DRAFT
REPORT MONITORING MISSION TO PAKTIA
July 11 to 16th 1990
FAO, UNHCR, WHO
Prepared by A.R. Fitzherbert Programme Coordinator Food and Agriculture Rehabilitation Programmefor Afghanistan TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
PAKTIA MISSION DETAILS
SUMMARY OF MISSION ITINERARY FOR FAO, UNHCR, WHO
FAO SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMIVIENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Background and Purpose of UN Mission 1 FAO and UNHCR Assisted Programmes in Paktia 2
ACCOUNT OF MISSION - GENERAL IltiIPRESSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
The Geo / Social Scene 6 Agriculture 7 Forests 8 Agricultural Rehabilitation - Wheat Seed & Fertilizer 9 Fruit Trees and Orchard Development 9 Nurseries and Extension Organizations 10 Rehabilitation and Repair of Irrigations Canals 11 Health and Medical Care 11 Conflict and Destruction 12 Refugee Return 13
ANNEXURE I - Summary Report of WHO Mission to Paktia (Dr. S.M. Tariq Amin - WHO) ANNEXURE II - Technical Report on the FAO /UNHCR /WHO Mission to Paktia (Sayed Mahboob - FAO) ANNEXURE III UNHCR -FAO Mission to Paktia (Ehsanullah Ehsan - FAO) ANNEXURE IV Summary: IRC Fruit Tree Sapling Distribution ANNEXURE V - Names of Members of District Shuras ANNEXURE VI - Maps. PAKTIA MISSION DETAILS iviISSION MEMBERS UNITED NATIONS:
FAO Anthony Fitzherbert - Mission Leader(UK) Ehsanullah Ehsan - Horticulturalist(Afghan) Seyed Mahboob - Agronomist(Afghan) Abdul Qader - Driver.
UNHCR Yoichiro Tsuchida - ProgrammeOfficer (Japan) Eng. Malang - Field Monitor /CivilEngineer (Afghan) Abdul Nazir - Assistant FieldMonitor (Afghan) Hajji Abdul Aziz - Driver (Afghan)
WHO Dr. Tarik Aziz - UNY (Bangladesh)
INTERNATIONAL RELIEF COMMITTEE(IRC) : From Peshawar ProgrammeOffice: Dr. Mohammad Anwar - ChiefProgramme Officer, Peshawar Dr. Nizamuddin - Chief MedicalOfficer (Afghan) Eng. Nazir - Chief Civil Engineer(Afghan) Eng. Khiali Yen - IrrigationSupervisor (Afghan) From Paktia Field Programme -Joined Mission in their Respective Districts (All Afghan) Eng. Zundi Gul - HeadAgricultural Field Technician (For Danda Patan, Janikhel,Musakhel) Sayed Hasan - Liaison Officer(Danda Patan) Lal Mohammad - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Danda Patan) Shah Mahmood - LiaisonOfficer (Janikhel) Mohammad Sharif - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Janikhel) Yar Pacha - Liaison Officer(Musakhel) Sakhi Jan - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Musakhel) Faqir Mohammad - HeadAgricultural Field Technician (Laja Mangal,Ahmedkhel, Alikhel) Ziarat Gul - Liaison Officer(Laja Mangal, Ahmedkhel, Alikhel) Sahib Khan - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Laja Mangal) Mohammad Seddiq - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Jaji Alikhel) Shah Jahan - AgriculturalTechnical Field Assistant (Jaji Ahmedkhel) SUMMARY OF MISSION ITINERARY FOR FAO, UNHCR, WHO(for details see Annex 2) DAY 1 - July 11th: Dept. Peshawar via Parachinar to Danda Patan (Paktia) . Visit villages in Danda Patan district. Night - Patan village of Danda Patan. DAY 2 - July 12th: Dept. Patan village (approx. 1500 metres alt.) Visit villages in Danda Patan, Chamkani (Shahr -i -Now) , Janikhel districts. Night - Khotkhi village, Janikhel. DAY 3 - July 13th: Dept. Khotkhi (approx. 1900 metres alt.) Visit villages in Janikhel, Musakhel districts. Night - Gujarlasti village of Musakhel. DAY 4 - July 14th: Dept. Gujarlasti village (approx. 1900 metres alt.) Visit villages in Musakhel, Ladar Khola and Laji Mangal districts. Night - Lajikhola village of Laji Mangal. DAY 5 - July 15th: Dept. Laji Khola (approx. 1750 metres alt.) Visit villages in Laji Mangal, Jaji Ahmedkhel and Jaji Alikhel districts. Night - Jurian village of Jaji Alikhel. DAY 6 - July 16th: Dept. Jurian (approx. 2000 metres alt.) Visit villages in Jaji Alikhel and on road to Teri Mangal and Pakistan frontier. Returned to Peshawar via Parachinar. . Night - Peshawar. FAO SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The mission spent an intensive six daysvisiting villages in seven districts in Paktia province and can truly say that they weregiven a very thorough view of this part of Paktia. Both the UNHCR funding support for therepair and rehabilitation of karez and the agricultural inputs (wheat and maize seed, fertilizer andfruit trees etc.) provided by FAO can truly be said to have been a success. In most places the two main varietiesof wheat Pak -81 and Pirsabak -85 introduced by FAO have provided farmers withsignificant increases in their yields and fruit trees have generally been planted outin useful small family orchards. Where the varieties of wheat have notdone well the reasons are easily traced to late planting or other cultural mispractices. Some useful lessons have also beenlearnt - regarding both seed and fruit trees that will assist in improving thetechnical aspects of future programmes - planting times - timing and methodology offruit trees distribution etc. The altitudes at which it is possible toplant the main varieties of wheat at present in hand for the FAO Programmehas been raised as a result of the Paktia programmeExcellent yields have been obtained up to2,200 metres alt. from the varieties Pak -81 and Pirsabak -85. As at present scheduled the1990/91 Wheat Seed and Fertilizer Programme for Paktia province is planned asfollows: District Improved Certified Wheat Seed D.A.P. Fertiiser Tonnes Tonnes
Ali Khel 109 110 Ahmed Khel 110 110 Laj Mangal 70 70 Chapati 3 (Multiplication) 3 Chamkani 30 30 Zoormat 50 50 Sayed Karam 30 30 Total: 402 MT 403 MT
The main varieties will againbe Pak -81 and Pirsabak -85. A fruit tree programmeis also being developed and planning shouldbe complete by the end of September.It is planned that all trees will be liftedfrom their nurseries in Quetta and Swatand despatched to over wintering holding areas in November strategically placed nearto the villages where they will be distributed in February /March 1991.
