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The Journal of Technology Studies 0 age, andwirelesstechnolo development stor- ofmicroprocessors,memory b of sensornodesma work consistingofhundredsoreven thousands maintenanceforalarge-scale net- ing battery last foralongperiodoftime.However, conduct- powered sensorsandmodulesareexpected to example, inwirelesssensornetworks, battery- pro age hasimpro issue.Intherecentpast, stor- important autonomous wirelessandpor Intr sources andsystems. ies aboutpotentialambientenergy-harvesting age de ener vesting systemstogenerate orproduceelectrical ener students summarizedeachpotentialambient of power. After anextensive literaturereview, the effectiveness ofambientenergy asasource and de as industrialtechnolo ing. The studentsfromdifferent disciplines,such completely independentandselfsustain- battery may enable portableorwirelesssystemstobe methods, orpower-scavenging methods,which f surveillance. Ambient energy sourcesareclassi- toring wirelesssensornodesforautonomous ener including oceanwaves, intousefulelectrical ple, somesystemsconvert randommotions, moelectricity, andphysical motions.For exam- wind powers, oceanwaves, , ther- able forenergy scavenging, includingsolarand environment. A variety oftechniquesareavail- the processwhere energy isobtainedfromthe energy scavenging orpower anditis harvesting, Abstract self-sustaining, so that battery maintenance can self-sustaining, sothatbattery portable electronic devices tobecompletely Power scavenging may enable wirelessand mize themaintenanceand costofoperation. for batteries,comeintoconsideration tomini- Faruk Yildiz Techniques Sources and Potential AmbientEnergy-Harvesting ied asenergy reservoirs,power distribution le. g Ambient po gy asasuppor gy sourceandexplained futureenergy-har- gy thatcanbeusedby oceanographic moni- oduction Today, sustainingthepower requirementfor Ambient energy isalsoknown harvesting as ress hasnotbeenab vices. v elopment andelectronics,in This ar v ed signif wer sources, asareplacement t tocon y bedif ticle in gy, design construction, icantly. However, this le tok v gy applications.F v ficult, ifnotimpossi- ficult, entional ener estig table devices isan eep upwiththe ates recentstud vestigated gy stor- or - tively sourceofavailable infinite energy. infor byments performed theauthors,theory, and from acombinationofpublished studies,experi- and Guo(2007). Values inthetable were derived sources inarecentstudyby Yildiz, Zhu,Pecen, and challengesofvarious ambientenergy devices. Table 1comparestheestimatedpower during thefunctioningoroperatingofsuch be independentofthelimitedenergy available solutionshouldtherefore The criticallong-term chemical processinahazardousen in amanuf used inmonitoringamachineoraninstrument tems withlimitedaccessibility impor Extended lifeoftheelectronicdevices isvery w alsolow, but in thebatteriesisnotonly finite theamountofenergysity batteries,but available Researchers continuetob foradevice life. run-time orbattery short less energy isavailable onboard, leadingtoa and thelik storage elements,suchasbatteries,, When comparedwithenergy storedincommon ambient energy intousable electricalenergy. ingeneral,istheconversionharvesting, of airflow, heat,andtemperaturevariations. Energy tions, electromagneticsources,light,acoustic, ferent energy sources,such as mechanicalvibra- explained inanothersectionofthisarticle. toelectronicdevices, andthiswillbe sources thatcouldprovide smallamountsof manyformed studiesinalternative energy be eventually removed. Researchershave per- Though thiscomparisonisnotcomprehensi nique isgiven inthethirdcolumnoftable. books. foreachtech- The sourceofinformation gy, incontrast,islimited becausetemperature to w dependent ontheapplication and theexperience sourceofenergy,be asignificant itishighly but ambient energy sources.Light,forinstance,can to scavenge andstoreenergy froma variety of does provide abroadrangeofpotentialmethods hich limitsthelifetimeofsystems. hich thedevice issubjected. ener- Thermal Systems continuetobecomesmaller Energy canbeobtainedfromdif- harvesting mation thatiscommonl tant; italsohasmoreadvantages insys- e, theenvironment represents arela- acturing plantusedtoorganize a uild high-energy den- y available intext- , suchasthose vironment. , y et v e, it The Journal of Technology Studies 41 . gy vided acturing aradiso, 2001) aradiso, 2004) glu, 2002) Vibrations from Vibrations aglio vailability from the vailability gy: ner & P (Y This source can be di Wright, Rabaey, 2004) Wright, Rabaey, gy: energy heat energy Waste gy: gy a (Star (Shenck & P mers can be considered as gy: mal Ener w much energy is