has set limits of 100 parts xylene per million parts of do not know if xylene harms the unborn child if the mother is workplace air (100 ppm) for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour work exposed to low levels of xylene during pregnancy weeks.

How can families reduce the risks of exposure to References xylene? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). o Exposure to xylene as solvents (in paints or gasoline) can 2007. Toxicological Profile for Xylene (Update). Atlanta, GA: be reduced if the products are used with adequate ventilation U.S. Department of Public Health and Human Services, Public and if they are stored in tightly closed containers out of the Health Service. reach of small children. o Sometimes older children sniff household chemicals in attempt to get high. Talk with your children about the dangers of sniffing xylene. o If products containing xylene are spilled on the skin, then the excess should be wiped off and the area cleaned with soap and water.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-800-232-4636, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper Arsenic - ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7440-38-2

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about arsenic. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to higher than average levels of arsenic occur mostly in the workplace, near hazardous waste sites, or in areas with high natural levels. At high levels, inorganic arsenic can cause death. Exposure to lower levels for a long time can cause a discoloration of the skin and the appearance of small corns or warts. Arsenic has been found in at least 1,149 of the 1,684 National Priority List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is arsenic? How might I be exposed to arsenic? Arsenic is a naturally occurring element widely distributed •• Ingesting small amounts present in your food and in the earth’s crust. In the environment, arsenic is water or breathing air containing arsenic. combined with oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur to form •• Breathing sawdust or burning smoke from wood inorganic arsenic compounds. Arsenic in animals and treated with arsenic. plants combines with carbon and hydrogen to form organic arsenic compounds. •• Living in areas with unusually high natural levels of arsenic in rock. Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Copper chromated arsenate (CCA) is used to •• Working in a job that involves arsenic production or make “pressure-treated” lumber. CCA is no longer used use, such as copper or lead smelting, wood treating, in the U.S. for residential uses; it is still used in industrial or pesticide application. applications. Organic arsenic compounds are used as How can arsenic affect my health? pesticides, primarily on cotton fields and orchards. Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic can give you a sore throat or irritated lungs. What happens to arsenic when it enters the environment? Ingesting very high levels of arsenic can result in death. Exposure to lower levels can cause nausea and vomiting, •• Arsenic occurs naturally in soil and minerals and may decreased production of red and white blood cells, enter the air, water, and land from wind-blown dust abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a and may get into water from runoff and leaching. sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet. •• Arsenic cannot be destroyed in the environment. Ingesting or breathing low levels of inorganic arsenic for It can only change its form. a long time can cause a darkening of the skin and the •• Rain and snow remove arsenic dust particles from appearance of small “corns” or “warts” on the palms, soles, the air. and torso. •• Many common arsenic compounds can dissolve in Skin contact with inorganic arsenic may cause redness water. Most of the arsenic in water will ultimately end and swelling. up in soil or sediment. Almost nothing is known regarding health effects •• Fish and shellfish can accumulate arsenic; most of of organic arsenic compounds in humans. Studies this arsenic is in an organic form called arsenobetaine in animals show that some simple organic arsenic that is much less harmful.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Arsenic

CAS # 7440-38-2 compounds are less toxic than inorganic forms. Ingestion •• If you work in a job that may expose you to arsenic, of methyl and dimethyl compounds can cause diarrhea be aware that you may carry arsenic home on your and damage to the kidneys. clothing, skin, hair, or tools. Be sure to shower and change clothes before going home. How likely is arsenic to cause cancer? Several studies have shown that ingestion of inorganic Is there a medical test to determine arsenic can increase the risk of skin cancer and cancer whether I’ve been exposed to arsenic? in the liver, bladder, and lungs. Inhalation of inorganic There are tests available to measure arsenic in your blood, arsenic can cause increased risk of lung cancer. The urine, hair, and fingernails. The urine test is the most Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and reliable test for arsenic exposure within the last few days. the EPA have determined that inorganic arsenic is a known Tests on hair and fingernails can measure exposure to high human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research levels of arsenic over the past 6-12 months. These tests can on Cancer (IARC) has determined that inorganic arsenic is determine if you have been exposed to above-average carcinogenic to humans. levels of arsenic. They cannot predict whether the arsenic How can arsenic affect children? levels in your body will affect your health. There is some evidence that long-term exposure to arsenic Has the federal government made in children may result in lower IQ scores. There is also recommendations to protect some evidence that exposure to arsenic in the human health? womb and early childhood may increase mortality in The EPA has set limits on the amount of arsenic that young adults. industrial sources can release to the environment and There is some evidence that inhaled or ingested arsenic has restricted or cancelled many of the uses of arsenic can injure pregnant women or their unborn babies, in pesticides. EPA has set a limit of 0.01 parts per million although the studies are not definitive. Studies in animals (ppm) for arsenic in drinking water. show that large doses of arsenic that cause illness in The Occupational Safety and Health Administration pregnant females, can also cause low birth weight, fetal (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 malformations, and even fetal death. Arsenic can cross micrograms of arsenic per cubic meter of workplace air the placenta and has been found in fetal tissues. Arsenic is (10 μg/m³) for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour work weeks. found at low levels in breast milk. How can families reduce the risks of References exposure to arsenic? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic (Update). Atlanta, •• If you use arsenic-treated wood in home projects, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. you should wear dust masks, gloves, and protective Public Health Service. clothing to decrease exposure to sawdust. •• If you live in an area with high levels of arsenic in water or soil, you should use cleaner sources of water and limit contact with soil.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027. Phone: 1-800-232-4636 ToxFAQsTM Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

August 2007 Page 2 of 2 BARIUM CAS # 7440-39-3

Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences ToxFAQsTM June 2013

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about barium and barium compounds. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because these substances may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGH LIGHTS: Exposure to barium occurs mostly in the workplace or from drink ing contaminated water. Ingesting drinking water containing levels of barium above the EPA drinking water guidelines for relatively short periods of time can cause gastrointestinal disturbances and muscle weakness. Ingesting high levels for a long time can damage the kidneys. Barium and barium compounds have been

found in at least 798 of the 1,684 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is barium? the longer lasting forms (barium sulfate and barium Barium is a silvery-white metal which exists in nature only carbonate). in ores containing mixtures of elements. It combines with □ Fish and aquatic organisms can accumulate barium. other chemicals such as sulfur or carbon and oxygen to form barium compounds. How might I be exposed to barium? □ Ingesting small amounts present in your food and water Barium compounds are used by the oil and gas industries to or breathing air containing very low levels of barium. make drilling muds. Drilling muds make it easier to drill □ Living in areas with unusually high natural levels of through rock by keeping the drill bit lubricated. They are barium in the drinking water. also used to make paint, bricks, ceramics, glass, and rubber. □ Working in a job that involves barium production or use. □ Living or working near waste sites where barium has Barium sulfate is sometimes used by doctors to perform been disposed of. medical tests and to take x-rays of the gastrointestinal tract. How can barium affect my health? What happens to barium when it enters the The health effects of the different barium compounds environment? depend on how well the compound dissolves in water or in □ Barium gets into the air during the mining, refining, and the stomach contents. Barium compounds that do not production of barium compounds, and from the burning dissolve well, such as barium sulfate, are not generally of coal and oil. harmful. □ The length of time that barium will last in air, land, water, or sediments depends on the form of barium Barium has been found to potentially cause gastrointestinal released. disturbances and muscular weakness when people are □ Barium compounds, such as barium sulfate and barium exposed to it at levels above the EPA drinking water carbonate, which do not dissolve well in water, can last a standards for relatively short periods of time. Some people long time in the environment. who eat or drink amounts of barium above background □ Barium compounds, such as barium chloride, barium levels found in food and water for a short period may nitrate, or barium hydroxide, that dissolve easily in water experience vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, usually do not last in these forms for a long time in the difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood environment. The barium in these compounds that is pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. dissolved in water quickly combines with sulfate or Eating or drinking very large amounts of barium carbonate that are naturally found in water and become compounds that easily dissolve can cause changes in heart

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BARIUM Page 2 CAS # 7440-39-3

ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp rhythm or paralysis and possibly death. Animals that drank Has the federal government made barium over long periods had damage to the kidneys, recommendations to protect human health? decreases in body weight, and some died. The EPA has set a limit of 2.0 milligrams of barium per liter of drinking water (2.0 mg/L), which is the same as 2 How likely is barium to cause cancer? ppm. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (IARC) have not classified barium as to its carcinogenicity. (OSHA) has set Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) of 0.5 The EPA has determined that barium is not likely to be milligrams of soluble barium compounds per cubic meter carcinogenic to humans following ingestion and that there of workplace air (0.5 mg/m3) for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour is insufficient information to determine whether it will be work weeks. The OSHA limits for barium sulfate dust are carcinogenic to humans following inhalation exposure. 15 mg/m3 of total dust and 5 mg/m3 for respirable fraction.

