Contents

Abbreviations ii Acknowledgements iii Executive Summary iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 2 Contents 1.2 Process 4 1.3 District Vision 6 Chapter 2: Local Governments for Good Governance 9 Chapter 3: Social Sectors 19 3.1 Education 20 3.2 Water Supply and Sanitation 24 3.3 Health 27 3.4 Gender and Development 30 3.5 Settlements and Housing 32 3.6 Sustainable Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction 35 3.7 Culture and Tradition 38 Chapter 4: The Natural Resource Base 39 4.1 Climatic Information 40 4.2 Drought 40 4.3 Land Use 43 4.4 Water 43 4.5 Agriculture 47 4.6 Livestock and Rangelands 49 4.7 Forests 53 4.8 Biodiversity and Protected Areas 55 Chapter 5: Diversifying the Economy 57 5.1 Minerals and Mining 57 5.2 Small and Medium Enterprises 59 5.3 Tourism 60 5.4 Infrastructure: Roads and Energy 62 Chapter 6: Information and Communication 67 Chapter 7: Future Programmes and Projects 71 Chapter 8: Implementing the Vision 73 8.1 Institutional Arrangements 74 8.2 Financial Resources 74 8.3 Monitoring and Evaluation 76 References 77 Annexure 1 80 Annexure 2 82 Annexure 3 84

i Abbreviations

BCS Balochistan Conservation Strategy BHU Basic Health Unit BLGO Balochistan Local Government Ordinance 2001 BPRSP Balochistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper CCB Citizen Community Board CDGK City District Government Karachi CDS City Development Strategy CIS Community Information System CSO Civil Society Organization

Abbreviations DCO District Coordination Officer EDO Executive District Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GIS Geographic Information System GoB Government of Balochistan GoP Government of Pakistan IDV Integrated Development Vision IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management Karez Underground gravity irrigation channel devised to tap groundwater in arid regions LG Local Government LHV Lady Health Visitor MDGs Millennium Development Goals MICS Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey NASSD Northern Areas Strategy for Sustainable Development NCS National Conservation Strategy NGO Non-governmental Organization OSR Own Source Revenue P&DD Planning and Development Department QSIDV Qila Saifullah Integrated Development Vision QSSoED Qila Saifullah State of Environment and Development SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises SPCS Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy SPDC Social Policy Development Centre TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration ii UC Union Council Acknowledgements

Much credit is due to the Zila Council of Qila Saifullah that had the foresight to realize the need for a development «vision» for their district, a framework that attempts to address the complex and interlinked economic, social and environmental issues facing the area. It was at their request that IUCN stepped in to assist with the formulation of a long-term «vision» for development in the district based on the current state of play in key social, economic and natural resource sectors, captured in a companion document the QSSoED.

The entire district participated in the formulation process. Zila Nazim Maulvi Anwar-ud-Din, Naib Zila Nazim and Speaker of the Zila Council Haji Asmat Ullah, Tehsil Nazims Molana Muhammad Lal Akhundzada and Maulvi Muhammad Arif all contributed their ideas as did the DCO and EDOs in the district government and officers from the TMAs and UCs.

In addition, there were individuals, including Senator Nawab Muhammad Ayaz Jogazai, Sardar Wazir Ahmad Jogazai, Nawabzada Mehboob Jogazai, former Naib Zila Nazim Sardar Asif Sergarh, Sardar Allah Yar Jogazai, former

Tehsil Nazim Qila Saifullah Usman Kakar and Sardar Naseer Tareen who cknowledgements provided far-sighted and visionary input. A Gratitude is also due to the secretaries and senior officials of the Balochistan provincial government, staff of Balochistan Area Development Programme, representatives of the private sector, including the Balochistan Kissan Committee and Chromite Miners Association as well as to CSOs at the provincial and district level. The support of the print and electronic media and academia in Qila Saifullah District and Quetta is also acknowledged.

IUCN Pakistan»s (IUCNP) Balochistan Programme Office role in developing the framework under the leadership of Syed Muhammad Saleem Chishti with support from IUCN staff, especially Dr. Abdul Majeed, Ahmad Sher and Muhammad Zaman Khan, is duly recognized. Thanks are also due to Abdul Latif Rao and his colleagues, especially Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Syal and Aizad Ehsan, for developing the documents. Finally, the financial assistance provided by the Netherlands government through the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Islamabad, is acknowledged and appreciated.

iii y Executive Summary

The BLGO 2001 established a local government system that devolved political, administrative and financial responsibility and authority to elected representatives of the local government. The zila nazim, as head of the district government, was given the authority to provide a «vision», the direction for the district»s development that would enable good governance, effective delivery of services and transparent decision making through institutionalized participation of people at the grassroots level.

This vision is the result of a wide-ranging consultative process undertaken in the district. The vision was launched through workshop chaired by the zila nazim and attended by all key stakeholders in May 2006. A series of consultations at the union, tehsil, district, provincial and federal levels were also held to seek information on key issues, their priority and development potential, current initiatives undertaken and planned, available options and possible strategies and measures.

ecutive Summar At the same time, a comprehensive search for data and information on the district was initiated, covering traditional published sources, non-published material as well as web-based documentation. Meetings were held with individuals in the district government and private organizations to obtain Ex current data on specific sectors. The QSSoED captures the baseline data collected on the social, environment and economic sectors in the district.

The input and proactive participation of people led to identification of core areas of concern and suggestions for short-, medium- and long-term measures towards remediation. These suggestions, together with important lessons learned from past programmes and projects in the district and province as well as experiences of current federal and foreign-assisted projects, particularly those supporting devolution and decentralization, were all considered. What emerged was a framework that identifies sectors that must be given priority, recommendations for their sustainable development over the long term and implementation mechanisms. The draft of the QSIDV was shared with stakeholders before being finalized and approved by the Qila Saifullah Zila Council.

As such, the IDV is the people»s vision for their future, of the quality of life they aspire towards and the progressive milestones they would like to achieve. The IDV is organized according to priorities identified by people. The first four blocks are on governance, people and their development needs, the natural resource base on which livelihoods depend and potential for economic development in the district. The following three blocks are on information and communication, future projects and programmes and implementation arrangements.

District Vision

The QSIDV is among the first in the province of Balochistan. What the iv people have decided is that their vision for the future is: ≈[A] district of Azad Mukhtar A busy street in the Qila Saifullah Town

aware, informed, educated, democratic, ● Integrated, coordinated and sustainable peaceful, cultural and gender-conscious, development planning and monitoring progressive, honest, clean, healthy, hardworking, capable, efficient, reliable and The district»s priorities are: responsible citizens who enjoy justice, ● improving governance and institutional equity, social services, basic facilities, and human capacity with an emphasis on sustainable livelihoods, development promoting collective rather than individual opportunities, healthy environment, security interests, supported by strong and and enabling conditions to contribute to effective institutions staffed by competent their own and their district»s development individuals and prosperity and better quality of life where cultural and natural heritage as well ● promoting effective, efficient and equitable as religious values are preserved, public services that can provide quality conservation and sustainable use of natural education, health and water supply and resources is practiced and poverty and sanitation facilities illiteracy are history.∆ ● planning sustainable large and small The IDV is hinged on four principles used urban settlements with efficient public during the consultative process and equally services, water supply and sanitation applicable during implementation: amenities, sufficient energy provision and ● Consultation and participation of people communication infrastructure and communities in planning and development ● sustainably manage all sources of water by practising integrated water resource ● Emphasis on gender equity in policy, management and increasing water plans and programmes productivity

● Stress on people and environment-friendly ● emphasizing agriculture practices that development value water by switching to efficient v irrigation systems and crops that improve backdrop of constraints inherent in the productivity per unit of water devolution process, including uneven fiscal decentralization, reduced managerial authority ● managing rangelands sustainably and and poor institutional and human capacity at increasing livestock productivity of all levels of government. Similarly, the district livestock government will need to advocate recommendations with high-tier administrative ● enhancing forest cover and vegetation authorities while adopting best practices in to meet timber and non-timber forest district governance from models currently product needs as well as environmental being used in other districts. services

● conserving wild flora and fauna through Social Sectors community-managed protected areas Education ● increasing livelihood opportunities and reducing poverty through improvements in Education is one of the top priorities in the the mineral and mining sector, growth in district. This is not surprising given the low value-added small- and medium-sized literacy and enrolment rates: 22 percent for enterprises, developing commerce and those 10 years and above and 28 percent for trade markets in the district for the region children between the ages of five to nine and becoming a transport hub years. There is a large gender gap ƒfemale literacy rate for ages 10 years and above ● managing district-level information for was 11 percent while the male literacy rate decision making and communicating it to for the same age bracket stood at 31 the public by collecting accurate data and percent ƒ with a tilt in favour of boys» information on all sectors and education and schooling in urban areas. disseminating it widely Few tertiary education institutions exist and there is not a single vocational or technical training institute in the district. While Good Governance resources have been pumped into Qila Saifullah through foreign and federally- People in Qila Saifullah underscored the funded programmes, their impact will only need for good governance and public be visible in time. accountability, meaning governance that can respond to people»s needs irrespective of Immediate steps are required to increase gender, ethnicity or caste affiliations. enrolment, retention and completion and Decentralization and lower-tier administrative improve the quality of education in all three entities like the district, tehsil and union levels of schooling. Establishing vocational or administrations are meant to improve technical training institutes and governance and foster grassroots mainstreaming madresahs is equally participatory planning essential to important, as is facilitating female access to sustainable development. But this requires schooling, particularly in rural areas, and systems and processes to assist advocating for girls» education among local coordination between the federal-, provincial- communities. Initiatives will also have to and district-level governments and new address the need for hiring trained male and partners such as civil society, the private female teachers, controlling teacher sector and the ulema as well as the capacity absenteeism and lack of opportunities for in- to monitor indicators and track progress. service training. Existing resources would Above all, it requires the ability to need to be used optimally to improve continuously realign development priorities to physical infrastructure as well as quality of changing ground realities. teaching and learning material. All this would need to be supported by a monitoring The Qila Saifullah district government has to system that could assess the standard of vi manage these requirements against a education by setting learning milestones and measuring outcomes. Finally, all initiatives in Health education in the district need to work synergistically with better coordination with Health facilities in Qila Saifullah are the provincial education department and inadequate and generally of poor quality, ongoing federally-funded and foreign primarily because of untrained and insufficient assisted-projects. number of medical and paramedical staff, inoperative units and dispensaries and the Water Supply and Sanitation tendency to focus on curative rather than preventive healthcare. In case of women, Water availability is the key to development in cultural norms make the situation even worse. Qila Saifullah. The district depends on As women are mostly restricted to their groundwater and rainfall for its water supply, homes, they are unable to access facilities with drinking water obtained from open located at a distance. Also, they are only surface wells, tubewells, ponds and springs. allowed to be treated by women at women- Only 19 percent of households have access only facilities. to drinking water in their homes while 34 percent of households enjoy adequate access In the health sector, the focus will have to be to improved drinking water sources. In on improving service levels through preventive practical terms, this access means that medicine, increasing maternal and infant water sources are located within a two- health coverage, controlling communicable kilometre radius and require a 30-minute trek diseases and increasing access to trained to collect water. male and female medical and paramedical staff. Equally important is the need to Against this backdrop, interventions need to coordinate with the provincial health focus on improving adequate access to department, federal government and foreign- improved drinking water sources in both assisted projects working in the district. urban and rural areas of the district, ensuring equal access to sources that are within a two- Gender and Development kilometre distance of homes. The quantity and quality of water also need to be considered in Women»s access to social services and the longer term. other infrastructure is limited due to age-old customs that restrict their mobility, preclude Qila Saifullah has poor sanitation and solid them from seeking employment and decision waste disposal practices. Most people use making. The situation is the same, if not open places as sanitary facilities. Where worse, in Qila Saifullah where a strong facilities such as toilets and latrines are patriarchal social structure presents a available, as in the urban centres, there is no traditional challenge to human development sewage system. The same problems affect and gender equity. Women are inadequately solid waste management and disposal that is represented in politics, local government burnt, dumped in open spaces or thrown into departments and the labour force and drains and watercourses. have few opportunities to expand their economic productivity. It is recommended that the situation be remedied by involving new partners such as Changes in conservative societies require a CCBs and CSOs in encouraging and assisting process-oriented approach that tries to work in the construction of household sanitation within local culture to set in motion a process facilities and sewerage systems. For its part, of change. Both men and women should be the local government would have to take involved in efforts to minimize the social risk responsibility for setting-up wastewater of change for women. Advocacy on the role treatment plants in larger settlements. and contribution of women to societal Municipal solid waste management practices development will have to be undertaken with together with household and local government the help of opinion leaders to highlight the management of solid waste collection and position accorded to women in Islam, their disposal at designated sites would need to be rights and responsibilities. Interventions will put in place. need to increase women»s access to vii education and health services, water supply, master plans can be used to administer the sanitation and clean energy sources and growth of cities while zoning and growth facilitate their participation in the labour force management can help manage land use and and small enterprises. the pace of urban development, respectively.

Settlements and Housing Sustainable Livelihoods and Qila Saifullah is primarily rural, the urban area Poverty Reduction in the district being no more than six percent. Most settlements in the district have grown Poverty was traditionally measured through organically rather than being systematically income disparities but has now broadened to planned. Since little urban planning and include other measures of well-being. A multi- zoning has taken place, there are many dimensional approach to poverty implies problems in providing social services and giving attention to empowerment and basic utilities. Settlements have also reducing livelihood insecurity as well as mushroomed along the National Highway (N- maximising income growth. 50) in Zhob Valley. Housing quality is poor with one-third of the population still living in A participatory poverty assessment one-room units of poor construction, undertaken between 2001 and 2002 in increasing their vulnerability to disease and Balochistan concluded that the poor defined natural disasters such as earthquakes. poverty as lack of access to financial or material possessions. The assessment also This situation offers Qila Saifullah the brought to light other dimensions of poverty, opportunity to plan urban settlements, either including the inability to make and influence through the transformation of big villages into decisions at the household, community and towns or through the establishment of policy levels, social exclusion due to gender, planned mid-sized towns that would attract ethnicity, caste or religion and little or no households from sparsely located villages. access to institutions that provide resources Supported by urban town planning guidelines, such as education, credit, security and justice. Azad Mukhtar viii A young rag-picker in the field To counter these disadvantages, the which falls in winter as snowfall. It is assessment forwarded four recommendations: important to note that this data is not fully improve access and control over resources, reliable as it has been collected from the including natural resources, provide adequate meteorological station at Zhob instead of Qila social protection, eliminate discrimination Saifullah which has no such facility. That said, based on gender, ethnicity or caste and accurate meteorological data is needed for ensure equal rights to justice regardless of water basin management and an early gender or social status. These warning system for mitigating the impact of recommendations became part of the BPRSP droughts. Considerable variations in rainfall at that focused on engendering growth, the local level mean that site-specific data is managing scarce water resources, reforming also needed. All this data needs to be governance, improving human development collected in collaboration with the Pakistan and addressing vulnerability to natural or man- Meteorological Department and be part of a made disasters. Accordingly, the district»s larger national meteorological information thrust would be to implement the network. Information also needs to be recommendations of the BPRSP, including available to users such as farmers and economic growth through development of graziers in an appropriate form and in a small- and medium-sized enterprises, timely fashion. investments in human capital and adequate social protection and access to natural Drought resources for the poor. Extended periods of abnormally dry weather Culture and Tradition and below average rainfall is nothing new for Qila Saifullah district in particular and Tribal affiliations, customs and traditions Balochistan in general. Periodic droughts continue to govern life in Qila Saifullah. In the occur regularly and more often than not wreak past, changes were slow due to the district»s havoc in the district. For instance, the isolation and the reliance of communities on prolonged drought that beset Qila Saifullah themselves or their neighbours. But in a global between 1999 and 2004 decimated livestock world supported by rapid communication, and severely affected fruit and rain-fed cereal traditions are changing quickly. Communities production. are expected to adapt to changing circumstances or risk being left behind. Drought differs from other natural disasters in that their impact accumulate slowly over a Though positive traditions can be retained, considerable period of time, are spread over customs that are hindering progress need to large geographical areas and may linger on for be discarded. It is important that justice years after the episode. This means that based on legislation and Islamic options is drought preparedness and early warning are promoted instead of decisions taken by key issues that need to be coordinated with tribal jirgas or assemblies. Stakeholders provincial and federal agencies responsible for such as local tribal elders and the ulema disaster management. need to be exposed to new ideas and experiences prevalent in the Muslim world, Land Use primarily through dialogue and exposure visits. They should also be encouraged to Accurate and detailed information on land and play a positive role in the transition to a land use is not available in Qila Saifullah. progressive society. Integrated land use planning is absent and the land settlement record dates back to 1955. Therefore, the exact geographical area of the Natural Resource Base district plus its cultivable area remains uncertain. Rangelands, forests and Climatic Information biodiversity hotspots have also not been surveyed and assessed. In light of this, the Mean annual rainfall in Qila Saifullah ranges interventions must include a comprehensive between 125 and 500 millimetres, most of GIS-based inventory of land use and natural ix resources, revision of the land settlement tubewells, introduce technology-intensive record and integration of land use planning in irrigation methods, improve water conservation new projects and programmes. by identifying crops suitable for the area, increase groundwater recharge through plant Water cover and artificial recharge and encourage efficient rainwater harvesting practices. The Zhob River and precipitation are the only sources of surface water in Qila Saifullah. But Agriculture as the Zhob River and almost all its tributaries can go dry, precipitation remains the major Agriculture is the mainstay of Qila Saifullah»s source of surface water in the district. economy. Besides crops such as wheat, jowar, barley and maize that are cultivated The Zhob Basin has limited potential for using ground and rain water, a bulk of the development: groundwater is in balance in produce in the district is cultivated on irrigated the Muslim Bagh sub-basin, in deficit in Qila land. Farm sizes are generally small and Saifullah and in limited surplus in Zhob. This women are not directly involved in allied means that groundwater mining where agricultural activities such as grain storage abstraction of water exceeds recharge and manure collection. capacity is prevalent in Qila Saifullah. Primarily, this scenario is the result of the The preference for tubewell-irrigated large number of tube wells in the district agriculture has led to unsustainable use of (1,888 in 2002 √ 2003) due to an earlier groundwater at the cost of neglecting the government subsidy as well the current khushkaba and sailaba farming systems. subsidy on electricity tariff for tube wells. Inefficient irrigation practices are still in vogue The problem is exacerbated by a reduced in Qila Saifullah with high delta fruits, recharge rate due to decreasing vegetation vegetables and other crops grown over large cover in the district. areas. Consequently, the boost in total yield is due to expansion in cultivable area rather than Heavy grazing, unsustainable removal of an increase in average yield per hectare. vegetation for firewood and inappropriate agricultural practices have resulted in soil But land resources too are being inadequately erosion and desert pavement-like conditions managed, resulting in loss of fertile top soil, on the surface, drastically limiting water declining fertility and deteriorating soil percolation to depths where it can recharge structure. Land evaluation for agriculture using groundwater. Precipitation flows as surface remote sensing and GIS technologies has not run-off and drains quickly into streams and been carried out. Similarly, there is no local tributaries of the Zhob, neither remaining market for fruits and vegetables and agro- locally available as soil moisture nor adding to based SMEs are unheard of in the district. groundwater reserves. Surface water is also collected through traditional water harvesting If agriculture production is to improve, practices but these too are not being used to technology-intensive irrigation systems, their full potential. effective maintenance of top soil, introduction of low delta crops or fruit trees, But it is the inefficient use of water for agro-based SMEs as well as an independent agriculture that is the most serious issue marketing infrastructure and availability of facing the district. Farmers continue to favour agricultural credit will have to be introduced. inefficient agricultural practices such as flood This is also an area where women»s irrigation and tend to overlook the fact that participation in economic activity can be water is becoming scarce. enhanced. Experiments with farming cooperatives, where small holdings less than Under these circumstances, Qila Saifullah 5 ha in size are integrated into bigger farms needs to urgently adopt two approaches: and managed collectively, greenhouses for integrated water resource management and cultivating high-value and off-season increasing water productivity. The district also vegetables and organic farming could also x needs to rationalize use of agricultural be adopted. Livestock and Rangelands countryside is also being lost as there is no land management system. Livestock rearing of small ruminants such as goats and sheep is the second most Three areas have been declared as state important economic activity in the district. forests: Khatoka, Tarawal and Nasai but they More than two-thirds of the total geographic are not physically controlled or managed by area is used as rangeland with transhumance the forest department. There are no forest livestock production being practised. But the nurseries that can provide planting stock for productivity of small ruminants has been afforestation and agro-forestry is not practiced declining over the years. in the district. Forest statistics are also unavailable. Poultry farming is not practiced on a commercial scale in the district. Livestock are Given that the majority of people are generally underfed, suffer from diseases and dependant on this natural resource on a internal parasites and arrive at markets number of fronts such as fuelwood for heating looking undernourished and much below their and cooking, timber for construction and non- optimal weight. Veterinary services are poor timber forest products for medicinal and and large herds rather than quality animals are specific environmental services, the current preferred. Women could play a larger role in area under forest cover is clearly inadequate agriculture but they do not have access to for the requirements of the district. Steps information or training opportunities for need to be taken to raise forest nurseries, improved livestock care or credit. promote plantation of multi-purpose species and agro-forestry and reduce commercial Rangelands have been severely degraded harvesting of wood. over the years because of lack of grazing management and removal of shrubs and trees Biodiversity and for fuel and periodic droughts. This has led not only to decrease in rangeland productivity Protected Areas but also the carrying capacity of the land that have far-reaching social and environmental Qila Saifullah is fairly rich in wild fauna, ranging implications. from small rodents to large ungulates and cats. There are plenty of resident and migratory Therefore, it comes as no surprise that the full birds, particularly cranes and waterfowl, as the potential of livestock and rangeland resources Zhob River is on the route of autumn and is not being realized despite the fact that it spring migrations between Afghanistan and can play a major role in poverty reductions. India. The well-known Torghar Community Concerted efforts are needed to overhaul Conservation Area in the Toba Kakar Range existing livestock production systems, developed from a project to stop illegal introduce value-added dairy farming, facilitate hunting and conserve the dwindling engagement of women in poultry farming, populations of the Suleiman or straight-horned establish markets and upgrade veterinary markhor and Afghan urial, categorized facilities and public sector extension services respectively as endangered and vulnerable. along migratory routes. Along the way, social and economic welfare programmes were designed and developed for Forests the people of the area, creating incentives for the involvement of locals and their families in Coniferous and scrub forests are found in the conservation efforts. district, the former at 1,500 to 3,500 m with chilghoza and kail as the dominant species But Torghar is an exception. Most wildlife and and the latter at 500 to 1,500 m with wild waterfowl species in the district are on the olive, ash and willow being the heavyweights. decline, illegal trapping of cranes and falcons Qila Saifullah»s forests are under threat from is common and the Zhob River»s potential as indiscriminate logging for fuelwood and a wetland is declining. The district needs to timber, heavy livestock grazing and raise awareness of the value of biodiversity encroachments. Forest vegetation in the wider and critical habitats, establish protected xi areas, develop management plans for key Tourism sites and involve communities in conservation. Qila Saifullah hosts several cultural assets, including ancient forts and a narrow-gauge railway line, globally significant wildlife and Diversifying the Economy plants, scenic landscapes, orchards and mineral wealth. All these can attract tourists to Mining and Minerals the district and create an impetus for new industry, enhancing economic activity in the Balochistan is part of a geological belt known area. The district could also be one of the for world-class mineral deposits. In Qila destinations on tourist trails in Balochistan. Saifullah, a number of metallic and non- Such trails would have to be promoted in metallic minerals are being mined in Muslim collaboration with provincial and federal Bagh tehsil with chromite and magnesite as agencies such as Pakistan Tourism the most important, followed by gabbro, Development Cooperation as well as the granite, limestone and sandstone. What is private sector. lacking is value-addition that could be achieved by processing at source, particularly Roads and Energy of chromite, promoting commercial-scale mining of other minerals and encouraging Though Qila Saifullah is a rural district, it is expansion of the dimension stone industry. connected with other parts of the province Also, increased investments will only be and the country by road through the Quetta- possible if the extent and value of mineral Zhob-Dera Ismail Khan (N-50) and the Qila deposits in the district is ascertained along Saifullah-Loralai-Dera Ghazi Khan (N-70) with other basic information such as annual national highways that await improvement as production. At the same time, the district will part of a priority transport corridor through need to enforce safety and occupational Balochistan linking Pakistan, Afghanistan and health guidelines in mines to protect workers, Central Asia. The remainder of the road enforce environmental impact assessments to network is shingle or dirt. assess and curtail environmental and social impacts and engage in regular environmental Qila Saifullah district has a narrow-gauge audits to ensure adoption of mitigation railway line, though the service was closed in measures. 1985. But there are plans to develop a broad- gauge railway line connecting Gwadar with Small and Medium Enterprises China, with the Quetta-Dera Ismail Khan section passing through the district. It would There is not one small-, medium- or large- be important to maximize the benefits of scale enterprise, let alone industry, in Qila these infrastructure projects by participating Saifullah. Minerals, livestock, fruit and actively in their design, planning and vegetables farming are some of the areas that implementation while minimizing their impact offer the possibility of developing innovative by ensuring that environmental and social small- and medium-sized enterprises that mitigation measures are strictly followed. could provide new services, create jobs and Also, town planning guidelines and controls foster social development. A thorough to reduce ribbon development along analysis of the SME sector and potential highways and railway lines would need to be enterprises can be initiated in the district put in place. would be a good starting point. Sub-sectors with high potential for growth and private There is a severe shortage of energy in Qila sector investment should be targeted and Saifullah. Households meet their requirements enabled by providing technology, credit, through biomass (primarily fuelwood), training opportunities and a marketing kerosene, liquid petroleum gas and electricity. infrastructure. Enterprise development also There is little commercial consumption of provides an opportunity for involving women energy, a factor that has prevented the in the labour force and in turn expanding their development of SMEs dependant on an xii economic productivity. adequate supply of electricity or gas or Azad Mukhtar Arial view of the Qila Saifullah Town, showing the television booster