1 Bud Wood of selected apple varieties will be purchased in 1991 for budding the apple rootstocks at present being propagated in the IRC nurseries. IRC plan to establish one or two more strategically sited nurseries in the province. Some important recommendations can be summarised as follows:
1. Wheat Seed: Timely delivery, distribution and planting of seed is essential and local custom should be adhered to wherever possible, depending on the altitude. In 1990 the late arrival of D.A.P. caused some difficulties - but this year both seed and DAP are ready to be delivered and distributed in a timely fashion.
2. Fruit Trees: a) All fruit trees must be delivered to strategically placed holding stations to be overwintered.These must be situated close to the villages where they will be distributed in February/March 1991 and at the same altitudes. All trees should be delivered to these areas if possiblebefore the end of November. b) Planting of fruit trees round public buildings and on wasteland should be discouraged unless their care and management canbe assured. c) Additional training is required for Afghan field staff in Nurserywork, propagation and budding etc.
3. Combination of Karez repair and Aá ricultural InputsProgrammes Where possible the distribution of agriculturalinputs should be combined with other activities such as the repair of karez etc.
4. Forestry It would be very useful to have aprofessional report on the state of the Paktia forests and it is suggested that a missioncomposed preferably of technical officers who worked on the old GermanForestry Project be recruited to carry out such a mission.
2 INTRODUCTION
1. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF UN MISSION The main purpose of this mission by FAO and UNHCR was to monitor rehabilitation programmes supported by both organizations and implemented by various Non - Government Agencies - primarily the NGO International Relief Committee (IRC) and others in the following districts (Walus Wali) of Paktia Province Afghanistan - Danda Patan, Chamkani, Janikhel, Musakhel, Lader Khola, Laji Mangal, Jaji Ahmedkhel, and Jaji Alikhel. This was the first UN mission of its kind to go int.) Paktia Province which is one of the border provinces of primary refugee concern. A UNV Medical Doctor from WHO accompanied the mission to assessthe situation with regard to medical facilities in the area covered by theMission. The mission was accompanied by members of the IRC programme teamfrom theirPeshawarofficewho hadassistedinmakingthenecessary arrangements for protection and safe passage with thevarious shuras , and tribal elders (spingireh) through whose territory the mission was totravel. These also being the areas of main UN supported rehabilitationactivities . Other field staff of IRC met in their programme areas, aswell as community leaders, simple villagers and farmers. As already summarized the UN mission consistedof four FAO staff members including one driver and vehicle with radio, four UNHCRstaff including driver and vehicle with radio, and one UNV medical doctorfrom WHO. The IRC team consisted of one vehicle and four staff members,other field programme staff joined the mission intheir various programme areas. The mission departed from Peshawar on July 11th andentered Afghanistan at the Parachina crossing spending a totalof six full days and five nights in Afghanistan, Paktia province each night being spentin a different district as guests of the local tribal elders and leaders .The mission re- entered Pakistan at the Teri Mangal crossing on July 16th.-Part of the same mission team returned to Afghanistan twelve hours later to go onmission to Azra district in Logar, which will be reported separately. In this notoriously tribal area of mountainous borderAfghanistan the mission was provided with hospitality and protectionby the leaders of every clan whose territory they passed through.Each group of elders handed over these responsibilities to the leaders of the neighbouringclan who were invariably waiting as a reception committee at the bordersof their respective territories .All had been pre -arranged and worked without anyproblems or aggression on anyone's part evenbetween different neighbouring tribal groups with ancient and wellknown feuds and rivalries .The mission met with unfailing hospitality, good grace and courtesyfrom every clan and community they encountered on this journey. Much credit for this must go to the remarkable diplomaticskills of Dr. Mohammad Anwar, Director of the IRC field programmes. These were(it has to be said) helped by the fact that inthese districts of Paktia UN assistance has been relevant, for the most part very successful andwell and equitably administered. IRC has a big programme of assistance in therefugee camps in NWFP - particularly in the Kohat, Hangu, Darseman, Parachinar areas . The philosophy behind IRC's cross border rehabilitationwork is to concentrate as far as possible on those areasand villages inside Afghanistan from which these refugees originate.Their programmes for refugees in the camps are thus directly linked with programmes intheir home areas and villages. The field programme inside Afghanistanisoperated entirely by qualified Afghans, preferably and almost invariably workingin their own tribal and clan areas, backstopped as appropriatefrom the base in Pakistan.
FAO AND UNHCR ASSISTED PROGRANIMES IN PAKTIA FAO and UNHCR inputs and assistancein Paktia to date are summarized as follows:
A. FAO: 1989/90 Agricultural Inputs Programmewith IRC in Paktier In the autumn of 1989 FAO providedIRC with improved wheat seed and fertilizer for distribution tofarmers mainly in the districts of Danda Patan, Jani Khel, Musa Khel, andLadar Khola with smaller distribution in Laji Mangal, Jaji Ahmed Kheland Jaji Ali Khel as follows:
i Certified Wheat Seed and Fertilizer 574 MT Certified Improved Wheat Seed (439MT Pak -81, 135 MT Pirsabak -85) plus 575 MT of Diammonium Phosphateand 1150 MT of UREA fertilizer. In addition to FAO seed IRC wereprovided with 12 MT of spring wheat seed variety Blue Silver byUNHCR and themselves purchased 10 MT of Khyber -87 approvedwheat seed. In total 11,940 farm familiesreceived wheat seed under this programme at an averageof 50 KG (one bag of seed) per family sufficient to plant 2 jeribs (2 /5th ha) of landplus the fertilizer in appropriate quantities to gowith it.
ii Certified Maize Seed In the summer of 1990 IRC receivedfrom FAO a total of 39 MT of Certified Maize Seed of the variety Shaheenwhich was
2 distributed to a total of approximately 800 farmers in the same districts as above. In each district 10 farmers were selected for maize seed multiplication programmes. The FAO also provided the IRC programme with small quantities of five other maize varieties for field trials with selected farmers and in their three nurseries - in Danda Patan, Jani Khel and Musa Khel respectively (varieties Sunehri 300 kg, Sultan 32 kg, EV11 32 kg, Sarhad (white) 32 kg, Sarhad (yellow) 24 kg, and Sudan Grass /Sorghum (Sudex) Fodder species 100 kg).
