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Nature in Megacities São Paulo/ Brazil - a Case Study

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Nature in Megacities São Paulo/ Brazil - a Case Study Retro-innovating NATURE IN MEGACITIES São Paulo/ Brazil - A Case Study São Paulo/ Weimar 2010 Retro-innovating NATURE IN MEGACITIES São Paulo/ Brazil - A Case Study Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar vorgelegt von Jörg Spangenberg geb. 07. Juli 1972 Weimar, 2009 Erstbetreuer: Prof. Max Welch Guerra Zweitbetreuerin: Prof. Marcia Peinado Alucci Gutachter (nach der Disputation nachzutragen) ................................................... ................................................... Tag der Disputation:............................... ACKNOLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who helped, me time to think and to develop. I am Cecília Mueller, Daniel Cóstola, Érica Flavio Laurenza Fatigati, Elaine Pereira encouraged and supported me during the especially grateful to the professors at Umakoshi, Johnny Klemke, Almeida, da Silva, Cyra Malta Olegário da Costa years I have worked on this thesis. LABAUT (Laboratory of Environmental Lara del Bosco, Luciana, Luciana Ferreira, and Eduardo Panten of the Secretaria do Comfort and Energy Efficiency) at the Mônica Marcondes, Norberto Moura, Verde e do Meio Ambiente (SVMA) for First of all I am particularly grateful to my Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Rodrigo Cavalcante, Sabrina Agostini information, data and discussions and tutors who have contributed in different of the University of São Paulo and Simone Buttner which helped with Anja Fritzsch of the Alfred Herrenhausen ways, languages and countries: Prof. FAUUSP (Brazil) Profa. Dra. Joana discussions, measurements and as Society in Berlin. Max Welch Guerra my main supervisor Gonçalves, Profa. Dra. Anésia Barros interviewers. chair of Spatial Planning Department of Frota, Prof. Dra. Roberta Kronka, and Prof. Susannah Hagan of the University the Bauhaus University in Weimar (in Prof. Fernando Cremonesi for their Special thanks also to Wolfram Lange of East London and Prof. Simmos Yannas Germany) who helped with the general collaboration, energy, patience and and Prof. Dr. Marcelo Eduardo Giacaglia of the Architectural Association for conception, approach, questions of spatial hospitality during the development and Johannes Flacke for GIS help. Highly discussing the questions of sustainable planning, the description and analysis the process of this work which mainly appreciated is also the help from especially and climatically adapted urban spaces socio-economical situation. Profa. Marcia happened in São Paulo. Mike Lehman, Erik Ray and Steven Haley in São Paulo. My friends and colleagues Peinado Alucci at LABAUT (Laboratory (of the NGO American Forests based Humberto Kzure-Cerqueira, Oscar of Environmental Comfort and Energy Especially I would also like to thank a in Washington D.C.) for donating the Niemeyer, Benedito Abbud, Thomas Efficiency) at the Faculty of Architecture group of researchers (“os verdinhos”) tool CITYgreen for the study and to help Engel, Carlos Leite, Mario Biselli, Newton and Urbanism of the University of São consisting of Erik Johansson and Paula adjustment of the input data to São Paulo Sodre, Marco Palhares, Celi Cavalari, Erika Paulo (in Brazil) who gave important Shinzato, Mariana Lino Gouvêa and conditions. La Groteria, João Godoy, the Bijari group, advice throughout the work, especially Profa. Dra. Denise Duarte, as well as, Prof. and Cãndido Malta. were it looks deeper into the worlds of Ednilson Freitas for creative and inspiring Michael Bruse and Prof. Lutz Katschner measuring, modeling, quantifying and discussions on the need to “not reinvent for help concerning questions on Last, but not least, I want to thank my monetizing. the wheel” and collaboration. Further the climate, thermal comfort and ENVI- family. I am most grateful to my wife colleagues of the lab Alessandra Prata, met simulations, Heike Köckler and Thelma, my parents Uta and Peter- Further I am grateful to the Holcim Rafael Brandão, Leonardo Monteiro, Tadeu Fabrício Malheiros, for explaining Ludwig and my sister Edda for their Foundation of Sustainable Construction Andrea Vosgueritchian, Anarrita Buoro, concepts and methodologies for indicator encouragement, support and patience for the financial support and to give Anna Miana, Bruna Luz, Carolina Leite, development for environmental quality. during the difficult phases of this work. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 09 3.1.2 Verticalisation x Sprawl (1915-1929) ......................................................... 41 3.1.3 Metropolization (1930 – 2009) .................................................................. 46 LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Socio-Environmental Conflicts Today......................................................... 54 3.2.1 Tropical Urban Climate .............................................................................. 55 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 15 3.2.2 São Paulo’s Urban Forest ........................................................................... 59 3.2.3 Transport and Air Pollution ........................................................................ 63 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................. 16 3.2.4 Water Access and Use ............................................................................... 64 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 17 4 THE ROLE OF URBAN VEGETATION ............................................................ 65 4.1 Plant Physiology and Climate..................................................................... 65 RESUMO ................................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1 Solar Radiation .......................................................................................... 66 4.1.2 Reflection, Absorption and Transmission .................................................. 66 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 19 4.1.3 Urban Whites versus Greens ..................................................................... 68 4.1.4 Evapotranspiration Cooling of Plant Surfaces ............................................ 68 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF MEGACITIES ...................................... 25 4.1.5 Carbon Sequestration and Growth ............................................................ 71 2.1 Concept Nature ......................................................................................... 26 4.2 Parameters for Urban Vegetation Cover .................................................... 71 2.2 Humans and Environment ......................................................................... 27 4.2.1 Vegetation Land Cover ............................................................................... 71 2.3 Indicators for Urban Quality of Life and Sustainability .............................. 27 4.2.2 Green Weightened Index (Glw) ................................................................. 72 2.4 Environmental Comfort ............................................................................. 31 4.2.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI) of typical urban Trees .............................................. 72 2.5 Perception of the Urban Space .................................................................. 33 4.2.4 Leaf Area Density (LAD) ............................................................................. 77 4.3 Limitations and Need for Growth Models ................................................. 77 3 CITY x FOREST ............................................................................................ 34 3.1 The historical Roots and the Brazil Tree .................................................... 35 5 COST-BENEFIT APPROACH ......................................................................... 80 3.1.1 Colonialization until Modernization (1554-1915) ...................................... 36 5.1 Overview for Estimations of Cost-Benefit Analysis .................................... 82 5.2 Costs .......................................................................................................... 82 6.3.3.2 Modelling Method ..................................................................................... 112 5.2.1 Planting and Maintainance ........................................................................ 82 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 113 5.2.2 Indirect Costs and Drawbacks .................................................................... 84 7.1 Results ....................................................................................................... 113 5.3 Benefits ...................................................................................................... 84 7.1.1 Thermal Comfort and Energy Conservation .............................................. 113 5.3.1 Environmental Benefits ............................................................................. 84 7.1.2 Stormwater Retention ............................................................................... 117 5.3.2 Social Benefits
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