needed for the w much energy vironment; waves, and solar energy can provide can provide and solar energy waves, limitless ener en Mechanical Ener machines, mechanical , strain from high-pressure motors, manuf rotations can be machines, and waste captured and used as ambient mechanical sources; energy Ther from furnaces, heaters, and variations sources; Light Ener indoor of energy: categories into two room light and outdoor sunlight ener can be captured via photo Light energy , photo diodes, and solar (PV) panels; and photovoltaic and transfor sources, depending on ambient energy ho application. (heat variations) energy can be generated can energy variations) (heat actions by or animal body from a human and running; such as walking • Natural Energy: Wind, water flow, ocean flow, water Wind, Natural Energy: • • • • , coils, Electromagnetic Energy: • • Human Body: Mechanical and thermal and Mechanical Human Body: • - W/kg W/cm2 30 7 wer). For wer). 0.96 µW/cm3 @ 100Db 2000) & Roundy, Patel, wer, ocean waves, wer, 100 _W/cm2 (illuminated office)100 _W/cm2 (illuminated e human po v le electronic equipments. gy harvesting, also known as gy harvesting, also known tab e/passi v e w of ambient energy sources are present- w of ambient energy orks, and por Ambient ener The literature review shows that no single shows The literature review vie enging, including solar po Energy SourceEnergy Density & Performance Power of Information Source v er , and summarized the resources according to emperature Variationemperature 10 µW/cm3 Steingart, Fréchette, (Roundy, v ThermoelectricVibration(micro generator) (Piezoelectric)Vibrations AirflowPush buttons 800 _W/cm3 (machines—kHz)Shoe InsertsHand generators 4 _W/cm3 (human motion—Hz) 200 µW/cm3 60 _W/cm2Yeatman, (Mitcheson, Green, & Holmes, 2004) 2002) Wright, & Pister, (Roundy, 1 µW/cm2 50 _J/N 330 µW/cm2 1999) (Stevens, 2001) & Feldmeier, (Paradiso 2001) (Shenck & Paradiso, (Holmes, 2004) Acoustic Noise 0.003 µW/cm3 @ 75Db Jr, Da Silva Ammer, (Rabaey, T Ambient FrequencyAmbient Light µW/cm2 1 100 mW/cm2 (direct sun)Heel strik 2004) (Yeatman, Available energy scavenging or power harvesting, is the or power scavenging energy is obtained and converted energy process where and stored for use in elec- from the environment this term is applied tronics applications. Usually and small power harvesting for low to energy such as wireless autonomous devices, netw Ambient Energy Sources A variety of sources are available for energy of sources are available A variety sca and physical thermoelectricity, piezoelectricity, motions (acti their characteristics: ed example, some systems convert random some systems convert example, into useful motions, including ocean waves, oceano- that can be used by electrical energy graphic wireless sensor nodes for monitoring autonomous surveillance. source is sufficient for all applications, power sources must be and that the selection of energy considered according to the application charac teristics. Before going into details, a general o differences across a chip are typically low. are typically a chip across differences source, but is a moderate energy Vibration the particular it is dependent on again, applica- and Rincon-Mora Torres by tion, as cited (2005). Table 1. Comparison of Power Density of Energy of Power Density Comparison 1. Harvesting Methods Table 4

The Journal of Technology Studies 2 Figure Systems 1.AmbientEnergy the mouse. The energy-harvesting systemwas through e electric power. The electricgeneratorispowered help ofthemouseballtogenerate andharvest uniquely tocapturerotational movements by the batter datacommunication asawireless short-range as anultralow power for wirelessinterface (2005). cited by Mikami, Tetsuro, Masahiko, Hiroko batter using rotationalmo Harvesting Mechanical Energy sections ofthispaper. for eachsource,andfollows inthenext few The resultofthisliteraturereview iscategorized outby theauthors. methods hasbeencarried the literatureofpotentialenergy-scavenging ambient energy sourcesare. A broadreview of how practicaldevices thatextract power from by theabove listedsourcestoexplore ingeneral each source. The researchefforts areemployed shows theenergy-harvesting techniquesfrom are illustratedinthesecondrow. The thirdrow employed theenergy toharvest fromthesource sources. Actual implementationandtoolsare row showsThe first theenergy-harvesting of generalambientenergy-harvesting systems. energy sources.Figure 1shows ablock diagram sources andradiationcanbeconsideredambient An example ofelectricpower generation Additionally, chemicalandbiological y-less mouse. y-less, cordlessw The systemiscalledSocanddesigned