Fruit Trees
In addition in December1989,FAO provided IRC with fruit tree
saplings for distribution to farmers in the same districts . These were lined out and dug in for the winter at a holding station in Danda Patan district and distributed to farmers for planting in February /March 1990.
In total FAO provided IRC with27,000budded saplings (15,000 apples, 6,000 Apricots, 3,000 Peaches , 3,000 Plums) under this programme.Some were planted as demonstration orchards in the three nurseries and in selected gardens (1,092) and25,898 trees were distributed to a total of 8,364 farm families in 386 villages (see table in Annex IV).
In the early spring of1990FAO also provided IRC with 3,000 Apple rootstocks (Mailing M.M.106) from the UK for propagation in IRC`s three nurseries and eventual budding with selected varieties for distribution to villages in subsequent seasons. iv Poplar Cuttings
FAO also provided IRC with a limited number(250)of poplar cuttings (Populus nigra) imported from Turkey of selected varieties and clones for rooting and propagation and eventual distribution to villages in the area,for village community forestry programmes. v Proposals for 1990/91 Season The FAO programme with IRC continues and a second round of the wheat seed /fertilizer distribution programme is proposed for the 1990 autumn planting season -concentrating on those Districts that either received no seed last year or received only very small quantities of seed such as Alikhel and Ahmedkhel and Laj Mangal. As proposed at present for Paktia IRC have requested FAO to provide wheat seed of the varieties Pak -81, Pirsabak-85plus limited quantities of Blue Silver and Khyber- 87 as follows: Jani Alikhel 109 MT Wheat Seed 110 MT DAP Jani Ahmedkhel 110 MT Wheat Seed 110 MT DAP La; Mangal 70 MT Wheat Seed 70 MT DAP Plus small quantities of seed (total 3 MT) for multiplication programmes with selected farmers and varieties in the districts that received substantial quantities of seed in the 1989/90 programme. A second round of the fruit tree programme is also anticipated. The seed and fruit trees have innearlyallcases been distributed in villages from which - (a) the refugees included in the IRC Pakistan programme have come, (b) where IRC is also repairing karez and irrigation systems with the assistance of UNHCR, UNDP and other funding agencies. This combination of activities is proving to be highly successful.
B. FAO: 1989/90 Agricultural Inputs Programme with World Vision in Paktia -ChamkaniDistrict In Chamkani district in the 1989/90 season FAO supported an agricultural rehabilitation programme with the NGO World Vision. Through this programme FAO provided World Vision with the following inputs:
ì Certified Wheat Seed Pak -81 20 MT planted in the autumn of 1989.(World Vision provided their own fertilizer) .This seed was distributed to a total of approximately 800 families at 25 kg seed per family or sufficient to plant 1 jerib (1/5 ha) of land.
ii Fruit Trees In addition FAO provided World Vision with a total of 18,600 budded fruit tree saplings(4,050apples,4,000apricots, 4,000 peaches, 4,000 plums,2,550cherries) which were distributed at an average of 10 trees per family to 1.865 farm families and planted in February /March 1990.
4 iii Plant Protection Programme (Knapsack Sprayers) WorldVision wishedalsotodevelopaPlantProtection programme and to assist with this FAO provided WV with 100 Knapsack Sprayers.Training was provided to the WV field workers under a programme being run by the NGO, The Swedish Committee. The training and distribution of sprayers to farmer operators was completed in March 1990. Unfortunately in recent months World Vision have been compelled to withdraw from Chamkani due to a security problem and have not been able to continue their work in that District. It is now under discussion as to whether work in Chamkani (which appears to have special difficulties) will be taken on by either IRC or another agency - possibly the Arab NGO Lajnat- al -Birr who are already supporting a hospital there. In the 1990/91 season it is expected that FAO will also support seed /fertilizer and fruit programmes in additional districts of Paktia - namely Zoormat and Sayed Karam with other NGOs It was not however possible on this Mission tovisit these districts.
C. UNHCR: Programme with IRC and Others UNHCR have and are assisting with the funding of various rural reconstruction projects including: Repair of karez and irrigation water systems - total: 66. Of which 43 completed (Aug. 1990) ,6 to be completed in one month and 15 to be completed in six months. Building of stores and other social facilities - total: 4 Rehabilitation of hospital in Shahr -i -Now, Chamkani. UNHCR also provided 12 MT of Certified Blue Silver Wheat seed plus some sundry vegetable seeds. UNHCR Report to follow.
D. UNDP has and is also assisting with funding karez repair work in Paktia through IRC and others for a total of 2 karez and is supporting the survey and design of road repairs Chamkani to Musa Khel and Jani Khel. No UNDP staff member was on this mission though at least one UNDP supported karez repair project was observed by the mission. ACCOUNT OF MISSION
GENERAL IMPRESSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS
1. The Geo /Social Scene The part of Paktia covered by the Mission consists of a maze of interlocking valleys set among a jumble of high forested mountains that rise to peaks of 5000 metres.These valleys are on the whole quite narrow with intensely cultivated irrigated aluvial terraces that run like vivid green strips along their bottoms with the slopes above covered with scrubby evergreen oak and where it has not yet been pillaged, forests of pine, fir and cedar, for which Paktia was traditionally famous. Village settlements and cultivation are found wherever there iseither surface water, springs, streams and rivers or where the apparently dry gravelly flood beds of the upper valleys have been tunelled for "karez'' and the hidden flow of water that lies under the gravel and stones .Tapped by these karez this subterranean water ischannelled offto irrigate and cultivate the fertile aluvial terraces lower down the valley. These karez are somewhat different in nature and characteristic to those found on the wide planes of the neighbouring province of Paktika. They are known locally as "Jarr karez" tapping as they do the hidden underground flow of apparently dry river beds set in the bottom of steep narrow valleys. They almost invariably serve a somewhat different social purpose to those found on the Plains of Paktika. The karez of the open plains of Paktika are often several kilometres long and have required a considerable capital investment to construct and to maintain. They are known as "Sultan karez" or royal karez and are often still in the ownership of the individuai families of "malek" who either made the initial investment or inherited or acquired the rights over a karez, the land it irrigates, and the share croppers who actually till the land. Because on the plains - good land is plentiful and the area of cultivation is only restricted by lack of water, the land owners in Paktika also have the possibility of increasing their productive farm land through individual investment in wells and water pumps, which also incidently frees them of any traditional duties or obligations to peasant share croppers. The return from such investments can be theirs entirely. In contrast in the narrow mountain valleys of Paktia, these possibilities do not exist.The "jarr karez" islittle more than a tunnel dug up on apparently dry river bed, usually quite shallow and not very long. In these valleys the karez is almost invariably a community and not an individual resource and a whole village /community has rights and duties in respect of it.Here in these valleys there are few if any maleks and the owner of 3 jeribs (3/5 ha) is counted as an exceptionally big farm,-.1...Most families own only between 0.5 and 2 jeribs (1/10 to 2/5 ha) . There is no possibility of expanding the area of cultivation because of the narrowness of the valleys and the steepness of the mountain sides. Water and terrain have inevitably profoundly influenced society in both- places. Both areas are intensely tribal by nature and both are predominantly Pushtoon - but the human and social relationship and restrictions imposed by land and water in the mountain villages of Paktia have created intensely independent egalitarian and democratic village societies, that differ in many ways from the relationship between malek and share cropper on the Katawaz Plain in Paktika - though both malek and share cropper may be Suleyman Khel. Shortage of good land means that cropping in these Paktia valleys is as intensive as the land will bear.Population pressure on the land has traditionally lead to emmigration in search of work elsewhere. The equitable division of water has of necessity lead to the need for considerable levels of social consensus and discipline, within a single community.It has also tended to intensify a community's individuality, sense of identity, and consequently its disputes with its neighbours. The mountain valleys of Paktia are inhabited by a bewildering mosaic of tribes, sub tribes and clans. Travelling from valley to valley in Paktia is as much as anything like travelling between a series of intensely independent republics or city states, each one in a more or less constant state of conflict with its neighbour. Mangals, Jajis, Alikhel, Chamkani, Moqbel and a host of clans and sub tribes, Hasankhels ,Hashimkhels , Adakhels, Lawani, Khajori et al.
