Purusha Suktam Class-V
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Art. IX.—On the Interpretation of the Veda
303 ART. IX.—On, the Interpretation of the Veda. BY J. MUIR, Esq. I AM led to make some remarks on the subject of this paper by a passage in Mr. Cowell'3 preface to the fourth volume of the late Professor Wilson's translation of the Big- veda, which appears to me unduly to depreciate the services which have already been rendered by those eminent scholars both in Germany and in England who have begun to apply the scientific processes of modern philology to the explanation of this ancient hymn-collection. Mr. Cowell admits (p. vi.),— " As Vaidik studies progress, and more texts are published and studied, fresh light will be thrown on these records of the ancient world; and we may gradually attain a deeper insight into their meaning than the mediaeval Hindus could possess, just as a modern scholar may understand Homer more thoroughly than the Byzantine scholiasts." But he goes on to say :— "It is easy to depreciate native commentators, but it is not so easy to supersede them; and while I would by no means uphold Sayana as infallible, I confess that, in the present early stage of Vaidik studies in Europe, it seems to me the safer course to follow native tradition rather than to accept too readily the arbitrary con- jectures which continental scholars so often hazard." Without considering it necessary to examine, or defend, all the explanations of particular words proposed by the foreign lexicographers alluded to by Mr. Cowell, I yet venture to think that those scholars have been perfectly justified in com- mencing at once the arduous task of expounding the Veda on the principles of interpretation which they have adopted and enunciated. -
MAEL-203.Pdf
CONTENTS BLOCK 1 Selections from Ancient Texts Page No. Unit 1 Rigveda: Purusha Sukta 1-13 Unit 2 Isha Upanishad 14-30 Unit 3 The Mahabharata: The Yaksha-Yudhishthira Dialogue I 31-45 Unit 4 The Mahabharata: The Yaksha-Yudhishthira Dialogue II 46-76 BLOCK 2 Poetry in Translation Unit 5 Selections from Songs of Kabir 96-109 Unit 6 Selections from Ghalib 110-119 Unit 7 Rabindranath Tagore: Songs from Gitanjali 120-131 BLOCK 3 Poetry in English Unit 8 Sri Aurobindo and his Savitri 132-147 Unit 9 Savitri , Book Four: The Book of Birth and Quest 148-161 Unit 10 Nissim Ezekiel: “Philosophy”, “Enterprise” 162-173 Unit 11 Kamla Das: “Freaks”, “A Hot Noon in Malabar” 167-178 BLOCK 4 Fiction Unit 12 Somdev: Selections from Kathasaritsagar 174-184 Unit 13 Raja Rao: Kanthapura –I 185-191 Unit 14 Raja Rao: Kanthapura –II 192-200 BLOCK 5 Drama Unit 15 Kalidasa: Abhijnanashakuntalam –I 201-207 Unit 16 Kalidasa: Abhijnanashakuntalam –II 208-231 Unit 17 Vijay Tendulkar: Ghasiram Kotwal –I 232-240 Unit 18 Vijay Tendulkar: Ghasiram Kotwal –II 241-257 Indian Writing in English and in English Translation MAEL-203 UNIT ONE RIGVEDA: PURUSHA-SUKTA 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Objectives 1.3. A Background to Purusha-Sukta 1.4. Analysing the Text 1.4.1. The Purusha 1.4.2. Verse by verse commentary 1.4.3. The Yajna 1.5. Summing Up 1.6. Answers to Self Assessment Questions 1.7. References 1.8. Terminal and Model Questions Uttarakhand Open University 1 Indian Writing in English and in English Translation MAEL-203 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Block: Block One explores the foundations of Indian Literature. -
Role of Environment in Vedic Literature