How can barium affect children? The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health We do not know whether children will be more or less (NIOSH) has set Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) of sensitive than adults to barium toxicity. A study in rats that 0.5 mg/m3 for soluble barium compounds. The NIOSH has set 3 3 swallowed barium found a decrease in newborn body RELs of 10 mg/m (total dust) for barium sulfate and 5 mg/m weight; we do not know if a similar effect would be seen in (respirable fraction). humans. References How can families reduce the risk of exposure to Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological Profile for Barium and barium? Compounds (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of □ The greatest potential source of barium exposure is Public Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. through food and drinking water. However, the amount

of barium in foods and drinking water are typically too http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/pdf/FourthReport_Upd low to be of concern. atedTables_Sep2012.pdf

Is there a medical test to determine whether I’ve been exposed to barium? There is no routine medical test to determine whether you have been exposed to barium. Doctors can measure barium in body tissues and fluids, such as bones, blood, urine, and feces, using very complex instruments. These tests cannot be used to predict the extent of the exposure or potential health effects.

The geometric mean barium level measured in the U.S. general population aged 6 and older is reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as 1.56 µg/g creatinine (measured in urine).

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-800-232-4636, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ toxfaqs/index.asp. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper Chromium - ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7440-47-3

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about chromium. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to chromium occurs from ingesting contaminated food or drinking water or breathing contaminated workplace air. Chromium(VI) at high levels can damage the nose and cause cancer. Ingesting high levels of chromium(VI) may result in anemia or damage to the stomach or intestines. Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient. Chromium has been found in at least 1,127 of the 1,669 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is chromium? •• Drinking contaminated well water. Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, •• Living near uncontrolled hazardous waste animals, plants, and soil. It can exist in several different sites containing chromium or industries that forms. Depending on the form it takes, it can be a liquid, use chromium. solid, or gas. The most common forms are chromium(0), chromium(III), and chromium(VI). No taste or odor is How can chromium affect my health? associated with chromium compounds. Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient that helps the body use sugar, protein, and fat. The metal chromium, which is the chromium(0) form, is used for making steel. Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) Breathing high levels of chromium(VI) can cause irritation are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather to the lining of the nose, nose ulcers, runny nose, and tanning, and wood preserving. breathing problems, such as asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. The concentrations of chromium What happens to chromium when it in air that can cause these effects may be different for enters the environment? different types of chromium compounds, with effects occurring at much lower concentrations for chromium(VI) •• Chromium can be found in air, soil, and water after compared to chromium(III). release from the manufacture, use, and disposal of chromium-based products, and during the The main health problems seen in animals following manufacturing process. ingestion of chromium(VI) compounds are irritation and •• Chromium does not usually remain in the ulcers in the stomach and small intestine and anemia. atmosphere, but is deposited into the soil and water. Chromium(III) compounds are much less toxic and do not appear to cause these problems. •• Chromium can easily change from one form to another in water and soil, depending on the Sperm damage and damage to the male reproductive conditions present. system have also been seen in laboratory animals exposed to chromium(VI). •• Fish do not accumulate much chromium in their bodies from water. Skin contact with certain chromium(VI) compounds can cause skin ulcers. Some people are extremely sensitive How might I be exposed to chromium? tochromium(VI) or chromium(III). Allergic reactions •• Eating food containing chromium(III). consisting of severe redness and swelling of the skin have been noted. •• Breathing contaminated workplace air or skin contact during use in the workplace.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Chromium

CAS # 7440-47-3

How likely is chromium to cause cancer? Is there a medical test to determine The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), whether I’ve been exposed to chromium? the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Since chromium(III) is an essential element and naturally and the EPA have determined that chromium(VI) occurs in food, there will always be some level of compounds are known human carcinogens. chromium in your body. Chromium can be measured in hair, urine, and blood. In workers, inhalation of chromium(VI) has been shown to cause lung cancer. Chromium(VI) also causes lung cancer Higher than normal levels of chromium in blood or in animals. An increase in stomach tumors was observed urine may indicate that a person has been exposed in humans and animals exposed to chromium(VI) in to chromium. However, increases in blood and urine drinking water. chromium levels cannot be used to predict the kind of health effects that might develop from that exposure. How can chromium affect children? It is likely that health effects seen in children exposed to Has the federal government made high amounts of chromium will be similar to the effects recommendations to protect seen in adults. human health? We do not know if exposure to chromium will result in The EPA has established a maximum contaminant level of birth defects or other developmental effects in people. 0.1 mg/L for total chromium in drinking water. Some developmental effects have been observed in The FDA has determined that the chromium animals exposed to chromium(VI). concentration in bottled drinking water should not How can families reduce the risk of exceed 0.1 mg/L. exposure to chromium? The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has limited workers’ exposure to an average of •• Children should avoid playing in soils near 0.005 mg/m3 chromium(VI), 0.5 mg/m3 chromium(III), uncontrolled hazardous waste sites where chromium and 1.0 mg/m3 chromium(0) for an 8-hour workday, may have been discarded. 40-hour workweek. •• Chromium is a component of tobacco smoke. Avoid smoking in enclosed spaces like inside the home or References car in order to limit exposure to children and other Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). family members. 2012. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Atlanta, GA: U.S. •• Although chromium(III) is an essential nutrient, you Department of Health and Human Services, should avoid excessive use of dietary supplements Public Health Service. containing chromium.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-57, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027. Phone: 1-800-232-4636 ToxFAQsTM Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/index.asp. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

October 2012 Page 2 of 2 COPPER CAS # 7440-50-8

Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM September 2004

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about copper. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Copper is a metal that occurs naturally in the environment, and also in plants and animals. Low levels of copper are essential for maintaining good health. High levels can cause harmful effects such as irritation of the nose, mouth and eyes, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and even death. Copper has been found in at least 906 of the 1,647 National Priority Sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is copper? compounds can break down and release free copper into the air, water, and foods. Copper is a metal that occurs naturally throughout the environment, in rocks, soil, water, and air. Copper is an essential element in plants and animals (including humans), How might I be exposed to copper? which means it is necessary for us to live. Therefore, plants ‘ You may be exposed to copper from breathing air, and animals must absorb some copper from eating, drinking, drinking water, eating foods, or having skin contact with and breathing. copper, particulates attached to copper, or copper-containing compounds. Copper is used to make many different kinds of products like ‘ Drinking water may have high levels of copper if your wire, plumbing pipes, and sheet metal. U.S. pennies made house has copper pipes and acidic water. before 1982 are made of copper, while those made after 1982 ‘ Lakes and rivers that have been treated with copper are only coated with copper. Copper is also combined with compounds to control algae, or that receive cooling water other metals to make brass and bronze pipes and faucets. from power plants, can have high levels of copper. Soils can also contain high levels of copper, especially if they are near Copper compounds are commonly used in agriculture to copper smelting plants. treat plant diseases like mildew, for water treatment and, as ‘ You may be exposed to copper by ingesting copper- preservatives for wood, leather, and fabrics. containing fungicides, or if you live near a copper mine or where copper is processed into bronze or brass. What happens to copper when it enters the ‘ You may be exposed to copper if you work in copper environment? mines or if you grind metals containing copper. ‘ Copper is released into the environment by mining, farming, and manufacturing operations and through waste How can copper affect my health? water releases into rivers and lakes. Copper is also released Everyone must absorb small amounts of copper every day from natural sources, like volcanoes, windblown dusts, because copper is essential for good health. High levels of decaying vegetation, and forest fires. copper can be harmful. Breathing high levels of copper can ‘ Copper released into the environment usually attaches to cause irritation of your nose and throat. Ingesting high particles made of organic matter, clay, soil, or sand. levels of copper can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. ‘ Copper does not break down in the environment. Copper Very-high doses of copper can cause damage to your liver and kidneys, and can even cause death.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Page 2 COPPER CAS # 7440-50-8

ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

How likely is copper to cause cancer? Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been We do not know whether copper can cause cancer in exposed to copper? humans. The EPA has determined that copper is not Copper is found throughout the body; in hair, nails, blood, classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. urine, and other tissues. High levels of copper in these samples can show that you have been exposed to higher- How can copper affect children? than normal levels of copper. These tests cannot tell Exposure to high levels of copper will result in the same type whether you will experience harmful effects. Tests to of effects in children and adults. We do not know if these measure copper levels in the body are not usually available effects would occur at the same dose level in children and at a doctor’s office because they require special equipment, adults. Studies in animals suggest that the young children but the doctor can send samples to a specialty laboratory. may have more severe effects than adults, but we don’t know if this would also be true in humans. There is a very Has the federal government made small percentage of infants and children who are unusually recommendations to protect human health? sensitive to copper. The EPA requires that levels of copper in drinking water be We do not know if copper can cause birth defects or other less than 1.3 mg of copper per one liter of drinking water developmental effects in humans. Studies in animals suggest (1.3 mg/L). that high levels of copper may cause a decrease in fetal growth. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has set the recommended daily allowance for copper at 900 micrograms of copper per How can families reduce the risk of exposure to day (µg/day) for people older than eight years old. copper? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) The most likely place to be exposed to copper is through requires that levels of copper in the air in workplaces not drinking water, especially if your water is corrosive and you exceed 0.1 mg of copper fumes per cubic meter of air have copper pipes in your house. The best way to lower the (0.1 mg/m3) and 1.0 mg/m3 for copper dusts. level of copper in your drinking water is to let the water run for at least 15 seconds first thing in the morning before Reference drinking or using it. This reduces the levels of copper in tap Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry water dramatically. (ATSDR). 2004. Toxicological Profile for Copper. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public If you work with copper, wear the necessary protective Health Service. clothing and equipment, and always follow safety procedures. Shower and change your clothes before going home each day.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422 8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html. ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper DIETHYL PHTHALATE CAS # 84-66-2

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs September 1996

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about diethyl phthlate. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

SUMMARY: Exposure to diethyl phthalate occurs when you use plastics that contain it, and when you eat food from plastic containers made with it. Health effects have not been reported in people exposed to diethyl phthalate. This substance has been found in at least 248 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is diethyl phthalate? How might I be exposed to diethyl phthalate?

(Pronounced ) � Eating food that was contained in plastic packaging. dl eth!;l thal!at Diethyl phthalate is a colorless liquid that has a bitter, � Eating contaminated fish and shellfish. disagreeable taste. This synthetic substance is commonly used � Drinking contaminated water near waste sites and land to make plastics more flexible. Products in which it is found fills that contain diethyl phthalate. include toothbrushes, automobile parts, tools, toys, and food Using consumer products that contain it. packaging. � Diethyl phthalate can be released fairly easily from these products, as it is not part of the chain of chemicals (polymers) How can diethyl phthalate affect my health? that makes up the plastic. Diethyl phthalate is also used in cosmetics, insecticides, and aspirin. No information is available regarding possible effects caused by diethyl phthalate if you breathe, eat, or drink it, or What happens to diethyl phthalate when it if it touches your skin. Very high oral doses of diethyl phtha late have caused death in animals, but brief oral exposures to enters the environment? lower doses caused no harmful effects. � Diethyl phthalate has been found in waste sites and land fills from discarded plastics. Weight gain was decreased in animals that ate high doses of diethyl phthalate for a long time. The liver and kidneys of It may break down in the air. � these animals were larger than normal, but not from any harm � It can become attached to particles of dust in the air, and ful effects of diethyl phthalate. can settle out. It is not known if diethyl phthalate causes birth defects in � It is broken down to harmless products by microorgan isms in soil and water. humans. Fewer live babies were born to female animals that � Small amounts of it can build up in fish and shellfish were exposed to diethyl phthalate throughout their lives. living in water containing it.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry DIETHYL PHTHALATE Page 2 CAS # 84-66-2

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

The presence of an extra rib has been noted in newborn tests aren’t available at most doctors’ offices, but can be done rats whose mothers were given very high dietary doses of at special laboratories that have the right equipment. diethyl phthalate, but this effect is not considered harmful by all scientists. Has the federal government made Some birth defects occurred in rats whose mothers re recommendations to protect human health? ceived high doses of diethyl phthalate by injection during pregnancy. Humans are not exposed to diethyl phthalate by The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the this route. environment of 1,000 pounds or more of diethyl phthalate be reported to the EPA. Diethyl phthalate can be mildly irritating when applied to the skin of animals. It can also be slightly irritating when The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health put directly into the eyes of animals. (NIOSH) and the American Conference of Governmental In dustrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommend a maximum concen tration of 5 milligrams of diethyl phthalate per cubic meter of How likely is diethyl phthalate to cause cancer? air (5 mg/m3) in workplace air for an 8- to 10-hour workday, The EPA has determined that diethyl phthalate is not 40-hour workweek. classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. Diethyl phthalate placed directly on the skin of rats daily Glossary for 2 years was not carcinogenic. Liver tumors were seen in Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer. mice that had diethyl phthalate placed directly on their skin CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. daily for 2 years. This type of tumor is common in mice, and the smallest dose resulted in a similar number of tumors as the Insecticide: Substance that kills insects. largest dose. Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram. It is not clear if diethyl phthalate will cause a similar Oral: Taken by mouth. effect in humans. Other studies of cancer in humans or ani Synthetic: Made by humans. mals exposed to diethyl phthalate were not located. Tumor: An abnormal mass of tissue.

Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve References been exposed to diethyl phthalate? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry There is no routine medical test to show if you have been (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological profile for diethyl phthalate exposed to diethyl phthalate. However, it has been measured (update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human in semen, fat, and kidney tissue in laboratory studies. These Services, Public Health Service.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper ETHYLBENZENE CAS # 100-41-4

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQsJune 1999

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about ethylbenzene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid found in a number of products including gasoline and paints. Breathing very high levels can cause dizziness and throat and eye irritation. Ethylbenzene has been found in at least 731 of the 1,467 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is ethylbenzene? How might I be exposed to ethylbenzene? (Pronounced µth“ …l bµn“ z¶n”) q Breathing air containing ethylbenzene, particularly in areas near factories or highways. Ethylbenzene is a colorless, flammable liquid that smells q like gasoline. It is found in natural products such as coal tar Drinking contaminated tap water. and petroleum and is also found in manufactured products q Working in an industry where ethylbenzene is used or such as inks, insecticides, and paints. made. q Using products containing it, such as gasoline, carpet Ethylbenzene is used primarily to make another chemical, glues, varnishes, and paints. styrene. Other uses include as a solvent, in fuels, and to make other chemicals. How can ethylbenzene affect my health? Limited information is available on the effects of ethyl- What happens to ethylbenzene when it enters the benzene on people’s health. The available information shows environment? dizziness, throat and eye irritation, tightening of the chest, q Ethylbenzene moves easily into the air from water and and a burning sensation in the eyes of people exposed to high soil. levels of ethylbenzene in air. q It takes about 3 days for ethylbenzene to be broken down Animals studies have shown effects on the nervous system, in air into other chemicals. liver, kidneys, and eyes from breathing ethylbenzene in air. q Ethylbenzene may be released to water from industrial discharges or leaking underground storage tanks. How likely is ethylbenzene to cause cancer? q In surface water, ethylbenzene breaks down by reacting with other chemicals found naturally in water. The EPA has determined that ethylbenzene is not classifi- q In soil, it is broken down by soil bacteria. able as to human carcinogenicity.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ETHYLBENZENE Page 2 CAS # 100-41-4

