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Development and Dispersal Process of Ancient Japanese Clan

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Development and Dispersal Process of Ancient Japanese Clan Development and Dispersal Process of Ancient Japanese Clan Development and Dispersal Process of Ancient Japanese Clan Masanobu SUZUKI Abstract In ancient Japan, how did the Yamato Kingdom (大和政権) form? In order to research this question, I studied the Ōmiwa clan (大神氏). This clan served the Yamato Kingdom and took charge of religious services in ancient times. The clan was one of the most powerful ancient Japanese clans. Therefore, knowledge of how the imperial family and the Ōmiwa clan are related is indispensable for understanding the nature of the politics of the Yamato Kingdom. Furthermore, it is indispensable for understanding the process of forming the Japanese nation in ancient times. In this paper, I extracted place names, Shinto shrine names, and clan names related to the “Miwa” (神, 三輪) or “Ōmiwa” (大神, 大三輪) from ancient historical documents. I found that they were distributed throughout almost all of the islands in ancient Japan, and some of the clans overlapped geographically. If we now find a related place name or Shinto shrine name, it is likely that related people who the Ōmiwa clan controlled lived there in ancient times. The Yamato Kingdom sent troops to or advanced into western and eastern Japan or foreign countries, so ancient people learned about the Ōmiwa god (大三輪神). They then established shrines for worship- ing that god as a war god, and the Miwa clan (神氏), the Miwahito clan (神人氏), the Miwahitobe clan (神人部 氏), and the Miwabe clan (神部氏) were established in various places in Japan to worship the god according to the local ruling systems of the Yamato Kingdom, including the Hito system (人制), the Bemin system (部民制), and the Kokuzō system (国造制). tobe clan (神人部氏), and the Miwabe clan (神部氏). 1 Introduction These clans were also an important element of the In ancient Japan, how did the Yamato Kingdom Ōmiwa clan. I collectively refer to all of these clans as (大和政権) form? In order to research this question, I the Ōmiwa clan⑴. studied the Ōmiwa clan (大神氏). This clan served the In this paper, I analyze the process of the disper- Yamato Kingdom and took charge of religious ser- sal of the Ōmiwa clan, and I investigate the historical vices in ancient times. The clan was one of the most background of these clan’s distribution throughout the powerful ancient Japanese clans. Therefore, knowl- Japanese islands. edge of how the imperial family and the Ōmiwa clan 2 Circumstances of dispersal are related is indispensable for understanding the throughout Japan nature of the politics of the Yamato Kingdom. Further- more, it is indispensable for understanding the process First, I extracted the following place names of forming the Japanese nation in ancient times. thought to be related to “Miwa” or “Ōmiwa” from In my previously published book, I examined the ancient historical materials. constitution of the Ōmiwa clan (Suzuki 2014). The Kinai⑵ (畿内) Ōmiwa clan consisted of head lineage and cognate ・ Miwa Village (Shikinokami County, Yamato clans. In addition to these clans, the Ōmiwa clan had Province) relationships with many other clans. In various places ・Ō miwa Village (Shikinokami County, Yamato in Japan, there were clans that had “Miwa” (神, 三輪) Province) or “Ōmiwa” (大神, 大三輪) in their names: the Miwa ・Ō miwa Village (Arima County, Settsu Prov- clan (神氏), the Miwahito clan (神人氏), the Miwahi- ince) 65 早稲田大学高等研究所紀要 第 8 号 ・Ō miwa Village (Kawabe County, Settsu Prov- ・Ō miwa Village (Yamato County, Chikushi ince) Province) ・ Miwa Village (Ōtori County, Izumi Province) ・Ō miwa Village (Hayami County, Bungo Prov- ・ Kamitsumiwa Village (Ōtori County, Izumi ince) Province) Next, I extracted the following Shinto shrines Tōkaidō⑶ (東海道) thought to be related to the “Miwa” or “Ōmiwa” from ・ Miwa Village (Nakashima County, Owari Prov- the Engishiki-Jinmyōchō⑻ (延喜式神名帳) and older ince) historical materials. ・ Miwa Village (Yana County, Mikawa Province) Kinai (畿内) ・Ō miwa Village (Hamana County, Tōtoumi ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Shikinokami County, Province) Yamato Province) ・ Miwa Village (Abe County, Suruga Province) ・ The Sai-jinja Shrine (Shikinokami County, ・Ō miwa Village (Niihari County, Hitachi Prov- Yamato Province) ince) ・ The Miwanimasuhimuka-jinja Shrine (Shikino- ・Ō miwa Station (Niihari County, Hitachi Prov- kami County, Yamato Province) ince) ・ The Isagawa-jinja Shrine (Sōnokami County, ・ Miwa Village (Kuji County, Hitachi Province) Yamato Province) Tōsandō⑷ (東山道) ・ The Isagawaawa-jinja Shrine (Sōnokami ・ Miwa Village (Kamo County, Mino Province) County, Yamato Province) ・ Miwa Village (Mushirota County, Mino Prov- ・ The Miwatakayasu-jinja Shrine (Kawachi ince) Province) ・ Miwa Village (Ōno County, Mino Province) ・ The Tōsen-jinja Shrine (Arima County, Settsu ・Ō miwa Village (Ōno County, Mino Province) Province) ・ Miwa Village (Suwa County, Shinano Prov- Tōkaidō (東海道) ince) ・ The Kuni-jinja Shrine (Ōtori County, Izumi ・ Miwa Village (Nasu County, Shimotsuke Prov- Province) ince) ・ The Ōwa-jinja Shrine (Iitaka County, Ise Prov- Sanindō⑷ (山陰道) ince) ・ Miwa Village (Hikami County, Tanba Prov- ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Asake