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Ingenier´ıaInform´atica PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA Software Libre Para El Desarrollo Del Tercer Mundo - Memoria - Autor: D. Jes´usJavier Estepa Nieto Granada, Julio de 2007 Director: D. Francisco Javier Melero Rus Este documento puede utilizarse bajo los t´erminosde la Licencia Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0, de la que se puede leer una copia en (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode) Primero te ignoran. Luego se r´ıende ti. Despu´este atacan. Entonces ganas. Mahatma Gandhi Agradecimientos Quisiera aprovechar la oportunidad de dar las gracias a todas las personas que han colabo- rado en la realizaci´onde este proyecto: Al Profesor D. Francisco Javier Melero Rus, por la dedicaci´one inter´esmostrados du- rante la realizaci´on de este proyecto. A todas las personas y organismos que han atendido mis consultas. A los miembros de mi familia, por su apoyo y comprensi´on, sobre todo en los momentos dif´ıcilesde estos a˜nos estudiando en C´ordoba y Granada. A mis compa˜neros de clase, piso y amigos, Mario, Pablo, Javi, Alejandra, Carolina, Ricardo, Pedrera, Jaime, Armando, Marietta, Javi, Jos´eLu´ıs,Manuel y todos los que durante estos 3 a˜nosen Granada me han prestado su tiempo, apuntes, ganas y ayuda. Tampoco puedo olvidarme de mis amigos de Ba˜nos de la Encina. De forma muy especial a Alicia, por estos 5 a˜nos juntos, primero en la distancia y ahora en la cercan´ıa. Por confiar en m´ı,por sus consejos, por hacerme ver la vida de otra forma, porque es especial, porque es parte de m´ı. Y a todos los que de alguna forma han contribuido a la realizaci´on de este proyecto. ´Indice General ´INDICES I ´Indice General . i ´Indice de Tablas . vii ´Indice de Figuras . ix CAPITULOS 1 1. Introducci´onal Software Libre 1 1.1. Un poco de historia . 1 1.1.1. Nacimiento de GNU Linux . 1 1.1.2. Congresos y conferencias sobre Free Software / Open Source . 2 1.2. ¿Qu´ees el Open Source / Free Software? . 3 1.2.1. Definiciones . 3 1.2.1.1. Definici´on de Open Source (OSI) . 3 1.2.1.2. Definici´on de Free Software (FSF) . 4 1.3. Algunas notas sobre licencias y patentes . 5 1.3.1. Licencias . 5 1.3.1.1. ¿Qu´ees una licencia de software? . 5 1.3.1.2. Licencias Reconocidas por la FSF y la OSI . 6 1.3.1.3. Comparativa entre licencias . 8 1.3.1.4. Creative Commons Naciones en Desarrollo . 10 1.3.2. Patentes . 12 1.3.2.1. ¿Qu´ees una Patente de Software? . 12 1.3.2.2. Relaci´onentre Patentes y desarrollo tecnol´ogicoen el caso del Software . 12 1.3.2.3. Impacto sobre el Software Libre . 13 1.3.2.4. Aplicaci´onGeogr´aficade las Patentes de Software / Movimiento Antipatentes en Europa . 14 1.3.2.5. Ventajas e Inconvenientes de las Patentes de Software . 14 1.3.2.6. Consecuencias de las Patentes. El caso del formato .GIF . 15 1.4. Casos de Exito´ en Software Libre . 16 1.4.1. Servidor Web Apache . 16 1.4.2. S.O. GNU Linux . 18 1.4.3. Navegador Mozilla Firefox . 21 1.4.4. Iniciativa OLPC (One Laptop Per Child) . 24 1.4.5. BIND . 28 i ii ´INDICE GENERAL 1.5. ¿Se puede migrar completamente al Software Libre? - Equivalencias con Software Propietario . 28 2. Migraci´onal Software Libre 33 2.1. Influencias en la expansi´on del Software Libre . 