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Anthropogenic Threats to High-Altitude Parnassian Diversity Fabien Condamine, Felix Sperling

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Anthropogenic Threats to High-Altitude Parnassian Diversity Fabien Condamine, Felix Sperling Anthropogenic threats to high-altitude parnassian diversity Fabien Condamine, Felix Sperling To cite this version: Fabien Condamine, Felix Sperling. Anthropogenic threats to high-altitude parnassian diversity. News of The Lepidopterists’ Society, 2018, 60, pp.94-99. hal-02323624 HAL Id: hal-02323624 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02323624 Submitted on 23 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. _______________________________________________________________________________________News of The Lepidopterists’ Society Volume 60, Number 2 Conservation Matters: Contributions from the Conservation Committee Anthropogenic threats to high-altitude parnassian diversity Fabien L. Condamine1 and Felix A.H. Sperling2 1CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution (Université de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France [email protected], corresponding author 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada Introduction extents (Chen et al. 2011). However, this did not result in increases in range area because the area of land available Global mean annual temperatures increased by ~0.85° declines with increasing elevation. Accordingly, extinc- C between 1880 and 2012 and are likely to rise by an tion risk may increase long before species reach a summit, additional 1° C to 4° C by 2100 (Stocker et al. 2013). even when undisturbed habitats are available. This is a Anthropogenic climate warming is driving the geographic particular concern for high-altitude adapted insects, like distributions of most species toward higher latitudes and the parnassians or Apollo butterflies (genusParnassius ). elevations (Parmesan 2006). Climate-driven local extinc- tions are already widespread, and recent results show that Current diversity and evolution of parnassians such extirpations have occurred in hundreds of species, including 47% of 976 plant, insect, vertebrate and marine Parnassians are well-known butterflies representing at invertebrate species surveyed (Wiens 2016). least 60 species with a northern circumpolar and mountain distribution. They occur in almost all mountain ranges For insects, numerous studies have shown the impact of of the Northern Hemisphere from the Rocky Mountains climate and habitat change. Perhaps the most alarming to the Himalayas. Except for a few widespread species recent one was on flying insect diversity, with collecting like Parnassius apollo (Fig. 1), most current Parnassius traps deployed over 27 years in 63 nature protection areas diversity is restricted to mountain valleys or the highest in Germany (Hallman et al. 2017). They found a seasonal places of the world, with many microendemic species. decline of 76% and mid-summer decline of 82% in flying High-altitude species often live at 4000m, occurring even insect biomass due to unknown large-scale changes whose at Everest Base Camp (e.g. Parnassius epaphus). influence extended into protected areas. Climate change has more clearly been implicat- Figure 1. The Mountain Apollo ed in both latitudinal and eleva- (Parnassius apollo) is a key tional shifts in Lepidoptera spe- a species for understanding the cies distributions. A pioneering impact of climate change on study on 35 non-migratory Eu- extinction risk. a) Live butterfly ropean butterflies showed that in Southern French Alps (Mercan- tour National Park around 1000 63% of the species shifted their m). Photo by Fabien Condamine. ranges to the north by 35–240 b) The distribution of P. apollo km in the 1900’s, and only 3% from Southern Spain to East Cen- shifted to the south (Parmesan tral Asia (Kyrgyzstan) mapped us- et al. 1999). Such range shifts ing 15,534 georeferenced observa- carry risk; a recent study of tion records in GBIF (https://www. Canadian butterflies has dem- gbif.org/species/1938810). onstrated significant “climate debt,” with an increased gap between required and realized b range shifts for species with smaller ranges (Lewthwaite et al. 2018). In the tropics, a study of geometrid moths at Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia, found that in 42 years the leading margins of their distributions shifted up- hill faster than the trailing mar- gins retreated, with many spe- cies increasing their elevational _______________________________________________________________________________________ 94 Summer 2018 Summer 2018 News