Grundlagen Der Stammes- & Clanstruktur

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Grundlagen Der Stammes- & Clanstruktur Dossier der Staatendokumentation Grundlagen der Stammes- & Clanstruktur I Dossier der Staatendokumentation Grundlagen der Stammes- & Clanstruktur Impressum Herausgeber Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl (BFA) Landstraßer Hauptstraße 169 / 1030 Wien / Österreich [email protected] Redaktion BFA | Staatendokumentation | Thomas Schrott Lektorat BFA | Staatendokumentation | Werner Miedl-Rissner, Gerlinde Winsauer, Hermann Wolkensteiner Layout & Design BFA | Staatendokumentation | Martin Angel Druck Bundesministerium für Inneres (BM.I) Das Produkt der Staatendokumentation und die darin enthaltenen Daten sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die Werknutzungsrechte sind dem Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl vorbehalten. Ohne vorherige schriftliche Zustimmung des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl ist die Vervielfältigung und Verbreitung der Daten sowie deren kommerzielle Nutzung nicht gestattet. Des Weiteren ist es untersagt, die Daten ohne vorherige schriftliche Zustimmung des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl ins Internet zu stellen, und zwar auch bei unentgeltlicher Verbreitung. Eine zulässige Weiterverwendung ist jedenfalls nur mit korrekter Quellenangabe gestattet. Der Inhalt der Publikation wurde mit größtmöglicher Sorgfalt recherchiert, Fehler im Bearbeitungsvorgang sind dennoch nicht auszuschließen. Eine Haftung für die Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit und Aktualität der Inhalte kann trotz sorgfältiger Prüfung nicht übernommen werden. Das Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl, sowie alle Autorinnen und Autoren und andere Mitwirkende an der Publikation, übernehmen keinerlei Haftung für eventuelle Schäden oder Konsequenzen, die insbesondere durch die direkte oder indirekte Nutzung der angebotenen Inhalte entstehen. Die Beiträge dieser Publikation geben die Meinungen und Ansichten der Autorinnen und Autoren wieder und stehen nicht für inhaltliche insbesondere politische Positionen der Herausgeber oder des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl. Das gegenständliche Produkt der Staatendokumentation des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl wurde gemäß den vom Staatendokumentationsbeirat definierten Standards erstellt. Das Produkt erhebt keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit und es ergeben sich hieraus keine Schlussfolgerungen für die rechtliche Beurteilung eines konkreten Asylverfahrens. Das vorliegende Dokument kann insbesondere auch nicht als politische Stellungnahme seitens der Staatendokumentation oder des Bundesamtes für Fremdenwesen und Asyl gewertet werden. Das gegenständliche Produkt basiert zur Gänze auf den zitierten Quellen. ISBN: 978-3-903109-01-8 © 2016 Bundesamt für Fremdenwesen und Asyl Inhalt Rüdiger Lohlker Vorwort ..........................................................................................................................................................5 Lutz Rzhak Ethnische Gruppen und Strukturen ............................................................................................................9 FATA Research Centre Das Pashtunwali: Eine Analyse der Lebensweise der Paschtunen ..........................................................30 Grant Farr Die Hazara ....................................................................................................................................................61 Dina Latek Religiös-basierte Wohlfahrtsstrukturen in islamischen Gesellschaften am Beispiel Afghanistans ............................................................................................................................81 Vorwort Afghanistan – Reflexionen über einen ungewöhnlichen Fall Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Rüdiger Lohlker Differenz zu denken, ist unter normalen Umständen nicht einfach, unter schwierigen wird es umso schwerer. Afghanistan stellt in vielfacher Hinsicht einen Fall von Differenz dar. Während es in früheren Jahrzehnten durchaus möglich war, etwas über das tatsächliche (Land-) Leben in Afghanistan zu erfahren1, ist die Situation heute eine völlig andere. Der vorliegende Band versucht eine Annäherung aus mehreren Perspektiven. Wird über Afghanistan gesprochen und geschrieben, kommen einem die Worte in den Sinn, die von Donald Rumsfeld in Erinnerung bleiben werden: „There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. These are things we do not know we don’t know.