2. Agriculture Agriculture is intensive and the standard of husbandry rather high. As far as altitude will allow double cropping is practiced with little time wasted between the harvesting of one crop and the planting of another. Indeed after harvesting the wheat crop in June the sheaves as often as not are placed on one side or on the bunds that divide the fields and not threshed until after the next crop of maize, rice or beans has been planted, irrigated and has sprouted. Cropping patterns alter somewhat as one rises in altitude from the border districts of Danda Patan and Chamkani at between 1500 and 1700 metres altitude to between 2000 and 2300 metres high in Musakhel, Alikhel and Ahmadkhel .
7 Wheat, maize, rice and pulses (red kidney beans etc.) predominate.Some ground nuts are grown at the lower altitudes.Rice falls out of the cropping pattern at about 1900 metres.In some very high valleys barley is grown. Surprisingly very few green vegetables are traditionally planted, but where introduced under the IRC programme they appear to have been adopted and accepted very quickly. Only in the higher villages over 1900 metres does one find a limited amount of lucerne and persian clover being grown for fodder.Maize crops are however thinned for green fodder. At the higher altitudes some inter-cropping of beans and maize is practiced. Potatoes are also grown mainly at the higher altitudes. Fruit trees (apples, pears, apricots, peaches, almonds) are grown in and around most villages though few well organized orchards are to be found. Before the war some improved varieties of apples had been introduced to certain valleys.Where observed these "demonstration" trees show the potential for apples in the area. Certainly the demand for the FAO fruit trees greatly exceeded the number we were able to provide. The greatest difficulty in distribution was caused by the fact that the intensely egalitarian nature of Paktia society often lead to individual families only receiving two or three trees just because everyone in a community had to have "something".
3. Forests The walnut trees in Paktia are magnificant and some very ancient specimens are to be seed in and around many villages .The German Forestry Project that flourished in the area before the war introduced the custom to the villages of maintaining one or two nurseries for walnuts.Despite, and all through the conflict, this good custom seems to have prevailed and many villages have maintained not only these nurseries but the habit of a yearly planting of new walnut trees ,so that many valley bottoms are lined with walnuts of all ages, from ancient giants possibly three to four hundred years old to this last spring's saplings. Sadly the care and management of the wild forest encouraged by the same German Forestry Project has not prevailed and whole mountains have been stripped of their pines, fir and cedars, sold to Pakistani timber merchants and felled. The result isthat many villagesset in the steeper valleys are now complaining of increased damage by flooding. The economic pressures have unfortunately been irresistable.
R In some places a reasonably healthy natural regeneration of conifers is taking place,but in other places both trees and topsoil have gone altogether.
4. Azricultural Rehabilitation - Wheat Seed and Fertilizer Programme The FAO's inputs of Improved Wheat Seed and Fertilizer through IRC and World Vision has generally been seen as a success. Almost everywhere between 1500 metres altitude in Danda Patan to 2200 metres altitude in Musakhel, the varieties Pak -81 and particularly Pirsabak- 85 have given farmers substantial increases over the yield of their local varieties, up to between 200 and 300 %.See Annex 2.Report by Seyed Mahboob, Agronomist. I.R.C. will be producing a report in due course on the results of their crop cut surveys. Only in parts of Alikhel and Ahmedkhel were results disappointing due to the seed being planted over a month and a half late in late November early December due to some bad advice given by one field officer, no longer working for IRC. The variety Blue Silver did not show up well against the local typeswhen planted on irrigated land,but when planted asarainfed crop did appreciably better. The "candidate" variety Khyber -87 does not seem to have doneoutstandingly well in most places when planted as an irrigated crop except in oneplace in Musakhel where it came out by far the highest yielder of all in the crop cut survey.(See Annex 2 Technical Report of FAO Agronomist-Seyed Mahboob).
5. Fruit Trees and Orchard Development The fruit tree distribution seems to have been well receivedand the mission saw some useful small (5 -10trees) and some not so small (20 -50 trees) family orchards being well tended and cared for. However, the interestsof equity often seem to have dictated that more people got fewer treesindividually than was really satisfactory. Two important points were observed and should beimproved and tactics altered for the next season. The first is that fruit trees planted round public buildings -often it has to be said, in the best community spirit -e.g. hospitals, store houses, mosques etc. are seldom if evergiven proper care and attention as no individual feels himself responsible. In almost every such case the treeshad been neglected and had died.This practice should be discouraged.
9 The second is that last year all the trees delivered to IRC were lined out and dug in for the winter at the IRC nursery at Danda Patan which is at 1500 metres altitude.Whereas distribution in the early spring had to be carried out up to 2300 metres altitude where it was still under snow when the trees in Danda Patan were breaking into leaf. In the next round of the fruit tree programme a series of overwintering holding stations must be strategically selected at different altitude and in each district to be covered.