improvements in standards of living, health making. The problem can be addressed and education. through systematic collection of reliable data in all sectors, introducing GIS-based Women are disproportionately affected by this management information systems in all lack of energy as they are the primary users of departments and by basing all decisions on energy. They are also exposed to a variety of accurate and current information. health hazards, including respiratory diseases, from cooking over indoor fires in poorly Besides information generation, information ventilated homes. sharing with the public is also needed. Relevant and accurate information that is publicly The main challenge is to develop a available leads to consensus building, comprehensive energy sector plan for Qila encourages collective efforts to solve issues as Saifullah. Given the rural nature of the district, well as transparency and accountability of the the strategy would have to address rural public sector. Efforts have to be made to raise energy needs, particularly for small-scale awareness on a number of social service, domestic and agricultural production gender, environmental and cultural issues and activities. The energy plan should also elicit opinions on programme, project design address energy concerns of women. and implementation using a variety of communication channels. Given the literacy Information and rates in the district, oral and visual communication through radio and television will Communication also be required. The information base on Qila Saifullah District Future Programmes is sparse. The information that does exist is scattered as Qila Saifullah does not have any and Projects geographic or management information systems to process data. This means that the Qila Saifullah District hosts several federal and district lacks basic data for informed decision provincial programmes and projects with more xiii planned for the future. Though development and guide implementation. Comprising 12 to opportunities may accrue as a result of these 15 members, the committee will be headed initiatives, many challenges need to be tackled by the zila nazim and draw representatives to optimize the social, economic and from public sector organisations, political environmental benefits from these schemes. To parties, religious institutions, local chiefs take advantage of these large-scale projects and elders, private sector, including the the district government will have to be an Kissan Committee, transport, trade and active participant in the design, implementation commerce sectors, CSOs, academia and and monitoring of these projects and advocate media. for pro-poor and gender options to be pursued, follow recommendations of environmental A Management Committee headed by EDO, impact assessments, adopt effective mitigation Finance and Planning, comprising key measures, foster public-private partnerships implementing agencies, including CSOs, will and participatory decision making and be established to ensure coordination, implementation. address implementation problems and oversee monitoring and evaluation. In addition, the Sustainable Development Forum Implementing the Vision under the chairmanship of the speaker of the zila council will encourage participation of a The responsibility for implementing the IDV is large group of stakeholders in development not restricted to the local government. A wider planning. group of stakeholders, including CSOs, business, media, academia, communities, Financial resources and their efficacy will be provincial government, Water and Power enhanced by adopting a number of Development and National Highway approaches. These include implementing all authorities, Pakistan Railways and the projects in the district through the district federal government. government, irrespective of the source of funds, prudent allocation of funds with a focus The district would strive for complete on project impact, stringent controls on public devolution of power, fiscal decentralization spending, raising local revenue, discouraging and revenue generation by building capacity misappropriation of funds and tapping grants to identify, develop, resource and implement and development aid. programmes and projects that would put the IDV into practice. In doing so, it would make Implementation milestones would be worked use of the various federal and provincial out in collaboration with implementing programmes and projects being implemented agencies, with administrative and financial in the district and launch its own initiatives. assistance being provided, if necessary. Internal and external monitoring at six-monthly An Integrated Development Vision Steering and 12-monthly intervals, respectively, will Committee will be established to oversee also be institutionalized.

xiv Introduction

n Pakistan, districts are administrative units, the Iresidents of which enjoy reasonably easy access to

the administration. With periodic mergers and Chapter 1

reorganization by governments, the number of districts

has not remained static. The district of Qila Saifullah

was carved out in 1988 from the larger Zhob district,

with another part of Zhob, the Badini sub-tehsil, being

added later on. Currently, Qila Saifullah comprises two

tehsils and sub-tehsils spanning the entire Zhob Valley,

including its upper reaches.

1 Qila Saifullah District is bound on the north- poverty levels are as high as 47 percent. west by Afghanistan, on the north and east by There is in no reason to believe that Qila Zhob District, on the west by Pishin District Saifullah is any different, particularly with a and on the south by the district of Loralai. The predominantly rural population resident in most commonly used figure for the remote, scattered settlements. geographical area of the district is 6,831 sq km, though the Survey of Pakistan has Progress and prosperity in the district will reported 10,609 sq km. The district»s limits depend, for a large part, on its natural start some 88 km from Quetta on the Quetta- resource base. Socio-economic development Zhob-Dera Ismail Khan road. and improved standards of living will hinge on the ability to manage natural resources in a The greater part of the district consists of sustainable manner. The situation calls for a mountains, hills and rocks, intersected on the strategic framework where economic, social south by the Zhob Valley, an immense stretch and environmental imperatives are optimally of alluvial plain extending from the Kan balanced, leading to benefits that are available Mehtarzai Pass onward to the Gomal River in in the present as well as in the future. the form of a crescent. Numerous small valleys radiate from either side of the Zhob Valley into the hills, including the Sharan and Khaisoro 1.1 Background valleys. With annual rainfall averaging between 125 and 500 mm, the district is semi-arid with One of the philosophies underlying Pakistan»s a temperate climate. About 4 percent of the Constitution is that the federation and geographical area is potentially available for provinces are obliged to encourage LG cultivation and rangelands are found almost institutions. LGs have existed in one form or everywhere in the district. another shortly after Pakistan became independent. But the LG system put in place The district is predominantly Pushtun, with in August 2001 is substantively different as it most people belonging to the Kakar Tribe. The is based on the principle of subsidiarity that majority reside in rural areas, the only requires the lowest competent authority to exception being the towns of Qila Saifullah handle issues with the centre having a and Muslim Bagh that may be categorized as subsidiary function. As such, the central urban. The major economic activity is authority performs only those tasks that agriculture, followed by livestock farming, cannot be dealt effectively at the local level. construction and mining. Women are mainly allied workers in agriculture and livestock This new system of governance was given farming though most of their labour goes priority and protection under Article 140-A of the unacknowledged. Constitution that reads: ≈Each province shall, by law, establish a local government system and The potential of the district lies in its strategic devolve political, administrative and financial geographical location, its people, low responsibility and authority to the elected population density, natural resources, representatives of the local government.∆ including rangelands, cultivable land, biodiversity and a range of economic Following the promulgation of LGO 2001, minerals. This has to be balanced against its each provincial government developed its own aridity, occasional droughts, depleting local government ordinance. The BLGO came groundwater, poor forest cover, overgrazed into force on August 14, 2001, to establish, and degraded rangelands and rapid reconstruct and regulate local governments in biodiversity loss. the province. The provincial ordinance devolved political power and decentralized Settlements are ill-planned and public social administrative and financial authority to the LG services remain extremely poor or even non- for good governance, effective service delivery existent with contaminated water supplies, and transparent decision making through inefficient sanitation and waste management institutionalized participation of people at the and poor education and health facilities. grassroots level. This is possible only when 2 According to BPRSP estimates, provincial local governments have a thorough IUCN Pakistan Typically practiced Sailaba (floodwater harvesting) system in the foothills

understanding of the state of development in Finally, the Zila Mushavirat Committee that is their district to establish priorities in different headed by the zila nazim and comprises the sectors and effectively allocate financial naib zila nazim and all tehsil/town nazims is resources through a participatory, transparent supposed to interpret the vision for the and accountable system. integrated development of the district, prioritize and co-ordinate inter-tehsil In order to fulfil their responsibility, the LG development plans, resolve intra-district needs a framework for development planning disputes, muster resources for crisis and implementation or a «vision» for their management and set the direction for realizing future. BLGO has stipulated who and what the district»s economic potential. role should be played by the different tiers of the local government in developing and This emphasis on a «vision» is meant to monitoring this vision. As head of the district mobilize people throughout a district to government, the zila nazim assisted by the achieve common goals. A true vision, the DCO is empowered to provide a vision for BLGO asserts, needs to be shared by the district-wide development and direction to majority of the people to facilitate participation ensure efficient functioning of the district at all levels of governance. government. At the second level, the district nazim, together with the district government is That said, the BLGO is not the only reason for tasked with developing strategies and developing a vision. Over the last decade, timeframes for the accomplishment of goals there have been national and international approved by the Zila Council. initiatives that have advocated the need for holistic sustainable development planning The functions and powers of the Zila Council through participatory local-level governance. include the approval of long- and short-term development plans. The council requires the Approved by the federal cabinet in March district government to undertake measures for 1992, the NCS underscores the need for good governance and improvement in delivery sustainable development in the country. The of public services. NCS adopts the globally acknowledged 3 definition of sustainable development coined Additionally, the 2005 National Environmental by the World Commission on Environment and Policy was framed to achieve the goals of Development, popularly known as the sustainable development. Brundtland Commission, as ≈development that meets the needs of the present without On the international front, efforts to compromising the ability of future generations incorporate environmental imperatives into to meet their own needs.∆ development planning gained momentum due to two important events. In September 2000, The emphasis placed by the NCS on its all member states of the United Nations implementation at the provincial level paved unanimously adopted the Millennium the way for the BCS that was approved in Declaration, agreeing to realize goal eight of 2000. The BCS recommends a strategic plan the MDGs by 2015 to ensure environmental designed to continue socio-economic sustainability. Similarly, the World Summit on development in the province based on Sustainable Development in 2002, resolved to sustainable use of natural resources. Between strengthen the concept of sustainable the development of the NCS and the BCS, the development and highlight the environment- SPCS and NASSD were conceived and natural resource-poverty nexus. Several approved. The experience gained from priority areas were identified under the developing these sustainable development acronym WEHAB, including water and frameworks were put to use in formulating the sanitation, energy, health, agriculture, district conservation strategies or IDVs for biodiversity protection and ecosystem Chitral, Abbottabad and Badin districts. management that countries should work on for the next decade. But the urgent need to integrate environmental sustainability into traditional socio-economic development has not been limited to these 1.2 Process strategies alone. Key national policies and plans such as the Poverty Reduction Strategy The most important feature of developing the Paper (PRSP) address environmental issues. Qila Saifullah IDV district was the broad-based IUCN Pakistan 4 District Nazim and other senior local government staff enjoying tea after a meeting on IDV IUCN Pakistan District Council session for approval of IDV in progress

consultative process involving all past programmes and projects in the district stakeholders. The process started in May and province as well as the experiences of 2006 with a workshop launched by the zila current federal and foreign-assisted projects, nazim and attended by all key stakeholders. particularly those supporting devolution and decentralization, were all considered. Next, a series of consultations at the union, tehsil, district, provincial and federal levels Simultaneously, a comprehensive search for were held to seek information on key issues, data and information on the district was their priority and development potential, initiated, covering traditional published relevant ongoing and future initiatives, sources, non-published material as well as available options and possible strategies and web-based documentation. Meetings were measures. Effort was made to meet a broad held with individuals from the district spectrum of people, including decision- government and private organizations to makers and planners (politicians, religious obtain current data on specific sectors. leaders, tribal elders, zila and tehsil nazims), government agencies (district administration, The result was two draft documents: QSSoED provincial and specific federal government and the QSIDV. Both were shared with departments), CSOs, the private sector and stakeholders in the district before being representatives of academia and media. The finalized and approved by the Qila Saifullah management and staff of on-going Zila Council. programmes and projects in the district were also consulted. The unique characteristics of the district in terms of its geography, people, socio- The proactive participation of people during economic and environmental conditions are the consultations led to the identification of described in detail in the QSSoED. The core areas of concern and suggestions for QSSoED analyzes the situation existing in the short-, medium- and long-term measures district and its natural resource, economic and towards their remediation. These suggestions social sectors through the lens of governance, together with important lessons learned from poverty reduction, human capital development 5 and environmental sustainability to identify facilities, sustainable livelihoods, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and development opportunities, healthy threats. The QSSoED provided an opportunity environment, security and enabling to identify problems at the district level, conditions to contribute to their and the recognize cross-cutting issues and articulate district»s development and prosperity and the perceptions of local people. The QSSoED better quality of life where cultural and also demonstrated the principle of natural heritage as well as religious values participatory planning as people usually not are preserved, conservation and sustainable involved in project and programme use of natural resources is practiced and development provided their input about poverty and illiteracy are history.∆ priorities and suggested solutions based on their experiences. The Qila Saifullah IDV provides a framework for economic progress, human capital The concerns and possible solutions development and environmental articulated by the people are captured in a sustainability that requires concerted effort framework for the future that identifies priority and change, a transformation in the manner sectors, recommendations for their in which development is viewed in the sustainable development and the investment district. The main focus of the IDV is on needed to resolve these multiple and reducing poverty in Qila Saifullah and complex issues. As such, the IDV is the assisting the poorest of the poor. The IDV people»s vision of their future, the quality of also calls for coordination between life they would prefer and progressive departments in the district as well as the milestones they would like to achieve en province and an integrated approach that route to realizing their goal. maximises human and financial resources.

The framework is organized according to the The IDV»s trajectory follows four principles priorities identified by people. It is in «blocks», used during the consultative process and the first four being governance, development equally applicable during implementation: needs, the natural resource base and the ● Consulting with and involving people and potential for economic development in the communities in planning and development district. The following three blocks are on information and communication, future ● Emphasising gender equity in policy, plans projects and programmes and implementation and programmes arrangements. ● Stressing on people and environment- The IDV is a way of capturing local and friendly development collective thinking and catalyzing the spirit of collective responsibility and action. ● Planning and monitoring development that Accordingly, the vision charts a path leading to is integrated and sustainable sustainable and equitable development in Qila Saifullah, keeping in mind the poor, vulnerable The Zila Council, district government and and marginalized sections of society. people have taken on the challenge to: ● focus on priority issues and their solutions with a view to long-term 1.3 District Vision benefits

Together, the people and Qila Saifullah local ● emphasize continuity in policy making, government decided on their vision for the participatory planning and monitoring future on the premise that: ≈Qila Saifullah is a district of aware, informed, educated, ● promote development that is sustainable democratic, peaceful, culture and gender and considers social, economic and conscious, progressive, honest, clean, environmental needs healthy, hardworking, capable, efficient, reliable and responsible citizens who are ● invest in human capital, particularly 6 enjoying justice, equity, social services, basic women IUCN Pakistan Tree plantation campaign also marks the commitment for conserving the future environment

● identify income generation opportunities ● raise Qila Saifullah»s development ranking for both men and women to improve in the province by providing better quality livelihoods and reduce poverty of life for people in the district

● conserve and use renewable natural The district»s priorities are: resources sustainably ● improve governance, institutional and human capacity with an emphasis on ● encourage environmental assessment of promoting collective rather than individual policies, programmes, plans and projects interests supported by strong, effective to avoid, mitigate and compensate for institutions staffed by competent adverse environmental impacts individuals

● enhance access to information andtechnology ● promote effective, efficient and equitable public services that can provide quality ● seek examples of best practices in other education, health, water supply and districts for replication or scaling up in the sanitation facilities district ● plan sustainable large and small ● facilitate growth and participation of civil urban settlements with efficient public society and community based services, water supply and sanitation organisations (CBOs) in development amenities, sufficient energy provision and communication ● support public-private sector partnerships infrastructure to improve district economy ● sustainably managing all sources of water ● advocate prudent use of financial by practising integrated water resource resources with an emphasis on monitoring management and increasing water the investment impacts productivity 7 ● encourage agriculture practices that value improvements in the minerals and mining water by switching to efficient irrigation sector, growth in value-added small-and systems and crops to enhance medium-sized enterprises, development productivity per unit of water of commerce and trade markets for the region and a transport hub ● manage rangelands sustainably and increase livestock productivity ● compile district-level information for decision making and communicating to ● increase forest cover and vegetation to public by collecting accurate data and meet timber and non-timber forest information on all sectors and product needs as well as environmental disseminating it widely services It is hoped that the implementation of the ● conserve wild flora and fauna through IDV will lead to the realization of people»s community-managed protected areas future aspirations.

● increase opportunities for livelihood generation and poverty alleviation through

8 Local Governments for Good Governance

he GoP has embarked on an ambitious Tprogramme of reforms to accelerate growth and

reduce poverty in the country. Governance reforms and Chapter 2

devolution of power to local governments are its key

features.

Governance is a broad definition covering different

aspects of relations between the state and civil society.

It refers to a process whereby societies or organizations

make important decisions and determine who they

involve and how.

9 Good governance is about achieving desired ● ability to elect local representatives results in the right way. Governance also means the manner in which power is exercised by ● partnerships between governmental governments in the management of a country»s spheres social and economic resources. In sum, good governance is the exercise of power by various ● defined legislative frameworks levels of government that is effective, honest, equitable, transparent and accountable. ● opportunity to participate in local decision making Good governance leads to a number of positive consequences, including: ● local government accountability ● trust ● local government transparency ● clear direction ● inclusiveness ● positive stakeholder input ● adequate and equitable resource ● good decisions allocation

● valuable work ● equitable service delivery

● ability to withstand crises ● building strong local democracy and good governance ● financial stability In addition, Pakistan»s model introduced many The devolution of power was instituted innovations for empowering people at the through the Local Government Ordinance local level. These were: (LGO) 2001, including the BLGO 2001. ● Allocating 25 percent of development Reforms in local government institutions must funds at each local government level for be understood both as a process of CCBs to be spent through the community. strengthening local democracy and providing This enables greater citizen participation efficient services for economic, social and in development and encourages local cultural development. government to work in closer partnership with the community, helping to ensure The devolution plan is designed to serve the sustainable development interests of the people by creating an enabling environment for provision of social services ● Reserving 33 percent seats for women as and basic facilities, ensuring people»s well as peasants, workers and minority participation, undertaking administrative groups responsibilities without political interference and making the zila nazim and district ● Establishing institutions with membership administration responsible to the people. The from government, elected representatives plan also provides checks and balances to and civil society safeguard against abuse of authority. Over time, these innovations will facilitate Though the LG system was introduced earlier in responsive leadership, participatory decision Pakistan, it is in line with 12 principles developed making, community stake and efficient, by the Commonwealth Local Government democratic local governments. Forum and endorsed by the Commonwealth Heads of Governments in November 2005. The Aberdeen Agenda, the Commonwealth Devolution Issues Principles on Good Practice for Local Democracy and Good Governance include: There are several aspects of the devolution ● constitutional and legal recognition of process that need further fine tuning that has 10 local democracy been explored at different forums and studies. IIUCN Pakistan

Consultative workshop on IDV development in progress in Qila Saifullah

The main obstacles are lack of fiscal Similarly, development budgets provided to decentralization and adequate managerial politicians who are permitted to choose how powers that are necessary to ensure quality and where to spend funds through provincial and timely service delivery. departments and agencies such as the Balochistan Development Authority also Fiscal Autonomy atrophies accountability.