xploiting rolling energy by dragging vement istheself-powered, The systemw heel computermouse as designed were attainable. domain modelwas andanalyzed built inthe itor polarizedby anelectret. A generalmulti consisted ofavibrationsensitive variable capac- system, amicromachinedelectrostaticconverter Fiorini, Puers,andBorghs (2003).Inthis Baert, generator, which was proposedby Sterken, vesting isanelectrets-basedelectrostaticmicro range ofonemeter. for thewirelessmouseoperationsinatransmit tem was biggerthan3mW, which was enough energy capturedusinganenergy-harvesting sys- only needed2.2mWenergy to operate. The total tal resultsofthestudyshowed thatthemouse andmicrocontroller. The experimen- mouse device, suchastheultralow power RF intended topower theelectronicsystemofa ing de cal orpiezoelectric.Electromechanical harvest- har monitored andusedreliably. Vibration energy- plentiful mechanicalvibration energy thatcanbe sensorsmayexample, indoormachinery have sources forambientener reliable and constantmechanicalvibration Mec capabilities upto50 same study vesting devices canbeeitherelectromechani- hanical Another example ofmechanicalenergy har- Indoor operatingenvironments may have vices, ho , anditshowed thatpower generation Vibr w ations ever, aremore commonly µ w fora0.1cm gy sca v enging. F 2 surf ace area or The Journal of Technology Studies 43 y, a , le able 2. able ariab T le , given med into electrical y vibrations; in this w ferent ambient vibration gy is transfor wn micro-machining tech- ell-kno The study is summarized in This method depends on the v In a study conducted to test the feasibility y w el v ated and compared according to their complex- mechanical ener or constant current Constant energy. different through two the conversion achieves across a the voltage example, mechanisms. For steady as its capaci- is kept variable As a result, tance alters after a primary charge. the plates split and the capacitance is reduced The of the device. out is driven until the charge in an energy then can be stored energy driven generating the a battery, pool or used to charge The most striking feature source. needed voltage of this method is its IC-compatib that MEMS (Micro-electromechanical system) capacitors are fabricated through rela- variable ti Electrostatic (Capacitive) Electrostatic capacitance of vibration-dependent varactors. Amirtharajah, Mur-Miranda, (Meninger, or A varactor, Chandrakasan, & Lang, 2001). charged, is initially which capacitor, variable will separate its plates b This scheme produces higher and more niques. than the electro- levels practical output voltage density. with moderate power magnetic method, and reliability of the dif (2005), three dif- Marzencki by sources energy sources (electrostatic, ferent vibration energy investi- electromagnetic, and piezoelectric) were g ity, energy density, size, and encountered prob- density, energy ity, lems. relatively higher voltage and power density levels density power and voltage higher relatively system. Moreover, the electromagnetic than of some elements, has the ability piezoelectricity such as to types of , and some from a mechanical generate an This & Crouch, 2006). Holler, stress (Skoog, the formprocess takes electric of separation of within a crystalcharge lattice. If the piezoelectric the applied material is not short circuited, the across a voltage mechanical stress induces based on applications many There are material. elec- is the one of which piezoelectric materials, system, pushing the In this lighter. tric cigarette button a causes a spring-loaded hammer to hit that is pro- piezoelectric , and the voltage as the current jumps slowly duced injects the gas the same Following gap. across a small spark grills, used to light gas idea, portable sparkers burners of gas have and a variety stoves, gas built-in ignition systems. piezoelectric based - - y el v ver, fecti oltage ield to con The v arying amount of vice, producing mer, increasing the increasing mer, ersion produces v y straining a piezoelectric gy con Wright, 2004). els through a v ell as its material properties. v gy b y , to produce electric ener aries with time and strain, ef This method alters mechanical energy into This method alters mechanical energy This technique uses a magnetic f ge separation across the de The coil tra . y a stationar material (Sodano, Inman, & Park, 2004). Strain material (Sodano, Inman, & Park, or deformationof a piezoelectric material causes char electrical ener Piezoelectric an drop a voltage and consequently The oscillating proportionalthe stress applied. to beam a cantilever system is typically with a mass at