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Update Assessment on Section 118/119 of the FAA Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Peru

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Update Assessment on Section 118/119 of the FAA Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Peru Update assessment on section 118/119 of the FAA Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Peru This document was prepared as per request of the United States Agency for International Development- USAID/Peru Authors: Alfredo Portilla, MsC. Environmental Management Aureliano Eguren, MsC. Economics, Environment and Policy with specialization in Development Economics August 2007 Index A. Executive Summary 1 B. Introduction 10 C. General Overview of Peru’s Natural Resources 11 C.1. Introduction 11 C.2. Peru’s ecoregions and ecosystem types 12 C.3. Peru’s species biodiversity 14 C.4. Peru’s tropical forest diversity 15 C.5. Peru’s cultural diversity 16 D. Legislative and institutional structure affecting biological resources 19 D.1. Introduction 19 D.2. General laws and institutions regarding environmental regulations in Peru 19 D.3. Decentralization process 23 D.4. Environmental management process of implementation 26 D.5. Indigenous people: Legal and institutional framework 29 D. 6. Gender legal framework 32 D.7. Nongovernmental organizations 33 D.8. Private sector 34 D.9. Bilateral, international organizations, and other donors 37 E. Status and management of protected areas and endangered species 41 E.1. Introduction 41 E.2. The National System of Natural Areas Protected by the State (SINANPE) 42 E.3. Types of natural protected areas protected by the State 43 E.5. Management in Protected Areas 45 E.6. Mechanisms for participation 48 E.7. Financing the SINANPE 52 E.8. Threatened and endangered species 57 E.9. Indigenous People and Protected Areas 59 E.10. Gender issues and biodiversity conservation 60 F. Status and management of tropical forest resources 61 F.1. Introduction 61 F.2. Evaluation of the current forest/land cover 61 F.3. Current policies of the forestry sector and institutional frameworks 64 F.4. Forestry monitoring 66 F.5. Programs in the forestry sector and industrial activities 67 F.6. Indigenous people and forest management 68 F.7. Gender issues in the forest sector 79 G. Conservation outside of natural protected areas 71 G.1. Introduction 71 G.2. Management of natural systems 71 G.3. Ex-situ conservation 74 G.4. Impacts of development projects on biodiversity 77 G.5. Land-use conversion threatening biodiversity and tropical forests 80 G.6. Impacts of development projects on indigenous people 86 H. Major issues in biological diversity conservation 90 I. Major issues in tropical forests and their sustainable management 92 J. Major issues in Indigenous peoples and natural resource management and conservation 94 K. Major issues in gender and natural resource conservation 96 L. Recommendations for support by USAID/Peru 97 References Cited 105 M. Appendix 111 ii List of Tables Table C.1. Comparison of species diversity by taxa for top megadiverse countries of the world. 12 Table C.2. Description of Peru’s geographic regions, ecoregions and ecosystems 13 Table C.3. Ecosystems diversity recognized by INRENA 13 Table C.4. Key forest types and plant communities recognized by INRENA 15 Table C.5. Indigenous people of the Peruvian Amazon according to linguistic and ethnic 17 classification Table C.6. Territorial reserves created for Indigenous Communities living in voluntary isolation 18 Table D.1. Principal environmental laws governing Peru’s natural resources 20 Table D.2. Ministries and its sectorial environmental units (UAS) 20 Table D.3. Number of initiatives during environmental management & decentralization processes 24 Table D.4. Evolution of expenditures on environment by GOP (in Millions of US$) 38 Table D.5. Comparative federal expenses of protection of biodiversity and management of forest 38 resources, according to funding source, 2005 (%) Table D.6. Comparative federal expenditures for protection of biodiversity and management of 39 forest resources, according to funding source, 2005 (%) Table D.7. Non refundable governmental cooperation executed by multilateral organizations for 40 Peru (1994-2004) Table E.1. Components of the SINANPE main goals 41 Table E.2. Comparison of the Peruvian NPA categories with the IUCN categories 43 Table E.3. Number of park rangers per Natural Protected Area 47 Table E.4. Sources of SINANPE’s income 52 Table E.5. 