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

No studies in people have shown that ethylbenzene expo- some body tissues of exposed people. The most common sure can result in cancer. Two available animal studies suggest way to test for ethylbenzene is in the urine. This test mea- that ethylbenzene may cause tumors. sures substances formed by the breakdown of ethylbenzene. This test needs to be done within a few hours after exposure How can ethylbenzene affect children? occurs, because the substances leave the body very quickly. Children may be exposed to ethylbenzene through inhala- These tests can show you were exposed to ethylbenzene, tion of consumer products, including gasoline, paints, inks, but cannot predict the kind of health effects that might occur. pesticides, and carpet glue. We do not know whether children are more sensitive to the effects of ethylbenzene than adults. It is not known whether ethylbenzene can affect the Has the federal government made development of the human fetus. Animal studies have recommendations to protect human health? shown that when pregnant animals were exposed to ethylbenzene in air, their babies had an increased number of The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level of birth defects. 0.7 milligrams of ethylbenzene per liter of drinking water (0.7 mg/L). How can families reduce the risk of exposure to The EPA requires that spills or accidental releases into the ethylbenzene? environment of 1,000 pounds or more of ethylbenzene be re- Exposure to ethylbenzene vapors from household prod- ported to the EPA. ucts and newly installed carpeting can be minimized by using The Occupational Safety and Health Administration adequate ventilation. (OSHA) has set an occupational exposure limit of 100 parts of Household chemicals should be stored out of reach of ethylbenzene per million parts of air (100 ppm) for an 8-hour children to prevent accidental poisoning. Always store house- workday, 40-hour workweek. hold chemicals in their original containers; never store them in containers children would find attractive to eat or drink from, such as old soda bottles. Gasoline should be stored in a gaso- References line can with a locked cap. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Sometimes older children sniff household chemicals, in- (ATSDR). 1999. Toxicological profile for ethylbenzene. cluding ethylbenzene, in an attempt to get high. Talk with Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, your children about the dangers of sniffing chemicals. Public Health Service.

Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been exposed to ethylbenzene? Ethylbenzene is found in the blood, urine, breath, and

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper Lead – ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7439-92-1

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about lead. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to lead can happen from breathing workplace air or dust, eating contaminated foods, or drinking contaminated water. Children can be exposed from eating lead-based paint chips or playing in contaminated soil. Lead can damage the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive system. Lead has been found in at least 1,272 of the 1,684 National Priority List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is lead? •• Using health-care products or folk remedies that contain lead. Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray metal found in small amounts in the earth’s crust. Lead can be found in all parts How can lead affect my health? of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing. The effects of lead are the same whether it enters the body through breathing or swallowing. Lead can affect Lead has many different uses. It is used in the production of almost every organ and system in your body. The main batteries, ammunition, metal products (solder and pipes), target for lead toxicity is the nervous system, both and devices to shield X-rays. Because of health concerns, lead in adults and children. Long-term exposure of adults from paints and ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder can result in decreased performance in some tests has been dramatically reduced in recent years. The use of that measure functions of the nervous system. It may lead as an additive to gasoline was banned in 1996 in the also cause weakness in fingers, wrists, or ankles. Lead United States. exposure also causes small increases in blood pressure, particularly in middle-aged and older people and can What happens to lead when it enters the cause anemia. Exposure to high lead levels can severely environment? damage the brain and kidneys in adults or children and •• Lead itself does not break down, but lead compounds ultimately cause death. In pregnant women, high-levels are changed by sunlight, air, and water. of exposure to lead may cause miscarriage. High-level exposure in men can damage the organs responsible for •• When lead is released to the air, it may travel long sperm production. distances before settling to the ground. •• Once lead falls onto soil, it usually sticks to soil particles. How likely is lead to cause cancer? •• Movement of lead from soil into groundwater will We have no conclusive proof that lead causes cancer depend on the type of lead compound and the in humans. Kidney tumors have developed in rats and characteristics of the soil. mice that had been given large doses of some kind of lead compounds. The Department of Health and How might I be exposed to lead? Human Services (DHHS) has determined that lead •• Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be pipes in some older homes may contain lead solder. human carcinogens and the EPA has determined that Lead can leach out into the water. lead is a probable human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined •• Spending time in areas where lead-based paints have that inorganic lead is probably carcinogenic to humans been used and are deteriorating. Deteriorating lead and that there is insufficient information to determine paint can contribute to lead dust. whether organic lead compounds will cause cancer •• Working in a job where lead is used or engaging in in humans. certain hobbies in which lead is used, such as making stained glass.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Lead CAS # 7439-92-1 How can lead affect children? lead poisoning. Lead in teeth or bones can be measured by X-ray techniques, but these methods are not widely Small children can be exposed by eating lead-based paint available. Exposure to lead also can be evaluated by chips, chewing on objects painted with lead-based paint, or measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood swallowing house dust or soil that contains lead. samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase Children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults. when the amount of lead in the blood is high. However, the A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop EP level is not sensitive enough to identify children with blood anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and elevated blood lead levels below about 25 micrograms brain damage. If a child swallows smaller amounts of lead, per deciliter (μg/dL). These tests usually require special much less severe effects on blood and brain function may analytical equipment that is not available in a doctor’s occur. Even at much lower levels of exposure, lead can affect office. However, your doctor can draw blood samples and a child’s mental and physical growth. send them to appropriate laboratories for analysis. Exposure to lead is more dangerous for young and unborn Has the federal government made children. Unborn children can be exposed to lead through recommendations to protect their mothers. Harmful effects include premature births, smaller babies, decreased mental ability in the infant, learning human health? difficulties, and reduced growth in young children. These The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) effects are more common if the mother or baby was exposed recommends that states test children at ages 1 and 2 years. to high levels of lead. Some of these effects may persist Children should be tested at ages 3–6 years if they have beyond childhood. never been tested for lead, if they receive services from public assistance programs for the poor such as Medicaid How can families reduce the risks of or the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and exposure to lead? Children, if they live in a building or frequently visit a house •• Avoid exposure to sources of lead. built before 1950; if they visit a home (house or apartment) built before 1978 that has been recently remodeled; and/ •• Do not allow children to chew or mouth surfaces that or if they have a brother, sister, or playmate who has had may have been painted with lead-based paint. lead poisoning. CDC has updated its recommendations •• If you have a water lead problem, run or flush water that has on children’s blood lead levels. Experts now use an upper been standing overnight before drinking or cooking with it. reference level value of 97.5% of the population distribution for children’s blood lead. In 2012-2015, the value to identify •• Some types of paints and pigments that are used as children with blood lead levels that are much higher than make-up or hair coloring contain lead. Keep these kinds of most children have, is 5 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL). products away from children. EPA limits lead in drinking water to 15 μg per liter. •• If your home contains lead-based paint or you live in an area contaminated with lead, wash children’s hands and References faces often to remove lead dusts and soil, and regularly Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). clean the house of dust and tracked in soil. 2007. Toxicological Profile for lead (Update). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Public Health and Human Services, Is there a medical test to determine whether Public Health Service. I’ve been exposed to lead? A blood test is available to measure the amount of lead in your blood and to estimate the amount of your recent exposure to lead. Blood tests are commonly used to screen children for

August 2007 Page 2 of 2 Manganese - ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7439-96-5