6. Nurseries and Extension Organizations IRC have established three very useful nurseries in Danda Patan, Musakhel and Janikhei and IRC aim to establish at least one more - probably in Alikhel. Into these nurseries they have planted the apple rootstocks - VE1)I106 from the liK and are propagating them as well as the poplar cuttings (Populus nig-ra) from Turkey. These nurseries are conveniently placed so that they are easily observed by the local farming communities as they travel to and from their villages. Extension and demonstration is part of the objective and in these nurseries are planted demonstration orchards. Also simple trialswith different varieties of wheat, maize, vegetables etc. ,as well as demonstrating the effects of different fertilizer rates - planting methods etc. The idea is that every nursery should act as the centre point for IRC's agricultural rehabilitation programme in the districts. Each district has at least one field worker. A field supervisor covers three or four field workers. These individuals are all agricultural graduates and are of the same tribe and origin as the area in which they are working.Mangals with Mangals, Jaji with Jaji etc. This system seems to work rather well.In this highly tribal area it is hard to think of any other. Before the war this was not an area in which the Ministry of Agriculture had been able to achieve much influence or impact despite the fact that the Paktia farmers are clearly receptive to new ideas and varieties and are basically skillfull and industrious husbandmen.
1n 11 50
7. Rehabilitation and Repair of Irrigation Channels and Karez IRC has been mainly supported in this work by UNHCR and UNDP.The standard of work observed in the 17 karez monitored by the mission was on the whole of high quality. The villagers seemed satisfied and agreed that water for irrigation was being or had been considerably increased. Karez and canal repair work rogether with inputs of improved seed and fruit trees in Paktia in the districts visited would appear to have been ger successfully combined. UNHCR report on their report and findings will follow.
8. Health and Medical Care Paktia Province as far as the districts visited by the mission is is almost devoid of medical facilities apart from the rehabilitated hospital in Chamkani district - funded in part by UNHCR. This hospital which is situated in Shahr -e -Now is staffed with Egyptian and Afghan medical staff supported by Lajnat -al -Birr and the reconstruction work carried out by another Arab NGO - Afghan Reconstruction (AR CON) . This hospital at present has 37 beds which it is hoped will be increased to 50. It has radiology and laboratory facilities .Five specialists are working there and the hospitaliscapableof carrying out specialized surgical and orthopaedic operations , and can act as a referral centre. In Kusin Khola village of Musakhel district Hisb- i- Islami run a clinic served by a director together with a lab technician, a nurse and a dispenser. Apart from these facilities there are few if any health workers in the area apart from one or two medical "quacks" dispensing drugs and medicines in a more or less haphazard fashion to the greater dangerof the local villagers !!! There is a crying need for a programme to develop a well functioning health care system by establishing central health facilities in thelarger districts that can provide:
A. Basic health care to people of the district. B. Provide support for and organize a team of health workers for the various villages.
C. Refer patients as necessary to the more specialized facilities provided by the hospital at Chamkani and others as they are established elsewhere in the Province. 11 9. Conflict and Destruction Paktia seems to have given birth both to some of the architects and supporters of Communist revolution in Afghanistan and to some of the fiercest resistance against it. As a result many of the valleys and villages have been badly damaged by the war. All up the valleys from Danda Patan through Chamkani district and for over twenty kilometres into Afghanistan from the Teri Mangal crossing point from Pakistan hardly a village remains unbombed.Village after village stands battered and roofless. In the higher valleys, villages are to be found almost untouched but even here individual settlements have been singled out for destruction. There is still fighting and bombing going on in and around the town of Khost which is still held by the Kabul government forces , and Paktia villages are still liable for random bombing raids. In every village house in which the mission stayed - every window would be carefully covered by a blanket before any lantern or lamp was lit.This was something never observed before by this writer in other areas such as Kunar, Paktika or Ghazni. The centre of Jaji Alikhel was bombed three days before the mission stayed there (July 16th) .On one day July 13th, there were constant bombing raids in the direction of Khost (two ranges away) from shortly after dawn into the late afternoon.There was hardly a moment when there was not the sound of jets at high altitude coming from or returning to Kabul. Several times we heard scud missiles pass high overhead, again in the general direction of the fighting around Khost. Destruction has not only been caused by the Soviets and the Kabul Government - every government held administration, military centre or post has been systematically sacked and looted by the mujahideen when they have taken it. This included the hospital at Shahr -e -Now in Chamkani - now restored (see Medical Care) and every fort and administrative building there and elsewhere has been left in ruins after being taken. This has included the systematic stripping of roof timbers - andanything else moveable for sale in Pakistan. In some places even the stone and concrete walls of quitesubstantial Government buildings have been systematically demolished so thatlittle remains, to show where they existed.
12 This unfortunate and general habit of the mujahideen means that many extremely useful buildings, storehouses etc. have been quite unnecessarily destroyed and will now have to be re -built presumably at International donors' expense.
10. Refugee Return At the time of the mission's visit the villages in Paktia, even some that have been badly damaged were full of people - including women and children. The mission was greeted in almost every place by swarms of children. The demographic increase among the Afghan refugees must be astronomical and remains totally unrecorded. By some estimates at the time of the mission's visit as much as 70% of the population may have been back in many of the villages - busily farming, bringing abandoned land back into cultivation, doing some house repair, and just escaping the heat and dust of the refugee camps in Pakistan. However few believed that this number of people will either remain or could stay here for the winter once the weather breaks and the snow comes. Though heroic efforts have and are being made to bring agricultural land back into cultivation (and agriculture is recovering fast) ,there is as yet little concerted effort being made to rebuild ruined and bombed villages. While the civil war goes on and the planes and scuds roar overhead high in the sky, there is not yet sufficient confidence that it is all over.Several people spoken to stated this. Also many families ha-re members working and earning money in Pakistan. It is difficult to see how it would be possible economically to fit all the refugee population back into these valleys anyway. "How else can I support twelve children and dependents," one farmer told the mission, "off two jeribs of land ?"This was apropos of selling forest trees, but the same premiss applies to a general return of the population to these mountain villages in Paktia, from Pakistan.