Owing to the fact that no fiscal devolution has For their part, districts not only have a weak taken place, fiscal management has not shown tax base but also have trouble collecting significant improvement. Provincial authorities some of the taxes assigned to them. still earmark transfers to programmes they designate, negotiate the amounts of other Managerial Authority transfers, impose arbitrary deductions from the divisible pool of funds and, over the medium- The provincial governments still have term, are invariably dilatory in delivering funds managerial authority over senior staff within to districts on schedule. By failing to deliver the districts as they are responsible for their revenue certainty and autonomy in budget appointment, promotion and transfer. In preparation, the incentives for effective contrast, the nazims are only entitled to financial management at local levels is being evaluate staff on an annual basis. The result is undermined. that despite being physically located in the districts, most senior district staff do not Moreover, budgetary commitments are also consider themselves as district employees made to vertical programmes controlled by and are more likely to accommodate federal and provincial agencies over which the provincial political pressures to transfer districts have no control. A large share of subordinate staff, a tendency that has funds for health, education, water supply and considerably weakened their accountability to sanitation delivered in this manner local elected representatives. The jurisdictional systematically undermine local government»s confusion inherent in vertical programmes accountability. also undermines accountability at the local 11 level in the health, education, water supply monitoring. This problem is compounded by and sanitation sectors. the scarcity of competent senior development planners and managers, The role envisaged for the LG commissions particularly in health, finance and planning, has not been fulfilled. They have no authority community development and women»s to impose a settlement and are mainly seen as issues. Poor and incomplete record keeping provincial loyalists rather than unbiased and minimal use of existing information facilitators of the devolution process. The undermines the performance of institutions Balochistan Local Government Commission is and individuals as well as their service weak and unable to resolve conflicts among delivery. local governments on the one hand and between local governments and the provincial Basic orientation and training of elected and government on the other. The commission has administrative staff and the provision of not assumed responsibility towards capacity adequate facilities and equipment at the building, monitoring and accountability. lower tiers of LG is badly needed. At the provincial level, while public sector reform LGO 2001 also established formal instruments programmes are providing support to of oversight over local governments. These departments responsible for finance and include the accounts, monitoring and insaf planning, only sporadic efforts are being committees and district public safety made to reorient key line departments that commissions. While these committees are have been most impacted by devolution. present in many districts and tehsils, they are Staff of provincial departments may be aware of little or no authority. that devolution has substantially changed their role with respect to direct service Institutional and delivery but few in education, health, water and sanitation or in productive sectors have Human Capacity begun to develop capacity for their new roles in sector policy and standards or technical LG at all levels lack institutional capacity for support and mentoring of corresponding development planning, implementation and local government departments. IUCN Pakistan 12 Orientation of a group of local stakeholders to field level intervention in the district Coordination between provincial departments provision of water supply facilities. LG can tap and their district counterparts and inter-district into this experience by contracting out such local governments also continues to be weak. services to CSos. This approach will require LGs to develop capacity to become «clients» Client Power: Citizen for these sector services and for CSOs and private sector firms to be responsive to LGs Community Boards as consultants in addition to their emerging role in implementation of provincial Among the different arrangements for programmes. community empowerment are the CCBs, voluntary, non-profit associations of local Female Representation people at the union council, tehsil and district levels. CCBs are one of the mechanisms Though women have entered formal politics created under LGO 2001 to promote at the local level, there are a significant community participation in local governance in number of vacant seats, particularly in the hope that it will eventually lead to Balochistan. enhanced service delivery, accountability and transparency. Interventions

To date, Balochistan has the fewest numbers The district would strive to improve of operational CCBs. Several factors governance by strengthening the devolution responsible for this scenario, including lack of process through advocating for fiscal awareness about CCBs, capacity shortage decentralization and revenue generation and among CCB members and LG at the district, the transfer of administrative authority to local tehsil and union levels, lack of staff and governments. As such, the district would need facilities for effective support from LG officers to focus on institutional strengthening and and difficult processes for CCB registration building capacity to identify, develop, and access to funds. Further complications resource, implement and monitor its own are that the EDO, Community Development, programmes and projects. With respect to does not enjoy the same status and authority Qila Saifullah, the district would also need to as senior staff in other departments at the concentrate on human resource development. district level or his/her direct counterparts at the provincial level. Short-term

Civil Society Organizations ● Capitalize on federal-, provincial-, programme- and project-level capacity for CSOs have grown in number and influence in district politicians, administrative staff, the country over the last decade and are members of community empowerment playing a positive role in development, structures and monitoring committees particularly in sectors that remain outside the government»s ambit. Their presence and ● Develop deeper understanding of effectiveness is crucial, especially in districts mandated roles at district and tehsil levels where capacity of the local government is weak. ● Improve coordination between three tiers In Qila Saifullah, CSOs have contributed of LG and their units as well as between significantly to development. But there are public and private sectors and CSOs for perception problems between CSOs and the optimal results religious leadership, particularly over women- related interventions, that will need to be ● Provide enabling environment in the bridged through communication and district, particularly between key confidence-building measures. stakeholders in development, the Zila Council, district government, CSOs and CSOs can also become long-term service ulema by encouraging: providers. In rural Balochistan, for instance, ❒ dialogue between religious leaders CSOs have considerable experience with and CSOs, facilitated by the district 13 nazim and religious leaders who have ❒ better coordination between CSOs to good understanding of role of CSOs avoid duplication of efforts and in development agreements

❒ receptivity of religious leaders to ● Facilitate religious leaders to act as active, progressive ideas and acceptance of progressive partners in district CSOs as partners in development development rather than as organizations forwarding a foreign agenda ● Encourage members of provincial and national assemblies to support devolution ❒ exchange of information and by minimizing interventions consultation on programme and project activities between Medium-term CSOs and religious and political leadership ● Implement all programmes, projects and initiatives through LG, irrespective of ❒ cultural sensitivity among CSOs funding source

❒ LGs and CSOs to open lines of ● Advocate commitment to strengthening communication regarding LG through: programmes, projects and possible ❒ federal government»s commitment to roles in implementation. CSOs too strengthen provincial role in devolution need to be supportive of the district by setting timeframe for reviewing government»s plans and programmes responsibilities of federal and provincial without curtailing their ability to levels in context of service delivery develop innovative programmes and projects without ❒ complete reassignment of province- the LG administered functions to local governments Azad Mukhtar 14 Office of the District Nazim/Naib Nazim in Qila Saifullah ❒ advance commitment to capacity ● Ensure women»s representation and development effective participation in LG

❒ facilitate provincial and LG tax reassignments Best Practices in Long-term Devolution

● Complete devolution by provincial Since the promulgation of LGO 2001, all government as envisaged in the BLGO districts in Pakistan have district 2001 to ensure timely and quality service governments. Some «best practices» have delivery since emerged at the district and TMA level. These examples need to be assessed ● Support transparency and accountability to identify practices that could be in decision making replicated in Qila Saifullah or adapted to local conditions. (See Table 1 for outlines of ● Promote equity and justice regardless of these practices) gender, ethnicity, caste or social status

15

Table 1

Best Practices

District Best Practice Brief Description

Gujranwala Resource revenue Income from local taxes has increased substantially from 36.63 generation by TMA million rupees in 2001- 2002 to 49.26 million rupees in 2002 - 2003 Gujranwala City to an estimated 58.31 million rupees for 2003 - 2004. This increase was based on gains through a more efficient collection system as well as an increase in fees.

Lodhran Component sharing A cost-sharing mechanism between LG and communities that led approach to development to construction of a sewage system. The district budget provided substantial funds for constructing the main sewers while the entire cost of lane and household drains was covered by community members.

Sialkot Universal Primary The provincial and district governments, UNICEF, NGOs and the Education business community are aiming for 100 percent enrolment in schools. Approximately 97 percent of children between 5 and 7 years of age are enrolled in primary school and the dropout rate has fallen from 38 percent to 0.7 percent.

Faisalabad: TMA Database of existing TMA Jaranwala developed a comprehensive database of existing Jaranwala infrastructure infrastructure that is being integrated into a GIS for use in preparing a town master plan.

Women»s Resource Centre Nineteen women councillors of the tehsil council have pooled their individual development allocations to set-up a women»s resource centre that will provide shelter to abused women and facilities for embroidery, computer and other industrial training.

Traffic control To support local traffic police, the TMA has hired 8 people from a private security agency to help manage traffic and reduce impact of traffic jams.

Sharing cost recovery To avail incentives by the Punjab government to TMAs for cost recovery in water and sanitation through waiver of electricity arrears, loan and pension liabilities, provided cost recovery could match expenditure on water supply systems. The water rate in Jaranwala has been increased.

Bahawalpur Realizing potential of CCB CCB, Bahawalpur, has substantially improved the sewerage network by building sewers of higher quality at lower cost than those constructed by the Water and Sanitation Department. In the future, the CCB plans to undertake further small-scale projects such as building playgrounds and roads for their locality.

Rahimyar Khan Innovative BHU In order to improve the rural health delivery system in the district, a management pilot has been initiated in partnership with the Punjab Rural Support Programme entrusted with BHU management. These BHUs have been organized into clusters of three, each headed by a doctor who is given financial incentives and facilities to improve performance.

Peshawar City Development Strategy A CDS sponsored by City Alliance, a global group of cities and their development partners, employed participatory techniques to improve conditions of the urban poor. The CDS provided a pragmatic response to the city district»s needs and can be implemented with its current capacities.

Chitral Chitral Conservation Chitral was the first district in the country to approve a district Strategy: The district vision as required by LGO 2001. This Chitral IDV process followed vision an integrated approach to development, forging linkages between ecological, economic and social issues that aim to maximize productivity through a decentralized planning process. 16 District Best Practice Brief Description

Karachi Own Source Revenue Remarkable efforts are underway to increase OSR. According to CDGK, OSR has increased from 46 percent in 2002 - 2003 to 48.85 percent in 2003 - 2004.

Monitoring Committees Functional monitoring committees (MCs) that oversee quality of maintenance and repair work have managed to improve. According to the perception of local NGOs and the media, the health, education and works monitoring committees claim to have increased staff attendance by 20 percent in their respective sectors. This illustrates potential of MCs in enhancing service delivery within the LG system.

Regularization of urban CDGK is attempting to facilitate the regularization of localities and slums urban slums in the city by seeking to incorporate the Sindh Katchi Abadis Department under its fold.

Pollution control CDGK is keen to establish a department for pollution control under its jurisdiction. To reduce air pollution, CDGK has signed an agreement with Karachi Green Bus Company to operate 300 Compressed Natural Gas-fuelled buses.

Customer Service Centre TMA Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town has established a Customer Service Centre to register citizens» complaints in collaboration with Transparency International. An elaborate procedure has been developed to track action taken on complaints and gauge level of customer satisfaction.

Thatta Securing health and School enrolment, particularly for girls, has increased rapidly education for girls through incentives such as free books and Tawana Pakistan, a school nutrition programme. This has enabled intervention in the education and health sectors and indirectly on poverty alleviation.

Khairpur Role of nazimeen in Khairpur is among the districts pushing community involvement in catalyzing service delivery service delivery. This is largely due to the district nazim, a social activist-turned-political leader with experience in investigative journalism, women»s rights, environmental conservation and social uplift. The nazim has been instrumental in the formation and implementation of large-scale CCB schemes and school management committees that are tasked with constructing buildings for shelterless schools and decreasing construction costs without compromising quality.

Bolan Increasing political Bolan District»s efforts to enable citizen»s access to formal participation and politics have been extremely satisfactory: women»s seats in the development Zila Council have been filled and women have managed to become members of tehsil and union councils. A UNDP assisted project titled «Support to Devolution Reforms in Balochistan» is assisting eight UCs in Bolan establish a Participatory Information System with data on village location, public facilities and water points. This data will be verified with that held by the district government before a GIS for each UC is completed. The information is being shared with local NGOs to enlist their assistance in development.

17 District Best Practice Brief Description

Mardan Managing community UNICEF»s effort to develop a CIS in Mardan has emerged as one of information the main projects supporting devolution in the district. A district»s CIS serves as the information hub for line departments and other stakeholders.

Khuzdar Local government and Sixteen village clusters in remote Khuzdar have shown significant community partnership to improvements in all major safe motherhood indicators after ensure safe motherhood participating in the Balochistan Safe Motherhood Initiative implemented by the Asia Foundation with USAID support that aims to develop and test community-based solutions to support government reproductive health services.

Jhelum Broadening the scope of The district government, in partnership with UCs and the National CCBs Rural Support Program, has launched a project under which CCBs are not only being created but are also being provided on-job training through the implementation of physical infrastructure schemes, including sewers, drains and reservoirs.

Source: Ali, Syed Mohammed, 2004. Identification of Best Practices under Devolution in Pakistan. Lahore: CIDA Devolution Support Project. http://www.policy.hu/ali/Identification%20of%20best%20practices%20in%20devolution.pdf; National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan, Best Practices in LG System. http://www.mng.gov.pk/mng/media_resources/best_practices.asp

18 Social Sectors

f the four provinces of Pakistan, human Odevelopment indicators in Balochistan are the

lowest. Qila Saifullah is no different. The district was Chapter 3

ranked 20th of 27 districts in the province by the 2004

MICS and 15th of 26 districts by the SPDC in 2001.

These differences were primarily due to the choice of

indicators as the only ones common between MICS

and SPDC were in literacy, education and electricity.

19 MICS ranking was based on seven indicators: MDGs. In light of this, Qila Saifullah should literacy (ten years+), net primary school attempt to do the same as a reminder of enrolment (five to nine years), adequate water where the district needs to go to improve and sanitation facilities, skilled attendant at social sector services and living standards for birth, contraceptive use and households with its residents. electricity. Each is a key element of the MDGs and pertains to a major aspect of human development. For its part, SPDC used four 3.1 Education indicators: literacy and education, housing quality and congestion, residential housing Education is a prerequisite for sustainable services and unemployment, applying weights development and as such features among the to construct a Deprivation Index. top priorities in Qila Saifullah. The District Education Plan (DEP) for Qila Saifullah Social sector services depend on accurate reiterates that a number of studies from all demographic figures which in Qila Saifullah»s over the world indicate that investing in case remain questionable as they were initially education, particularly primary education, extrapolated from Zhob District. Qila ensures the highest social returns for countries Saifullah»s population was 193,550 people in and their citizens. Education helps raise 1998, up from 148,362 in 1981. But the awareness, develop skills and competencies, district»s average annual growth rate has facilitate attitudinal change and encourage fluctuated from 5.74 percent between 1961 adaptations and innovations. Education can and 1972 to 8.91 percent between 1972 and also empower women and other marginalized 1981 and 1.58 percent between 1981 and groups, including children, to safeguard human 1998, raising questions about its validity. Also, rights and promote environmental all the census periods have shown a negative consciousness, motivation and action. sex ratio based on the number of men per hundred women, with 119 percent in the 1998 The educational situation in Balochistan census versus the national average of 106 remains poor. MICS estimates that the percent. This too is a large disparity. provincial literacy rate for those 10 years and above is 28 percent against the national Given that reliable population figures are the average of 48 percent. Moreover, the rural basis of any long-term development planning, literacy rate at 23 percent is significantly lower it is important to improve data collection in than the urban rate at 54 percent, with literacy Qila Saifullah during the next national among rural females at 10 percent in population census. This entails raising comparison to 33 percent among males. awareness on the importance of a complete and accurate population count, including the The state of the education sector in Qila enumeration of women, for development Saifullah mirrors that of the province. MICS planning and provision of social services put the district literacy rate for those 10 years leading up to the national census. This would and above at 22 percent with a large gender also mean using women enumerators for disparity between females at 11 percent and collecting relevant data, controlling the males at 31 percent. Only a little more than a manipulation of census data by including quarter or 28 percent of children of primary credible CSOs and their female school age between five and nine years were representatives in the enumeration process enrolled in school, though the number for girls and exploring the reasons for the unusual and boys was almost the same. The retention drop in the population growth rate during the rate too was low, with over 87 percent of the last inter-censal period. population aged 10 to14 years not completing primary school. Over half the population of the Improvements in districts in the education, same age group had never been to school, health, water and sanitation sectors are key with the number higher for girls than for boys. not only to achieving poverty reduction as outlined in BPRSP but also making progress In Qila Saifullah, universal access to schools towards the 2015 MDGs. The BPRSP uses has still to be achieved. Only 81 percent of the 20 some indicators that appear as targets in the villages have a school within the settlement, IUCN Pakistan

Students attending the assembly at a local school

albeit the figure increased to 84 percent when tehsils (National Commission for Human schools within a two-kilometre radius were Develpment, 2007). included (MICS 2004). Also, though schools exist they may not be functional. Of the two tehsils, Muslim Bagh is relatively better off than Qila Saifullah. The District The government school network comprises Education Plan placed Muslim Bagh»s overall 427 primary, 27 middle and 18 high schools with literacy rate in 2003 at double Qila Saifullah»s more boys than girls schools (EDO Education, (33.38 percent versus 15.15 percent), with the 2006). Only two colleges service the district in male rate being two times (44.79 percent Qila Saifullah and Muslim Bagh towns while a versus 22.41 percent) and the female rate cadet college is planned for Qila Saifullah Town. three times (20.61 percent versus 6.38 There are no women-only colleges. percent) higher. According to EDO Education, Muslim Bagh still had more schools at every The lack of boarding facilities for non-residents level than Qila Saifullah in 2006. The remote at the tertiary level has affected both students rural areas are the most deprived, with Kakar and teachers, resulting in low enrolment, high Khurasan in the Loi Band and Badini sub- dropout rates and absentee teachers. tehsils being worst off. Vocational and technical training institutes are absent. There are some private education National-, provincial- and foreign-assisted facilities: between 2003 and 2004, there were projects and programmes have been five private schools with 776 students and 48 implemented in the district. The USAID teachers (GoB, 2005). One private sector Education Sector Reform Assistance institution operates an ICN English Language Programme selected eight districts, including Centre at Muslim Bagh while the Balochistan- Qila Saifullah, for its Whole District Initiative based CSO Taleem Foundation has opened a (WDI) launched in 2003. The WDI aims to grammar school each in Qila Saifullah and ensure that virtually all children are accessing Muslim Bagh. There are 76 madressahs or and completing an ever-improving quality of religious schools in the district, 40 and 36 primary education within five years. Within the respectively in Qila Saifullah and Muslim Bagh WDIs, UCs were selected for the School 21 Enhancement Programme (SEP) launched to to have limited interest, possibly due to a lack provide basic facilities, infrastructure of encouragement and financial support from enhancements, classroom resources, learning the government. aids, sports and playground equipment and an illustrated library and story books to Gender disparities continue to exist as tribal disadvantaged schools. The priority was to and cultural norms relegate women to the facilitate girls» primary schools and encourage background. There are significantly fewer enrolment. SEP was carried out in the Muslim schools for girls, no colleges and a shortage Bagh UC, the entire programme being of female teachers at all levels. Added to this initiated and completed in 2004. In addition, are income inequities: as household incomes parent-teacher school management falls, the interest and resolve of parents to committees have been formed and 288 educate girls falls rapidly. members trained. The World Food Programme is also providing assistance for 3.1.2 Interventions the improvement and increase in enrolment of girls in primary education in eight selected As signatory to the World Declaration on districts, including Qila Saifullah. Education for All, Pakistan has affirmed that all children, young people and adults have the 3.1.1 Issues right to benefit from education. To this end, it has developed and set targets for literacy, Qila Saifullah»s education sector continues to enrolment, retention and gender equality perform inadequately. The poor literacy rates under the Education for All (EFA) National are due to a number of reasons, including lack Action Plan 2000 √ 2015 and under its ambit of awareness concerning the benefits of the short-term Education Sector Reform (ESR) education, poor economic incentives for Action Plan 2001-2004. Equally, Pakistan is educating children, long distances and lack of committed to achieving MDGs Goal 2 that boarding and lodging facilities for students or calls for universal primary education as well as teachers. Also, disparities exist in the number Goal 3 to reduce gender disparities in of primary, middle and high schools for girls, education. Much more will have to be done by impacting on female enrolment and retention. the Qila Saifullah district government to meet the EFA, ESR and MDG targets. Lack of basic amenities in schools, teacher absenteeism together and poor teaching and Short-term learning materials are some of the other factors responsible for low enrolment in Qila ● Complete implementation of the DEP Saifullah. Many schools in the district are developed under the ESRA programme functioning without proper buildings or basic facilities such as drinking water, latrines and ● Increase enrolment, retention and electricity. As many schools have only one or completion and enhance quality of two teachers, absenteeism disrupts schooling. education at all three schooling levels by: Teachers too are provided few opportunities ❒ establishing new schools and upgrade for in-service education or incentives to existing ones to ensure universal improve their performance. access and child-friendly physical environments, with a focus on schools The quality of education is also questionable for girls but there are no district-level indicators to monitor outcomes in the classroom. The ❒ consolidating one-teacher schools into availability and authenticity of information one multi-teacher schools in villages continues to be a problem, particularly in education where the future lies in accurate ❒ providing incentives to students and data on the school-going population to be parents such as free education, able to plan ahead. books, uniforms and hygiene kits even stipends to new students to The private sector has made moderate increase enrolment and reduce 22 inroads into the field of education but it seems dropout rates ❒ offering merit scholarships to girls and ● Build capacity of district education boys at the middle, high and department and government to provide intermediate levels, with incentive of improved education services higher education in reputable ❒ Appoint teachers on merit as the only institutions in other provinces criteria for selection

❒ prioritizing the Kakar Khurasan area for ❒ Ensure adequate number of trained literacy and education programmes teachers at all school levels by identifying, recruiting and training ❒ replicating experiences in education in local teachers as well as hiring Muslim Bagh in other parts of the teachers from others parts of the district province and providing incentives such as good remuneration, security, ● Establish a vocational or technical training accommodation and other facilities to institute at Muslim Bagh work in rural areas of the district

● Mainstream madressahs by introducing ❒ Institutionalize continuous training and common subjects such as mathematics, support at the local level as well as science, information technology taught in opportunities for regular provincial- government and private schools and national-level training

● Facilitate gender equality in education by ❒ Encourage teachers to compete for encouraging enrolment and retention courses offered by the Higher among girls and improving quality of Education Commission education ❒ Improve access to education for girls ❒ Promote teaching as a career with by establishing more female primary, incentives for attendance and middle and secondary schools with performance basic facilities, including boundary walls and toilets ❒ Establish or strengthen parent-teacher associations to develop community ❒ Construct separate sections with vision for school improvement, toilets for girls in degree colleges participatory monitoring to reduce teacher absenteeism, partnerships ❒ Encourage women to become with local government to improve teachers by providing economic services and assist in educational incentives, arranging intensive development intervention possibly local- and provincial-level training with private sector and ensuring security, accommodation and transport. Given ❒ Ensure fiscal transparency by shortage of teachers, age and involving parent-teacher associations qualification criteria could be relaxed and CCBs in annual planning and replaced by intensive teacher training Medium-term

❒ Persuade female teachers to work in ● Construct adequate accommodation for remote areas by hiring retired teachers students and teachers from adjoining districts or provinces ● Arrange for intensive coaching for ❒ Motivate community to recognize young girls and boys during summer education, particularly female breaks education, as a priority and teaching as a preferred profession of high ● Reduce child labour by encouraging social standing through awareness universal primary education and providing raising by CCBs incentives 23 ● Encourage CSOs and private sector ● Introduce modules on governance, institutions to establish additional quality- sustainable development, environment conscious primary schools or convince and gender in graduate and post-graduate others to replicate experience courses and curricula of in-service Provincial Institute of Training and ● Evaluate work, contribution and impact of Education educational institutions in private sector in improving coverage and quality of education ● Improve coordination with provincial education department and federally- ● Establish and facilitate monitoring system funded and foreign-assisted educational to assess quality of education by setting projects learning milestones and measuring learning outcomes 3.2 Water Supply and ● Ensure collection of accurate education data on the district through Census 2008. This Sanitation could form the basis of a Qila Saifullah Education Management Information System Water Supply (QSEMIS) to assist in responsible and informed decision making in the district. Qila Saifullah depends on groundwater and Quality check mechanizms should be in place rainfall for its water needs, with drinking to assess the available data on education water obtained from open surface wells, sector. The information would need to be tubewells, ponds and springs. Less than half quality checked and updated on a regular or 45 percent of the district population relies basis. In turn, QSEMIS could feed into the on protected wells, ponds or springs for provincial-level Balochistan Education their drinking water needs and only one-third Management Information System (BEMIS). or 34 percent have adequate access to improved drinking water sources within a 2- Long-term kilometre distance or 30-minute walk from their homes (MICS, 2004). This means that ● Facilitate establishment of vocational and in two out of three households the burden technical training centres by private sector for fetching water falls on women and IUCN Pakistan