IJA MH International Journal on Arts, Management and Humanities 7(1): 147-150(2018) ISSN No. (Online): 2319–5231 Role of Environment in Vedic Literature Puspa Saikia Assistant Professor, Department of Sanskrit, Ghanakanta Baruah College, Marigaon, Assam, INDIA (Corresponding author: Puspa Saikia) (Received 15 February, 2018, Accepted 27 April, 2018) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net) ABSTRACT: Environment is surrounding the whole gamut of diverse. It includes the land, water, vegetation, air and the whole range of the social order and covers all the disciplines, such as chemistry, biology, ecology, sociology etc. that affect and describe these interactions. Environment would automatically be protected through ethical and spiritual life of the people. Indian life rotates around Indian literature contained in Vedas, Upanishads, Epics and the puranas with dharmashastras in the background. Veda is considered the main source of knowledge. The Vedic literature gives us the genuine principles to adjust with our environment and lead a spiritual life full of bliss. The Veda specially has dealt in detail about various aspects of environment and showed more concern for ecology. Most of the environmental problems of the present day are essentially man made. The role of man is therefore important for shape the environment in perfect harmony. So the proper following of the Vedic techniques, methods and principles and the new knowledge generated through science and technological research should be employed to save the human beings from environmental degradation. I. INTRODUCTION Environment is surrounding the whole range in which we observed, experience and react to event and changes. Environmental Science in its broadest sense in the science of complex interactions that occur among the terrestrial, atmospheric, aquatic, living the anthropological environments and includes all the disciplines such as chemistry, biology, ecology, sociology etc. -
Why I Became a Hindu
Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita -
Vedic Brahmanism and Its Offshoots
Vedic Brahmanism and Its Offshoots Buddhism (Buddha) Followed by Hindūism (Kṛṣṇā) The religion of the Vedic period (also known as Vedism or Vedic Brahmanism or, in a context of Indian antiquity, simply Brahmanism[1]) is a historical predecessor of Hinduism.[2] Its liturgy is reflected in the Mantra portion of the four Vedas, which are compiled in Sanskrit. The religious practices centered on a clergy administering rites that often involved sacrifices. This mode of worship is largely unchanged today within Hinduism; however, only a small fraction of conservative Shrautins continue the tradition of oral recitation of hymns learned solely through the oral tradition. Texts dating to the Vedic period, composed in Vedic Sanskrit, are mainly the four Vedic Samhitas, but the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and some of the older Upanishads (Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana) are also placed in this period. The Vedas record the liturgy connected with the rituals and sacrifices performed by the 16 or 17 shrauta priests and the purohitas. According to traditional views, the hymns of the Rigveda and other Vedic hymns were divinely revealed to the rishis, who were considered to be seers or "hearers" (shruti means "what is heard") of the Veda, rather than "authors". In addition the Vedas are said to be "apaurashaya", a Sanskrit word meaning uncreated by man and which further reveals their eternal non-changing status. The mode of worship was worship of the elements like fire and rivers, worship of heroic gods like Indra, chanting of hymns and performance of sacrifices. The priests performed the solemn rituals for the noblemen (Kshsatriya) and some wealthy Vaishyas. -
Women in Hindu Dharma- a Tribute