13 ANNE( -r
SUMMARY Rr.c ORT OF WHO MISSION TO PAKTIA JULY il-iô 1390
Dr. S.bi. Taría Azìi11 WHO Field Supervisor
The UN mission to Paktia which lasted r r01 the t 1.th lGt ì July was QZiT_nal!: meant as a monitoring mission fur FAO and UNHCR. WHO later joined in to Assess the situation of health service provided in the province, and to monitor the health workers as recorded in WHO Data -Base. Special thanks to Dr. Anwar and his team members from IRC. They provided the WHO member with guide and transport for visiting different health facilities/workers. The only health facility in the areas visited that is worth mentioning is the Chamkani hospital.Situated in Shaìir -e -Now, this is a 50 beg hospital (at present 37 beds are operational) with radiology and laboratory facilities. Five specialists are working here. The hospital is capable of carrying our specialized surgical and orthopedic operations.This hospital is run by Lainat-al-Birr and is functioning as a referral hospital for some of the health facilities in other districts run by the same agency.This hospital was repaired by the ARCON who were funded by UNHCR. There is another clinic run by Hisb- e- Islami in Kusin Khola of Musakhel district. It is served by a doctor with a laboratory technician, a nurse and a dispenser. Apart from the above two facilities, there are few health workers either supported by some agency or are working privately in some of the villages. These health workers are trained to provide basic health care only. However, the health care need is much higher than the level of care these workers can provide.The gap is filled to some extent by practitioners who work on their own common sense. They have no medical training whatsoever.In this situation, the people in these districts are in no way getting any proper treatment, though they pay a lot for it. Thus :rrogrammes for development of a well- functioning health system is required. This em may be developed by establishing central health facilities in the larger districts an can - (a) provide health care to people in and around the district, (b) provide _.upport and organize the health workers working in different villages, and (c) refer patients, if necessary, to the more specialized health facilities in the province. AìvNEX-II
Technical Report on the (FAO /UNHCR /WHO) Mission to Paktìa province of Afghanistan July 11th - 16th 1990
Sayed Mahboob, B.Sc. FAO Consultant Agronomist -2-
Paktia province has a cold winter with snow fall and the altitude is different from 1700 -2200 m and in winter all the province is covered with snow 2 -3 month every year. FAC, UNHCR and WHO had a mission to Paktia province from 11 -17 July 1990.
I was accompanying Mr. A. R. Fitzherbert FAO Proc-amme
Coordinator Afghan Agri. Rehabilitation on this mission. _AC` has 575 M- ent aocuz .:heat seeds of P- -8l and ?S -8 3 and 575 ,11T "30 MTUrea t_._. -ouch I.R.C. (R.P.A) to Pakt__.FAC has also sent 38.75 MT Shaheen maize seed for distribution and 520 kg of six other maize seed varieties for observation trials to Paktia. I.R.C. have distributed that inputs in six districts cf Paktia, Danda Patan, Jani Khel, Mosa Khel, Laja Mangal, Ahmad Khel and Ali Khel. UNHCR have sent 12 MT wheat seed c_ Blue MT of DAP and 24 MT of Urea fertilizer to _akt_a t_.rouuh_.
I.R.C. has also distributed their 10 MT wheat seed cf Khvber -37 with 10 MT of DAP and 20 MT of Urea fertilizer in this province.
Generally the growth and yield of PS -85 and PAK -81 wheat seeds was good in this province andmost of the growers told tht the_- wheat yield was 2-3 times more this Year than local va__ezv.
1, Danda Patan district: On 11.7.90 we visited this district and most of the farmers were busy in threshing of their wheats. We cuestioned scme of them about the yields of improved wheat seeds and they told us that they got 2 -3 times high yield from our improved wheat seeds (PS -85, PAK -81) than local variety in some places . Blue Silver also given goodyield under dry conditions but on the i rrigated land result of Blue Silver was not good. I had collected some samples per square mete of that improved varieties to check yield. The grain yield of those varieties was as follows:
PS-85 510 gr /M2 or 1020 kg /Jerib PAK -81 423 gr /M2 or 847 kg /Jerib Blue Silver 397 gr /M2 or 793 kg /Jerib Khyber -87 367 gr /M2 or 734 kg /Jerib Local 190 gr /M2 or 380 kg /Jerib In Sergayvillage of this district the altitude was 1950 m and most of the farmers had planted wheat seeds in November 1989 and they harvested during 10 -30 June 1990. We also observed varietal trial, fertilizer trial, seed rate trial, intercropping trial of maize seeds which were planted on first week of July 1990. The growth of mai :o crop in this district was good and also some of the farmers :love planted rice and mongbeen. -3-
I.R.C. has distributed wheat seeds and maize seeds in 43villages of Danda Patan district as follow:
1. PS-85 30.00MT 2. PAK-81 80.00MT 3. Khyber-87 2.50MT ^.. Blue Silver 4.00MT 5. DA2 110.50MT 6. Tjrea 233.00MT î. Shaheen Maize 5.13MT(for distribution) 3. Shaheen maize 0.60MT(for multiplication)
_I. Janikhel district:
On 12 7.90 we visited most area cf this district. From DandaPatan to Janikhelboth sides cf the road, the _ands were covered with rice and maize crops. this distr -..t the result of PAK -81 wheat variety was gccd as compared to the other varieites and most ofthe w. ^e= -- =,1 ( were harvested from from 20 June to the first week of July. The altitude of this district was dT--Yant from 1800-2000 m.
On Lader Rholavillage the I.R.C. field workers planted some maize trials en 6th June for test of varietal trial, seed rate, distance, intercropping and planting methods.
In Kotki village maize crop planted in mid -June and plantheigh was upto 40 cm.
FAO seeds and fertilizer distributed by I.R.C. in 25 villages cf this district as follow:
1. P5 -85 14.95MT 2. PAK -81 65.00MT 3. Khyber -87 1.50MT 4. Blue Silver 4.00MT 5. DAP 85.50MT 6. Urea 170.90MT 7. Shaheen Maize 6.00MT(for distribution) 8. Shaheen Maize 0.60MT(for multiplication)
III. Mosakhel District: On 13.7.90 we startedour visit from Janikhel to Mosakhel, along the road on Buchikot village still the wheat crop was standing on the fields and some of the growers just started the harvest of wheat crop. The altitude of this village was 2100 m with cold weather. -4-
All grcwers were very happy with these improved wheat seeds. The results cf PS -85 and PAK -81 were higher than other varieties but we fours field of Khyber -87 which had higher yield. I also collected some wheat samples from per square meter cf the fields to find out the yield as follow: Khyber-87 8_3 gr/m2 cr 1626.6 kg/Jeri _S-33 77' gr/m2 or 1=06.6 kg/Jerib 7-AK-81 776 grí m2 cr 1552 kg/ Jeri': r ocalVar,e+--r 327 gr/m2 or 654 kg/Jerib . Slue Silver_ 233 gr/m2r, m or 466 kg/Jerib I.R.C. has distributed in 122 villages of this district FAOwheat seeds, fertilizers and maize seeds to the f armers as follow:
1. PS -85 39.95MT .2. Kam- 81 144.30M^' Mm 3. Khyber -87 1.50 4. Blue Silver 4.00MT 5. DA? 190.50MT 6. Urea 381.00MT 7. Shaheen Maize 9.30MT( for distribution) 8. Shaheen Maize 0.60MT( for multiplication)
IV. Laja Mangal district: On 14 7.90 we visited some wheat and ShaheenMaize trials in this district. In Kharky village of this district PS -85 variety of wheat seed were planted in firstweek of November 1989 and harvested during first week of July 1990. The yield of this variety was good and most of the growers were happywith the variety of PS -85.