24 Daylight point of a Karez Ð sustainability of the system is becoming a question children. Only 19 percent of households 3.2.2 Interventions have access to drinking water within their homes. Safe drinking water is a basic human need, impacting on family health and livelihoods. In There are a number of water supply Qila Saifullah, MICS estimates that 66 percent schemes constructed by the Public Health of the population is without sustainable Engineering (PHE) department that provide access to an improved drinking water source piped water or public standpipes/taps. Till (piped water, public standpipe or tap, June 1997, PHE had constructed 52 water borehole/hand pump, protected dug well, supply schemes comprising overhead and tube-well, protected spring) within a 2- community tanks with water supplied kilometre distance of the household. If MDG 7 through electricity and diesel-operated to ≈ensure environmental sustainability∆ and tubewells, open surface wells and springs. target 10 to ≈reduce by half the proportion of Of the 52 schemes, 48 were operational people without sustainable access to safe while the remaining four were not as they drinking water∆ is to be met, much more lacked operation and maintenance (O&M) requires to be done. budgets and staff. In addition, the Water and Sanitation Cell of the Local Government and Short-term Rural Development department in collaboration with UNICEF has installed ● Facilitate adequate access to improved 160 deep well hand pumps throughout the drinking water sources in urban and rural district on already existing open surface areas through additional water supply wells to make the task of fetching schemes focusing on overhead tanks in water easier. urban areas and large villages and construction of protected tubewell delivery BLGO 2001 has vested the responsibility for tanks elsewhere. In the Kakar Khurasan water supply to local governments. PHE has area, where groundwater is within 15 been devolved to the district government with metres of the surface, hand pumps can be funding by the provincial department. PHEs installed. are responsible for O&M of all water supply schemes launched before 1992. Schemes ● Ensure all people in an area can access after 1992 are the responsibility of the source of drinking water community. ● Support media and other stakeholders to 3.2.1 Issues raise public awareness concerning the need to protect drinking water sources, Adequate access to drinking water is not the health-related consequences of unsafe only issue faced by the district. Currently drinking water and possible solutions unknown water quality also needs to be assessed. In rural areas, there is potential for Medium-term contamination from pumps as well as the mother well that are generally open to the air ● Ensure sufficient investment to provide where the karez system is in use. Piped water improved drinking water sources close to can also be contaminated due to corrosion in points of consumption within a 2- the water distribution network, cross- kilometre distance of households contamination from nearby sewers or from stagnant water sources. Similarly, ground and Long-term surface water can be polluted by sewage, agro-chemicals and mining leachates such ● Assess potential and feasibility of as asbestos. supplying water from Zhob River and its tributaries for villages with more than 20 Also, while the focus is on improved sources households within close proximity and access to water, the quantity of water may be insufficient to fulfil all household ● Encourage sustainable monitoring of needs. water quality 25 Sanitation Like water supply, sanitation and solid waste collection became the responsibility of local Sanitation is poor across the entire district of governments under BLGO 2001. Solid waste Qila Saifullah. According to MICS 2004, only management in both rural and urban areas of 7 percent of households have sewage the tehsil is now the responsibility of TMAs. facilities while the remaining population uses open places and 1 percent of 3.2.3 Issues households have a way of properly disposing waste water. The district has poor sanitation and solid waste disposal management practices and remains In the urban centres of Qila Saifullah and without a single wastewater treatment plant. Muslim Bagh towns, most households have Most people use open places as sanitary dry latrines while a few have flush systems. facilities. Where facilities such as septic tanks, Household sewage discharges into drains in flush toilets and pit latrines are available, there is some areas but can be seen flowing in no sewage system. There is ineffective collection streets in others as there is no sewage and removal of solid waste, including the system. Elsewhere, sanitation systems are perennial issue of used plastic bags that litter the virtually non-existent. This places Qila landscape and are difficult to dispose off. Saifullah among districts with the lowest prevalence of households with adequate 3.2.4 Interventions sanitary facilities. Serious efforts need to be made to increase The same problems affect solid waste the proportion of the population that has management and disposal. Waste collection access to improved sanitation. and disposal in urban areas is inadequate: waste is burnt, dumped in open spaces or Short-term thrown into drains and watercourses. There are no municipal landfills, composting facilities ● Encourage media and other stakeholders or markets for recyclable materials. to raise awareness concerning personal Azad Mukhtar 26 Solid waste management, a call for action for the local government and general public hygiene and adequate disposal of 3.3 Health human waste to avoid diseases, including diarrhoea, hepatitis, malaria Health statistics are not available at the and polio district level even though Balochistan Health Management Information System (BHMIS) has ● Encourage CCBs and CSOs to raise been set up. awareness of the need for adequate sanitation facilities and assist in building That said, health services in general are poor improved latrines on self-help or in Qila Saifullah, particularly for women. communal basis The public sector health infrastructure ● Involve CCBs and CSOs in development comprises 3 Rural Health Centres, 18 BHUs, of small community-driven sanitation 11 civil dispensaries, 1 tuberculosis clinic and schemes for construction of drains and 1 mother and child health centre providing sewage lines and disposal of solid and primary healthcare, including community hospital waste health programmes, emergency medical services and treatment of minor diseases. ● Replace use of plastic bags with The District Headquarters Hospital at Qila recyclable cloth bags Saifullah and Civil Hospital Muslim Bagh provide secondary level healthcare such as Medium-term specialized health services, treatment for major ailments and hospital beds. The ● Provide financial assistance to low Rural Health Centre at Badini also provides income groups for building household bed facilities. latrines Primary healthcare facilities do not have ● Install open drains in small settlements sufficient medical or paramedical staff to and sewer systems with a treatment plant provide adequate services for the people. in big villages and towns The same is true at the secondary level with posts lying vacant even at the District ● Facilitate joint management of solid Headquarters Hospital. waste through household segregation and disposal at designated points Males outnumber women doctors and for collection, transportation and nurses and lady health visitors (LHV). This disposal in designated landfills by situation has resulted in inadequate health TMAs services for women in Qila Saifullah where cultural norms restrict mobility and stipulate ● Develop market for recyclable materials that they be treated by women at a women- through support of TMAs only facility.

Long-term Reliable maternal mortality figures for the district are not available. MICS estimates that ● Encourage use of treated wastewater for while some women may receive healthcare, the irrigation of urban parks, tree very few receive trained care. Less than a plantations, orchards and crops quarter of pregnant women or 23 percent consulted any health worker for antenatal care ● Advocate municipal solid waste and only 10 percent consulted a skilled health management practices through worker. Approximately 53 percent of the composting of biodegradable women had their deliveries assisted by any waste and recycling of usable items health worker and around 11 percent by such as paper, glass, plastic skilled birth attendants. Postnatal care is and metals provided to only 26 percent of the women by any worker and to 10 percent by skilled ● Construct sanitary landfills for municipal workers. Only 6 percent of the women were solid waste disposal visited by a LHV. 27 Family planning is also negligible, placing Qila three DPT/OPV), 29 percent were partially Saifullah among those districts in Balochistan immunized and 40 percent were not where less than 10 percent of the married immunized at all. Malaria and tuberculosis are population uses modern contraceptives. In major problems and awareness of HIV/AIDS 1998, the population density in the district remains poor. was 28.3 people per square kilometre, much lower than the national average of 166.3 per Several federally-funded «vertical» preventive square kilometre. Population growth programmes are operating in the district. accompanied by lifestyle changes among These include the Expanded Programme on people impact per capita share of benefits Immunization, Mother and Child Health from natural resources, food, social services, Services, Malaria Control Programme, basic facilities and resources for development. Tuberculosis Control Programme and Diarrhoeal Disease Control. Infant mortality rates for Qila Saifullah District are also not available. MICS provided figures 3.3.1 Issues for «regions» with Qila Saifullah falling in the Loralai Region. The region»s Under-Five At the primary healthcare level, some units Mortality Rate is 190 per 1,000. The Infant and dispensaries are not operational for a Mortality Rate is 121 per 1,000 live births. number of reasons such as staff absenteeism, These rates are higher than those of lack of buildings, furniture, equipment and Balochistan or its rural areas. In Loralai, 55 supplies. For their part, medical and percent of children less than five years of age paramedical staff is unwilling to be posted to were underweight according to World Health the district with even senior specialist doctor Organization standards, with any figure over positions remaining vacant at the district 30 percent indicating a serious public health hospital in Qila Saifullah Town. The district problem. appears to provide an unattractive working environment and insufficient incentives to The Expanded Programme on Immunization overcome perceived difficulties. There is a Survey in 2001 discovered that 31 percent critical shortage of women health workers children between the ages of 12 and 23 who are either not available or willing to serve months were fully immunized (BCG, measles, in remote rural areas where there are IUCN Pakistan 28 The District Headquarter Hospital building in Qila Saifullah problems such as transport and ● Subsidize healthcare costs for the poor by accommodation. arranging for medicines and surgical facilities for free or at nominal cost Even the health services provided are unsatisfactory with a focus on curative rather ● Provide antenatal care and medication for than preventive measures. Moreover, the pregnant women at health centres coverage of the community healthcare programme is poor, with most of them not ● Involve CCBs in selection and training of performing adequately. As for the paramedical female medical and paramedical staff to staff, they need more training and awareness counter cultural taboos regarding female to reduce unsafe practices, improve service employment levels and health outcomes. ● Streamline recruitment process to enable Qila Saifullah District has poor healthcare for staff to be hired for sanctioned posts, women and infants. There is a lack of particularly at senior level adequate, skilled care at the antenatal, birth and post-delivery stage where LHV coverage ● Create enabling environment and offer remains low. Access to food, immunization incentives to motivate medical and programmes and good healthcare is also not paramedical staff, especially female, to available for infants and young children. work in remote rural areas

The disposal of waste from hospitals in the Medium-term two towns has not been addressed by the district government and can lead to serious ● Encourage women to become LHVs and health and environmental issues. Though no paramedical staff, initially in urban and details on the volume or composition of waste semi-urban settlements and then in rural are available, it is treated as ordinary solid areas by convincing parents and the waste and disposed off in the open. community to view work by women as positive contribution to public good The problems in the district are compounded by its geographical location and long, porous ● Consolidate healthcare facilities in remote border with Afghanistan. Qila Saifullah hosts a rural areas such as Kakar Khurasan to serve large numbers of Afghan refugees who have dispersed communities. A fully functional brought a number of communicable diseases, Rural Health Centre equipped with staff, particularly tuberculosis, with them into the buildings, drugs and supplies could service district. a larger area instead of a number of inadequate BHUs and dispensaries 3.3.2 Interventions ● Ensure safe disposal of hospital waste by Substantial investments will have to be made constructing an incinerator at Muslim to achieve MDGs related to health: Goal 4 on Bagh or Qila Saifullah or organizing child health, Goal 5 on maternal health and incineration at Quetta Goal 6 on HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. ● Spread HIV/AIDS awareness to control risks of infection, improve detection of Short-term tuberculosis and increase access to treatment, contain malaria by timely ● Advocate preventive healthcare, including detection and treatment and combat awareness, immunization and hygiene childhood infectious diseases through practices expanded immunization programme

● Improve primary and secondary Long-term healthcare facilities by ensuring cleanliness, providing safe drinking water ● Facilitate practice by paramedic and and separate toilets for males and females medical staff 29 ● Support trained homeopathic and herbal unmarried and women being treated as a medicine practitioners, especially in commodity. remote areas The Balochistan government decided to ● Build confidence in healthcare facilities at address these issues through the Gender the grassroots level to reintroduce family Reform Action Plan approved by the planning programmes provincial cabinet in July 2004. The plan aims to give women more access to public sector ● Control and improve management of services and greater participation in public communicable diseases and health risks, sector management and political and particularly among vulnerable groups such economic activities. Foreign-funded as Afghan refugees programmes are also paying greater attention to reducing gender disparities and ● Improve coordination on health policy with encouraging participation of women in a provincial health department and number of ways. In Qila Saifullah, the district project/programme planning and finances government and TMAs have recognized the with federal government and foreign- need to start the process of change by assisted projects acknowledging female education as a top priority. 3.4 Gender and 3.4.1 Issues Development A tribal culture and strong local traditions that Balochistan»s social indicators clearly highlight favour males marginalize women and limits the prevalence of gender inequalities in terms their space outside the home. This is of low literacy and high maternal mortality compounded by the limited exposure of rates, low labour force participation by women people in the district to the experiences and and unequal sex ratios with more men than changes taking place elsewhere in women in the population. Balochistan and the country.

Women»s access to social services and other Women»s representation in politics and infrastructural facilities is limited due to government in the district is largely invisible. restrictions on their mobility. The tribal culture The BLGO-mandated women»s seats at the of Balochistan where decision making is a union council, tehsil and district levels are male prerogative and patriarchy a norm mostly vacant and political party participation invariably marginalizes women. Traditions also remains absent. Women»s participation in the link women»s sexuality to concepts of honour, electoral process and, in many cases, their further limiting their ambit that results in vote is the choice of the male members of reduced employment and income and little their families, further reducing their decision participation in community institutions. A making role. patriarchal bias has also led to underinvestment for women-specific Within the district government, few women are development needs. employed in departments other than education and health. The district government The situation is the same if not worse in Qila also lacks capacity in terms of staff and Saifullah where a strong patriarchal social understanding of gender equity and structure presents a challenge to human mainstreaming issues to include gender development and gender equity. As the status concerns in their development initiatives. quo prevails, discriminatory tribal and cultural practices remain rampant and women only Women are not a visible part of the labour have a marginal role in critical household, force in Qila Saifullah even if they assist in social and political decisions. Further, the agriculture or livestock farming. The 1998 custom of valwer or bride price, paid by the Census put women»s participation in the groom to the father of the bride, has led to labour force at 1.82 percent compared to 30 scores of young men and women remaining 69.18 percent for men. They are extended few opportunities to expand their economic Women»s participation in the labour force will productivity owing to restrictions on their also need to be gradually increased by mobility and low cultural acceptability of awareness-raising and access to knowledge, women taking paid jobs. Women have physical and financial assets. significantly less access than men to knowledge, capital and technology, restricting Short-term their potential to develop and run micro- enterprises. ● Assist opinion leaders, including politicians, tribal elders, ulema, CSO members, Lack of mobility also limits women»s access to academics and media personnel to social services such as education and health recognize contributions that women make with implications for their well being as well as to the economic, social and political lives their families. of their families and communities and of the need to communicate this importance Women»s ownership rights to natural to people in the district resources such as forests, property and other assets are also curtailed in strong tribal and ● Encourage women»s participation and patriarchal societies. Women have no say employment, particularly in the education regarding their marriages that are often and health sectors arranged among close relatives to retain physical assets within the family. ● Apply tools such as gender checklists to integrate relevant concerns in district-level 3.4.2 Interventions development planning and budgeting, execution, monitoring and evaluation in Changes in conservative societies require a key sectors such as education, health, process-oriented approach that works within water supply and sanitation, agriculture, local culture to set in motion a process of livestock, forest nurseries, small- and change. Both men and women should be medium-sized enterprises and energy targeted and involved to reduce social opposition and minimize the social risk of Medium-term change for women. Initially, it is usually necessary to operate through the men and ● Enlist assistance of opinion leaders in community or religious leaders in order to gain highlighting position accorded to women the trust and credibility of the community at in Islam, their rights and responsibilities large. Only once they are willing to cooperate over customs such as valwer, marriages can women be directly targeted. to settle rivalries and denial of inheritance Particular attention will need to be focused on improving access to education for girls and ● Improve female access to education by providing and expanding health facilities by increasing secondary schools for girls and increasing the pool of female teachers and providing incentives such as scholarships health service providers. Improvement in or food packages for girls to complete water supply and sanitation at the household their middle, high or intermediate and community level will also benefit women education in terms of health and hygiene and reduction in time and effort spent on these chores. Both ● Improve healthcare facilities by providing supply- and demand-side constraints on the incentives such as accommodation and access of women to basic services need to be transport to female health providers, addressed as this would free women and including doctors, nurses, LHVs and young girls for education, income-generating paramedics and financial support for LHV activities or caring for their own and their training and establishing private women- family»s health. Energy is another issue that run practices impacts women negatively and energy projects need to be designed with women»s ● Address women-related water supply and needs in mind. sanitation concerns 31 ● Address concerns of women in any urban planning and zoning. Consequently, energy development plans or projects there are problems in providing social services and basic facilities, including drains and road ● Collect gender-disaggregated data to lighting. Vehicular transport is disorganized monitor and evaluate effectiveness of and there is traffic congestion in the two gender and development initiatives towns. The few leisure facilities available have not been well planned and are generally ● Ensure new policies and strategies are inaccessible for women. gender sensitive, address cultural and traditional discrimination and benefit As per MICS estimates, most of the women fully population is not covered by utility services such as electricity, gas, water, telephone, Long-term television and internet that are generally restricted to towns and large settlements ● Improve women»s access to livelihood along the Zhob Valley road. Electricity is opportunities and assets by supporting provided to 40.3 percent of the population, enterprise development and access to mainly in Zhob Valley, but load shedding microfinance, education and training, remains common and natural gas is market information and markets unavailable in the district. Telephone coverage is a mere 1.7 percent. MICS revealed that 55.9 ● Increase women»s access to natural percent of the population does not have utility assets and role in natural resource or information services. If these services are management and conservation used as an indicator of poverty, over half of the district can be deemed poor. ● Support women»s role as decision makers in community affairs and local-level Settlements do not suffer from any major governance as a necessary step towards pollution problems. Air pollution is not a improving political representation serious problem in the district except along the portion of the N-50 passing within the ● Build capacity of women councillors to limits of Muslim Bagh and Qila Saifullah and in understand and participate in areas where heavy transportation vehicles development planning, implementation have to scale heights as in Kan Mehtarzai. and monitoring Pollution is an issue in localized areas in Muslim Bagh Tehsil where chromite and 3.5 Settlements and magnesite mining is taking place and in places that have asbestos mines. Air pollution Housing is a major problem in small unit houses where firewood is used for cooking and heating. Most of Qila Saifullah District is rural with only One-room houses are particularly vulnerable 6 percent being counted as urban (MICS, as are women and children. Groundwater 2004). Muslim Bagh and Qila Saifullah towns pollution is limited to areas where untreated are the only urban areas while other large sewage is drained. settlements include Babu China, Kan Mehtarzai, Ghut Teza, Ragha Bakalzai, Kazha, Only 1 percent of housing in the district is Datobah, Rod Jogizai, Tubli, Tanishpah, pucca, with brick used by the more affluent in Ghorizai, Alikhel, Badini and Kashatoo. the rural areas and reinforced cement Settlements have also started mushrooming concrete housing now in vogue in urban along the National Highway or N-50 in Zhob areas. But the majority of houses are of mud Valley as ribbon development is common with mud-plastered or thatched roofs. along arterial roads. According to the 1998 Census, two-thirds of Settlements in the district have grown houses in both rural and urban settlements organically instead of being systematically consist of two to four rooms, with marginally planned. Even in the two towns, that have more one-room houses in the rural areas of 32 grown considerably, there has been little the district. At 7.8 people versus 6.9, the IUCN Pakistan

Bird’s eye view of the Qila Saifullah Town

number of people per housing unit was more further growth would lead to even worse in the urban than rural areas, suggesting standards of living. Other settlements have few settlements are beginning to get congested. amenities and haphazard construction has made the provision of social and utility 3.5.1 Issues services all the more difficult.

A lack of regional or town and urban planning There is also the problem of supplying in Qila Saifullah has resulted in irregular and services to remote and sparsely populated unplanned settlements. At present, this is not settlements scattered in a mountainous area. a major problem given the rural nature of the Long distances and dispersed settlements district. But it will become one as the size of make service delivery financially unfeasible, present settlements grows and urbanisation leaving people without access to utilities and increases. adequate energy supply.

Ribbon development has already started Housing quality is poor with one-third of the along N-50 and is bound to escalate due to population still housed in one-room units of infrastructure development planned for the poor construction, increasing their district, including the upgrading of the national vulnerability to disease and disasters such as highways and broad-gauge railway, as earthquakes. planning controls are weak or non-existent. Such growth along arterial roads leads to a 3.5.2 Interventions multitude of development and traffic problems that are costly to resolve in human and The state of affairs in Qila Saifullah District financial terms. offers the opportunity of planning urban settlements by transforming big villages into The urban centres of Qila Saifullah and Muslim towns or establishing planned mid-sized Bagh are already congested. Water supply and towns to attract households from sparsely sanitation and public utility services are not located villages existing in uninhabitable provided or managed well in these towns and conditions where service delivery remains an 33 uphill task. With town planning guidelines in and ensure coverage of new place, urban master plans can be used to settlements manage the growth of cities while zoning and growth management can be employed to ● Encourage joint management of solid streamline land use and control pace of waste: household segregation and development, respectively. Also, the long-term disposal at designated collection points, view should be taken, with a 50-year vision for transportation and disposal in designated settlements in the district. landfills by TMAs

Urban plans should follow these guidelines: ● Encourage public-private partnerships ● Settlements and housing should not be between public sector organizations, planned on fertile agricultural land private sector, CSOs and local communities to introduce, expand or ● Green belts should be designed around improve district utility services settlements to contain growth and urban sprawl ● Raise standards of living in towns by improving traffic arrangements, shifting ● Zoning for different uses such as vegetable and livestock markets, commercial, residential or industrial slaughter houses, bus and truck stands to should be strictly followed commercial zones and phasing out animal-driven carts ● Land for services (roads, sewerage, water supply) and utilities (electricity, gas, ● Develop and provide: telephone) should be set aside ❒ low-cost earthquake-resistant housing designs Short-term ❒ guidelines on low-cost quality housing ● Prioritize and invest in safe drinking water projects, particularly small-scale ❒ urban plans for mohallas and wards interventions, with large schemes restricted to big villages and towns ❒ urban plans for small and big villages and towns ● Involve CCBs and CSOs in the construction of drains and sewer lines and ● Develop and implement master plans for disposal of solid and hospital waste Qila Saifullah and Muslim Bagh that chart out growth and development and ● Assist in improving quality of housing by comprise guidelines for residential, social, encouraging credit facilities for religious, recreational, commercial and construction industrial areas and cover future land use patterns ● Reduce air pollution within towns by levying user charges on vehicles that pass ● Draw up master plans for future urban through the town such as Muslim Bagh centres, villages to be converted to new but not on those using the by-pass mid-sized towns, new towns planned around the town along national highways and proposed broad-gauge railway line through Zhob Medium-term Valley

● Install open drains in small settlements ● Devise comprehensive energy sector and sewer systems with treatment plants plan for settlements in Qila Saifullah that in big villages and towns address energy concerns of women and possible shift from biomass-based ● Improve services and utilities such as energy to alternative and renewable sanitation, solid and hospital waste sources 34 disposal within existing settlements Azad Mukhtar

Roadside venue for a little rest and a meeting/dialogue

Long-term Between 2001 and 2002, all of Pakistan»s provinces undertook participatory poverty ● Increase off-grid electricity coverage, assessments (PPAs) that tapped views of poor particularly for small settlements that are people to poverty and potential strategies to more than 20 kilometres away from national reduce further escalation. Fieldwork was grid and where electrification for the next conducted in nine districts in Balochistan, decade is not planned through installation including Qila Saifullah. The poorest union of decentralized small-scale energy systems council was selected in the district and within powered by renewable technologies using it the poorest and a better-off site was solar photovoltaics, micro-hydro, wind and chosen. China Barat Khail and Nali Sar in biogas for small villages and solar thermal Batozai Union Council were included in the systems for larger settlements assessment.