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about manganese. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Manganese is a trace element and eating a small amount from food or water is needed to stay healthy. Exposure to excess levels of manganese may occur from breathing air, particularly where manganese is used in manufacturing, and from drinking water and eating food. At high levels, it can cause damage to the brain. Manganese has been found in at least 869 of the 1,669 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is manganese? How might I be exposed to manganese? Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found •• The primary way you can be exposed to manganese in many types of rocks. Pure manganese is silver- is by eating food or manganese-containing colored, but does not occur naturally. It combines with nutritional supplements. Vegetarians, who consume other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine. foods rich in manganese such as grains, beans and Manganese occurs naturally in most foods and may be nuts, as well as heavy tea drinkers, may have a higher added to some foods. intake of manganese than the average person. Manganese is used principally in steel production to •• Certain occupations like welding or working in improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It may also be a factory where steel is made may increase your used as an additive in gasoline to improve the octane chances of being exposed to high levels rating of the gas. of manganese. •• Manganese is routinely contained in groundwater, What happens to manganese when it drinking water, and soil at low levels. Drinking water enters the environment? containing manganese or swimming or bathing in •• Manganese can be released to the air, soil, and water containing manganese may expose you to low water from the manufacture, use, and disposal of levels of this chemical. manganese-based products. How can manganese affect my health? •• Manganese cannot break down in the environment. It can only change its form or become attached to or Manganese is an essential nutrient, and eating a small separated from particles. amount of it each day is important to stay healthy. •• In water, manganese tends to attach to particles in The most common health problems in workers exposed the water or settle into the sediment. to high levels of manganese involve the nervous system. These health effects include behavioral changes and •• The chemical state of manganese and the type of other nervous system effects, which include movements soil determine how fast it moves through the soil that may become slow and clumsy. This combination and how much is retained in the soil. of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as •• The manganese-containing gasoline additive may “manganism”. Other less severe nervous system effects degrade in the environment quickly when exposed such as slowed hand movements have been observed to sunlight, releasing manganese. in some workers exposed to lower concentrations in the work place.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Manganese

CAS # 7439-96-5

Exposure to high levels of manganese in air can cause removed before getting into your car or entering your lung irritation and reproductive effects. home to help reduce the exposure hazard for yourself and your family. Nervous system and reproductive effects have been observed in animals after high oral doses of manganese. Is there a medical test to determine How likely is manganese to cause cancer? whether I’ve been exposed to manganese? The EPA concluded that existing scientific information Several tests are available to measure manganese in cannot determine whether or not excess manganese can blood, urine, hair, or feces. Because manganese is cause cancer. normally present in our body, some is always found in tissues or fluids. How can manganese affect children? Because excess manganese is usually removed from the Studies in children have suggested that extremely high body within a few days, past exposures are difficult to levels of manganese exposure may produce undesirable measure with common laboratory tests. effects on brain development, including changes in behavior and decreases in the ability to learn and Has the federal government made remember. We do not know for certain that these changes recommendations to protect were caused by manganese alone. We do not know if human health? these changes are temporary or permanent. We do not The EPA has determined that exposure to manganese in know whether children are more sensitive than adults to drinking water at concentrations of 1 mg/L for up to 10 the effects of manganese, but there is some indication days is not expected to cause any adverse effects in a child. from experiments in laboratory animals that they may be. The EPA has established that lifetime exposure to 0.3 mg/L Studies of manganese workers have not found increases manganese is not expected to cause any adverse effects. in birth defects or low birth weight in their offspring. No birth defects were observed in animals exposed The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has determined to manganese. that the manganese concentration in bottled drinking water should not exceed 0.05 mg/L. How can families reduce the risk of exposure to manganese? The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has established a ceiling limit (concentration that should •• Children are not likely to be exposed to harmful not be exceeded at any time during exposure) of 5 mg/m3 amounts of manganese in the diet. However, higher- for manganese in workplace air. than-usual amounts of manganese may be absorbed if their diet is low in iron. It is important to provide References your child with a well-balanced diet. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). •• Workers exposed to high levels of airborne 2012. Toxicological Profile for Manganese. Atlanta, GA: U.S. manganese in certain occupational settings may Department of Public Health and Human Services, Public accumulate manganese dust on their work clothes. Health Service. Manganese-contaminated work clothing should be

October 2012 Page 2 of 2 Mercury - ToxFAQs™ CAS # 7439-97-6

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about mercury. For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to mercury occurs from breathing contaminated air, ingesting contaminated water and food, and having dental and medical treatments. Mercury, at high levels, may damage the brain, kidneys, and developing fetus. This chemical has been found in at least 714 of 1,467 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is mercury? •• Methylmercury builds up in the tissues of fish. Larger and older fish tend to have the highest Mercury is a naturally occurring metal which has several levels of mercury. forms. The metallic mercury is a shiny, silver-white, odorless liquid. If heated, it is a colorless, odorless gas. How might I be exposed to mercury? Mercury combines with other elements, such as •• Eating fish or shellfish contaminated chlorine, sulfur, or oxygen, to form inorganic mercury with methylmercury. compounds or “salts,” which are usually white powders or crystals. Mercury also combines with carbon to make •• Breathing vapors in air from spills, incinerators, organic mercury compounds. The most common one, and industries that burn mercury-containing methylmercury, is produced mainly by microscopic fossil fuels. organisms in the water and soil. More mercury in the •• Release of mercury from dental work and environment can increase the amounts of methylmercury medical treatments. that these small organisms make. •• Breathing contaminated workplace air or skin Metallic mercury is used to produce chlorine gas and contact during use in the workplace. caustic soda, and is also used in thermometers, some •• Practicing rituals that include mercury. dental fillings, and batteries. Mercury salts are sometimes used in skin lightening creams and as antiseptic creams How can mercury affect my health? and ointments. The nervous system is very sensitive to all forms of What happens to mercury when it enters mercury. Methylmercury and metallic mercury vapors the environment? are more harmful than other forms, because more mercury in these forms reaches the brain. Exposure to •• Inorganic mercury (metallic mercury and inorganic high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury mercury compounds) enters the air from mining can permanently damage the brain, kidneys, and ore deposits, burning coal and waste, and from developing fetus. Effects on brain functioning may manufacturing plants. result in irritability, shyness, tremors, changes in vision •• It enters the water or soil from natural deposits, or hearing, and memory problems. disposal of wastes, and volcanic activity. Short-term exposure to high levels of metallic mercury •• Methylmercury may be formed in water and soil by vapors may cause effects including lung damage, small organisms called bacteria. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increases in blood pressure or heart rate, skin rashes, and eye irritation.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Mercury

CAS # 7439-97-6

How likely is mercury to cause cancer? Pregnant women and children should keep away from rooms where liquid mercury has been used. There are inadequate human cancer data available for all forms of mercury. Mercuric chloride has caused Learn about wildlife and fish advisories in your area from increases in several types of tumors in rats and mice, your public health or natural resources department. and methylmercury has caused kidney tumors in male mice. The EPA has determined that mercuric chloride and Is there a medical test to determine methylmercury are possible human carcinogens. whether I’ve been exposed to mercury? How can mercury affect children? Tests are available to measure mercury levels in the body. Blood or urine samples are used to test for Very young children are more sensitive to mercury than exposure to metallic mercury and to inorganic forms adults. Mercury in the mother’s body passes to the fetus of mercury. Mercury in whole blood or in scalp hair is and may accumulate there, possibly causing damage measured to determine exposure to methylmercury. to the developing nervous system. It can also pass to a Your doctor can take samples and send them to a nursing infant through breast milk. However, the benefits testing laboratory. of breast feeding may be greater than the possible adverse effects of mercury in breast milk. Has the federal government made recommendations to protect Mercury’s harmful effects that may affect the fetus include brain damage, mental retardation, human health? incoordination, blindness, seizures, and inability to The EPA has set a limit of 2 parts of mercury per billion speak. Children poisoned by mercury may develop parts of drinking water (2 ppb). problems of their nervous and digestive systems, and kidney damage. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set a maximum permissible level of 1 part of methylmercury How can families reduce the risk of in a million parts of seafood (1 ppm). exposure to mercury? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration Carefully handle and dispose of products that contain (OSHA) has set limits of 0.1 milligram of organic mercury mercury, such as thermometers or fluorescent light per cubic meter of workplace air (0.1 mg/m3) and 0.05 bulbs. Do not vacuum up spilled mercury, because it mg/m3 of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts and will vaporize and increase exposure. If a large amount 40-hour work weeks. of mercury has been spilled, contact your health department. Teach children not to play with shiny, References silver liquids. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1999. Toxicological profile for mercury. Atlanta, Properly dispose of older medicines that contain GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, mercury. Keep all mercury-containing medicines away Public Health Service. from children.

