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Japan Its History and Culture.Pdf JAPAN ITS HISTORY AND CULTURE Frontispiece: Sword guard (tsuba), eighteenth century; copper and other alloys with gold 1 incrustation. Ht., 3 /16 in. A general (left) is bracing his bow against a rock, while a soldier looks on and another soldier holds a standard. The general is probably Minamoto Yoshiiye, who with his father fought in the bitter Nine Years War beginning a.d. 1051 in northern Japan. He was nicknamed by the soldiers Hachiman Taro, Firstborn of the God of War. Collection of The Newark Museum. Photography by Keith Scott Morton JAPAN ITS HISTORY AND CULTURE FOURTH EDITION W. SCOTT MORTON J. KENNETH OLENIK McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005, 1994, 1984, 1970 by W. Scott Morton. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146062-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-141280-8. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting there from. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071460624 ������������ Want to learn more? We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here. For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Foreword by Marius B. Jansen ix Preface to the Fourth Edition xi Introduction 1 1 The Origins and Early History of the Japanese 4 2 The Introduction of Chinese Thought and Culture 16 Asuka Period: 552–710 3 The Stimulating Effect of Chinese Culture 28 Nara Period: 710–794 4 The Japanese Pattern 36 Early Heian Period: 794–857 Late Heian or Fujiwara Period: 858–1158 5The Rise of the Warrior Class and the Gempei War 52 End of the Heian Period: 1158–1185 6 Government by the Military Shogun 68 Kamakura Period: 1185–1336 7 The Ashikaga Shogunate 81 Nambokucho: 1336–1392 Muromachi: 1392–1573 8 The Golden Age of Japanese Art 88 1378–1490 9 The Unification of Japan 101 Sengoku-Jidai, the Period of the Country at War: 1534–1615 10 Japan in Isolation 119 The Tokugawa Shogunate: Part I, 1615–1715 v vi Contents 11 The Winds of Change 134 The Tokugawa Shogunate: Part II, 1716–1867 12 The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan 147 1868–1914 13 Expansion, Liberalism, and Militarism 168 1914–1931 14 Manchukuo, the China War, and World War II 178 1931–1945 15 Postwar Japan 190 16 Japan Today—Economy 199 17 Japan Today—Foreign Affairs and Political Life 231 18 Contemporary Japanese Society 261 Glossary 297 Chronology 301 Bibliography 321 Index 325 ILLUSTRATIONS > Frontispiece: Sword guard (tsuba)ii Haniwa figure representing a man with a miter-shaped hat 8 Grand Shrine at Ise 10 Horyuji Temple, Nara 19 Yumedono (the Hall of Dreams), Horyuji Temple 20 Buddhist Sutra (scripture) of the Heian period 23 Kofukuji Temple pagoda and Sarusawa Pond, Nara 33 Worship of Buddha before the shrine at home 40 Buddha, probably Amida, Kamakura period, c. thirteenth century 41 Painting of a scene from Murasaki’s The Tale of Genji 43 Peasants winnowing rice: scroll painting, Ashikaga period 47 Farm at Ohara, near Kyoto 56 Garden of the Tenryuji Temple, Kyoto 66 Flower arrangement 89 Ginkakuji (Silver Pavilion Temple), Kyoto 90 Tea ceremony 91 Tea jar of the seventeenth century 92 No play on stage 93 Gigaku mask of an old man, eighth century 94 The Four Seasons, manner of Kano Motonobu (1476–1559), pair of six-panel screens 96 Nagoya Castle 117 Ship engaged in Southeast Asia trade in the seventeenth century 123 Contemporary seafront architecture in the port of Osaka 127 Kabuki play on stage 128 Bunraku (puppet) play 129 vii viii Illustrations The first landing of the American expedition under Commodore Perry, 1853 140 Sapporo, capital of Hokkaido 153 Traditional kimono and obi 156 Calligraphy, autograph poem by Kagawa Toyohiko, 1940 173 Shipbuilding, supertanker “Tokyo Maru” 200 Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro 258 A modern primary school on sports day 262 Japanese house 269 A contemporary Japanese family at home 270 Bullet train passing Mt. Fuji 271 Moon viewing in the peace of the family 272 FOREWORD Japan’s history and culture are strikingly individual, but they are no less re- markable for the influence of the cultures of China and the West. Periods of dramatic institutional change have alternated with those of appropriation and domestication of the institutions introduced into Japan, and the end result was usually very different from the import. In the seventh century Chinese models of government, and especially the figure of the sovereign, were soon modified to fit Japanese realities. The mod- ern monarchy bore even less resemblance to the German pattern on which it had initially been cut. Less strikingly, but no less surely, Japan’s Buddhism, Confucianism, art, and literature resonated to emphases different from those of China. Throughout all cultural change a consistent and distinctive sensi- tivity and selectivity—in views of nature, time, and space and in values of honor, loyalty, and sincerity—distinguished Japan’s great tradition of art, let- ters, and especially poetry. In modern times the pace of change has quickened and the tide of in- fluence has broadened, but the pattern of selective adaptation of outside ex- ample remains visible. The flood of Western influence in the nineteenth cen- tury brought a period of tumultuous change. In politics the national resolve to restore autonomy and equality had dramatic influence on the international system. As the first non-Western state to modernize its institutions Japan struggled first to join and then to defeat Western colonialism. It succeeded as it failed, and helped end all colonialisms including its own. Thereafter Japanese leaders and citizens turned to pursue new goals of social justice and economic gain with a vigor that is today transforming the international eco- nomic order as thoroughly as the earlier drive to great power status that re- made the international political order. These pendulum swings of enthusiasm should not, however, distract at- ix Copyright © 2005, 1994, 1984, 1970 by W. Scott Morton. Click here for terms of use. x Foreword tention from the more important and consistent process of development within Japanese society. The political events that attract the reader’s atten- tion illumine, but did not cause, that process. It was one in which Japan moved from an aristocratic, to a feudal, to an urban, and finally to a mass so- ciety. Japanese society has been revolutionized without internal revolution in response to modern knowledge and technology, and within a century a so- ciety structured on lines of hereditary privilege has been transformed into a mass society with an unusually even income distribution, one in which the prizes are reserved for a meritocracy of talent selected on the basis of educa- tional attainment.
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