The PPA attempted to understand and 3.6 Sustainable Livelihoods analyze the livelihoods of the poor and their access to certain assets or poverty reducing and Poverty Reduction factors. These assets covered natural capital (land, water, forests, marine and wild In Pakistan, poverty declined until the 1990s. resources), produced capital (physical But since then, slow economic growth, low infrastructure, tools and technology and human capital, especially for women, and poor credit), human capital (health, nutrition, governance have contributed to rising poverty. education, knowledge and skills), social Poverty was traditionally measured through capital (networks and connections, the income disparities but now has been broadened benefits of patterns of association) and to include other measures of well-being as well. political capital (power or powerlessness). A multi-dimensional approach to poverty implies Assessing the assets available or not giving attention to empowerment and reducing available to a group of people helps livelihood insecurity as well as maximising establish the nature of people»s mechanisms income growth. for coping with poverty and their 35 vulnerability to extreme poverty. This end of 2003. To reduce poverty in the province, vulnerability includes external factors such BPRSP goals included engendering growth, as shocks (economic, human health, managing scarce water resources, reforming conflict, drought and floods), trends governance, improving human development (population, resource, national and and addressing vulnerability to shocks. international economic, political and technological) and seasonal shifts (prices, Interventions production, health, employment opportunities). Short-term

Finally, the PPA looked at policies, institutions ● Collect accurate data on labour force and and processes that assist, block or obstruct incomes/livelihoods people»s efforts to improve their assets or to transform them into income and other ● Use information technology to disseminate improvements in their lives. These institutions up-to-date information on a variety of may include elements of the traditional social issues such as market prices, preventive order, official organizations such as schools measures in health, nutrition and sanitation and courts and governmental or non- and long-distance education governmental organizations. ● Enhance existing micro enterprises such The PPA found that poor people all over as handicrafts, woodworking, knitting, Balochistan defined poverty as more than a sewing and jam/jelly production through lack of access to financial or material technological input and economic possessions. Their view of poverty included incentives other dimensions such as political (lack of power to make and influence decisions at ● Encourage poultry farming, particularly by the household, community and policy levels), women, through provision of stock, cultural (exclusion on basis of gender, ethnicity, training and credit caste or religion) and institutional (little or no access to institutions that should provide ● Communicate and provide opportunities resources such as education and credit, for people to have first-hand exposure to security and justice) limitations. best practices or successful initiatives demonstrated by CSOs, public or private Among the findings of the PPA was that the sector organizations poor rely heavily on resources but access to, and control over, natural assets and resources ● Support improvements in local-level are skewed against them. This is a development and governance by fundamental cause and repercussion of encouraging social mobilization and poverty. Also, access and entitlements to formation of CBOs public state-provided services and assets are tipped in favour of the rich and better-off ● Increase access to formal credit facilities, rather than the real poor. particularly microcredit, for women and the poorest sections of society to support The Balochistan Report of the Pakistan PPA, self-employment and micro-enterprise completed in 2003, had four recommendations: development increase access to, quality of, and control over resources (including natural resources) and ● Reinforce livelihood improvement projects assets, reduce vulnerability and provide and ensure their experiences are adequate social protection, eliminate disseminated and, if possible, replicated discrimination based on gender, ethnicity or in entire district caste and ensure equal access to justice regardless of gender or social status. Medium-term ● Develop district SME plan based on These recommendations were accepted analysis of SME sector and potential 36 by the BPRSP completed towards the enterprises that can be established Azad Mukhtar

Investing in children and youth can only ensure sustainable development in the district

● Increase employment opportunities by government officers, CSOs and CCBs introducing small- and medium-sized and SMEs. enterprises, encouraging value-added and innovative products and providing better ● Ensure merit-based employment in public access to markets sector agencies by reducing political interference in selection ● Invest in human capital by encouraging: ❒ Private sector investment in need- ● Improve provision and quality of physical based technical training centres and infrastructure such as the road network to vocational training institutes avoid physical isolation, increase access to markets and expand employment ❒ Enterprise development training opportunities needed to establish and operate micro, small- and medium-sized enterprises ● Enable access to affordable quality education and healthcare services ❒ Technical and vocational training to regardless of gender, caste or social status produce skilled work force Long-term ❒ Need-based government, private ● Settle land ownership issues and define sector or foreign-funded agriculture user rights of communities on state- owned and livestock related training at various lands through focused exercise to reduce levels through vocational training communal conflicts and litigation, improve institutes, technical training centres as relations between communities and well as provincial agriculture and individuals and enhance productivity of land animal husbandry colleges ● Enhance ownership or access of poor to ❒ Human resource development for men natural resources and assets such as and women at three levels: local land, water, forests and livestock 37 ● Reduce vulnerability and provide Interventions adequate social protection to the poor through risk reduction strategies Short-term (preventive health programmes), impact mitigation (risk of unemployment through ● Invite credible, experienced and provision of vocational training) and knowledgeable speakers or development coping with impacts (broad-based social practitioners to visit district and engage in safety nets programmes such as Bait-ul- constructive dialogue with stakeholders Maal and zakat that are accountable, transparent and efficient). ● Organize exchange visits to other districts in Balochistan and the country and to ● Ensure access to fair, affordable justice progressive Muslim states such as regardless of gender, ethnicity, caste or Malaysia to demonstrate how constructive social status change can improve quality of life Medium-term 3.7 Culture and Tradition ● Expose local tribal elders and ulema In Qila Saifullah, tribal affiliations, through formal and informal sessions to customs and traditions still govern life. new ideas and experiences taking place in Traditions are practices or customs the Muslim world and encourage them to passed down from generation to generation. play positive role in transition to a more But it has to be remembered that traditions progressive society need to be modified, improved or even eliminated altogether, if redundant, with the ● Encourage the ulema to incorporate passage of time. progressive ideas and real life situations in their sermons In the past, changes were slow due to the isolation of people and self-reliance of ● Convince teachers and media to play their communities. But in a global world supported role by apprising people about positive by rapid communication, traditions are development experiences changing quickly and rigid adherence or resistance is no longer advisable. Long-term Communities have to adapt and adjust to altering circumstances and their survival, ● Promote justice based on legislation and progress, well-being and prosperity. Of Islamic options rather than tribal, non- course, positive traditions can be retained but Islamic customs that prevent development need to be discarded. ● Promote inter and intra tribal harmony

38 Natural Resource Base

atural resources sustain life by providing water, Nair, food and other products for local consumption and trade and are part of complex natural

ecosystems that govern life on earth. Rural Chapter 4

communities, especially the poor, depend heavily on

natural resources for their livelihoods. As environment

become degraded and productivity of natural resources

decline due to myopic policies, institutional and social

failures and natural disasters such as drought, the poor

are the most affected. Sustainable management and

conservation of natural resources is particularly critical

in districts such as Qila Saifullah where most people

still live off the land.

39 The main natural resource issues in Qila water basin management and agencies Saifullah are: involved in drought early warning systems for ● extreme aridity and periodic droughts impact mitigation. To generate this data, the Pakistan Meteorological Department and ● a fast receding groundwater table, the provincial and district governments would result of indiscriminate water mining due have to work together to establish to the low cost of pumping water, the meteorological stations in Qila Saifullah. inefficient use of water and reduced Considerable variations in rainfall at the local recharge because of the destruction of level mean that site-specific data is also vegetative cover needed for which smaller stations would also have to be established. Timely information ● inappropriate agricultural practices, with would then be available to users in an irrigated agriculture and fruit orchards appropriate form. replacing arid agricultural practices and livestock farming Interventions

● overgrazed rangelands supporting poor ● Establish at least four meteorological quality livestock, the numbers of which stations, one each at Kakar Khurasan, exceed carrying capacity of the land Muslim Bagh Town, Qila Saifullah Town and a village in the eastern part of the ● lack of management of notified state district. Ideally, these stations need to be forests and loss of forest vegetation in the located at sites selected on the basis of countryside seasonal images captured by satellites and relay data using remote sensing ● declining wildlife populations, except in technology. This would enable them to the Torghar Community Conservation Area become part of a network of functioning in the Toba Kakar Mountain Range meteorological stations in the province that meet World Meteorological Organization standards of network density 4.1 Climatic Information and reliable data collection.

Precipitation in Qila Saifullah is highly ● Launch smaller stations to collect site- unreliable. The mean annual rainfall ranges specific, local-level data in suitable between 125 and 500 mm, most of it in the schools/colleges/offices or at any other form of snowfall in the winter from the open places and train staff to collect and western depressions. The average annual systematically report basic data. In remote rainfall, a 30-year mean, was 261 mm at areas, fully automated stations that Zhob. Data from the meteorological station at transmit data on a regular basis via Zhob has been used to provide this figure as satellite would need to be set up. there is no comparable facility in the district. But as Qila Saifullah and neighbouring Zhob ● Disseminate data such as detailed short- have almost similar geographic (daily/weekly), medium- (monthly) and characteristics, it is assumed that they long- (seasonally) term forecasts among experience more or less the same rainfall farmers and still longer term information levels. That said, measurements taken at for water basin and drought management Zhob and applied to such a large area have authorities limited value for agriculture and drought management. 4.2 Drought Reliable meteorological data is needed for accurate weather forecasts and patterns in Extended periods of abnormally dry weather the periodicity and duration of droughts, and below average rainfall is not new to changes in the monsoons and modelling Balochistan or Qila Saifullah. The last climate variables. This data and information prolonged drought that lasted from 1999 to 40 would be used by the agricultural sector for 2004 decimated livestock and severely Azad Mukhtar

Arid climatic conditions together with periodic droughts leave the land barren

affected fruit and rain-fed cereal production. labour and in turn resulted in a decline in Drought differs from other natural disasters in wage rates. Initially, households absorbed the the sense that the affects accumulate slowly shock through the sale of livestock, wage over a considerable period of time, are spread employment, borrowing and the relief over large geographical areas and may linger measures implemented by the provincial on for years even after it is over. authorities. But as the drought continued, household coping mechanisms also In a normal year, pastoralists sell livestock and diminished. As the consumption of food items milk products, the income from these sources such as milk, meat and vegetables declined, being used to purchase wheat for household the most affected were women and children consumption and other non-food needs. already suffering from malnutrition and Livestock also provides meat, milk and yogurt anaemia. for family consumption. It is estimated that up to 70 to 80 percent of the income of the The federal government is in process of nomadic population is from livestock. During setting up early warning systems to reduce the 1999 √ 2000-drought, households lost the impact of natural disasters, including some 40 to 45 percent of their livestock in drought. The National Centre for Drought / Balochistan. As livestock owners had not bred Environment Monitoring and Early Warning their animals due to lack of water and poor System in Pakistan has been set-up in the pasture conditions, they did not have the off- Pakistan Meteorological Department and will take needed for sale. This coupled with fewer form one component of a proposed national animals deprived households of a major Multi-hazard Early Warning and Response source of income. In northern Balochistan, System under a National Disaster about 60 to 80 percent of fruit trees dried up, Management Authority mandated to deal with with Qila Saifullah among the worse-hit disasters. Though the BLGO also provides for districts. disaster management at the district, tehsil and union level, the draft Emergency Services Drought intensified the dependence on Ordinance 2002 has proposed the setting up migrant wage labour that increased supply of of district emergency services. 41 4.2.1 Issues Short-term Drought-related meteorological data such as ● Build capacity of public sector temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, organizations, CCBs, CSOs, private surface run-off, recharge and groundwater sector, farmers and pastoralists in Qila availability needs to be collected from many Saifullah both in drought preparedness points across Balochistan and Sindh, and mitigation. This would cover provision analysed and regular forecasts issued. of timely information to district and Currently, the number of measurement provincial agencies, dissemination of points and data collected is less than drought warnings, coordination with local, optimal and makes accurate analysis provincial and federal agencies and relief difficult. The data required may be extensive and rehabilitation services but collection can become easy and reliable with the help of remote sensing technology Medium-term and GIS. ● Invest in drought preparedness and Institutional arrangements for a central contingency planning at provincial and disaster management authority with a long- district level, including provision for term vision have been planned but have yet drinking water for people and livestock, to be put in place. The authority will need to feed for livestock, prevention and control have adequate hazard and risks assessment of livestock diseases, fodder tree reserves knowledge, technical monitoring and and adjustment strategy warning systems and the capacity to effectively disseminate warnings to those ● Plan relief and rehabilitation measures in at risk. advance: ❒ Build airstrips in remote areas to drop A provincial or district-level drought emergency supplies and airlift preparedness and mitigation plan to address livestock long-term issues is also needed. Even with a plan, widely dispersed human and livestock ❒ Encourage sale of livestock which populations, poor communication owners cannot afford to maintain and infrastructure, long distances and few water are likely to die through rational market and feed options make drought-related work prices, purchases in fields rather than difficult. market centres and introducing mobile slaughter and refrigeration vans 4.2.2 Interventions ❒ Ensure provision of seed and recovery Drought is a natural hazard that threatens the packages in the fruit sector, lives and livelihood of people not only in Qila particularly among those who may Saifullah but in Balochistan, Sindh, southern lose their fruit trees, and extend credit NWFP and southern Punjab. This means that facilities to assist farmers in accessing drought preparedness and management along inputs and support services with other natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods and cyclone has to be Long-term coordinated with national institutions such as the Pakistan Meteorological Department, ● Coordinate with federal government to be Emergency Relief Cell and Civil Defence, with part of drought early warning system for the provincial agencies as well as the local Balochistan, Sindh, southern NWFP and government responsible for relief measures. southern Punjab that would regularly Effective early warning of drought promotes monitor and disseminate information improved environmental management and helps increase security of vulnerable ● Liaise with provincial government to populations by shifting emphasis from strengthen GIS facility at Quetta to providing emergency food and other aid to prepare district-wise climatic moisture and 42 disaster risk management. soil moisture index maps ● Establish provincial-level disaster ● Use satellite imagery to develop emergency fund to cover drought relief comprehensive inventory of district land and rehabilitation costs use and natural resources

● Build on GIS district map by adding 4.3 Land Use sectoral and thematic information required by land use planners, district Accurate, detailed information on land and departments, projects and other land use is not available in Qila Saifullah. The stakeholders exact geographical area of the district is also uncertain. The most commonly used figure is ● Update and computerize land settlement 6,831 sq km, of which 39 percent is record unreported or needs to be surveyed. The reported and cultivable area figures too may ● Introduce integrated land use planning, be unreliable. including land evaluation, in new projects and programmes The area and distribution of rangelands which remains the main land use in the district has also yet to be surveyed and assessed. The 4.4 Water same is true for area under forest cover and biodiversity hotspots. Water is the lifeline of the district and if used judiciously, would sustain people and the In fact, it is questionable whether any land use environment. In arid regions such as Qila planning is taking place in the district. As Saifullah, water shortages are not due to low such, agricultural development may be taking rainfall as is popularly perceived. Rather, they place in areas where it is not economically the result of overuse and mismanagement of viable or environmentally suitable given the available water as well as lack of capacity for availability of irrigation water, choice of crops, harvesting rainwater and recharging agricultural inputs and infrastructure. As the groundwater. The most critical management district gets more urbanized, decisions will challenge in arid areas is to deal effectively have to be taken on land development for with short periods of excessive water and physical infrastructure, housing, energy and flooding on the one hand and long periods of water supply and sanitation. This calls for an little or no water. integrated land use planning process and land use plans that cover a number of sectors. Surface water in Qila Saifullah is in the form of the Zhob River and rainfall. The river flows for Qila Saifullah is a semi-settled area with two about 400 km before discharging into the types of land ownership: communal and Gomal and has several tributaries. But the personal. The last land settlement record was Zhob River and almost all its tributaries are compiled in 1955 and is still being used for ephemeral. This makes precipitation the major revenue collection and ownership rights (GoB, source of surface water in the district. 1997). Though land ownership may be complex, consolidating and completing the The Zhob Basin has limited potential for land record and its computerization is urgently development: groundwater is in balance in the required. Muslim Bagh sub-basin, in deficit in Qila Saifullah and possibly in limited surplus in Interventions Zhob (GoB, 2000). This means that groundwater mining is taking place in Qila ● Liaise with Survey of Pakistan to produce Saifullah, with abstraction of water exceeding GIS map of district and confirm recharge to the basin. geographical area for development planning and raising fiscal resources as This situation is due primarily to a large the provincial government allocates number of tubewells in the district, both resources to districts based on population government and private, with private electric and area tubewells outnumbering all others (1,708 out 43 of a total of 1,888). The number does not lessons learned from earlier tubewell schemes include the 160 tubewells being installed such as Nasai will be applied. under the Balochistan Development Authority»s Patab Tube well Irrigation Scheme Implementation of legislation and practical in Batozai, Sibzai and Ghibzai. Agriculture in measures are needed to discourage the the district has become dependant on drilling of new tubewells and regulate groundwater with 79 percent of irrigation groundwater use on the basis of hydrological water coming from tubewells, 2 percent from criteria and groundwater availability, keeping wells and 19 percent from karez and future needs in mind. spring sources. The subsidy issue has yet to be resolved even 4.4.1 Issues though it is detrimental to water resources and against the principles of equity in The most serious water-related problems in distributing public funds. As such, only a small the district include rapid groundwater percentage of farmers who are better off and depletion and inefficient use of irrigation water. can invest in electric tube wells are benefiting from the subsidy. Pastoralists, farmers Though the most valuable resource of the practicing rain-fed farming and those using district, groundwater is still being rapidly diesel pumps are not eligible for this subsidy depleted particularly in orchard areas due to and remain deprived of this public benefit. over pumping by tubewells. Like elsewhere in Balochistan, the initial government subsidy on The groundwater problem is being tubewells has led to the installation of a large exacerbated by reduced recharge because of number of wells in the district while the decreasing vegetation cover in the district. current subsidy on electricity tariff for Heavy grazing, cutting and removal of tubewells has led to the over pumping of vegetation for firewood and inappropriate water. There are no indications that the agricultural practices have resulted in soil development of groundwater will slow down, erosion with topsoil and nutrients being lost. installations of new tubewells will be better As fine soil particles are lost and coarse regulated, electricity tariff be revised or particles increase, desert pavement-like Azad Mukhtar 44 Karezes still provide sustainable source of water for the Qila Saifullah District conditions prevail at the surface, reducing ● Water development and management percolation to depths where plant roots are should be based on participatory located and groundwater supplies can be approach, involving users, planners and recharged. For instance, the state of karezes policy makers at all levels in Muslim Bagh, many of which have dried or are suffering from decreased flows, are ample ● Women play a central part in the evidence of decreasing groundwater provision, management and safeguarding resources. of water

Precipitation which is not absorbed by the soil ● Water has an economic value in all its or used by plants, flows as surface run-off competing uses and should be recognized and drains quickly into streams and tributaries as an economic good of the Zhob. It neither remains locally available as soil moisture nor adds to the groundwater. Water plays an important role in agricultural Surface run-off in the district is very high due production, sustaining healthy ecosystems to steep slopes and lack of vegetation. and general well-being and livelihood Unfortunately, the construction of check generation. This demands coordinated action. dams, rainwater harvesting and soil and water In this context, IWRM is a comprehensive, conservation measures are not practised participatory planning and implementation tool widely in the district. for managing and developing water resources that balance social and economic needs and Surface water can also be collected through ensure healthy ecosystems for future traditional water harvesting practices such as generations. IWRM involves applying khushkaba or rainwater collection and sailaba knowledge from various disciplines and or spate irrigation where floodwater from insights garnered from diverse stakeholders torrents is used. These too are not being used to devise and implement efficient, equitable to their full potential. and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. Still, it is the inefficient use of water for agriculture that is the most serious issue. Over time, IWRM has become universally Farmers continue to employ poor and accepted as a way to manage scarce water inefficient agricultural practices such as flood resources in a sustainable way. In 2002, the irrigation even when water is becoming scarce, World Summit on Sustainable Development the population is growing and food needs are called for countries to develop IWRM and on the rise. Ideally, optimal use of limited Water Efficiency Plans by 2005 in recognition water should be based on soil and crop of the strategic importance of improved water requirements instead of traditional use of water resources management in achieving the based on land ownership and water rights. MDGs. Since then, the link between IWRM and the MDGs has been strengthened and 4.4.2 Interventions there has been considerable follow-up.