April 1999 Page 2 of 2 METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) CAS # 1634-04-4

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs September 1997

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a flammable liquid which is used as an additive in unleaded gasoline. Drinking or breathing MTBE may cause nausea, nose and throat irritation, and nervous system effects. MTBE has been found in at least 11 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is methyl tert-butyl ether? � MTBE may stick to particles in water, which will cause it to eventually settle to the bottom sediment. (Pronounced ) � MTBE may be broken down quickly in the air by sun light. Methyl tertmeth!;l-butyl ether tur!she-er'e (MTBE) is by6t!la flammable e!th;r liquid with a distinctive, disagreeable odor. It is made from blend � MTBE does not build up significantly in plants and ani mals. ing chemicals such as isobutylene and methanol, and has been used since the 1980s as an additive for unleaded gasolines to achieve more efficient burning. How might I be exposed to MTBE? MTBE is also used to dissolve gallstones. Patients � Touching the skin or breathing contaminated air while treated in this way have MTBE delivered directly to their pumping gasoline. gall bladders through special tubes that are surgically in � Breathing exhaust fumes while driving a car. serted. � Breathing air near highways or in cities. � Drinking, swimming, or showering in water that has been contaminated with MTBE. What happens to MTBE when it enters the Receiving MTBE treatment for gallstones. environment? � � MTBE quickly evaporates from open containers and surface water, so it is commonly found as a vapor in the How can MTBE affect my health? air. Breathing small amounts of MTBE for short periods may � Small amounts of MTBE may dissolve in water and get into underground water. cause nose and throat irritation. Some people exposed to MTBE while pumping gasoline, driving their cars, or working � It remains in underground water for a long time.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) Page 2 CAS # 1634-04-4

ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

in gas stations have reported having headaches, nausea, dizzi Has the federal government made ness, and mental confusion. However, the actual levels of recommendations to protect human health? exposure in these cases are unknown. In addition, these symptoms may have been caused by exposure to other chemi The EPA has issued guidelines recommending that, to cals. protect children, drinking water levels of MTBE not exceed 4 milligrams per liter of water (4 mg/L) for an exposure of 1 There are no data on the effects in people of drinking 10 days, and 3 mg/L for longer-term exposures. MTBE. Studies with rats and mice suggest that drinking MTBE may cause gastrointestinal irritation, liver and kidney The American Conference of Governmental Industrial damage, and nervous system effects. Hygienists (ACGIH) has recommended an exposure limit of 40 parts of MTBE per million parts of air (40 ppm) for an 8 hour workday, 40-hour workweek. How likely is MTBE to cause cancer? Glossary There is no evidence that MTBE causes cancer in Carcinogenicity: Ability to cause cancer. humans. One study with rats found that breathing high levels CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. of MTBE for long periods may cause kidney cancer. Another Evaporate: To change into a vapor or gas. study with mice found that breathing high levels of MTBE for Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram. long periods may cause liver cancer. ppm: Parts per million. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Sediment: Mud and debris that have settled to the bottom of a the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), body of water. and the EPA have not classified MTBE as to its carcinoge nicity. References This ToxFAQs information is taken from the 1996 Toxico Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve logical Profile for Methyl tert-Butyl Ether produced by the been exposed to MTBE? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser MTBE and its breakdown product, butyl alcohol, can vices, Public Health Service in Atlanta, GA. be detected in your breath, blood, or urine for up to 1 or 2 days after exposure. These tests aren’t available at most doc tors’ offices, but can be done at special laboratories that have the right equipment. There is no other test specific to deter mining MTBE exposure.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper TETRACHLOROETHYLENE CAS # 127-18-4

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQs September 1997

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about tetrachloroethylene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Tetrachloroethylene is a manufactured chemical used for dry cleaning and metal degreasing. Exposure to very high concentrations of tetrachloroethylene can cause dizziness, headaches, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, difficulty in speaking and walking, unconsciousness, and death. Tetrachloroethylene has been found in at least 771 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is tetrachloroethylene? How might I be exposed to tetrachloroethylene? (Pronounced tµt”r…-klôr“ ½-µth“…-l¶n”) q When you bring clothes from the dry cleaners, they will release small amounts of tetrachloroethylene into the air. Tetrachloroethylene is a manufactured chemical that is q widely used for dry cleaning of fabrics and for metal-degreas- When you drink water containing tetrachloroethylene, you are exposed to it. ing. It is also used to make other chemicals and is used in some consumer products. Other names for tetrachloroethylene include perchloroet- How can tetrachloroethylene affect my health? hylene, PCE, and tetrachloroethene. It is a nonflammable High concentrations of tetrachloroethylene (particularly liquid at room temperature. It evaporates easily into the air in closed, poorly ventilated areas) can cause dizziness, head- and has a sharp, sweet odor. Most people can smell tetra- ache, sleepiness, confusion, nausea, difficulty in speaking and chloroethylene when it is present in the air at a level of 1 part walking, unconsciousness, and death. tetrachloroethylene per million parts of air (1 ppm) or more, although some can smell it at even lower levels. Irritation may result from repeated or extended skin contact with it. These symptoms occur almost entirely in work (or What happens to tetrachloroethylene when it hobby) environments when people have been accidentally enters the environment? exposed to high concentrations or have intentionally used q Much of the tetrachloroethylene that gets into water or tetrachloroethylene to get a “high.” soil evaporates into the air. In industry, most workers are exposed to levels lower than q Microorganisms can break down some of the tetrachloro- those causing obvious nervous system effects. The health ethylene in soil or underground water. effects of breathing in air or drinking water with low levels of q In the air, it is broken down by sunlight into other chemi- tetrachloroethylene are not known. cals or brought back to the soil and water by rain. q It does not appear to collect in fish or other animals that Results from some studies suggest that women who work live in water. in dry cleaning industries where exposures to tetrachloroethyl-

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry TETRACHLOROETHYLENE Page 2 CAS # 127-18-4

ToxFAQs Internet home page via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ene can be quite high may have more menstrual problems and formed at special laboratories that have the right equipment. spontaneous abortions than women who are not exposed. Because exposure to other chemicals can produce the However, it is not known if tetrachloroethylene was respon- same breakdown products in the urine and blood, the tests for sible for these problems because other possible causes were breakdown products cannot determine if you have been ex- not considered. posed to tetrachloroethylene or the other chemicals. Results of animal studies, conducted with amounts much higher than those that most people are exposed to, show that Has the federal government made tetrachloroethylene can cause liver and kidney damage. Ex- recommendations to protect human health? posure to very high levels of tetrachloroethylene can be toxic The EPA maximum contaminant level for the amount of to the unborn pups of pregnant rats and mice. Changes in tetrachloroethylene that can be in drinking water is 0.005 mil- behavior were observed in the offspring of rats that breathed ligrams tetrachloroethylene per liter of water (0.005 mg/L). high levels of the chemical while they were pregnant. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a limit of 100 ppm for an 8-hour workday over How likely is tetrachloroethylene to cause a 40-hour workweek. cancer? The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (NIOSH) recommends that tetrachloroethylene be handled as a has determined that tetrachloroethylene may reasonably be potential carcinogen and recommends that levels in workplace anticipated to be a carcinogen. Tetrachloroethylene has been air should be as low as possible. shown to cause liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in male rats. Glossary Carcinogen: A substance with the ability to cause cancer. Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. exposed to tetrachloroethylene? Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram. One way of testing for tetrachloroethylene exposure is to Nonflammable: Will not burn. measure the amount of the chemical in the breath, much the References same way breath-alcohol measurements are used to determine the amount of alcohol in the blood. This ToxFAQs information is taken from the 1997 Toxico- logical Profile for Tetrachloroethylene (update) produced by Because it is stored in the body’s fat and slowly released the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public into the bloodstream, tetrachloroethylene can be detected in Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser- the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure. vices, Public Health Service in Atlanta, GA. Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a breakdown product of tetrachloroethylene, can be detected in the blood. These tests are relatively simple to perform. These tests aren't available at most doctors' offices, but can be per-