Women in Hindu Dharma- a Tribute Respected Ladies and Gentlemen1, Namaste! Women and the Divine Word:- Let me start my talk with a recitation from the Vedas2, the ‘Divinely Exhaled’ texts of Hindu Dharma – Profound thought was the pillow of her couch, Vision was the unguent for her eyes. Her wealth was the earth and Heaven, When Surya (the sun-like resplendent bride) went to meet her husband.3 Her mind was the bridal chariot, And sky was the canopy of that chariot. Orbs of light were the two steers that pulled the chariot, When Surya proceeded to her husband’s home!4 The close connection of women with divine revelation in Hinduism may be judged from the fact that of the 407 Sages associated with the revelation of Rigveda, twenty-one5 are women. Many of these mantras are quite significant for instance the hymn on the glorification of the Divine Speech.6 The very invocatory mantra7 of the Atharvaveda8 addresses divinity as a ‘Devi’ – the Goddess, who while present in waters, fulfills all our desires and hopes. In the Atharvaveda, the entire 14th book dealing with marriage, domestic issues etc., is attributed to a woman. Portions9 of other 19 books are also attributed to women sages10. 1 It is a Hindu tradition to address women before men in a group, out of reverence for the former. For instance, Hindu wedding invitations are normally addressed ‘To Mrs. and Mr. Smith’ and so on and not as ‘To Mr. And Mrs. Smith’ or as ‘ To Mr. and Mrs. John Smith’ or even as ‘To Mrs. -
Cyavana Helps Ashvins, Prometheus Helps Humans
Nick Allen: Cyavana Helps Aśvins, Prometheus Helps Humans 13 Cyavana Helps Ashvins, Prometheus Helps Humans: A Myth About Sacrifice NICK ALLEN University of Oxford Though founded by linguists, the field of Indo-European Studies has developed two offshoots or annexes – the archaeological and the socio-cultural. The sociocultural can be subdivided in various ways, for instance into domains (social structure, pantheon, myth/epic and ritual, legal systems, and so on), and/or by regions – which is to say, by branches of the language family. One tempting regional comparison is between India and Greece. This too can be subdivided, for instance on the basis of the texts used for the comparison. As regards India, much work has focused on the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda, on the grounds that ‘earlier’ texts are more likely to contain Indo-European heritage than ‘later’ ones.1 However, contrary to this reasonable expectation, the allusive, elusive – even cryptic – Rig Veda offers less narrative material suitable for comparison with Greece than does the copious epic tradition, especially the vast Mahābhārata. A certain amount has been done on Homer-Mahābhārata comparison (e.g., Allen 2010), and another paper from the same point of view (Allen 2005) presented a Hesiod-Mahābhārata comparison. The present paper continues the latter direction of study, though by no means exhausting its possibilities. The comparison concerns the myth of origin of a ritual. The Greek myth concerns animal sacrifice in general, while the Sanskrit is more specialised in that it concerns only soma sacrifices. The first tasks are to introduce the helpers who appear in my title and whom I call ‘the protagonists’, and to contextualise the stories about them. -
Decoding the Elements of Human Rights from the Verses of Ancient Vedic Literature and Dhar- Maśāstras: an Exegetical Study
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 July 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202107.0648.v1 Article Decoding the elements of human rights from the verses of Ancient Vedic literature and Dhar- maśāstras: An Exegetical Study Authors: Shailendra Kumara Sanghamitra Choudhurybcdef a Department of Management, Sikkim University, India b Department of Asian Studies, St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK c Department of History and Anthropology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK d Hague Academy of International Law, Hague, the Netherlands e Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India f Department