33 2.1.1. Factores Positivos . 33 2.1.1.1. Funcionamiento con Hardware Antiguo . 33 2.1.1.2. Aplicaciones de Escritorio Amigables . 33 2.1.1.3. Coste Total de Propiedad (TCO) . 34 2.1.1.4. Sistema Operativo Multiusuario . 35 2.1.1.5. Licencias de los Programas . 35 2.1.1.6. Seguridad e Independencia . 35 2.1.1.7. Creaci´onde Industria Local de Software . 36 2.1.2. Factores Negativos . 37 2.1.2.1. Factores Socioecon´omicos . 37 2.1.2.2. Factores Sociopol´ıticos y Culturales . 37 2.1.2.3. Otros Factores . 38 2.1.3. Frenos en el cambio al Software Libre . 39 2.1.3.1. Coste de las Donaciones de Software . 39 2.1.3.2. Donaciones puntuales y actualizaciones en el futuro . 40 2.1.3.3. Motivaciones comerciales para la Cooperaci´on con los Pa´ıses Subdesarrollados. Iniciativas . 40 2.1.4. El Software Libre y las Universidades . 42 2.2. Factores que determinan la toma de decisiones sobre la elecci´on del Software . 43 2.2.1. Idoneidad del Software a las condiciones y necesidades locales . 43 2.2.2. Coste del Software y Asequibilidad . 44 2.2.2.1. Esfuerzo real en la adquisici´onde licencias . 45 2.2.3. Coste del Hardware . 51 2.2.4. Aplicaciones ´utiles, contenidos y servicios . 52 2.2.5. Capacidades t´ecnicasdel personal . 52 2.2.6. Disponibilidad y capacidad del soporte t´ecnico . 53 2.2.7. Efectos de la pol´ıticay pol´ıticasfuturas en la elecci´ondel software . 53 2.3. Experiencias de Migraci´onen Administraciones . 54 2.3.1. Europa . 54 2.3.1.1. Alemania . 54 2.3.1.1.1. Ayuntamiento de Munich . 54 2.3.1.2. Espa˜na . 55 2.3.1.2.1. Andaluc´ıa . 55 2.3.1.2.2. Extremadura . 55 2.3.1.2.3. Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza . 55 2.3.1.3. Francia . 56 2.3.1.4. Holanda . 56 2.3.1.4.1. Ayuntamiento de Amsterdam . 56 2.3.1.4.2. Ayuntamiento de Groningen . 56 2.3.1.5. Inglaterra . 57 2.3.1.5.1. Ayuntamiento de Bristol . 57 2.3.1.5.2. NHS (Sistema Nacional de Salud) . 57 Jes´usJavier Estepa Nieto ´INDICE GENERAL iii 2.3.2. Africa´ . 57 2.3.2.1. Marruecos . 57 2.3.2.1.1. Ministerio de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural y Pesca . 57 2.3.2.2. Sud´africa . 58 2.3.3. Am´erica . 58 2.3.3.1. Argentina . 58 2.3.3.2. Brasil . 58 2.3.3.3. Venezuela . 58 2.3.4. Otros . 58 2.4. Experiencias de Migraci´onen ONG’s y otros Organismos . 59 2.4.0.1. Greenpeace . 59 2.5. Experiencias de Migraci´onen la Empresa . 59 2.5.1. Supercomputaci´on . 59 2.5.2. Estudios de Animaci´on . 59 2.5.3. PSA Peugeot - Citro¨en. 60 2.5.4. NASA . 60 2.5.5. HP . 60 2.5.6. DELL . 60 2.5.7. Intel. Google, Amazon, eBay, Yahoo . 61 2.5.8. Caja de Guadalajara (Espa˜na) . 61 2.5.9. La Bolsa de Nueva York (NYSE) . 61 3. Situaci´on Actual por Pa´ıses 63 3.1. Europa . 63 3.1.1. Alemania . 64 3.1.1.1. Migraciones . 67 3.1.1.2. Otras Iniciativas . 67 3.1.2. Espa˜na. 68 3.1.2.1. Software Libre por Comunidades . 73 3.1.3. Francia . 77 3.2. Asia . 81 3.2.1. Bangladesh . 81 3.2.1.1. Pol´ıticasy Normativas . 81 3.2.1.2. Iniciativas y Proyectos de Software Libre . 82 3.2.2. Filipinas . 84 3.2.2.1. Otras iniciativas . 87 3.2.3. India . 88 3.2.3.1. Localizaci´on . 91 3.2.3.2. Otras iniciativas . 92 3.2.4. Indonesia . 93 3.2.4.1. Otras iniciativas . 96 3.2.5..
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