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone:1- 888-422-8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address via WWW is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper TRICHLOROETHYLENE CAS # 79-01-6

Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM July 2003

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about trichloroethylene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Trichloroethylene is a colorless liquid which is used as a solvent for cleaning metal parts. Drinking or breathing high levels of trichloroethylene may cause nervous system effects, liver and lung damage, abnormal heartbeat, coma, and possibly death. Trichloroethylene has been found in at least 852 of the 1,430 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What is trichloroethylene? plants and animals. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a nonflammable, colorless liquid with a somewhat sweet odor and a sweet, How might I be exposed to trichloroethylene? burning taste. It is used mainly as a solvent to remove ‘ Breathing air in and around the home which has been grease from metal parts, but it is also an ingredient in adhesives, paint removers, typewriter correction fluids, and contaminated with trichloroethylene vapors from shower spot removers. water or household products such as spot removers and typewriter correction fluid. Trichloroethylene is not thought to occur naturally ‘ Drinking, swimming, or showering in water that has been in the environment. However, it has been found in underground water sources and many surface waters as a contaminated with trichloroethylene. result of the manufacture, use, and disposal of the chemical. ‘ Contact with soil contaminated with trichloroethylene, such as near a hazardous waste site. What happens to trichloroethylene when it enters ‘ Contact with the skin or breathing contaminated air while the environment? manufacturing trichloroethylene or using it at work to wash ‘ Trichloroethylene dissolves a little in water, but it can paint or grease from skin or equipment. remain in ground water for a long time. ‘ Trichloroethylene quickly evaporates from surface water, How can trichloroethylene affect my health? so it is commonly found as a vapor in the air. Breathing small amounts may cause headaches, lung ‘ Trichloroethylene evaporates less easily from the soil than irritation, dizziness, poor coordination, and difficulty concentrating. from surface water. It may stick to particles and remain for a long time. Breathing large amounts of trichloroethylene may ‘ Trichloroethylene may stick to particles in water, which cause impaired heart function, unconsciousness, and death. will cause it to eventually settle to the bottom sediment. Breathing it for long periods may cause nerve, kidney, and liver damage. ‘ Trichloroethylene does not build up significantly in

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry TRICHLOROETHYLENE Page 2 CAS # 79-01-6

ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html

Drinking large amounts of trichloroethylene may and urine tests, which can detect trichloroethylene and many cause nausea, liver damage, unconsciousness, impaired heart of its breakdown products for up to a week after exposure. function, or death. However, exposure to other similar chemicals can produce the same breakdown products, so their detection is not Drinking small amounts of trichloroethylene for long absolute proof of exposure to trichloroethylene. This test periods may cause liver and kidney damage, impaired immune isn’t available at most doctors’ offices, but can be done at system function, and impaired fetal development in pregnant special laboratories that have the right equipment. women, although the extent of some of these effects is not yet clear. Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? Skin contact with trichloroethylene for short periods The EPA has set a maximum contaminant level for may cause skin rashes. trichloroethylene in drinking water at 0.005 milligrams per liter (0.005 mg/L) or 5 parts of TCE per billion parts water. How likely is trichloroethylene to cause cancer? Some studies with mice and rats have suggested that The EPA has also developed regulations for the high levels of trichloroethylene may cause liver, kidney, or lung handling and disposal of trichloroethylene. cancer. Some studies of people exposed over long periods to high levels of trichloroethylene in drinking water or in workplace The Occupational Safety and Health Administration air have found evidence of increased cancer. Although, there are (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 100 parts of some concerns about the studies of people who were exposed trichloroethylene per million parts of air (100 ppm) for an 8- to trichloroethylene, some of the effects found in people were hour workday, 40-hour workweek. similar to effects in animals. Glossary In its 9th Report on Carcinogens, the National Carcinogenicity: The ability of a substance to cause cancer. Toxicology Program (NTP) determined that trichloroethylene is CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service. “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.” The Evaporate: To change into a vapor or gas. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has Milligram (mg): One thousandth of a gram. determined that trichloroethylene is “probably carcinogenic to Nonflammable: Will not burn. humans.” ppm: Parts per million. Sediment: Mud and debris that have settled to the bottom of Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been a body of water. exposed to trichloroethylene? Solvent: A chemical that dissolves other substances. If you have recently been exposed to trichloroethylene, it can be detected in your breath, blood, or References urine. The breath test, if it is performed soon after exposure, This ToxFAQs information is taken from the 1997 can tell if you have been exposed to even a small amount of Toxicological Profile for Trichloroethylene (update) produced trichloroethylene. by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Exposure to larger amounts is assessed by blood Services, Public Health Service in Atlanta, GA.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, TM FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQs Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html . ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper TOLUENE CAS # 108-88-3

Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM February 2001

This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about toluene. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It’s important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to toluene occurs from breathing contaminated workplace air, in automobile exhaust, some consumer products paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, and adhesives. Toluene affects the nervous system. Toluene has been found at 959 of the 1,591 National Priority List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency

What is toluene? Toluene does not usually stay in the environment long.

Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell. Toluene does not concentrate or buildup to high levels in Toluene occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree. It animals. is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal. How might I be exposed to toluene?

Toluene is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail Breathing contaminated workplace air or automobile polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing exhaust. and leather tanning processes. Working with gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, paints, and What happens to toluene when it enters the lacquers. environment? Drinking contaminated well-water. Toluene enters the environment when you use materials Living near uncontrolled hazardous waste sites containing that contain it. It can also enter surface water and groundwater from spills of solvents and petrolieum products toluene products. as well as from leasking underground storage tanks at gasoline stations and other facilities. How can toluene affect my health?

When toluene-containing products are placed in landfills Toluene may affect the nervous system. Low to moderate or waste disposal sites, the toluene can enter the soil or levles can cause tiredness, confusion, weakness, drunken- water near the waste site. type actions, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite, and

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Page 2 TOLUENE CAS # 108-88-3

ToxFAQs TM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html hearing and color vision loss. These symptoms usually When not in use, toluene-containing products should be disappear when exposure is stopped. tightly covered to prevent evaporation into the air.

Inhaling High levels of toluene in a short time can make you Is there a medical test to show whether I’ve been feel light-headed, dizzy, or sleepy. It can also cause unconsciousness, and even death. exposed to toluene?

High levels of toluene may affect your kidneys. There are tests to measure the level of toluene or its breakdown products in exhaled air, urine, and blood. To How likely is toluene to cause cancer? determine if you have been exposed to toluene, your urine or blood must be checked within 12 hours of exposure. Several other chemicals are also changed into the same breakdown Studies in humans and animals generally indicate that products as toluene, so some of these tests are not specific toluene does not cause cancer. for toluene.

The EPA has determined that the carcinogenicity of toluene can not be classified. Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health? How can toluene affect children? EPA has set a limit of 1 milligram per liter of drinking water (1 mg/L). It is likely that health effects seen in children exposed to toluene will be similar to the effects seen in adults. Discharges, releases, or spills of more than 1,000 pounds of Some studies in animals suggest that babies may be more toluene must be reported to the National Response Center. sensitive than adults. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a Breathing very high levels of toluene during pregnancy can limit of 200 parts toluene per million of workplace air (200 result in children with birth defects and retard mental ppm). abilities, and growth. We do not know if toluene harms the unborn child if the mother is exposed to low levels of toluene References during pregnancy.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry How can families reduce the risk of exposure to (ATSDR). 2000. Toxicological Profile for Toluene. Atlanta, toluene? GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Use toluene-containing products in well-ventilated areas.

Where can I get more information? For more information, contact the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: 1-888-422-8737, FAX: 770-488-4178. ToxFAQsTM Internet address is http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaq.html . ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

Federal Recycling Program Printed on Recycled Paper Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - ToxFAQs™ CAS # This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present.

HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually occurs by breathing air contaminated by wild fires or coal tar, or by eating foods that have been grilled. PAHs have been found in at least 600 of the 1,430 National Priorities List (NPL) sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

What are polycyclic aromatic •• Most PAHs do not dissolve easily in water. They hydrocarbons? stick to solid particles and settle to the bottoms of lakes or rivers. •• Microorganisms can break down PAHs in soil or Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group water after a period of weeks to months. of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, •• In soils, PAHs are most likely to stick tightly to or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled particles; certain PAHs move through soil to meat. PAHs are usually found as a mixture containing contaminate underground water. two or more of these compounds, such as soot. •• PAH contents of plants and animals may be much higher than PAH contents of soil or water in which Some PAHs are manufactured. These pure PAHs usually they live. exist as colorless, white, or pale yellow-green solids. PAHs are found in coal tar, crude oil, creosote, and roofing tar, but a few are used in medicines or to make How might I be exposed to PAHs? dyes, plastics, and pesticides. •• Breathing air containing PAHs in the workplace of coking, coal-tar, and asphalt production What happens to PAHs when they enter plants; smokehouses; and municipal trash the environment? incineration facilities. •• PAHs enter the air mostly as releases from •• Breathing air containing PAHs from cigarette volcanoes, forest fires, burning coal, and smoke, wood smoke, vehicle exhausts, asphalt automobile exhaust. roads, or agricultural burn smoke. •• PAHs can occur in air attached to dust particles. •• Coming in contact with air, water, or soil near hazardous waste sites. •• Some PAH particles can readily evaporate into the air from soil or surface waters. •• Eating grilled or charred meats; contaminated cereals, flour, bread, vegetables, fruits, meats; and •• PAHs can break down by reacting with sunlight processed or pickled foods. and other chemicals in the air, over a period of days to weeks. •• Drinking contaminated water or cow’s milk. •• PAHs enter water through discharges from •• Nursing infants of mothers living near hazardous industrial and wastewater treatment plants. waste sites may be exposed to PAHs through their mother’s milk.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences

CS265956-A Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

CAS # 7440-38-2

How can PAHs affect my health? Has the federal government made Mice that were fed high levels of one PAH during recommendations to protect pregnancy had difficulty reproducing and so did their human health? offspring. These offspring also had higher rates of birth The Occupational Safety and Health Administration defects and lower body weights. It is not known whether (OSHA) has set a limit of 0.2 milligrams of PAHs per cubic these effects occur in people. meter of air (0.2 mg/m3). The OSHA Permissible Exposure Animal studies have also shown that PAHs can cause Limit (PEL) for mineral oil mist that contains PAHs is 5 3 harmful effects on the skin, body fluids, and ability to mg/m averaged over an 8-hour exposure period. fight disease after both short- and long-term exposure. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and But these effects have not been seen in people. Health (NIOSH) recommends that the average workplace air levels for coal tar products not exceed 0.1 mg/m3 for How likely are PAHs to cause cancer? a 10-hour workday, within a 40-hour workweek. There The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) are other limits for workplace exposure for things that has determined that some PAHs may reasonably be contain PAHs, such as coal, coal tar, and mineral oil. expected to be carcinogens. Glossary Some people who have breathed or touched mixtures of PAHs and other chemicals for long periods of time Carcinogen: A substance that can cause cancer. have developed cancer. Some PAHs have caused cancer Ingest: Take food or drink into your body. in laboratory animals when they breathed air containing them (lung cancer), ingested them in food (stomach cancer), or had them applied to their skin (skin cancer). References Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Is there a medical test to show whether (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological profile for polycyclic I’ve been exposed to PAHs? aromatic hydrocarbons. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. In the body, PAHs are changed into chemicals that can attach to substances within the body. There are special tests that can detect PAHs attached to these substances in body tissues or blood. However, these tests cannot tell whether any health effects will occur or find out the extent or source of your exposure to the PAHs. The tests aren’t usually available in your doctor’s office because special equipment is needed to conduct them.

September 1996 Page 2 of 2

APPENDIX B REPORT FORMS

WEEKLY SAFETY REPORT FORM Week Ending: Project Name/Number:

Report Date: Project Manager Name:

Summary of any violations of procedures occurring that week:

Summary of any job related injuries, illnesses, or near misses that week:

Summary of air monitoring data that week (include and sample analyses, action levels exceeded, and actions taken):

Comments:

Name: Company:

Signature: Title:

INCIDENT REPORT FORM

Date of Report:

Injured: ______

Employer: ______

Site: ______Site Location: ______

Report Prepared By: ______Signature Title ACCIDENT/INCIDENT CATEGORY (check all that applies) ___Injury ___ Illness ___ Near Miss __ Property Damage ___ Fire ___ Chemical Exposure __ On-site Equipment ___ Motor Vehicle ___ Electrical __ Mechanical ___ Spill ___ Other DATE AND TIME OF ACCIDENT/INCIDENT: Narrative report of Accident/Incident: Identify: 1) actions leading to or contributing to the accident/incident; 2) the accident/incident occurrence; and 3) actions following the accident/incident.

WITNESS TO ACCIDENT/INCIDENT:

Name: Company: Address: Address: Phone No.: Phone No.: Name: Company: Address: Address: Phone No.: Phone No.:

INJURED - ILL: Name: ______SSN: ______Address: ______Age: ______

Length of Service: ______Time on Present Job: ______Time/Classification: ______SEVERITY OF INJURY OR ILLNESS: ____ Disabling ___ Non-disabling ___ Fatality ____ Medical Treatment ___ First Aid Only

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF DAYS AWAY FROM JOB: ______

NATURE OF INJURY OR ILLNESS: ______

CLASSIFICATION OF INJURY: __ Abrasions _____ Dislocations ____ Punctures __ Bites _____ Faint/Dizziness ____ Radiation Burns __ Blisters _____ Fractures ____ Respiratory Allergy __ Bruises _____ Frostbite ____ Sprains __ Chemical Burns _____ Heat Burns ____ Toxic Resp. Exposure __ Cold Exposure _____ Heat Exhaustion ____ Toxic Ingestion __ Concussion _____ Heat Stroke ____ Dermal Allergy __ Lacerations Part of Body Affected: ______Degree of Disability: ______Date Medical Care was Received: ______Where Medical Care was Received: ______Address (if off-site): ______(If two or more injuries, record on separate sheets)

PROPERTY DAMAGE: Description of Damage: ______

Cost of Damage: $ ______

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT LOCATION: ______

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT ANALYSIS: Causative agent most directly related to accident/incident (Object, substance, material, machinery, equipment, conditions)

Was weather a factor?:______

Unsafe mechanical/physical/environmental condition at time of accident/incident (Be specific):

Personal factors (Attitude, knowledge or skill, reaction time, fatigue):

ON-SITE ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS: Level of personal protection equipment required in Site Safety Plan:

Modifications:

Was injured using required equipment?:

If not, how did actual equipment use differ from plan?:

ACTION TAKEN TO PREVENT RECURRENCE: (Be specific. What has or will be done? When will it be done? Who is the responsible party to insure that the correction is made?

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORT REVIEWED BY:

SSO Name Printed SSO Signature

OTHERS PARTICIPATING IN INVESTIGATION:

Signature Title

ACCIDENT/INCIDENT FOLLOW-UP: Date: ______Outcome of accident/incident: ______

Physician’s recommendations: ______

Date injured returned to work: ______Follow-up performed by:

Signature Title ATTACH ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THIS FORM

APPENDIX C EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS

EMERGENCY SIGNALS

In most cases, field personnel will carry portable radios for communication. If this is the case, a transmission that indicates an emergency will take priority over all other transmissions. All other site radios will yield the frequency to the emergency transmissions.

Where radio communications is not available, the following air-horn and/or hand signals will be used:

EMERGENCY HAND SIGNALS

OUT OF AIR, CAN’T BREATHE!

Hand gripping throat

LEAVE AREA IMMEDIATELY, (No Picture) Grip partner’s wrist or place both NO DEBATE! hands around waist

NEED ASSISTANCE!

Hands on top of head

OKAY! – I’M ALL RIGHT! - I UNDERSTAND! Thumbs up

NO! - NEGATIVE!

Thumbs down