the unattached end of the le input higher strain for a given provides which (Roundy & produced v Electromagnetic number of turns of the coil, or increasing the permanent & Rincón- (Torres of these parameters each Mora, 2005). However, the size constraints of the is limited by microchip as w on the average. signal AC producing an irregular Piezoelectric ener magnetic flux, inducing a voltage according to magnetic flux, inducing a voltage is inherently The induced voltage law. Faraday's to become small and therefore must be increased & Najafi, (Kulah source of energy. a viable - to increase the induced Techniques 2004). age include using a transfor vert mechanical energy to electrical energy vert mechanical energy A coil (Amirtharajah & Chandrakasan, 1998). to pass attached to the oscillating mass is made is established through a magnetic field, which b gy researched and used. Roundy, Wright, and Wright, used. Roundy, and researched reported (2004) withdrawal Rabaey energy that on the movement could be based from vibrations its support to mass relative of a spring-mounted is produced by acceleration frame. Mechanical that, in turn,vibrations the mass compo- cause disloca- This relative and oscillate. nent to move frictional and damping tion causes opposing thereby the mass, against to be applied the oscil- extinguishing reducing and eventually con- can be force energy The damping lations. via an electric fieldverted into electrical energy field(electrostatic), magnetic (electromagnetic), These ener- material. or strain on a piezoelectric and schemes can be extended gy conversion subjects because under the three listed explained if even types differs the nature of the conversion source is vibration. In the section the energy of the three sources the main differences below, are discussed. 4

The Journal of Technology Studies 4 Table Techniques 2.ComparisonofVibration Energy-Harvesting ne Nor (TEG) designedandintroduced b generator energy isthethermoelectric harvester sion ofpower toelectricity. rare,and assumenolossesintheconver-very high-temperature junctionarethereforecon n- andp-typematerialselectrically joinedatthe concentration regions. consistingof diffusehigh-energy fromhightolow carriers flo ments ofaconductingmaterialresultinheat Temperature changesbetween oppositeseg- by Disalvo (1999)andRowe (1999). effect,the Seebeck(thermoelectric) asreported directly converted toelectricalenergy through Thermal (Thermoelectric)EnergyHarvesting electric po en perature dif situations inwhich thereisastatic10°Ctem- could eventually resultinmorethan15_W/cm the impro gradients. Although thisispromising and, with con ther Stordeur andStark(1997)have demonstrateda from theenvironment with hightemperature. vide ameansby which energy canbescavenged temperaturevariationsly alsocanpro- occurring low voltage and power levels. Moreover, natural- system, soconsequentl differences than10°Carerareinamicro greater Wright, &Rabae practical voltage andpower levels (Roundy, areessentialtoproduce gradients Large thermal coef the temperaturedif The generatedv voltage difference acrossthebaseelectrodes. temperature end, establishing intheprocessa ofeachmaterialtothelownant charge carriers structed, allowing thedomi- heatflow tocarry nrydniy4m m32. Jc- 35.4mJcm-3 High 24.8mJcm-3 Very High 4mJcm-3 P C Low Energy density Complexity ofprocessflow olm eyhg otg n ed eylwotu Low output Very low output Very highvoltage andneed roblems vironmental (ambient) ther w ther retsz nertdMcoMacro Macro Integrated size urrent w andconsequently charge flow sincemobile, v moelectric microdevice, which iscapable of thwest (2007). NationalLaboratory This f One ofthelatestdesignsthermoelectric intheenvironment gradients Thermal are erting 15_W/cm erting icient ofthether moelectric generatorisusedto convert v w ement ofther ference within1cm er forav oltage andpower isrelative to y, 2004).However, temperature ferential andtheSeebeck ariety ofapplications that 3 moelectric materials. y suchsystemsgenerate from 10 moelectric research, mal ener 3 ° fadn hresuc otgsvoltages of addingcharge source E C temperature are, ho y Pacific etottcEetoantcPiezoelectric Electromagnetic lectrostatic gy into w e v er - , 3 , (2005). ents toelectricityb convert power fromambienttemperaturegradi- generator hasalsobeenproposedasamethodto piezoelectric the thermal-expansion-actuated low- power electronicapplications.Moreover, 1V outputvoltage, which canbeenoughfor (P 0.5 cm ∞ capab (PNNL, 2007). generatoris This thermoelectric moelectric generatorasacommercialproduct hasdevelopedCorporation andpresentedather- moelectric generator on thenatureofapplication. stand-alone, lo