of Peace and Conflict Studies and Management, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India Abstract: This manuscript aims to provide a nuanced study of the idea of rights and duties prevalent in ancient Vedic society through Vedic literature and Dharmaśāstras . This manuscript delves into the exegesis of the Védas and Dhar- maśāstras to accomplish this. The archaic Vedic literature and Dharmaśāstra texts are the origin and backbone of Sanskrit literature. They have a plethora of ideas that, if accepted, could be quite useful for the protection of any person's human rights. In Védas and Dharmaśāstras, rights and duties complement each other, and rights are integrated by duties. According to these texts, rights and duties are correlated and the relationship between rights and duties leads to the core concept of dharma (constitutional laws). Dharma is a systematic Sanskrit con- cept that includes traditions, obligation, morals, laws, order, and justice. It was a unique concept of dharma that kept checks and balances on sovereign officials and prevented them from becoming autocratic and anarchist. -
Pancha Suktam.Pdf
Sincere Thanks To 1. Smt Kalyani Krishnamachari for translating into English the Tamil text on Purusha sUkta commentary by u.vE.SrI Melma Raghavan svAmi available in the appendices. 2. SrI Srinivasan Narayanan for addition of Sanskrit texts, transliteration in English and proof reading text 3. Neduntheru SrI Mukund Srinivasan, SrI Kausik Sarathy, SrI V.C.Govindarajan for images 4. Smt Jayashree Muralidharan for cover design and eBook assembly www.sadagopan.org Table of contents Introduction : 1 purusha sUkta mantrams and comments : 3 mudgala upanishat : 27 purusha sUkta nyAsam : 33 purusha sUkta mantrArtha nirupaNam : 37 Appendices : 41 mudgala upanishat mantram : 43 PuruSha sUktam ‐ Tamil Commentaries by nyAya sAhitya shiromaNi : 49 ubhayavedAnta vidvAn shrI mElmA. Narasimha tAtAcArya svAmi Translation into English of SrI. u. ve vidvAn shrI mElmA Narasimha tAtacArya svAmi‘s : 55 Tamil commentaries by Smt. KalyANi KrshNamAcAri www.sadagopan.org ‘parama purushan’ ‐ SrI devi, BhU devi sameta SrI PeraruLALa perumAL ‐ Tirukkacchi (Thanks: SrI Kausik Sarathy) www.sadagopan.org Foreword Who we are, how did we arrive here, what is the purpose of our lives here, what happens after our life in this material world are questions that have swirled around the minds of human beings from time immemorial and continue to attract the attention of the finest thinkers to gain insights. Wise men from India have reflected on these questions from their homes in deep forests at the foot hills of Himalayas; the particle physicists at CERN backed up by their costly and powerful Hadron colliders have been looking for answers to some of these profound questions about the origin of the material Universe from the astro and particle physics point of view. -
The Symbolism of the Scriptures the Purusha
INSTITUTE FOR PLANETARY SYNTHESIS E-mail: [email protected] Website http://www.ipsgeneva.com THE SYMBOLISM OF THE SCRIPTURES THE PURUSHA SUKTA This is a course on the symbolism of the Vedas given by Dr E. Krishnamacharya in 1982 and 1983 at the Institute for Planetary Synthesis in Geneva. The text taken for this study is a hymn from the Yajur Veda called the Purusha Sukta, meaning “the utterance of the cosmic Person”. It is one of the main vedic hymns. The Purusha sukta is sung in two different places in the Yajur Veda: in the Upanishad portion called Yajur Aranyaka or Taittiriya Aranyaka, and in the ritual called Manushya Medha, the symbolic Man sacrifice. INTRODUCTION To give a better understanding of the significance of the vedic texts, here is an outline of the main vedic texts and their import. There are four books of vedic literature called Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yayur Veda and Atharva Veda. The Rig Veda contains stanza called “Riks” (mantrams). Exoterically, Rig Veda means the book that contains the original formula of mantrams. Veda means wisdom. Esoterically, Rig is the same as Vãk, that is the uttered word, in Sanskrit. The “R” in Rig indicates the two levels of the origin of the voice: R2 = the “R” uttered with the tip of the tongue, as in the words “red”, “Ram”, Rama”. R1 = the original trill in the vocal cords, without which the voice does not exist. We could not hear the respiration without that trill. Hence, Rig Veda esoterically means the voice uttered and heard and the trill that is produced in the vocal cords. -
Rig Veda 5.73
1 RV 5.73 ṛṣi: paura ātreya; devatā: aśvinīkumāra; chanda: anuṣṭup; Anuvāka VI ydœ A/* Sw> p?ra/vit/ydœA?vaR/vTy!A?iñna , - - ydœva?pu/ê pu?é-uja/ydœA/Ntir?]/Aa g?tm!. 5 073 01 #/h Tya pu?é/-Ut?ma pu/ê d<sa<?is/ibæ?ta , - - v/r/Sya ya/My!AiØ?gU÷/vetu/ivò?ma -u/je. 5 073 02 $/maRNydœvpu?;e/vpu?z!c/³<rw?Sy yemwu> , - - pyR!A/Nya na÷?;a yu/ga m/ûa rja<?is dIyw> . 5 073 03 tdœ^/;uva?m!@/na k«/t<ivña/ydœva/m!Anu/òve?, - - nana?ja/tav!A?re/psa/sm!A/SmebNxu/m!@y?wu> . 5 073 04 Aa ydœva<?sU/yaR rw</itó?dœr"u/:yd</sda?, - - pir?vam!Aé/;a vyae?"&/[a v?rNt Aa/tp>?. 5 073 05 yu/vaerœAiÇ?z!icketit/nra?su/çen/cet?sa , - - "/m¡ydœva?m!Are/ps</nas?Tya/õa -u?r/{yit?. 5 073 06 %/¢aeva<?kk…/haey/iy> z&/{veyame?;us<t/in> , - - ydœva</d<sae?i-rœAiñ/naiÇ?rœnrav/vtR?it . 5 073 07 mXv?^/;um?xUyuva/éÔa/is;?i− ip/Pyu;I?, - - yt!s?mu/Ôait/p;R?w> p/Kva> p&]ae?-rNt vam!. 5 073 08 s/Tym!#dœva %?Aiñna yu/vam!Aa?÷rœmyae/-uva?, - - ta yam?n!yam/øt?ma/yam/Ú!Aa m&?¦/yÄ?ma . 5 073 09 #/ma äüa?i[/vxR?na/iñ_ya<?sNtu/z<t?ma , - - ya t]a?m/rwa? #/vavae?cam b&/hn!nm>?. 5 073 10 2 Analysis of RV 5.73 ydœ A/* Sw> p?ra/vit/ydœA?vaR/vTy!A?iñna , - - ydœva?pu/ê pu?é-uja/ydœA/Ntir?]/Aa g?tm!. -
Essence of Maha Narayanopanishad
ESSENCE OF MAHA NARAYANOPANISHAD Edited and translated by V.D.N.Rao, Retd. General Manager of India Trade Promotion Organisation of Ministry of Commerce of Govt. of India, New Delhi presently at Chennai 1 Other Scripts by the same Author: Essence of Puranas:-Maha Bhagavata, Vishnu Purana, Matsya Purana, Varaha Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana, Narada Purana, Padma Purana; Shiva Purana, Linga Purana, Skanda Purana, Markandeya Purana, Devi Bhagavata;Brahma Purana, Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Agni Purana, Bhavishya Purana, Nilamata Purana; Shri Kamakshi Vilasa Dwadasha Divya Sahasranaama: a) Devi Chaturvidha Sahasra naama: Lakshmi, Lalitha, Saraswati, Gayatri; b) Chaturvidha Shiva Sahasra naama-Linga-Shiva-Brahma Puranas and Maha Bhagavata; c) Trividha Vishnu and Yugala Radha-Krishna Sahasra naama-Padma-Skanda-Maha Bharata and Narada Purana. Stotra Kavacha- A Shield of Prayers Purana Saaraamsha; Select Stories from Puranas Essence of Dharma Sindhu Essence of Shiva Sahasra Lingarchana Essence of Paraashara Smtiti Essence of Pradhana Tirtha Mahima Dharma Bindu Essence of Upanishads : Brihadaranyaka , Katha, Tittiriya, Isha, Svetashwara of Yajur Veda- Chhandogya and Kena of Saama Veda-Atreya and Kausheetaki of Rig Veda-Mundaka, Mandukya and Prashna of Atharva Veda ; Also ‘Upanishad Saaraamsa’ (Quintessence of Upanishads) Essence of Virat Parva of Maha Bharata Essence of Bharat Yatra Smriti Essence of Brahma Sutras Essence of Sankhya Parijnaana- Also Essence of Knowledge of Numbers Essence of Narada Charitra; Essence Neeti Chandrika Es sence of Hindu Festivals and Austerities Essence of Manu Smriti*------------------- Quintessence of Manu Smriti* Essence of Paramartha Saara*- *Essence of Pratyaksha Bhaskara Note: All the above Scriptures already released on www. Kamakoti. Org/news as also on Google by the respective references.