Qila Saifullah urgently needs to adopt a two- IWRM requires a highly consultative and pronged approach to water: integrated water participatory process, engaging the community resources management and increasing water as well as other stakeholders in devising productivity. solutions. Qila Saifullah district has experience in consultative development as it was used to Integrated Water Resources develop the district SoED and IDV. Management Water Productivity IWRM revolves around four guiding principles from the 1992 Dublin Conference on Water Water productivity links water consumed with and Environment: outputs produced. Just as «crop yield» is the ● Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable productivity of land often measured as tons resource, essential to sustain life, per hectare, water productivity of the same development and the environment crop is measured as «crop per drop» or as 45 kilograms of rice or wheat per cubic meter of Medium-term water used. ● Adopt IWRM in water sector development Increasing water productivity in irrigated and projects to improve economic and water rain-fed agriculture has great potential in an use efficiency in all sub-sectors of water arid region, compared with allocating more use water for improving food security and reducing poverty at the lowest environmental ● Encourage agricultural productivity to be cost. Increasing water productivity implies expressed as crop yield per unit of water getting more crop per drop. For example, if a applied rather than unit area farmer has a rice field and a fish pond, then the total water productivity combines the ● Improve on-farm water management and amount of rice and fish produced per unit of irrigation efficiency through land levelling, water consumed. At the river basin level, zero tillage and technology-intensive water productivity needs to be defined irrigation methods such as drip, bubbler, beyond increase in crop (grain and fodder) to sprinkler, spray and low energy precision include livestock (meat and egg) and fishery application irrigation. These systems can yields, ecosystem services as well as social be introduced and popularized through impacts such as health expressed as subsidies, easy availability of materials economic return, environmental services or and technical support, demonstrations nutritional value. and trainings

In Qila Saifullah, measuring productivity per ● Increase water conservation by identifying unit of water is important as water rather than suitable crops and soil-plant-water land is the limiting factor. relationship for optimal application of water Short-term ● Promote plant cover to increase ● Raise awareness and knowledge of groundwater recharge IWRM, the concept of improved productivity per unit of water and the need ● Introduce and popularize technologies for for high-efficiency irrigation artificial recharge of groundwater

● Rationalize use of agricultural tubewells to ● Construct check dams in upper reaches reduce groundwater mining and of streams to enhance percolation of encourage more productive use of water seasonal floodwater that normally flows ❒ Restructure agricultural tube well away to provide moisture for small tree subsidy. Savings from tube well plantations subsidy could be used to introduce schemes for efficient water use. Also, ● Broaden mandate of District Water the higher cost of pumping at more Management Committee beyond realistic energy prices may lead to tubewell monitoring to all aspects of less water loss water conservation and use in the district ❒ Regulate installation of new and replacement tubewells and ensure Long-term EIAs of new public sector tubewell schemes are conducted as ignoring ● Develop appropriate waste water environmental impacts can lead to treatment systems that would allow waste failed projects water to be biologically safe for reuse for agriculture ● Build small delay action and check dams that either increase recharge to ● Reorganise, improve and increase number groundwater or store water in small of spate irrigation systems according to 46 reservoirs water availability and soil types Azad Mukhtar

Typical fruit orchard in Qila Saifullah Ð the main agricultural activity

4.5 Agriculture Most produce such as fruits, onion, potato, chillies, tobacco, vegetables and fodder is Agriculture is the mainstay of Qila Saifullah»s cultivated on irrigated land. But some crops, economy for a number of reasons. The including wheat, jowar, barley, maize, cumin, district has «virgin» soils that have good pulses, melons and certain fodder species are potential for agriculture, provided there is cultivated using both ground and rain water. water or adequate rainfall, the climate is dry Fruit orchards have to be groundwater and there is ample sunshine. This makes the irrigated to be commercially viable. Time area suitable for production of all kinds of series data reveals that total yield of deciduous fruits and for early and late agricultural and horticultural produce has been winter vegetables and other crops. The increasing over the years due to an increase in highest earnings are from tomato (about area rather than yield, as average yield figures one-third of the value of total agricultural have remained more or less constant. The use produce), followed by almond, apple of fertilizers is limited but mechanisation has and apricot. increased, with private ownership of agricultural machinery now outstripping Water is the main constraint for government-owned tractors and threshers agriculture in Qila Saifullah. Land is irrigated even though bulldozers and reapers continue by groundwater available through karezes, to be public-sector owned. open surface wells or tube wells or surface water collected through traditional water Farm sizes are generally small: 77 percent of harvesting practices such as khushkaba or land-holdings are less than five hectares while sailaba irrigation. The use of groundwater for only 4.1 percent of farms are larger than 20 irrigation has increased over the years though hectares (GoB, 1997). In areas not irrigated by water harvesting techniques continue to be groundwater, the size of land holdings is used in areas where groundwater is unusable, supposed to be relatively large but no further unavailable or has to be pumped from information is available. Tenancy is not very extremely deep aquifers. common but some large land and orchard owners do employ tenant labour. 47 Women are not directly involved in agriculture climate and precipitation are needed but are but in allied agricultural activities such as also not available. The same is true of soil grain storage and manure collection. But their classification surveys focusing on water labour is unpaid and remains unrecognized. holding capacity and fertility are also important to manage prime agricultural lands Agro-forestry or tree planting on farmland is under high value crops. Mapping of surface not a common practice as it is seen to drainage of the entire area would help in compete with land for orchards and pastures. planning appropriate sites for delay action dams. Sub-surface drainage is not a problem 4.5.1 Issues in the district except in a small area in Muslim Bagh Tehsil where drainage is impeded. The Groundwater continues to be used for soil survey would assist in identifying the agriculture even though it has led to areas that need appropriate treatment for groundwater depletion and even mining in agricultural use. areas. Nor has the experience gained from earlier tubewell schemes such as Nasai been There is no local market for fruits and applied in the design of new initiatives. vegetables and farmers have to depend on markets outside the district. Nor have agro- The preference for tubewell-irrigated based SMEs been introduced to produce agriculture has resulted in inefficient, value-added products and improve unsustainable use of groundwater at the livelihoods. Accessing agricultural credit is expense of khushkaba and sailaba farming also difficult for poor farmers despite the systems. As a result, their contribution to presence of banks in the district. groundwater recharge has fallen while the potential of these water harvesting practices Women»s contribution to agriculture is not to supply additional water for agriculture is acknowledged. Moreover, they are unable to being ignored. own land or access agricultural information and credit. Excessive, ineffective irrigation practices are still in vogue and high delta fruit, vegetable 4.5.2 Interventions and other crops continue to be grown over large areas. All this has led to falling water Short-term tables and drying up of karezes. But farmers are still reluctant to use more efficient ● Raise awareness and knowledge of technology-intensive irrigation systems, switch modern agricultural technology, including to low delta crops or fruit trees, use efficient irrigation systems, greenhouse greenhouses for cultivation of high-value cultivation and organic farming off-season vegetables or engage in organic farming. Land resources are being ● Promote cultivation of tomato and other managed inadequately, resulting in loss of vegetables, including off-season fertile top soils, declining fertility and production, for high returns deteriorating soil structure due to poor agricultural practices. ● Encourage apiculture and honey production, especially in orchard areas Land evaluation for agriculture, including interpretation of surveys of climate, soils, Medium-term vegetation, surface and sub-surface drainage and other aspects of land, using remote ● Facilitate cultivation of medicinal plants, sensing and GIS technologies has not been both local and from other parts of the carried out. Agriculture needs to be planned province or country according to seasonal availability of water. Winter and summer rainfall data are far more ● Maintain top soils in agricultural lands by important for crop choice, planting dates and encouraging zero tillage and use manure other agricultural activities than annual and fertilizers to improve soil fertility and 48 average precipitation. Accurate data on local water holding capacity ● Expand scope of agriculture by promoting ● Encourage adoption of productivity as and supporting water harvesting systems, crop yield per unit of water applied rather especially in foothill areas than unit area

● Increase productivity in rain-fed areas ● Experiment with farming cooperatives through enhanced management of soil where small holdings less than 5 hectares moisture and supplemental irrigation are absorbed into bigger farms and where small water storage dams are managed collectively. This would have to feasible be tried in areas where socio-economic dynamics would support application. Its ● Improve yield per unit area through results, experiences and impacts would promotion of optimal use of water, be monitored, documented, disseminated agricultural inputs and improved and possibly replicated agricultural practices ● Develop agro-based SMEs, improve ● Collaborate with Soil Survey of Pakistan marketing infrastructure and boost access to correlate scientific and local to agricultural credit classification of soils and undertake or share detailed soil surveys ● Ensure access to information and participation in SMEs for women ● Develop zoning plan for crops and fruits based on seasonal rainfall patterns, soil classification and availability of water 4.6 Livestock and Rangelands ● Carry out land evaluation of Qila Saifullah District to compile current information and collect missing data After agriculture, livestock rearing is the second most important economic activity in ● Protect rights of tenant farmers to reduce Qila Saifullah. In livestock farming areas, most incidence of bonded labour households make a living out of raising small ruminants. More than two-thirds of the total ● Improve women»s access to information geographic area is used as rangeland with on modern agricultural practices transhumance livestock production being practised where livestock communities migrate Long-term seasonally with their flocks to rangelands where fodder is available. Some communities ● Shift to low delta agriculture, including own land and are semi-sedentary while others fruit plants such as almond, pistachio and do not and are semi-nomadic. edible olive and vegetables Two well defined routes are commonly used ● Promote apple cultivation only in areas by pastoralists for year-round grazing. The where climate supports the fruit»s keeping north-south route is followed by the Pushtun requirements such as the mountainous from Ghilzai and Tareen in Afghanistan and areas of Muslim Bagh Tehsil the Kakars from Balochistan. Come autumn, they head towards the Loralai rangelands. In ● Undertake detailed soil investigations in winter, their destination changes to the Harnai prime agricultural lands to estimate Rangelands in Sibi District. Animals move optimum yields of high value crops southwards from Muslim Bagh and Qila through best use of water and fertilizers Saifullah through Shangloona. The east-west route is followed by the Brahvi who head ● Improve irrigation efficiency through towards the Sibi and Kacchi plains with their land levelling, on-farm water vast grazing grounds in winter. management and technology-intensive irrigation methods such as bubbler/drip This semi-nomadic lifestyle has been irrigation changing since the mid-1970s with the 49 introduction of irrigated agriculture and cash Poultry farming is not practiced on a crops. An increasing number of livestock commercial scale in the district. A government owners are settling near irrigated land and poultry farm was established in Muslim Bagh engaging in small-scale agriculture. in 1985 but its status is unknown and there are no farms in the private sector. Households Small ruminants such as goats and sheep are do possess birds for family use that are the most common livestock in the district. After looked after by the women. The Balochistan the drought of 1998 - 2004, goats became the Rural Support Programme has provided most common animal, comprising three- training to women for poultry farming at the quarters of the livestock population by 2006. household level and introduced layer hens. Both goat and sheep are reared mainly in non- irrigated areas where rangelands provide 4.6.1 Issues pasture for meat, milk, financial security, particularly against unforeseen needs. Rangeland-based livestock systems are one of the major sources of livelihood for people Draught animals such as horses, mules and living in harsh and arid regions. Balochistan donkeys form less than 4.5 percent of the has traditional rangeland property regimes population, with even fewer cattle and camels. where common rangelands are owned by tribes with customary arrangements for their Animals suffer from a number of diseases and management and open rangelands are on internal parasites despite the fact that land owned by government with unrestricted veterinary coverage in Qila Saifullah is access to herders. Both types have been relatively better than other districts in the severely degraded over the years due to lack province. of grazing management, removal of shrubs and trees for fuel and periodic droughts. Graziers are mostly men and children. Women Degradation has led to a decrease in are involved in feeding animals kept at home, rangeland productivity, changes in plant treating sick livestock using traditional biodiversity with nutritious palatable species methods, cleaning out animal pens and declining or disappearing, reduction in preparing dung cakes. perennial plant cover and soil erosion. This Azad Mukhtar 50 Rearing small ruminants is among the key livelihood sources in Qila Saifullah has also reduced carrying capacity of the Poultry, particularly household poultry, suffer rangelands in terms of the average livestock from high mortality rates as veterinary population that can be supported for a season hospitals or dispensaries are not equipped without decreasing quality. This has far- with appropriate vaccines or medicines. The reaching social and environmental threat of bird flu is high and vigilant control by implications. the livestock department will need to be exercised. The situation is exacerbated by lack of information and research. The area and Women neither have access to information on distribution of rangelands is unknown as the livestock sector nor to improved livestock remote sensing imagery is not routinely used. care or credit. Likewise, their participation in Data on the carrying capacity of different the poultry sector could be increased. rangelands is also not available just as there is inadequate research on grazing management, The district suffers periodically from drought. livestock-forage ratio (which is assumed to be The long drought of 1998 - 2004 resulted in adverse), high yield fodder species and mortality of very large number of livestock, supplemental feeds such as molasses/urea degradation of rangelands and irrecoverable multi-nutrient blocks. losses to livestock-dependent communities. But reliable climatic data is not available and Though most people depend on small there are no drought early warning systems in ruminants for their livelihoods, productivity has place that could alert local people to changing been falling over time. Livestock are generally conditions. underfed, suffer from diseases and internal parasites and arrive at markets at less than Administratively, livestock and rangelands optimal weight. Large herds rather than quality have been separated. Livestock comes under animals are preferred and cross-breeding with the Livestock and Dairy Development imported livestock is gradually impacting on Department while rangeland management has the native gene pool. been shifted to the Forest and Wildlife Department. Coordination between the two Nutrition is also a serious problem as the departments is almost non-existent. This is quantity and quality of forage in degraded particularly problematic as joint improvement rangelands is poor and supplemental feeding and management is badly needed. generally not practised. Livestock disease is another limiting factor with a number of easily communicable and infectious diseases 4.6.2 Interventions prevalent in animals brought across the border by Afghan pastoralists. A lack of infrastructure, Livestock and rangelands have lost their remote pastures and long migration routes importance as a major source of income makes the provision of veterinary services a generation due to tube well irrigation of challenge. There are few markets in the district orchards and vegetable crops that provide and people have to depend on external high returns. As a result, the full potential of markets in Kingri and Pishin. livestock and rangeland resources is not being tapped. But the livestock sector is Both transhumance and nomadic pastoralists important for poverty reduction in the district, face problems during their seasonal as a majority of the very poor depend on it migrations. Forage availability is uncertain and for their livelihoods. In fact, the livestock facilities, both for graziers and their animals, sector can become organized if more along migratory routes are absent. As a result, direction, veterinary services and credit is herders have to depend on cooperation of available. local communities to get along. Also, pastoralists have continued with traditional Poultry farming is not practiced on a practices even though degradation is visible commercial scale. But that does not detract as they have little access to improved from its scope as poultry is a good source of knowledge on rangeland livestock protein, an income-generating activity for management or alternative options. women and potential livelihood enterprise. 51 Livestock ● Provide women with access to information and knowledge about livestock Short-term production, training in animal husbandry and credit to enhance participation in the ● Upgrade veterinary facilities sector

● Depute veterinary assistants to provide ● Assist in setting up commercial poultry services such as vaccinations and farms away from residential areas treatment of common disease along established migratory routes Long-term

● Control infectious and communicable ● Maintain suitable ratio between livestock diseases introduced from across the and forage border by livestock owned by Afghans ● Encourage graziers to focus on livestock ● Provide training to farmers to recognize quality rather than quantity and improving and treat livestock disease breed strains while conserving and propagating indigenous species ● Encourage use of supplemental feed during winter and early spring ● Review existing livestock production systems and potential for higher value ● Support women to engage in poultry production with regard to markets, farming by providing inputs such as opportunities and prices parent stock, vaccination, disease control kits and training to raise birds in homes ● Promote value addition of animal products, including skin, fleece and wool ● Provide training in poultry disease detection and management to worker ● Facilitate livestock and livestock product and farmers marketing by setting one up for in the district ● Develop local markets for poultry products, feed and medicines ● Produce at least as much poultry products in the district as are needed to meet local ● Revitalize poultry farms in public sector demand Medium-term Rangelands

● Improve public sector extension services Short-term along migratory routes: ❒ Construct lodging and boarding ● Provide rangeland management training to facilities for herders as well as pastoralists livestock in remote range areas of known migratory routes ● Introduce high-yield grass varieties tested in other districts of the province such as ❒ Develop water points and salt licks Loralai along established migratory routes Medium-term ● Identify major constraints and technical possibilities to improve production: ● Survey and map rangelands using remote increase fodder in agricultural lands and sensing technology and disseminate feed production in industrial units to information among all stakeholders encourage animal fattening ● Zone rangelands according to ecological ● Introduce and promote value-added dairy processes, soil quality and vegetation 52 farming indicators Rafiul Haq

Rich harvest of grapes Ð under threat due to dwindling water resources

Long-term been designated as State Forests under the ● Conduct research on fodder tree and Balochistan Forest Regulation, 1890. shrub species to evaluate yield, nutritional value and suitability to local conditions in There is no tradition for agro-forestry or rangeland rehabilitation raising trees for fuelwood or fodder, except in few areas where farmers plant trees along the ● Monitor and evaluate carrying capacity banks of streams and nullahs to protect and health of rangelands regularly along orchards or agricultural fields from flood water migratory routes for optimal management erosion. Agro-forestry integrates familiar and new agriculture and forestry practices into ● Enhance rangeland productivity by land management systems. There are several implementing management practices such systems of agro-forestry being practiced in as periodic closures, re-seeding and various agricultural areas of the world. Within improved grazing management each system, there is a variety of options available to landowners depending on their 4.7 Forests specific goals. For example, within a silvo- rangeland system the choices may include Qila Saifullah supports coniferous and scrub maximizing production of forage for livestock, forests. Coniferous forests occur at 1,500 to with timber as a secondary product or 3,500 metres, mainly in Torghar with chilghoza targeting enhanced tree growth as the primary and kail as the dominant species. Scrub objective and co-manage for some enhanced forests are found at 500 to 1,500 metres with forage and livestock values. wild olive, ash and willow being the key species. Besides forest areas, trees can be Agro-forestry has not attracted people in Qila found along streams and nullahs in remote Saifullah due to the availability of alternatives hilly areas of the district. such as trees and bushes in state forests, rangelands and the wider countryside and the Legal protection has been provided to three perception of competition with fruit trees, areas: Khatoka, Tarawal and Nasai that have especially in irrigated areas. 53 The total area under forest cover in Qila even the current population. As a result, Saifullah remains contentious. A map and people have to either pay a higher price for inventory of forest vegetation in the wider wood or walk longer distances to collect what countryside is not available. they need.

Given that the majority of people are Nurseries that can provide planting stock to dependant on this natural resource for the forest or other government departments, fuelwood for heating and cooking, timber for educational institutions and farmers are construction and non-timber forest products absent, limiting afforestation efforts. such as medicinal plants, the current stock is clearly inadequate for the requirements Forest statistics in terms of area, demarcation, of the district. This does not include the property rights and resource inventories are environmental services provided by forests, absent or uncertain, making resource including: management difficult. ● carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gases Despite the demands of the general public, forestry is not a priority of the local and ● water flow, availability and filtration for provincial governments and is not even rural and urban water supply or hydro- budgeted for at the district level. electric uses 4.7.2 Interventions ● watershed protection, including enhancement groundwater recharge, Short-term reduction of surface run-off and soil erosion and mitigating prospects of small- ● Raise forest nurseries stocked with multi- scale flooding purpose species that can be planted in state forests, around orchards, stream ● biodiversity support by providing habitats banks, roads, railway tracks as well as for wildlife used for agro-forestry

● scenic landscape and spiritual and ● Promote agro-forestry, based on use of cultural amenities that present indegenous species by raising awareness opportunities for income generation and through targeted campaigns, supplying enhanced quality of life planting stock and providing technical support 4.7.1 Issues ● Motivate communities to construct check The three state forests are not physically dams to reduce surface run-off and controlled or managed by the forest provide moisture for small fuelwood department, while Tarawal and Nasai are not plantations even demarcated. Forests are under threat from cutting for fuelwood and timber, heavy ● Reduce commercial harvesting of wood in livestock grazing and encroachments. Forest forest lands, allowing only local vegetation in the wider countryside is also communities to cut trees to meet their being lost due to lack of land management needs and increase in mechanized transport. The result is that groundwater recharge has fallen, Medium-term floral and faunal diversity is fast depleting and environmental services provided by forests ● Promote multi-purpose tree plantations are decreasing. that can provide timber, energy and fodder and assist in soil and water Lack of awareness of agro-forestry practices conservation, carbon sequestration and is affecting both the land and people. Natural biodiversity protection resources have degraded to such an extent 54 that they are unable to support the demand of ● Promote apiculture and sericulture Anees Shahzad Mohammad

Afghan urial is an important wildlife specie in the district

Long-term found in the area. The global 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species categorizes the ● Develop management plans for markhor as endangered and the urial as designated state forests with participation vulnerable. Hunting has wiped out the and input of local communities. Forest chinkara, after the last animal was gunned conservation would include biodiversity down in the Nasai plains of Zhob Valley. conservation, pasture management, sustainable harvesting of wild medicinal There are plenty of resident and migratory and aromatic plants and maintenance of birds, including birds of prey such as falcons environmental services and game such as chukor. Migratory waterfowl and birds, cranes in particular, use ● Advocate plantations on communal lands, the Zhob River, the only significant wetland in along stream and river banks, around the district, as a staging post during autumn storage and recharge dams and on and spring migrations between Afghanistan borders of fields and India. While demoiselle and common cranes can still be found here, the Siberian ● Motivate communities to participate in and sarus cranes have not been sighted for development, management and quite some time. Fish are found in the sustainable use of state forests and forest karezes and some endemic fish fauna are vegetation in the wider countryside thought to be present. But no information is available on fish species, their status or 4.8 Biodiversity and possible threats. Protected Areas The district is home to the well-known Torghar Community Conservation Area in the Qila Saifullah District is extremely important Toba Kakar Range along the border with from the point of view of biodiversity. Wild Afghanistan. In the mid-1900s, the mountains mammals, including the Suleiman or straight- of northern Balochistan were rich in wildlife horned markhor, Afghan urial and cats can be and held significant populations of Suleiman 55 markhor, Afghan urial, leopard and Asiatic there are no state-owned protected areas in black bear. Uncontrolled hunting, accelerated the district. by the easy availability of cheap weapons due to the war in neighbouring Afghanistan, led to Similarly, the catchments of the Zhob River the leopard and the black bear being wiped are not being managed. As a result, a bulk of out in the Torghar Hills by the mid-1980s, the scanty precipitation drains out as surface while the total combined population of run-off and many stretches of the river remain Suleiman markhor and Afghan urial was dry during different times of the year, reducing estimated at about 200. its potential as a wetland. The rangelands north of the river are important for wildlife Originally conceived and developed in 1985, which is being affected by pastoral activity the Torghar Conservation Project was set up through competition for forage, game hunting to stop illegal hunting and conserve the by herders and disturbances caused by Suleiman markhor and Afghan urial. people and livestock. Along the way, social and economic welfare programmes were designed and On the fish fauna front, exotic species of fish developed for the people of the area, have been introduced in natural waters but creating incentives for the involvement of the fish fauna of karezes have not been local tribesmen and their families in studied systematically. conservation. The project has been so successful that an NGO called the Society 4.8.2 Interventions for Torghar Environmental Protection was registered as a community-based, non-profit Short-term conservation organization in 1994. Since then, animal numbers have risen with the ● Control and manage hunting and trapping Suleiman markhor at 1,684 heads and the of wildlife, especially of cranes and falcon Afghan urial at 1,742 animals in 1999. species

Other mammals found in the area include the ● Raise awareness about value of wolf, hyena, fox, Pallas» cat, steppe wild cat biodiversity and critical habitats to reduce and stone marten. About 78 bird species have land use changes, particularly the been recorded, many of which breed in the conversion of virgin land to agricultural area. The area also hosts many reptile land or to open access rangeland species, including the horned and the leaf- nosed viper. Medium-term

Community-managed conservation is a ● Support private land owners and «sector» with economic potential. The district communities in replicating the Torghar government needs to prioritize biodiversity experience conservation and develop protected areas managed by local communities. ● Inventory potential protected areas, including wetlands 4.8.1 Issues ● Declare state-owned biodiversity-rich With the exception of animals and birds in the areas as protected, with participation of Torghar Community Conservation Area, local communities for ecotourism and wildlife and waterfowl species are on the sustainable consumptive use decline in the district. This is generally because of population growth, increase in ● Develop management plans for key sites livestock numbers, improved access to remote areas, drought and indiscriminate Long-term hunting. Illegal trapping of cranes and falcons is also taking place mainly by trappers from ● Implement and monitor management southern districts of the NWFP. Though there plans of protected areas, including 56 is potential for declaring protected areas, wetlands Diversifying the Economy

5.1 Minerals and Mining

alochistan is part of a geological belt with known Chapter 5 Bworld-class mineral deposits. In Qila Saifullah, a number of metallic and non-metallic minerals are being

mined in Muslim Bagh Tehsil with chromite and

magnesite being the most important followed by

gabbro, granite, limestone and sandstone.