of The Lepidopterists’ Society _______________________________________________________________________________________ Parnassius Parnassius honrathi Parnassius Parnassius apollonius Parnassius Parnassius tianschanicus Parnassius Parnassius Parnassius actius Parnassius Parnassius jacquemontii 18 spp. Parnassius Parnassius mercurius Parnassius Parnassius nomion 6.6 Ma Parnassius Parnassius epaphus Parnassius Parnassius smintheus Parnassius Parnassius behrii Parnassius Parnassius phoebus Parnassius Parnassius sacerdos Parnassius Parnassius bremeri Parnassius Parnassius apollo 5 Parnassius Parnassius apollo 3 Parnassius Parnassius apollo 1 Parnassius Parnassius apollo 4 Parnassius Parnassius apollo 2 Parnassius Kailasius autocrator Parnassius Kailasius loxias Kailasius Parnassius Kailasius davydovi Parnassius Kailasius inopinatus 8 spp. Parnassius Kailasius charltonius 5.5 Ma Parnassius Kailasius acdestis Parnassius Kailasius imperator Parnassius Kailasius augustus Parnassius Koramius stoliczkanus Parnassius Koramius jacobsoni Koramius Parnassius Koramius staudingeri 3 Parnassius Koramius cardinal 10 spp. Parnassius Koramius hide 5.4 Ma Parnassius Koramius staudingeri 2 Parnassius Koramius staudingeri 1 Parnassius Koramius patricius Parnassius Koramius maximinus Parnassius Koramius delphius Parnassius Lingamius hardwickii Tadumia Parnassius Tadumia maharaja Parnassius Tadumia szechenyii 7 spp. Parnassius Tadumia cephalus 5.5 Ma Parnassius Tadumia schultei Parnassius Tadumia acco Parnassius Tadumia hunnyngtoni Parnassius Tadumia huberi Sachaia Parnassius Sachaia tenedius Parnassius Sachaia arcticus Parnassius Sachaia simonius 5 spp. Parnassius Sachaia boedromius 9.7 Ma Parnassius Sachaia simo Parnassius Sachaia andreji Driopa Parnassius Driopa orleans Parnassius Driopa nordmanni 11 spp. Parnassius Driopa eversmanni Parnassius Driopa clodius 8.5 Ma Parnassius Driopa glacialis Parnassius Driopa stubbendorfi Parnassius Driopa hoenei Parnassius Driopa ariadne Parnassius Driopa mnemosyne 3 Parnassius Driopa mnemosyne 2 Parnassius Driopa mnemosyne 1 Miocene Plio. Pleisto. Geological epochs ≈15 5.33 2.56 0 Million years ago (Ma) Upper Middle Gelasian Zanclean Langhian Tortonian Calabrian Messinian Piacenzian 15 Serravallian 4.0 3.5 Warmer 3.0 10 Miocene Pliocene Holocene Pleistocene 2.5 Neogene Quat. 2.0 5 1.5 0 Temperatures (°C) Temperatures 10 1.0 0 Colder 0.5 Extinction rate (event/lineage/Myr) Extinction rate 0.0 Miocene Plio. Pleist. Miocene Plio. Pleist. −15 −10 −5 0 −15 −10 −5 0 Figure 2. The evolutionary history of Parnassius indicates the genus originated 15 million years ago in Central Asian mountains. The phylogeny is based on both molecular and morphological data (adapted from Condamine et al. 2018). The dated phylogeny allows its biogeographic history to be inferred from current distributions, and the diversification rates to be estimated. In this case, we inferred a peak in extinction rates linked to the warmest time in the Miocene. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Volume 60, Number 2 95 News of The Lepidopterists’ Society Volume 60, Number 2 _______________________________________________________________________________________ A comprehensive revised parnassian phylogeny indicates this evolutionary trend to future climate implies that a mid-Miocene origin in Central Asian mountains and the parnassian species will have a high probability of going Tibetan Plateau (Fig. 2, Condamine et al. 2018). Our data extinct as the world becomes warmer, and a cascade effect suggest that parnassians colonized mountains during a can be expected when their ecological interactions get warming event 15 Ma which suggests that Parnassius was reshuffled with host-plant species dropping out. already a mountain-adapted group that escaped warm cli- mate of this period. The genus subsequently diversified into Status and threats to parnassian diversity six subgenera that constitute independent mountain radi- ations. Some subgenera are isolated mountain radiations Parnassians are conspicuous mountain insects that are in a local area (e.g. subgenera Kailasius and Tadumia in both attractive to collectors and easy to monitor as adults. the Himalayas), while others colonized multiple mountain Decreased population sizes can be detected and allow as- areas (e.g. subgenera Driopa and Parnassius). Although sessment of extinction risk for species. Based on numerous allopatric speciation has been an important mechanism in studies, four major anthropogenic threats to Parnassius the diversification of Parnassius, a diversity equilibrium species can be identified Fig.( 4). has been reached
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