County, Ise ince) Province) ・ Miwa Village (Ōmi County, Inaba Province) ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Nakashima County, ・ Kazuwa Village (Kume County, Hōki Prov- Owari Province) ince) ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Hamana County, ・ Shimotsuwa Village, Kume County, Hōki Prov- Tōtoumi Province) ince) ・ The Miwayama-jinja Shrine (Hamana County, Sanyodō⑹ (山陽道) Tōtoumi Province) ・ Miwa Village (Kamo County, Harima Prov- ・ The Miwabe-jinja Shrine (Abe County, Suruga ince) Province) ・Ō miwa Village (Kamo County, Harima Prov- ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Mashizu County, ince) Suruga Province) ・ Miwa Village (Tomahigashi County, Mimasaka ・ The Miwabe-jinja Shrine (Yamanashi County, Province) Kai Province) ・ Miwa Village (Ōba County, Mimasaka Prov- ・ The Miwabe-jinja Shrine (Koma County, Kai ince) Province) ・ Miwa Village (Kuboya County, Bicchū Prov- Tōsandō (東山道) ince) ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Tagi County, Mino ・ Miwa Village (Kumage County, Suō Province) Province) Saikaidō⑺ (西海道) ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Minochi County, Shi- 66 Development and Dispersal Process of Ancient Japanese Clan nano Province) Province) ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Yamada County, ・ The Miwa-no-Hikita clan (Shikinokami Kōzuke Province) County, Yamato Province) ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Nasu County, Shimot- ・ The Ōmiwa-no-Hikita clan (Shikinokami suke Province) County, Yamato Province) ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Tsuge County, Shi- ・ The Ōmiwa-no-Hata clan (Takaichi County, motsuke Province) Yamato Province) Hokurikudō⑼ (北陸道) ・ The Ōmiwa-no-Makamuta clan (Takaichi ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Onyū County, Wakasa County, Yamato Province) Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Otagi County, Yamashiro ・ The Ōmiwanoshimosaki-jinja Shrine (Tsuruga Province) County, Echizen Province) ・ The Miwa-no-Kurukuma clan (Kuze County, ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Kaga County, Kaga Yamashiro Province) Province) ・ The Miwa-no Miyabe clan (Uji County, ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Kubiki County, Yamashiro Province) Echigo Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Yamashiro Province) Sanindō (山陰道) ・ The Miwahito clan (Nose County, Settsu Prov- ・ The Awaga-jinja Shrine (Asako County, Tajima ince) Province) ・ The Ōmiwa-no-Ōyosami clan (Sumiyoshi ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Kono County, Inaba County, Settsu Province) Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Settsu Province) ・ The Ōgamiyama-jinja Shrine (Aimi County, ・ The Miwahito clan (Kawachi Province) Hōki Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Izumi Province) ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Aimi County, Hōki ・ The Miwahito clan (Izumi Province) Province) Tōkaidō (東海道) Sanyodō (山陽道) ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Ano County, Ise Prov- ・ The Ōyamatonomonoshironushi-jinja Shrine ince) (Shisawa County, Harima Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Hakuri County, Owari ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Ōku County, Bizen Province) Province) ・ The Miwabe clan (Chita County, Owari Prov- ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Kamitsumichi ince) County, Bizen Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Hamana County, Tōtoumi ・ The Miwa-jinja Shrine (Shimotsumichi County, Province) Bicchū Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Hamana County, Tōtoumi ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Bingo Province) Province) Nankaidō⑽ (南海道) ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Hamana County, ・ The Ōmiwa-jinja Shrine (Nakata County, Awa Tōtoumi Province) Province) ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Tagata County, Izu Saikaidō (西海道) Province) ・ The Ōnamuchi-jinja Shrine (Yasu County, Chi- ・ The Ōmiwa clan (Ōsumi County, Sagami Prov- kuzen Province) ince) Finally, I extracted the names of the following ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Musashi Province) clans thought to be related to the “Miwa” or “Ōmiwa” ・ The Miwabe clan (Hitachi Province) from ancient historical materials. Tōsandō (東山道) Kinai (畿内) ・ The Miwahito clan (Inugami County, Ōmi ・ The Miwa clan (Shikinokami County, Yamato Province) Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Ōmi Province) ・ The Ōmiwa clan (Shikinokami County, Yamato ・ The Miwahito clan (Kamo County, Mino Prov- 67 早稲田大学高等研究所紀要 第 8 号 ince) Sanindō (山陰道) ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Kamo County, Mino ・ The Miwahito clan (Hikami County, Tanba Province) Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Ōno County, Mino Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Tanba Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Ōno County, Mino Prov- ・ The Miwahito clan (Tanba Province) ince) ・ The Miwahitobe clan (Tanba Province) ・ The Miwa clan (Yamagata County, Mino Prov- ・ The Miwahito clan (Kumano County, Tango ince) Province) ・ The Miwahito clan (Yamagata County, Mino ・ The Miwabe clan (Asako County, Tajima Prov- Province) ince) ・ The Miwa clan (Kagamu County, Mino Prov- ・ The Miwabe clan
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