Laja Khola village is at the altitude of 1700 m and maize crop has waterlogg__ng t17..^.tied on 5th of June butmost cf the area so the growth of maize was not good. On some fields the growers planted rice crop.
The distribution of FAO inputs in Laja Mangal district was as follows:
1. PS -85 10.00 MT 2. PAK -81 40.00 MT 3. Khyber -87 1.50 MT 4. DAP 51.50 MT 5. -Urea 103.00 MT 6. Shaheen Maize 3.40 MT (for distribution) 7. Shaheen Maize 0.60 MT (for multiplication) -5-
V. Ahmadkhel district:
On 15.î 90 we went from Lajamangal to this district . Mushka village altitude was 1730 m and most of area has waterlogging problem. The fields were planted with rice crz. On 15 June somemaize trials were planted by I.R.C. _ronomist on Sekandarkhel village at the altitude o 1900 m and wheat seeds a been planted vry late. Still they were
green and yield cfthat` wheat was not+ good. The cultivation s"Tstem of this area was very boor. The distribution cf inputs in this district was as follows:
1. PS-35 10.00 1`?T 2. PAK-31 40.00Mm 3. Chvoer-8 i 1 . 50 ?'IT 4. DAP 51.50Mm 5. Urea 103.00MT 6. Shaheen Maize 4.60MT(for distribution) 7. Shar.eer. Maize 0.60Mim (for mu! timl-car.ion.)
VI. Alikhel District:
On 16.7.90 we visited this district. Kharmana village - s at the altitude of 1950 m andwheat seeds had been planted very late and still they were green. Just on some r the farmers started the harvest of wheat, but the result was not good.
In some other fields ShaheenMaize seed was planted on 15 June and plant height was 30 -40 cm and growth was good.
In Kodky and Chorgan villages wheat seeds planted late so the result was not good. The distribution of FAO inputsin this district was as follows:
1. PS -85 40.00MT 2. PAK -31 60.00MT 3. Khyber -87 1.50MT 4. DAP 101.50MT 5. Urea 203.00MT 6. Shaheen Maize 6.70MT(for distribution) 7. Shaheen Maize 0.60MT(for multiplication)
Suggestion:
1. Generally in Paktia province PS -85 and PAK -81 wheat varieties have given high yield. I suggest that to increase these varieties in Paktia and some other parts of Afghanistan whichhas high altitude from 1700 to 2200 m. The result would be same like Pakistan. Alikhel districts cf Paktia the farmers In Ahmadkhel and time. So received our wheat seeds late than normal sowing was not good. Also they do not have improved the result fresh seeds for seeds for coming season. FAO should send those districts by R.P.A. distributed egual t FAO 3. During last season R.P.A. staff inputs in all parts ofthe Paktia and the farmers werehaocv have a -r 3td and segues ed them over the good work. I sowing time co to carry FAO inputs amonth earl=; than normal plant on time. mongbeen and kidnevbeen. In some fields the farmers planted 4. future we should have a plan to send some If possible in other improved legume cropseeds to this province and some parts of Afghanistan.
Mahbccb/ARF/b If trees are sent this year, the portion for every district should be sent to the district itself and not stored in any other district.This will definately maximize the percentage of take of the trees.
4. Intensiveshortterm nursery and orchard management and poplar multiplication training should again be provided for the NGO agricultural personnel who deal with horticulture. The trainees should be provided with 5ecutares (pruning shears) and budding and grafting knives.This will make the horticultural rehabilitation programme very effective. ANNE< -IV
J V l'11'1HR : IRC FRUIT TREE SAPLING DISTRIBUTION
Table iv0.l sows number of Families and distributedFruit Tree Saplings provided by FAO
.;aïfie of NüïfiGeL of. Number of Number vi S. Sc. Jlst___z Fruit Trees Families Villages
ìíusakhel 5550 2106 114
Janithel 4435 e478 73
Dand ratan 4696 1417 37
Laja Sanya1 2869 900 20
5 Ahmed !Chet 3.391 1130 36
Ali Kbel 4957 1333 30
DOTAL: 25698 8364 386
2,RF /kem Some trees were transplanted into public places around schools, clinics, villages. and other similar places.A very big percentage (>60%) of these trees failed earlier or after taking.
Some trees, after taking, were attacked by catterpillars and as a resultsome of them looked as if they had not taken at all.
All these trees were stored throughout the winter in Danda Patan district.Since there is a difference of 500 -650 metres in the altitude of the districts (Danda Patan the lowest), some trees, especially peaches and to some extent apricots, failed ::eive than the apples because they bloomed while waiting for spring to come in the higher districts. The rootstocks were well spaced and transplanted for layering but piling of soil AD-C1 the growing shoots was started early -15 -20 days.The IRC agricultural technicians were instructed fully on how to finish the mounting of soilon the shoots. Itis hoped that they will root before the end of the current growing season and be ready for multiplication for the coming spring.The technicians were asked to send the results to FAO/Afghan programme in October. They were further instructed that in addition to layering they should multiplysome rootstocks by stooling too. IRC technicians were further instructed to search in their surroundingareas and find the best varieties or at least trees, of pomegranates, grape vines and black poplars and transplant their cuttings into their nurseries. These will be changed into rooted plants and would be distributed to the farmers. Almost all the districts visited have a very good potential for walnuts, and walnut trees were observed growing in many villages.Improvement of walnut varieties might be a very fruitful programme for the area. Catterpillars on walnut trees and to some extent on the fruit trees distributed by IRC and cutworm on the maize and vegetable seedlings were the important plant protectional problems.It is 'roped that I will be able to forward some technical information on the biology and control of these pests to the coordinator of the programme, soon.