57 Chromite mining is important to the district in beneficiation plant for the district is being terms of quantity, financial returns and planned by the Small and Medium Enterprise employment potential. Muslim Bagh is known Development Authority (SMEDA) but its internationally for the quality of its chromite location remains undecided. and produces more of this mineral than any other place in the province. Both high and As skilled labour for mining is not available low-grade chromite deposits are found here, locally, labour from other areas, particularly with only the high-grade ore being mined. the NWFP, is hired. This has reduced job Production estimates vary tremendously and opportunities for locals. Also, the number of are unreliable. Though chromite mining started labourers seems to be under-reported to avoid as far back as 1903, no processing units exist paying social security benefits. Safety and in the district. The size of the reserve at Nasai occupational health guidelines are rarely is believed to be small though local estimates followed and little safety equipment or training suggest otherwise. Currently, geophysical is available which compounds difficulties in investigations are being carried out by the case of accidents. Mining-related lung disease Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) in the caused by exposure to minerals such as district. asbestos is also a problem.

After chromite, magnesite is the second most The biggest issue with mining is the important mineral mined in the district. This is environmental damage that takes place. Land followed by dimension stone mining of disturbance, remnant waste rock dumps, gabbro, granite, limestone, sandstone and depletion and contamination of scare dunite where the natural stone is cut or groundwater, air pollution and disturbance of shaped to a specific size to be used as flora and fauna all adversely affect the building material with structural or decorative environment. Abandoned mines also run the uses. The dimension stone market has been risk of collapsing. To date, EIAs of mining growing since the 1970s as the quality has initiatives and reclamation of mined lands has improved because of machine cutting and not taken place in the district. polishing. Still, there is considerable future potential in this market. 5.1.2 Interventions

The mines in operation in Muslim Bagh are Short-term not mechanized and are using manual labour for quarrying in both open-pit and ● Advocate for the early establishment of underground mines. the SMEDA chromite beneficiation plant, preferably at Muslim Bagh due to its 5.1.1 Issues proximity to rich chromite mining areas and availability of water and power GSP»s assessment needs to be completed as soon as possible to confirm the extent and ● Ensure health safeguards are put in place value of mineral deposits in the district. As in asbestos mines as the mineral has long as the size of chromite deposits in Qila known long-term carcinogenic potential Saifullah remains unknown, substantial investment and development cannot take Medium-term place. There is also incomplete documentation of production quantities. ● Enforce safety and occupational health guidelines in mines to protect workers Valuable chromite is neither processed nor through training for the mine management used in the country and is exported to China. as well as workers and financial incentives About 50 percent of the rock is inert, to follow safety regulations unusable material that only increases transportation costs. Beneficiating the ore ● Collect information on mining sector in would improve its chemical and physical Qila Saifullah, including prospecting and properties and allow the metal to be mining licenses, annual production and 58 recovered at a profit. A medium-sized size of labour force Long-term packing, storage, processing and marketing ● Complete geophysical survey of district, especially of mineral-rich areas with ❍ sericulture* modern equipment and techniques to get picture of size and value of different ❍ dairy farming mineral reserves ❍ livestock and poultry feed, ● Assist chromite mining sector by including molasses blocks undertaking detailed assessment of chromite reserves, exploring opportunity ❍ compost* of mining and beneficiating low-grade chromite and possibility of setting up ❍ enterprises specifically aimed at private sector chromite beneficiation units women: poultry farming; in district preserved, canned, cooked or baked food products using low ● Explore adding value to mining of other quality fruits and vegetables minerals by promoting commercial-scale mining, expansion of dimension stone ❒ Apiculture and honey production, industry and processing at source processing, grading and marketing on a commercial scale ● Enforce EIAs to reduce environmental and social impact of mines, engage in regular ❒ Sustainable harvesting of wild plants environmental audits to ensure adherence and cultivation of local medicinal, to mitigation measures and follow aromatic and economically valuable rehabilitation guidelines when working plants mines are closed ❒ Irrigation services such as land ● Support rehabilitation of abandoned levelling, installation of drip or bubbler quarry sites thorough pollution control, irrigation systems disposal of waste rock and landscaping ❒ Refrigeration and cold storage 5.2 Small and Medium facilities Enterprises ❒ Machine repair: ❍ agricultural machinery and Besides some small furniture units in Muslim tubewells Bagh, there are no SMEs, let alone industry, in the district. This is not due to lack of potential. ❍ household equipment* On the contrary, minerals, livestock, fruit and vegetables are some of the areas with ❒ Provision of energy: possibilities of developing innovative SMEs ❍ solar, wind and biogas that could provide new services, create jobs and foster social development. ❍ fuel-efficient cooking and heating stoves Interventions ❒ Low-cost insulation of houses Short-term ❒ Ecotourism ● Study potential for the SME sector and the enterprises that can be set-up in the ❒ Handicrafts*: district: ❒ Value-added agro-enterprises, ❍ knitted or sewn covering: ❍ fruit* and vegetable grading, ❍ wooden products 59 ❍ basket making from mulberry Medium-term twigs ● Publicize potential and benefits of SMEs ❍ woollen carpets, rugs and other within the district and at provincial and articles federal level

❒ Interior decoration* ● Create enabling environment for SMEs by providing technology, credit and training ❒ Computer and internet access ● Establish market for fruits, vegetables, ❒ Transport repair and maintenance livestock and their value-added products services in Qila Saifullah to attract buyers from region rather than transporting goods to ❒ Export and import services, especially markets outside the district to sell at lower export of fruits, vegetables, livestock prices products and minerals 5.3 Tourism Women can be involved in SMEs marked with an asterisk Qila Saifullah has many cultural assets, including ancient forts, a narrow-gauge ● Prioritize sub-sectors with high growth railway line, globally significant wildlife and potential for private sector investment plants, scenic landscapes and fruit orchards with current information on scale of and mineral wealth. financial investment, employment opportunities, level of skill or training Archaeological Sites required by labour and scope for public- private partnerships Archaeological sites in the district date back to the Mughal period. These include: Azad Mukhtar 60 Young pottery seller in the local market ● Mughalo Qila or Fort of the Mughals to the Muslin Bagh Tehsil, an unusually large number west of Karezgai village, about 3 in a small area forming a unique cluster. Each kilometres from Muslim Bagh. Fragments karez has created particular societal of ancient pottery and silver and copper relationships and socio-economic conditions coins have been found in these ruins. in the villages they serve. Below the ruins, there is a spring that was reopened 125 years ago Chromite Charisma

● Khanki Fort near Shina Khura, about 25 Chromite deposits in Muslim Bagh Tehsil are kilometres east of Muslim Bagh world class and in certain places, mixed with laurite, a platinum-bearing mineral. Visits to ● Mughalo Brunj Fort in Murgha Faqirzai the chromite mines offer access to a completely different world. ● Forts at Toiwar, Sharan, Ismailzai as well as on the Zhar Hill near Akhtarzai Pakistan-Afghanistan Border

● Ancient karezes presumably built during The border at Badini is located in a very the Mughal period remote rural area. Against the background of the Durand Line, properly organized visits to Kan Mehtarzai Valley the border can be potentially attractive for domestic tourists. Kan Mehtarzai is a picturesque valley with a variety of fruit orchards. The flower blossoms Takht-e-Sulaiman in spring and fruit-laden trees in late summer add to the beauty of the landscape. The town The highest point of the Sulaiman Mountain has the distinction of being the highest railway Range is Takht-e-Sulaiman or Solomon»s station on the Pakistan Railway network at Throne. Located at the northern end of the 2,222 meters above sea level. The station was range in neighbouring Zhob District, Takht-e- served by a narrow-gauge railway line that Sulaiman offers excellent trekking and was closed in 1985 but is well known to mountaineering opportunities on all sides. railway buffs. Kan Mehtarzai Pass also marks Chilghoza and blue pine forests and the dividing line between the Central Asian interesting wildlife can be found in the and Continental watersheds. surrounding hills.

Torghar Community 5.3.1 Issues Conservation Area Qila Saifullah does not have a tourism industry. The potential remains untapped due Launched in 1985, the Torghar Conservation to inadequate infrastructure and facilities, Project initially aimed to conserve the local poor promotion of cultural assets, little population of the endangered Suleiman written or visual material on the sites markhor and Afghan urial but in the process themselves and a negative image about the became a broader natural resource area in the press. management programme. Besides the complete cessation of illegal hunting, around Moreover, foreigners need a special permit 700 square kilometres of conservation area is from the provincial home department to visit protected and managed by the people. A places outside Quetta. As long as this regulated trophy hunting programme is also condition is applicable, there is no possibility underway. The experience of this community- of promoting international tourism. managed conservation area is now well- known nationally and globally. 5.3.2 Interventions

The Karez Cluster The district has sites that can attract tourists, providing the impetus for a new industry that In Qila Saifullah, karezes are found only in can enhance economic activity in the area. 61 Short-term information centres, recreational sites and handicrafts/souvenir shops ● Encourage domestic tourism in the district. In the short term, the Irrigation ● Explore possibility of introducing adventure Rest House at Muslim Bagh can be tourism in the district such as trekking and renovated or reconstructed and used as a winter sports. Arrange rescue facilities, in tourist lodging facility collaboration with army, if adventure tourism and trekking is to be promoted in ● Negotiate with provincial home Kakar Khurasan. department to allow foreign tourists to visit Qila Saifullah without special permission 5.4 Infrastructure: Roads Medium-term and Energy

● Engage in heritage conservation in Roads collaboration with the provincial Culture, Archives and Tourism Department by Though Qila Saifullah is a rural district, it is protecting archaeological sites, including connected with other parts of the province prehistoric caves and carvings, through and the country by road. Except for Zhob the Antiquity Act 1975 and taking steps to Valley, the remainder of the district is reduce their deterioration. Promote these mountainous with a rugged terrain. sites through advertising and publicity packages and other related tourist Both Qila Saifullah and Muslim Bagh towns services are served by the Quetta-Zhob-Dera Ismail Khan National Highway or N-50 while the Qila ● Encourage and prioritize community- Saifullah-Loralai-Dera Ghazi Khan Highway or based tourism that involves local people N-70 intersects with N-50 at Qila Saifullah and is beneficial to them Town. This connects the district with other parts of Balochistan, the Punjab and NWFP, ● Explore possibility of opening mines to making it part of a larger metalled road students and tourists network constructed and maintained by the federal National Highway Authority. But ● Persuade locals to train as tourist insufficient attention has been paid to repair guides and link them with national and and maintenance with the result that the international travel companies quality of the national highways is poor and their capacity to handle traffic remains Long-term restricted because of their narrow width and long transport time. ● Promote tourism in Qila Saifullah in collaboration with provincial and federal Both the N-50 and N-70 are to be upgraded agencies such as the Pakistan Tourism under a project to improve the provincial road Development Cooperation. The district network and the priority transport corridor could be one of the points on tourist trails linking Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia in Balochistan covering archaeological that passes through Balochistan. Qila and historical sites, railways, karezes, flora Saifullah»s strategic location does mean that and fauna and scenic landscapes. the district could become a hub for the transport system that links the Punjab and ● Conserve scenic landscapes and promote NWFP with Balochistan. their use for tourism Other than the national highways, the ● Engage in public-private sector remainder of the road network is shingle or partnerships to develop tourism dirt. The provincial Communications and infrastructure, including transport, Works Department constructs and maintains 62 accommodation and restaurants, all the shingle roads and a small portion of the Azad Mukhtar Improving the communication network Ð road construction in progress

metalled road in the district. The total length areas, provision of social services and basic of roads, metalled and shingle, is 405.5 facilities, marketing of agricultural produce kilometres. Intra-district access is poor and and minerals, general economic development, hampers marketing and travel. including SMEs, and integration of isolated communities. Qila Saifullah district had a narrow-gauge railway line that is presently closed. But there Short-term are plans to develop a broad-gauge railway line connecting Gwadar with China, with the ● Maximize benefits of planned Quetta-Dera Ismail Khan section passing infrastructure projects such as through the district. improvements of national highways by participating actively in their design, 5.4.1 Issues planning and implementation. Affected communities should also be involved at Highly inequitable cost-benefits and few each stage financial resources are two of the main reasons behind the poor road network in ● Ensure EIAs for all road construction or Kakar Khurasan. The high maintenance cost improvement projects in the district are of vehicles running on shingle roads or fair- carried out in letter and spirit weather tracks makes transport costly for people in the area. If socio-economic Medium-term conditions in Kakar Khurasan are to improve, road construction and maintenance should be ● Take environmental and social mitigation given priority. measures recommended in EIAs

5.4.2 Interventions ● Implement town planning guidelines and controls to reduce ribbon The development of communication development along highways and infrastructure is key to opening of remote railway lines 63 Long-term Electricity coverage of the district is inadequate with households mainly in Zhob ● Develop and manage settlements and Valley receiving this service. The remaining 60 roadside facilities to avoid unplanned percent of the population is without electricity. growth There are a host of reasons behind inadequate coverage, including insufficient generation, Energy high transmission and distribution losses, small scattered settlements and problems There is little commercial consumption of supplying electricity through transmission lines energy as households meet their requirement in mountainous terrains. through biomass, kerosene, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity. Similarly, natural gas is not being supplied to the district even though the largest gas field in Electricity is provided to 40.3 percent of the country is in Sui, Balochistan. LPG use is households, primarily in Zhob Valley, and is also limited due to high cost and erratic used mainly for lighting and tubewells. Long supply of LPG cylinders. periods of load shedding are common with farmers using electric tubewells being the The resultant energy demand and supply gap most affected. Piped natural gas has not been is met through heavy dependence on supplied to the district and LPG is used in fuelwood and dung cakes. Wood cutting is limited amounts for cooking. Kerosene is the placing pressure on rangeland vegetation and other fuel available though it is expensive and forests with decreasing plant cover leading to used for lighting only. Most of Qila Saifullah»s soil erosion, reduced groundwater recharge energy needs are met through biomass, and biodiversity loss. The use of dung as fuel primarily fuelwood, used for cooking and instead of manure has affected agriculture, heating resulting in poor soil quality and decreased capacity for absorbing and storing water. Recognizing the urgent need for alternative energy sources, the federal government is Women are disproportionately affected by this undertaking a National Rural Electrification lack of energy as they are the primary Programme (NREP) through Alternative/ providers and users of energy. The time and Renewable Energy Technologies under which physical effort expended by women and girls 335 villages in Balochistan, including 40 in gathering fuel seriously limits their ability to villages in Qila Saifullah, will be electrified engage in educational and income-generating using solar photovoltaic panels. Electricity activities. Women are also exposed to a will be provided to each household for variety of health hazards from cooking over lighting and television, village to run poorly ventilated indoor fires and suffer from a submersible pumps to improve drinking number of respiratory diseases. Women»s water supply and for SMEs. But social needs have to be taken into account in the service infrastructure such as school design and implementation of energy projects. buildings and health units will not be electrified under the NREP. Renewable energy has been tried in Balochistan but it needs to be adopted on a 5.4.3 Issues large scale to meet the energy gap. Solar, wind and biogas energy all need to be Qila Saifullah»s requirements are not being explored for potential use in Qila Saifullah. adequately met due to a severe shortage of energy in the district. This has prevented the Most of all, adequate, reliable data on energy development of SMEs that are dependant on supply and demand in the district needs to be an adequate and dependable supply of generated. electricity or gas. Equally, the provision of energy services to remote rural areas is 5.4.4 Interventions needed to increase their standard of living, health and education. Energy is central to sustainable development 64 and poverty reduction efforts. Major efforts are Azad Mukhtar Grid station at Qila Saifullah

needed to improve the quantity and quality of distribution and marketing system that is energy in Qila Saifullah. An adequate, reliable monitored frequently. This would ensure and affordable supply would have a positive an adequate supply of cylinders, impact on the quality of life in the district, by especially in urban areas generating employment opportunities, improving transportation, health, education ● Introduce metering of electricity used for and water supply and sanitation and reducing agricultural tubewells and adopt slab environmental degradation. The availability of system with tariffs based on units energy would also make significant difference consumed with a reasonable subsidy. in the lives of women, reducing their drudgery Alternately, subsidize introduction of high- and increasing their access to non-polluting efficiency irrigation systems power for lighting, cooking and other household and productive purposes. This can ● Extend electricity coverage from national have dramatic effects on women»s levels of grid and reduce load shedding empowerment, education, literacy, nutrition, health, economic opportunities and ● Develop comprehensive energy sector involvement in community activities. These plan for Qila Saifullah. Given the rural improvements in women»s lives can, in turn, nature of the district, the strategy should have significant beneficial consequences for deliberately address rural energy needs, their families and communities. particularly for small-scale, informal, domestic and agricultural production Short-term activities. The plan should also address energy concerns of women. ● Promote efficient use of energy in transport, agricultural and domestic Medium-term sectors ● Support use of alternative sources of ● Ensure wider availability of LPG through energy such as coal and coal cakes as provision of subsidies and a regulated well as fuel-efficient stoves. Low-cost coal 65 cakes could be made from poor quality ● Encourage use of Compressed Natural coal or wastage from coal mines in the Gas in vehicles, particularly after province. This would also assist in improvement of N-50 and N-70 reducing deforestation and vegetation loss ● Increase off-grid coverage of electricity in ● Assess impact of alternative energy the district, particularly for small sources such as solar photovoltaics settlements that are more than 20 introduced by the NREP kilometres away from national grid and where electrification is not planned within ● Explore potential of natural gas supply to the next decade through the installation villages along N-50 of decentralized small-scale energy systems powered by renewable ● Encourage gas and oil exploration in district technologies using solar photovoltaics, micro-hydro, wind and biogas for small Long-term villages and solar thermal systems for larger settlements ● Raise multi-purpose tree plantations, including trees grown for fuelwood

66 Information and Communications

ecision making needs to be based on current Dinformation and knowledge. Today, that

knowledge is available through a variety of sources such Chapter 6

as media, internet, past experiences, specialists and

stakeholders. Solutions may be complex and require an

integrated rather than sectoral approach. Government

departments, NGOs and field projects are the more

obvious decision-makers but people too are making

local-level decisions about their lives. Consequently,

they also need access to timely information and

knowledge to improve the quality of their lives.

67 Sparse information is available on Qila performance of local government. Hardware Saifullah district, key sources for which are the and software have also become more District Profile 1997, District Census Report affordable, presenting less of a financial 1998 and information provided by the EDOs. problem. They could also be integrated with Further information is available through management information systems such provincial-level documentation such as BEMIS and BHMIS. District-Based Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey 2004 or national-level research studies Public accountability is only possible if conducted by institutions such as the Social information and knowledge is easily available Policy Development Centre and the National either as printed material or on the internet. Institute of Population Studies. Data and Recently, there have been some efforts to information held by CSOs and CBOs is communicate with the public and seek their unknown. In sum, the information that does involvement in data collection or project exist continues to be scattered and Qila design and implementation. The Participatory Saifullah does not have any GIS or Poverty Assessment was carried out in management information system to process Batozai Union Council and involved extensive its own data. dialogues with the community and separate discussions with women. Similarly, the Qila Today, GIS offers a set of tools that has Saifullah IDV consultation phase involved brought efficiency to decision making, allowed meetings with stakeholders. transparency and opened development to public accountability. All over the world, the Communication channels include radio, contribution of this technology at the television and newspapers, the last being municipal level has shown amazing results in more popular in urban areas that rural handling diverse data at various scales and settlements. Radio Pakistan Quetta is received levels of generalization. Even in Pakistan, the throughout the district because of a high initial results of pilots that have used GIS have power radio transmitter at Yaru near Pishin. produced positive results. Pakistan Television»s reception is limited as the district is out of transmission range but a For its part, TMA, Jaranwala District, has low range television booster at Muslim Bagh taken a number of innovative steps to improve does transmit the signal, albeit weakly. As a service delivery. With private sector and NGO result, most people watch satellite television. involvement, the tehsil is constructing a comprehensive database of existing 6.1 Issues infrastructure, including the number of water outlets, pipes, drains, and other details of Qila Saifullah lacks basic information for sewerage, gas and telephone connections. development decision making. This includes a This database has been integrated into a map of the district covering the tehsils and GIS system and used to prepare a master sub-tehsils currently under its jurisdiction, an plan for the town. In Balochistan, the Area accurate assessment of its geographical area Development Programme runs a GIS inherited and basic data on a number of sectors. from foreign-funded projects on natural resources. Systematic collection of data and compilation of statistics in most sectors in the district is Management support systems such as lacking. This mirrors the situation at the databases and management information provincial level where the ability of different systems have also been established at the departments to compile reliable information provincial level. BEMIS and BHMIS collect varies widely and the credibility of statistical district-level data on education and health. information is poor. The only exceptions may be the education and health sectors that have The efficiency of the district administration management information systems supported could be enhanced manifold by using GIS as by the federal government and donor the district map could be digitized and agencies. At the district level, the collection of thematic data linked to it, improving efficiency reliable data and its optimal use needs to be 68 and quality of decision making as well as the emphasized. Information documented during scientific That said, for the information to be credible it research, project development, implementation has to be apolitical and freely disseminated. and monitoring and evaluation is available with Standard visual designs would assist in the agencies, line departments, district recognition of the source and quality of the administrations, project teams, academics, information. consultants and others. Though CSOs also have valuable information on their sectors, little of this information is available or integrated 6.2 Interventions with public sector knowledge. Evaluations or lessons learned are rarely circulated and Short-term shared due to which the opportunity of replication of successful programmes and ● Collect baseline data on the district, projects is lost. covering geographical area, population, social sectors and data needed to update In some cases, information is also withheld MICS and monitor implementation of the from the public on account of national security BPRSP, economic data, particularly on issues. The rules on classified documents mining and minerals and SMEs and a need to be updated so that information natural resource inventory needed for policy planning and management can be shared. One example is the Soil ● Train district government staff in data Reconnaissance Survey Report of Zhob collection and collation, focusing on District which covers the current Qila Saifullah importance of quality and need for district. The report was withheld by the Soil verification Survey of Pakistan and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock on account of its ● Raise awareness through communication classified status. campaigns on: ❒ CCBs More efforts need to be made to raise awareness or elicit public opinion in district ❒ need for active involvement in Census programme and project design and 2008 implementation. While literacy levels are a stumbling block, innovative use of traditional ❒ importance of protecting drinking media such as radio and newspapers could water sources, health-related be made. Communication channels could consequences of unsafe drinking include: water and possible solutions ● local announcements by travelling newscasters to the beat of drums ❒ climate and drought broadcasts

● programmes on radio and television ❒ impact of falling groundwater tables

● community radio ❒ environmental issues

● social and cultural events and community ❒ participation in design and gatherings implementation of large projects

● district government bulletins distributed ❒ employment opportunities with newspapers and pasted at specific points in public sector institutions such as ❒ SMEs schools, colleges, healthcare facilities, bus stands, courts, post offices and markets ❒ new products and innovations in different sectors ● an official district website for local government in Qila Saifullah ❒ value of cultural heritage

69 ❒ moving towards progressive ● Survey information needs of various development practices rather than groups of stakeholders and disseminate adhering to time-bound traditions and material based on need and preferred customs. channels of communication

● Extend radio coverage to remote areas to ● Establish information centres at the enable community service programmes in district, tehsil and union levels to make Pushto and Urdu to be broadcast to available a variety of information on households, farmers, graziers and women government and projects and sustainable natural resource management ● Encourage community radio services that could deliver well-targeted information to ● Strengthen BEMIS and BHMIS at the people district level and install GIS-based management information systems in other ● Explore possibility of infusing teacher departments in the district and LHVs training programmes with modules on current trends and practices ● Liaise with provincial government to in these sectors and on information encourage collection of accurate district- sources in the district. Alternatively, level data consider using LHV network to pass information to women ● Promote use of newspapers as means of communication for the literate and ● Support ulema to raise awareness of encouraging use of pictorial material for successful development initiatives in other non-literate audience districts ● Introduce, promote or expand e-mail service ● Develop and distribute regular in areas where electricity and telephone information material and bulletins on facilities are available to assist quick successful development initiatives in exchange of local-level information and other districts exposure to material available on internet

● Translate QSSoED and QSIDV into Urdu Long-term and distribute copies to key stakeholders and implementing agencies, including all ● Implement local area network between educational institutions, public offices, departments to share information NGOs, provincial departments, relevant electronically, monitor physical federal ministries, agencies and bi- and implementation of projects and multilateral institutions. information dissemination

Medium-term ● Extend television transmission coverage and supply television sets to communities ● Convince departments, research at subsidized rates or gratis to overcome institutions, CSOs and bi- and multilateral problems of communication. Separate agencies to share information, particularly sets would have to be provided for men printed documents and women to ensure that the entire community benefits from the medium

70 Future Programmes and Projects

ila Saifullah is covered by federal and provincial Qlevel programmes and projects with more

planned for the future. Development opportunities Chapter 7

would be created by these initiatives but many

challenges will also have to be faced at the same time

to optimize the social, economic and environmental

benefits that could accrue from these schemes.