maygy harvester beappropriateformany other ener- is alsodocumentedthatthethermoelectric management.It andagricultural and wilderness biomedicine, securitysurveillance, and military automoti energy-harvesting designarediverse, including by modifyingthedesign. Applications ofthis micro electrical outputcanbechangedfromafe Depending onthetemperaturerange, TEG’s the applicationclaimedby themanufacturer. nance free,continuouspower forthelifetimeof and stable componentsthatprovided mainte- faces. The bodyofthe TEG consistedofreliable toair,as ground water toair, orskintoairinter- rally intheenvironment oftheapplicationsuch natu- temperature variations thatareoccurring thatcanexploit small(>2°C) very figuration inauniquecon- small andthinthermocouples energy includesanassembly harvester ofvery necessitates low power use. This thermoelectric tial when they areeitherheated orcooled. As a materialstogeneratean electrical poten- certain (Lang, 2005). isthecapabilityof ture changesintoelectricalvoltage orcurrent Pyroelectricity EnergyHarvesting C temperaturevariations usingadevice thatis esco In additiontoPNNL The “pyroelectric effect” converts tempera- w le ofproducing40mwpo vitz, 2002). 2 atts tohundredsofmilliw in areaandafew millimetersthick ve performance monitoring,homeland ve performance w-power applications,depending This de y , Thomas, Clarkand Applied DigitalSolutions ’s patent-pendingther- vice generatesabout atts andmore w er from5 w The Journal of Technology Studies 45 ered w ated, estig ere po v y at an input icienc version. They They version. reported f el is high and continuous, to es a magnetic generator and v gy con v ersion ef er available from acoustic noise er available v w er vices, such as wind-up cell phone w o Researchers have been working on many been working Researchers have Rare research attempts have been made of been made Rare research attempts have ter, which is estimated to provide greater than is estimated to provide which ter, ns in one minute of cranking, which allows ns in one minute of cranking, which here the noise le ve , such as exploiting, cranking, such as exploiting, human power, ve er xample some types of flashlights w Human P projects to generate electricity from active/pas- si shaking, squeezing, spinning, pushing, pumping, and pulling (Starner 2004). For & Paradiso, e The in a spring. storing of 500 Joules of energy spring system dri chargers and , became available in the radios, became available and chargers (a instance, Freeplay’s For commercial market. 60 wind-up radios make commercial company) tur harvesting from an environment acoustic noise w a example, For transfer it into electrical energy. of Florida exam- research team at the University ined acoustic ener using a fly- conversion of strain energy analysis et al. 2002). circuit (Horowitz back converter The output of a vibrating PZT piezoceramic con- to DC flyback AC beam is connected to an v 20th centu- with wind-up generators in the early ry 1916). Later versions (US patent 1,184,056, of these de tones is called a sound, and an irregular and vibra- a sound, is called tones referredtion is noise. to as unit (Hz) is the one or 1 Hz equals 1 cycle, of sound frequency; ear can per- The human per second. vibration, 000 Hz. 20 Hz and 20 between frequencies ceive pressure are types and acoustic Acoustic power is the total power Acoustic noise. of acoustic a sound by radiated amount of sound energy and it is usu- period of time, a given source over pressure, acoustic For . in expressed ally hearing threshold of the the reference is the The as 20 microPa. is taken which human ear, these relative to express unit of measure used (1 Bel equals is the Bel or decibel sound levels and decibel are logarith- The Bel 10 decibels). better suited to represent a that are mic values than linear values wide range of measurements Wright, 2002). & Manwell, (Rogers, 80 percent con power of 1 mW and 75% efficiency at an input power It of 200 µW (Kasyap, Lim, et al. 2002). power finalizedwas that there is far too insufficient amount of po to be of use in the scenario being in except for very rare environments with extreme- very for rare environments except high noise levels. ly en, eral v es into v a C or more. grated circuit ∞ wn inte xists are absorbed with- , accumulated electrons gy e y a vibration source. A human y a vibration source. ell-kno xposed internalsurface area of y, establishing an open circuit voltage. establishing y, el v vice (Sun, Kherani, Hirschman, Gadek red to as a tone, a combination of se ersion is a w Acoustic noise is the result of the pressure A photovoltaic cell has the capability