2004-2006 Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU) Action Plan 55 Table E.6. Commitments set forth by the Convention for Biological Diversity (CDB) 56 Table E.7. Major threats and causes for ecosystem degradation by ecosystem type 57 Table E.8. Number of threatened wildlife species by year 57 Table E.9. Areas under indigenous peoples management 60 Table F.1. Peruvian forests, key plant communities and corresponding surface cover 62 Table F.2. Forestry concessions granted by region since 2002 until 2005 65 Table F.3. Peru’s main timber exports by country 68 Table G.1. Private conservation areas from 2001-2006 72 Table G.2. Summary of the conservation concessions granted up until 2006 73 Table G.3. Definition of the types of flora and fauna centers in Peru 74 Table G.4. Wildlife collections in the Natural History Museum-UNMSM 76 Table G.5. Potential direct environmental impacts by the Inter-Ocean Highway 77 Table G.6. Summary of probable indirect environmental impacts in the Inter Ocean Highway’s area 78 of influence Table G.7. Environmental liabilities associated with mining activities 79 Table G.8. Oil and gas industry impacts on forests and biodiversity 80 Table G.9. Mining companies and conflicts with peasant communities 87 Table G.10. Oil concessions within areas housing indigenous groups in voluntary isolation 88 List of Graphs Graph E.1. Evolution of the SINANPE 1965-2006 43 Graph E.2. SINANPE's Financial Resources 53 Graph E.3. The evolution of the SINANPE's Financing 53 iii List of Annexes Annex M.1. Peasant communities and their property title status by department 111 Annex M.2. Chronology of the most important highlights of institutional analysis in environmental 112 management. Annex M.3. International Conventions subscribed and ratified by Peruvian government 113 Annex M.4. List of the main national and international NGO´s with direct intervention in the Natural 114 Protected Areas Annex M.5. Comparison of non-refundable government cooperation by country for the period of 115 1994-2004 Annex M.6. National System of Natural Areas protected by the state. 116 Annex M.7. Map of the SINANPE . 118 Annex M.8. Map of Regional Conservation Areas (ACR) 119 Annex M.9. Map of Private Conservation Areas (ACP) 120 Annex M.10. Updated list of Natural Protected Areas with Master Plans. 121 Annex M.11. Natural Protected Areas with Plans for Public Use /Tourism Use and Site Plans. 123 Annex M.12. Natural Protected Areas with Management Committees. 124 Annex M.13. Presence of Non-governmental organizations in Natural Protected Areas 126 Annex M.14. Ecotourism concessions granted since 2006. 127 Annex M.15. List of animals found in zoos authorized by INRENA per region 128 Annex M.16. List of numbers of breeding centers authorized by INRENA 129 Annex M.17. List and location of institutions that possess germoplasm banks 130 Annex M.18. List of herbariums in Peru. 131 Annex M.19. Additional details regarding legislation and history of the Camisea project. 132 Annex M.20. Contracts and oil operation blocks with information regarding overlap with neighboring 134 communities or Natural Protected Areas Annex M.21. Distribution of the mining cannon to the regional government. 135 Annex M.22. Workshop Methodology 136 Annex M.23. Workshop Details 138 Annex M.24. List of persons contacted 157 Annex M.25. Biodata sketch of team members 160 iv Acronyms ACCA Asociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazónica ACOREMA Área Costera y Recursos Marinos ACM Área de Conservación Municipal ACP Área de Conservación Privada ACPC Asociación de Conservación del Patrimonio del Cutivireni ACR Área de Conservación Regional ADEFOR Asociación Civil para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Forestal AIDER Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral AIDESEP asociación Interétnica de Desarrollote la Selva Peruana AMUCAU Asociación de Mujeres Campesinas del Ucayali APCI Agencia Peruana de Cooperación Internacional APECO Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza ARPI Asociación Regional de Pueblos Indígenas ASPRAVEP Asociación de Productores de Ranas Venenosas Progreso BSD Bosques, Sociedad y Desarrollo CAM Comisión Ambiental Municipal CAN Comunidad Andina de Naciones CAR Comisión Ambiental Regional CDB Convención de la Diversidad Biológica CDC Centro de Datos para la Conservación CEDEFOR Proyecto de Certificación y Desarrollo del Sector Forestal CEDIA Centro para el Desarrollo del Indígena Amazónico CERFOR Proyecto de Certificación Forestal CG Comité de Gestión CI Conservation International CIMA Centro de Conservación, Investigación y Manejo de Áreas Naturales CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa CNMA Comisión Nacional para el Medio Ambiente CMF Comité de Manejo Forestal COICAP Coordinadora Indígena Agroforestales del Perú COLBIOP Colegio de Biólogos del Perú CONACAMI Confederación Nacional de Comunidades del Perú Afectadas por la Minería CONACS Consejo Nacional de Camélidos Sudamericanos CONADIB Comisión Nacional de Biodiversidad CONAM Consejo Nacional del Medioambiente CONAP Confederación de Nacionalidades Amazónicas del Perú CONAPA Comisión Nacional de Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuanos CONCYTEC Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología CORPI Coordinadora Regional de Pueblos Indígenas DAR Derecho, Ambiente y Recursos DESCO Centro de Estudios y Promoción del Desarrollo
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