“ Auch wenn es vom Sprecher nicht beabsichtigt war, trifft diese Aussage für viele heutige Sachverhalte zu. Das Pashtunwali dürfte in die Kategorie known unknowns bis hin zum unknown unknown fallen, war es ja als Begriff manch Paschtunen nicht bekannt, löste sogar Kopfschütteln aus2 und war vielleicht eher als ethnische Selbstmarkierung verstehbar. Es ist also eher als Rechtsgewohnheit denn als Recht zu verstehen. Dies erklärt auch den oft konstatierten Widerspruch zwischen islamischen (Gelehrten-)Recht und Rechtsgewohnheit, der sich auflöst, wenn wir verstehen, dass das islamische gelehrte Recht nicht den konstitutiven Kern des Islams ausmacht. Wenn zudem in ganz anderem Zusammenhang – nämlich dem Tourismus – darauf verwiesen wird, dass in einer hybriden Weiterentwicklung der Social Exchange Theory für Afghanistan, das Pashtunwali eine Rolle spielt3, scheint eine Exploration dieses Feldes sinnvoll. Der praktischen Anwendung des Pashtunwali widmet sich so auch ein Beitrag in diesem Band mit dem Schwerpunkt auf die paschtunischen Stammesregionen. Tribale Verhältnisse sind ein anderes Phänomen, das häufig bestenfalls ein known unknown ist, insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung historischer 1 S. als Beispiel Barfield, Thomas (2010) 2 So Glatzer, Bernt (2000) 3 Ich beziehe mich hier auf die Darstellung bei Coulson, Andrea B. u. a. (2014) 5 Vorwort Transformationen.4 Häufig werden – und dies wird immer wieder negativ angemerkt – mit dem ausschließlichen Blick auf militärische Akteure in Afghanistan andere Strukturen nicht beachtet: „Mit diesem Blick ausschließlich auf die militärischen Akteure ignorierte die internationale Gemeinschaft ebenso wie die afghanische Regierung die Tatsache, dass in der Vergangenheit ‚Dorfgemeinschaften, Clans, Stammesgruppierungen und religiös definierte örtliche Gemeinschaften die wichtigsten Bezugspunkte für politische Identität und politisches Handeln darstellten‘ […] Dieser Ausschluss wichtiger Beteiligter und vor allem der Mehrheit der afghanischen Bevölkerung hat neben anderen Faktoren dazu beigetragen, dass Afghanistan nach wie vor bestenfalls ein fragiler Staat ist.“5 Gerade angesichts der Bedeutsamkeit tribaler Strukturen in und um Afghanistan sind diesen Bereichen mehrere Beiträge gewidmet: ein allgemeiner Überblick mit besonderem Augenmerk auf tribale Bündnisse, ein Beitrag spezifisch auf die Verhältnisse in paschtunischen Stammesregionen gerichtet, einer zur Minderheit der Hazara und den unter ihnen vorherrschenden Verhältnissen, die sich von denen unter den Paschtunen unterscheiden, und einer zu den sozialen Hilfefunktionen tribaler Strukturen. Eine solche Zusammenstellung hilft etlichen Problemen des Umganges mit Situationen in Afghanistan ab. Im von Whit Mason herausgegebenen Band The Rule of Law in Afghanistan lesen wir: „Virtually all the problems identified throughout this book are the result of trying to mechanistically impose alien institutional models rather than seeing issues of legitimacy, compliance, security and justice through Afghans’ eyes. What does ‘credibility’ mean in the Afghanistan context? What factors contribute to the development of legitimate authority? How many Afghans can believe in a government that includes notorious warlords, has done nothing to address years of human rights atrocities, and retained power through a discredited election? How can an international intervention help address these? As Kilcullen writes, in the insecure conditions of insurgency, popular support and compliance follow power rather than power emanating from popular support. Yet a fair share of justice programming in Afghanistan has comprised preaching about human rights and the constitution to people living under the influence of the Taliban and other insurgent groups. Such programmes ignore the famous Kantian axiom that ‘“ought” implies “can”’ [...] – that is, it is absurd to say someone should do something that they cannot do. This minimalist requirement that interventions take account of the realities prevailing in the societies that they attempt to change is among the most 4 Zu diesen Transformationen s. Giustozzi, Antonio/Ullah, Noor (2006) 5 Karokhail, Masood/Schmeidl, Susanne (2006), S.64f. 6 Vorwort important principles of political development.“6 Gerade diesem „minimalen Erfordernis“ versucht der vorliegende Band nachzukommen, der den Realitäten in der afghanischen Gesellschaft nachspürt und sich nicht am reinen Sollen orientiert. 6 Mason, Whit (2011), S.321. 7 Vorwort Literatur Barfield, Thomas 2010, Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History, Princeton, NJ/Oxford: Princeton University Press. Coulson, Andrea B. u. a. 2014, Hospitality codes and Social Exchange Theory: The Pashtunwali and Tourism in Afghanistan, in Tourism Management 45, S.134-141. Giustozzi, Antonio/Ullah, Noor 2006, „Tribes“ and Warlords in Southern Afghanistan, 1980-2005, London: Crisis States Research Centre. Glatzer, Bernt: Zum Pashtunwali als ethnischem Selbstproträt, in: Günther Bast/Reinhart Kößler (Hg.): Subjekte und Systeme: Soziologische und anthropologische Annäherungen. Festschrift für Christian Sigrist zum 65. Geburtstag, Frankfurt
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