Recommendations According to the need of the area and interest of the people,if there is another fruit tree distribution programme, itis recommended that they be sent again to these areas. 2. In order to attract the attention of the growers forthe care of the trees, it is recommended to distribute not less than 10 -20 trees per family.These trees should only be transported in to plots where vegetables, clover or alfalfa can be used as inter crops.This should be done only where irrigation water can be provided through ditches...
2 ADIlVE<-I II
ü ìv ICR -FAO MISSION TO PAKTIA PROVINCE iJLY 11 -16TH, 1990 Ehsanullah Ehsan, ö.ëc. FAO Consultant, Horticulturalist
FAO has sent, to 6 districts of Paktia province, 15000 apples trees of Turkuiu (equivalent to Red Delicious) and Shenkulu (equivalent to Golden Delicious), 6000 apricot, 3000 peach and 3000 plum trees through IRC- In addition to thesebudded bees, 2000 rootstocks of Mìv1106 apples and 251) long (60 eins) cuttings of the black poplars. The 27000 budded trees were distributed in the districts of Musakhel, Janikhel, Dandu Patati, Laja nangal, Ahmedkhel and Alikhel, while the rootstocks MII106 were transplanted into the nurseries in Danda Patan, Janikhei (Maidan khoia) and Musakhel (Zoorcoat aillage). The poplar cuttings were transplanted only into the nurseries in Danda Patan and Janikhel districts.
Tale: Listof FruitT ree Distributionthrough IRC in 6Districts of Paktia Province
Sr. Name of No. ui No. of Nu. of Fruit Trees No. District Villages Families Distributed
i Musakhel 114 210n6 5550 2 ,1 aniithel 19 1473 4435 3 Danda Patan 57 1417 4696 4 Laja Mangal 20 900 2869 5 Ahmedkhel 30 1130 3391 6 Alikhel 80 1333 4957 7 IRC Nurseries - 1102 4- \Wise.
TOTAL: 336 8364 27000
The trees have come to Paktia, stored nicely and distributed honestly among the farmers according to the tribal tradition of the people in the villages.Each family has received 3 to 20 plants. Most of the plants have been transplanted into proper piares and the percentage or the take was good. Most oC the trees were green and well looked after. For further care of the trees, instructions were given toowners as well as to the IRC agricultural technicians. Some farmers (who received a small number of trees) transplanted their trees around their houses in the old orchards, in the vicinity of other large trees etc. These trees either did not take or were damaged by domestic animals and children, after their establishment.
1 :,-),:!1:11cr'{¡qi5, ,?r:ii.:ï-'i¡:?'v.l . _ ni.:.'.. \.'Fi% rL atr:l ..,..?J°..+ '/!:'tc='.. r.r
flaO i:Yr!°. 4500-A , ,nalWlJl'ÌxaY)I+xtiRYrlt_..ri Mli l p _ .a,.? s Pts'Ii f"" ,.SI a ( ar w ` /il _ . , i-,rv-. -,y.a.atL^fLS1iiL'Z + ..! - ¡` 7 - e.,l, CUI+ i. '.^.:- ¡ t)7f ytA`[.+-l^ -r: `, a,.. vl0e_inLthj0.9;;;SM J \ó Shderin'1 las tat,c "'.t; rs" +.r v.fl
-ti
,t+,..a e1.yJMi9Sy 4 .. j,._1a4.(:ra .,' . r.-.rsr.:.::..... -_- +:r--..a,c,p.t -- ' : . , (' r ;.'. '1S r Vf r;,{. `i '.rf` / ,. irs.J T\i% s%J/ (r:t}Slfr f ¡ .,.:JI.+.L1Ntf3. U-i, ; / %halilin/- ::<* . ": '' . `: J. 'J 7i 1..-¡.1..-¡"'al'c,.J`w.'y,`ti'. C..c .,/.t`- _ 't' S,UW\. Q,Y41f . , ..i`J .. r ltr 61a ii+d' , K N tf , ' ue ' E xa t 1.,,,,, j'`^% ` / f, rtl/.1?J -'°'c"-- v-`.'ll. cr;r 'î_:1-.`` -.:w:,r.+tr ì _S-`'<; ii':f!Ks ;°.,.-. e ` :J,Gour{ ++, ` Sia 1E.Kíti/1?7p T`_ J T1 t"rr7.î:- . ,!°;ç t"rtSuY, ì ,= t FcltJt.B- 1ftft`}_,,> 1+71>túJ.;, _ '..R.tij, `a1-.. _1. ^ ^r .._ r r ;,a. ,;.-tti J/'f:"1.+i ;J r i tS_SJ,`'ì 4-.: ir,t '; , ,7i \...'. ,Fi:., fiÿ.1`á J,c:do; A1J /'ï
ï.lmh,,ro,t.,lp .;r Ói t-:.,t!rY Cfi:lv-x .i:r , 1104.tu ¡YV.I: lf G `1rr .31..".'.. ;,..';'¡,*, ,,/ c' r. . Y r /,a' .Ì ?to l .,'1s<\: `h.}+,:I/, q /t' }C' \/bYi:Ñlañ-C,1/.. . i,:" :-I G h,,i :\ `L,aó/f.np,+-- ÓZ..('L // i ¡/ xv /I \^'7 'Ìi,f.1"._ <,i tw,,, ,;J;rr 6\ (1 ;h :j'L,,,J,/f' Irs7fal+LtJ¡C''/f..;..!\jé ì l / .t'¡ lei /;"i.r < . , ..r,,., f y". r 33°30 ` ,I _t , -. t J P> /t^f rpNIwÌ'hN41i%J,T. V, u+. f 9. l :algxp r Ol .v,-,.-",.¡...0'.C-.t,m/^... 7f+Ifi¿ lJl,T)i11 lji.:iih . ia.rv/o",L .yw LC; .J> . ! j' \ y.. i r+r -.t, ti ! V 1 4T,IYI M1, ., 4 /V '° Y; `,,/\ r e" ) . n( \ 1 m, on¡¡¡° /1/L t ?'"), +. ¡..i`'. . r ai é YR1,n+ ' jA l^i. tl Ifa % .;.,+.--- . . v,p',.. ,r ~ r:ñ . % ñ.a : +. ti .,..t,/.lill } , 1c/1 .... ' 1!)ti y(¿ hr A.SMAA :!.r iic': .-S`tVt,i.^Í¡....: I t 1i Vt V .t :..) .. _.:'a:iz;: ': l,;TI( G,7+é+ri ótiin/ ?..}, a nlf`.. . 4 J+'I ppIl/6a{, f~ '. i J( \vi' :i.t +l1{'bW) ElLr Viil