71 To take advantage of these large-scale ● accommodate poverty reduction, gender projects, the district government will not only equity and environmental imperatives have to be an active participant in the design, implementation and monitoring process but ● strengthen institutions and competencies also advocate for pro-poor and gender to manage complex issues and devise options, ensure EIA recommendations and solutions their mitigation measures are followed and public-private partnership opportunities ● improve supply of clean drinking water promoted. The programmes will also provide and sanitation, education and healthcare scope for local-level participation, particularly services by communities that may be affected or involved in these developments. ● increase irrigation efficiency through use of technology such as land levelling, on- The current and planned federal and provincial farm water management, bubbler, government initiatives include targeted sprinkler and spray irrigation poverty reduction programmes such as Khushal Pakistan that is slated to focus on ● diversify agriculture to include cultivation improving infrastructure, providing electricity, of high-yield, low delta fruit, vegetable and gas and clean drinking water to people, along other crops with health and education services in rural and low-income areas. Then there is the Rozgar ● launch SMEs based on dairy products, Scheme that is mandated to provide poultry farming, apiculture, sericulture, fruit microcredit facilities for the young and and vegetable processing, wool-based unemployed and serve as a conduit for the enterprises, handicraft production, mineral President»s special grants. In addition, major processing and trade and commerce. communication infrastructure projects are being undertaken that will cover national ● improve mining and minerals sector highways and railway. through better management of mines, increased health and safety procedures Foreign-funded projects include the United and processing at source Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Area ● upgrade communication infrastructure Development Programme and the Food through expansion of district road network Security/Poverty Alleviation in Arid Agriculture: and rail links Balochistan Pilot Project Phase technically supported by FAO. ● conserve cultural and natural areas and promote their use for tourism The GoB is also investing in the Patab Water Development Scheme which is similar to the ● increase multi-purpose tree plantations for Nasai Water Development Scheme. timber, fuel, fodder, water and soil conservation, biodiversity regeneration It is particularly important to keep in mind that and carbon sequestration new and up-coming programmes and projects should provide opportunities to: ● replicate experience of Torghar ● improve governance by strengthening Community Conservation Area devolution and legislation ● establish wildlife protected areas for ● integrate society by focusing on a ecotourism and sustainable consumptive common development agenda use

72 Implementing the Vision

he QSIDV has been developed with the consensus Tand participation of its people. As such, it is their

vision for the future. Similarly, responsibility for Chapter 8

implementation lies not only with the local government

as in the district, tehsil and union administrations but

also with the wider group of stakeholders, including:

● CSOs ● private sector (mining, agriculture, transport, business and tourism)

● media (print, electronic and the internet)

73 ● academia (education and research leaders and tribal chiefs and elders. The EDO, organizations) Finance and Planning will be the secretary of the committee and be responsible for calling ● communities meetings and ensuring implementation of decisions. The committee would meet on a ● provincial government quarterly basis in the first year and six monthly from then onwards. ● Water and Power Development Authority A Management Committee headed by the ● National Highway Authority EDO, Finance and Planning and comprising key implementing agencies, including CSOs, ● Pakistan Railways will be established to ensure coordination, sort out implementation problems and oversee ● federal government monitoring and evaluation. The committee»s membership may be limited to 10 but it may The less obvious stakeholders who may have co-opt as many members as needed at any a stake in the development taking place also particular time. The recommendations of this need to take responsibility and participate in committee regarding progress and unresolved IDV implementation. These include issues would be reported to the steering transporters passing through the district, fruit committee. and vegetable-related SME investors and traders from the Pishin or Rakhni livestock These committees would develop their own markets. Terms of Reference and Rules and Procedures of Business. The district would strive for complete devolution of power, fiscal decentralization The Sustainable Development Forum and revenue generation. To this end, the IDV established during the development phase of will seek to build and use its capacity to the IDV will continue as an open-ended forum identify, develop, resource and implement as it would permit participation of a larger programmes and projects that would put the group of stakeholders in development IDV into practice. Similarly, it would focus on planning. This forum, under the chairmanship human resource development and make use of the Zila Council speaker would meet at of various federal and provincial programmes least once in six months to come up with and projects being implemented in the district points for consideration of the IDV Steering besides launching its own initiatives. Committee.

Foreign-assisted projects or development aid The good offices of the Balochistan Local funds can also be expected to support the Government Commission would be used to programmes, projects and priorities of the IDV enhance understanding and resolve issues since they constitute a home-grown agenda among local governments in the district and developed through a wide consultative province and between the local government process. and the provincial and federal governments. 8.1 Institutional The district would seek the assistance of credible and interested national and Arrangements international organizations or agencies in the implementation of the IDV, including the IDV Steering Committee will be established to promotion of best practises of governance and oversee and guide implementation. Consisting replicable sustainable development processes. of 12 to15 members, the committee will be headed by the zila nazim and include representatives from public sector 8.2 Financial Resources organizations as well as the private sector, including the Kissan Committee, CSOs, Fiscal autonomy is a critical aspect of 74 academia and media, politicians, religious devolution. Fiscal decentralization in general IUCN Pakistan

Capacity building of stakeholders was one of the key steps during development of IDV

means the empowerment of governments at So far, four awards have been announced, various levels to levy taxes, set tax rates and one for each year. The awards were in fact generate a substantial portion of their simulations of four different fiscal transfer revenues independently. In Pakistan, the term systems. The information generated by those refers to the complete financial system, simulations has now enabled the commission including the distribution of resources, transfer to announce an award for a longer period: the of funds, taxation, budgeting, accounting and 5th Award is for the financial years, July 1, auditing. 2006 to June 30, 2009. But this is only a step towards fiscal decentralization as there are Chapters XII and XII-A of the BLGO 2001 still differences in positions on whether the present a landmark change in fiscal award should be area or population based, decentralization and financial management. delays in the finalization of award Fiscal decentralization is channelized through requirements and benefits of the system have the Provincial Finance Commission, a still to become visible. statutory body set up under section 120-A of BLGO 2001. The commission expresses its To date, complete fiscal decentralization to vision in the form of an award the main the districts has not taken place. Nor have objective of which is to provide a the districts been able to generate transparent, formula-based and predictable substantial revenues. Even if small revenues inter-governmental revenue sharing system relating to health and education services are to enable local governments to improve collected by the district government, they service delivery in the district. The formula continue to be deposited in the provincial needs to be acceptable to the districts and revenue account. As a result, district can be based on population, area, governments continue to depend on development status, revenue generation provincial and federal governments for funds capacity and cost of recurring expenditure. for recurring as well as development For a number of reasons, including a lack of expenditure. This situation has caused data, the current formula is based on problems in undertaking any regular activities population and area. by some of the district government 75 departments. The departments related to ● Requesting grants from provincial and natural resources such as forests, agriculture federal governments and livestock have suffered the most. It is important to make best use of the president»s ● Tapping development aid in the form of annual grants and the federal government- grants and soft loans, directly or through supported human resource development channels such as the government or CSOs programmes to build capacity in the district. ● Advocating new criteria for equitable Financial resources and their efficacy could be sharing of funds among local governments enhanced by adopting a number of with the provincial government approaches: ● Implementing all projects in the district ● Advocating complete fiscal decentralization through the district government, irrespective of source of funds, be they federal, provincial or allocations to public 8.3 Monitoring and representatives Evaluation ● Efficient allocation of funds, with a focus Implementation milestones for all on project impact and stringent controls recommendations would be worked out in on public spending collaboration with implementing agencies with administrative and financial assistance being ● Raising local revenue through taxes, provided, if required. Internal monitoring at levies, rents and user charges that are six-monthly intervals and external monitoring retained with the district government annually will be carried out. The lessons learned will be identified, documented and ● Balancing the budget between staff disseminated for replication or scaling up. salaries and activities Whereas monitoring would focus on IDV implementation, evaluation would concentrate ● Dealing firmly with misappropriation of on impacts that have occurred as a result of funds implementation.

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Asian Development Bank, November 2004. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loans and Technical Assistance Grants to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan for the Balochistan Resource Management Program. Manila: ADB. http://www.adb.org/Documents/RRPs/PAK/rrp-pak-37135.pdf

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Asian Development Bank/UK Department for International Development/World Bank, 2004. Devolution in Pakistan: Overview of the ADB/DfID/World Bank Study. Islamabad: ADB/DfID/WB. http://go.worldbank.org/T2550I6GD0 77 Decentralisation Support Program, n.d. Citizen http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/ppa- Community Board Policy Dialogue - balochistan.pdf Outcome Report. http://www.decentralization.org.pk/docs/C Government of Balochistan, 2005. CB.pdf Development Statistics of Balochistan 2003-04. Quetta: Bureau of Statistics, District Government Faisalabad, TMA GoB. Jaranwala. http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk/departments Government of Balochistan, n.d. Agricultural /tma_jaranwala.php Statistics of Balochistan, 2002-03. Quetta: Statistical Wing, Directorate General of EDO Education, Qila Saifullah District, paper Agriculture (Extension), GoB. presented to author, 2006. Government of Balochistan, n.d. Provincial EDO Livestock, Qila Saifullah District, paper Finance Commission, Balochistan, 5th presented to author, 2006. Award, July, 2006 to 30th June, 2009. http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/New%20F Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Food older/PFC%20Report.pdf Programme, 2001. FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Government of Balochistan and IUCN Pakistan, 11 July 2001. Islamabad: Pakistan, 2000. Balochistan Conservation FAO/WFP. Strategy. Karachi: GoB and IUCN. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/y1260e/ y1260e00.htm Government of Balochistan, Planning and Development Department in collaboration Global Water Partnership, GWP Catalyzing with Federal Bureau of Statistics and Change Series, Policy Brief No 4, How UNICEF, 2004. District-Based Multiple IWRM will contribute to achieving the Indicators Cluster Survey 2004. Quetta: MDGs. GoB. http://www.gwpforum.org/gwp/library/ http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/New%20F Policy_brief_4_MDGs.pdf older/Balochistan%20Report.pdf

Global Water Partnership. Institute of Governance Canada, What is http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP Governance? http://www.iog.ca/page.asp?pageID=3&ht Government of Balochistan, 1997. Killa mlarea=home Saifullah-A District Profile. Quetta: Planning and Development Department, International Water Management Institute. GoB. Beyond More Crop Per Drop. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/WWF4/html/ Government of Balochistan, 2001. Balochistan index.htm Local Government Ordinance 2001. Quetta: GoB. IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of www.nrb.gov.pk/publications/Balochistan_ Threatened Species. Local_Government_Ordinance_2001.pdf . Downloaded on 30 April 2007. Government of Balochistan, 2003. Balochistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Johnson, Isabelle, 1997. Redefining the Quetta: GoB. Concept of Governance. Ottawa: Canadian International Development Government of Balochistan, 2003. Between Agency. http://www.acdi cida.gc.ca/INET/ Hope and Despair: Pakistan Participatory IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/HRDG/$file/ Poverty Assessment: Balochistan Report. GovConcept-e.pdf#search= 22definition Quetta: Planning and Development 20concepts 20governance 22 78 Department, GoB. LEAD Pakistan, n.d. District Education Plan- Social Policy and Development Center. 2001. Killa Saifullah, First Draft. Report prepared Social Development in Pakistan: Growth, for USAID Education Sector Reform Inequality and Poverty. Karachi: Oxford Assistance. University Press. http://www.lead.org.pk/proj_edul3.htm UK Department for International Development. Mirza, Mohammad Ali, 2007. Gender and Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets. Energy Considerations in Sustainable http://www.livelihoods.org/info/info_guidan Development Efforts in Pakistan. In Where cesheets.html#6 Energy is Women»s Business: National and Regional Reports from Africa, Asia, UNDP in collaboration with ENERGIA, 2004. Latin America and the Pacific, ed. Gail Energy and Gender for Sustainable Karlsson. Netherlands: ENERGIA, Development: A Toolkit and Resource International Network on Gender and Guide. Sustainable Energy. http://www.undp.org/energy/gendereng. http://www.energia.org/resources/csdpub/ htm natrep_pakistan.pdf UNESCAP, Human Settlements, Local National Commission for Human Government in Asia and the Pacific, Development, verbal communication with Country Reports on Local Government IUCN Balochistan Office, June 7, 2007. Systems: Pakistan. http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/ National Reconstruction Bureau, 2006. Local new-countrypaper/Pakistan/Pakistan.pdf Government System in Pakistan and the Aberdeen Agenda: Symposium on UN/International Strategy for Disaster Strengthening Decentralization in Reduction, 2005. A Review of Disaster Pakistan and the Commonwealth. Management Policies and Systems in Organized by the National Reconstruction Pakistan for World Conference on Bureau in collaboration with Disaster Reduction 2005. Commonwealth Local Government Forum http://www.unisdr.org/eng/country- & Commonwealth Secretariat, July, 2006. inform/reports/Pakistan-report.pdf. Islamabad: NRB. http://www.nrb.gov.pk/ssdp/default.asp Woodford, M.H, M.R. Frisina and G.A. Awan, 2004. The Torghar Project: Habitat and National Reconstruction Bureau, Best Veterinary Concerns for the Management Practices in Local Government System. of the Suleiman Markhor (Capra falconeri http://www.mng.gov.pk/mng/media_ megaceros) and the Afghan Urial (Ovis resources/best_practices.asp orientalis cycloceros) in the Torghar Hills, Balochistan, Pakistan. Paper for LEAD National Reconstruction Bureau in (Livestock, Environment and collaboration with Government of Development) Virtual Research and Balochistan, 2006. International Development Centre, Electronic Conference on Fiscal Decentralization, Conference on Wildlife/Livestock 3-4 May 2006, Islamabad. Fiscal Production Systems Cohabitation or Decentralization Balochistan. Competition. Where do We Stand Today? Islamabad: NRB. Should We Change the Approach? http://www.mng.gov.pk/icfd/balochistan/ October to January 2005. default.asp http://www.virtualcentre.org/fr/ele/econf_0 2_faune/download/t2_08_torghar.doc. Population Census Organization, 2000. District Census Report of Killa Saifullah World Commission on Environment and 1998. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, Development, 1987. Our Common Future. GoP. London: Oxford University Press.

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Millennium Development Goals Targets and Indicators

Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

xure 1 Target 1: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day ● Proportion of Population Below $1 (PPP) per Day (World Bank) ● Poverty Gap Ratio, $1 per day (World Bank) ● Share of Poorest Quintile in National Income or Consumption (World Bank) Anne Target 2: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger ● Prevalence of Underweight Children Under Five Years of Age (UNICEF) ● Proportion of the Population below Minimum Level of Dietary Energy Consumption (FAO)

Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education

Target 3: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling ● Net Enrolment Ratio in Primary Education (UNESCO) ● Proportion of Pupils Starting Grade 1 who Reach Grade 5 (UNESCO) ● Literacy Rate of 15-24 year-olds (UNESCO)

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 ● Ratio of Girls to Boys in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Education (UNESCO) ● Ratio of Literate Women to Men 15-24 years old (UNESCO) ● Share of Women in Wage Employment in the Non-Agricultural Sector (ILO) ● Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments (IPU)

Goal 4. Reduce child mortality

Target 5: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five ● Under-Five Mortality Rate (UNICEF) ● Infant Mortality Rate (UNICEF) ● Proportion of 1 year-old Children Immunised Against Measles (UNICEF)

Goal 5. Improve maternal health

Target 6: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio 80 ● Maternal Mortality Ratio (WHO)

● Proportion of Births Attended by Skilled ● Proportion of the Population with Access Health Personnel (UNICEF) to Improved Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF)

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and Target 11: Achieve significant improvement other diseases in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020 Target 7: Halt and begin to reverse the ● Slum population as age of urban spread of HIV/AIDS population (secure tenure index) (UN- ● HIV Prevalence Among 15-24 year-old Habitat) Pregnant Women (UNAIDS) ● Condom use rate of the contraceptive Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for prevalence rate and Population aged 15- development 24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS(UNAIDS, UNICEF, Target 12. Develop further an open, rule- UN Population Division, WHO) based, predictable, non-discriminatory ● Ratio of school attendance of orphans to trading and financial system Includes a school attendance of non-orphans aged commitment to good governance, 10-14 years development, and poverty reduction ƒ both nationally and internationally Target 8: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major Target 13. Address the special needs of the diseases least developed countries Includes: tariff ● Prevalence and Death Rates Associated and quota free access for least developed with Malaria (WHO): countries» exports; enhanced programme ● Proportion of Population in Malaria Risk of debt relief for HIPCs and cancellation of Areas Using Effective Malaria Prevention official bilateral debt; and more generous and Treatment Measures (UNICEF): ODA for countries committed to poverty ● Prevalence and Death Rates Associated reduction with Tuberculosis (WHO): ● Proportion of Tuberculosis Cases Target 14. Address the special needs of Detected and Cured Under Directly- landlocked countries and small island Observed Treatment Short Courses (WHO) developing States

Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Target 15. Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries Target 9: Integrate the principles of through national and international sustainable development into country measures in order to make debt policies and programmes; reverse loss of sustainable in the long term. environmental resources ● Forested land as age of land area (FAO) Target 16: In cooperation with developing ● Ratio of Area Protected to Maintain countries, develop and implement strategies Biological Diversity to Surface Area for decent and productive work for youth. (UNEP) ● Energy supply (apparent consumption; Kg Target 17: In cooperation with oil equivalent) per $1,000 (PPP) GDP pharmaceutical companies, provide access (World Bank) to affordable essential drugs in developing ● Carbon Dioxide Emissions (per capita) and countries. Consumption of Ozone-Depleting CFCs (ODP tons): Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new Target 10: Reduce by half the proportion of technologies, especially information and people without sustainable access to safe communications. drinking water ● Proportion of the Population with Source: UNDP, Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Access to and Improved MDG Targets and Indicators. Water Source (WHO/UNICEF) http://www.undp.org/mdg/goallist.shtml 81 Millennium Development Goals Indicators for Balochistan

xure 2 Balochistan Urban Rural Quetta Quetta Qila Zarghoon Chilton Saifullah

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Have, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age) 43 41 44 √ √ √ Anne Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Ensure that, by 2015, childern everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be to complete a full course of primary schooling

Net enrolment ratio in primary education (m) 28 24 46 52 52 29 Net enrolment ratio in primary education (f) 20 16 39 41 39 28 Net enrolment ratio in primary education (tot) 24 20 43 47 47 28 Gross Primary Enrolment rate (m) 56 82 50 89 112 66 Gross Primary Enrolment rate (f) 35 65 30 66 70 51 Gross Primary Enrolment rate (tot) 46 74 40 79 92 59 Net Secondary Enrolment rate (m) 23 41 19 40 34 18 Net Secondary Enrolment rate (f) 14 35 9 38 28 11 Net Secondary Enrolment rate (tot) 19 38 15 39 31 15 Literacy rate 10 years+ (m) 39 65 33 70 63 31 Literacy rate 10 years+ (f) 16 40 10 46 33 11 Literacy rate 10 years+ (tot) 28 54 23 59 49 22 Literacy rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (m) 51 77 45 79 73 47 Literacy rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (f) 24 53 17 54 50 19 Literacy rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (tot) 39 66 32 68 63 35

Goal: 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Ratio females/males: Net Enrolment ratio in primary education 0.71 0.67 0.85 0.78 0.69 0.96 Ratio females/males: Gross Enrolment ratio in primary education 0.64 0.79 0.59 0.74 0.62 0.77 Ratio females/males: Net Enrolment ratio in secondary education 0.62 0.86 0.48 0.94 0.81 0.57 Ratio of literate females to males among 10+ years 0.41 0.61 0.31 0.67 0.52 0.35 Ratio of literate females to males among 15-to 24-year-olds 0.47 0.69 0.37 0.68 0.69 0.41 Women in wage employment (non-agricultural) % female to total 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.03 82 Balochistan Urban Rural Quetta Quetta Qila Zarghoon Chilton Saifullah

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under five mortality rate

Under-five mortality rate 158 130 164 √ √ √ Infant mortality rate 104 88 106 √ √ √ Proportion of one-year-olds immunized against measles (EPI) √ √ √ 67 √ 31

Goal 5: Improve maternal health Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015 the maternal mortality ratio

Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 births 600 √ √ √ √ √ Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 21 47 16 55 74 11 Coverage of Pre-natal care (by any health worker) 53 74 48 75 97 23 Population covered by 21 33 18 26 23 6 Lady health workers (LHW»s)

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseases

Contraceptive Prevalence (any) 14 36 10 38 79 4 Contraceptive Prevalence (modern) 13 33 9 35 60 3 Aware of HIV/AIDS 18 51 11 58 56 6 Prevalence of TB (/100,000) 1079 789 1142 106 37 2497

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source (U/R) - within 2 km or 1/2 hour away (RT) 48 90 39 97 77 34 Urban/Rural population with access to improve sanitation 40 91 29 97 70 7

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth. With the private sector, use the benefit of new technologies

Un-employement rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (m) 33.7 34.8 33.5 27.8 53.9 20.3 Un-employment rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (f) 46.4 44.3 47.1 21.6 73.7 28.3 Un-employment rate of 15-to 24-year-olds (tot) 35.1 35.7 34.8 27.4 54.9 20.8 Telephone lines per 100 population 1.06 0.61 3.07 4.42 2.57 0.17 Mobile phones per 100 population 0.10 0.04 0.38 0.93 0.64 0.00 Personal computers per 100 population 0.08 0.02 0.33 0.63 0.31 0.00 Internet per 100 population 0.04 0.01 0.16 0.40 0.06 0.00

Source: Adapted from GoB, Planning and Development Department in collaboration with Federal Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF, 2004. District-Based Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey 2004. Quetta: GoB 83 Map of Qila Saifullah xure 3 Anne

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