of cell has the A photovoltaic es produced b v v ve demonstrated that photovoltaic cells can that photovoltaic demonstrated ve ith a load connected here the light ener a otential is established. Pryroelectric energy- established. otential is esting has over thermoelectric harvest- energy esting has over w ear detects and translates pressure w Acoustic Noise electrical signals. Generally a sinusoidal wave is a sinusoidal wave electrical signals. Generally refer compatible technology that offers higher power that offers technology compatible compared with the other when output levels, its mechanisms. Nevertheless, energy-harvesting dependent on environ- output is strongly power light varying mental conditions; in other words, intensity. & Fauchet, 2005). Overall, photovoltaic energy photovoltaic 2005). Overall, & Fauchet, con the de in the depletion region, generating electron-hole in the depletion region, The built-in field electric pairs. of the junction accumulating separates each pair, immediately electrons and holes in the n+ and p regions, respecti W through the load and recombine with travel holes at the p-side, generating a photocurrent proportional to the light intensity that is directly Several and independent of the cell voltage. been conducted so far have research efforts, ha to maintain a micro produce sufficient power a three-dimensional diode system. Moreover, structure constructed on absorbent silicon sub- significantlystrate helps increase efficiency by increasing the e converting light energy into electrical energy into electrical light energy converting Scheiman, Underwood, (Kasap, 2001; Raffaelle, 2000). Jenkins, Hepp, Harris,Wilt, & Cowen, biased pn+ junc- Each cell consists of a reverse crosses with the heavily the light tion, in which Photons n+ region. and narrow conservative w Light Energy (Solar Energy) Harvesting Light Energy (Solar ing is that most of the pyroelectric materials or pyroelectric ing is that most of the up to 1200 elements are stable result of the temperature change, positive and change, positive of the temperature result through ends to opposite move charges negative migration thus, an electrical (polarized) and p harvesting with time require inputs applications outputs power results in small which variances One of the applications. in energy-scavenging har- energy that pyroelectric main advantages v from harvesting even energy Stability allows with increasing ther- high temperature sources modynamic efficiency. 4

The Journal of Technology Studies 6 interest orapplication. Suchsourcesofpower where thepower isgenerated, tothepoint of focused onhow togetpower from theshoe, soles. The ongoingresearchefforts mostly b development capa- ofpiezoelectricshoeinserts Paradiso, 2001). This researchinitiatedthe strikes orwalking when running (Shenck& energy sourceoccursatthefootduringheel gested thatthemostreliable andexploitable researchers consideredthesestudiesandsug wearable electronics(Starner, 1996).MIT these energy- techniquestopower harvesting Star power fromthehumanbody. For example posed andconductedseveral studiestocapture ambient energy source.Researchershave pro- ing thehumanbodyandmotionsanattracti actively orpassively indaily lifemotions,mak- pation occursintheaverage humanbodyeither po wasapplication ofshoeinserts topower alow while anaverage personiswalking. The first about 121Wofpo matel ly withoutany orwiremaintenance. battery placing compactdigitalcontrollersindependent- were off-the-shelf components,which enabled mit over 50feet.Materialsusedforthisdevice digital encoderandradiothatwas able totrans- push. ton, anditproducedabout1mJat3Vper15N ics. This systemwas actuatedwhen hitby abut- andconditioningelectron- matched element, which was comprisedofaresonantly Paradiso andFeldmeier (2001)isapiezoelectric control systems. remote trols andisbeingusedinmany current then replacedby theactive infraredremotecon- 1982). Adler’s “SpaceCommander”designwas the volume (Adler, Desmares,&Spracklen, evision iton,changechannelsandmute toturn duced ultrasoundenergy was decodedatthetel- minum materialtoproduceultrasound. The pro- thathitalu- system consistedofasetbuttons was introducedby Robert Adler in1956. The device. The design,called“SpaceCommander”, Zenith televisions was anotherhuman-powered hour ofplay. producesenoughpowerefficiently foraboutan le ofproducingana w ner hasresearchedandin er wirelesstranscei An a Another similararchitecture,developed by wirelessremotecontrolfor A battery-free y 10.5MJe The generatedpo v erage human body burns approxi- erage humanbodyburns v w er er dissipation.P y day, which isequalto verage of330µW/cm2 w v er mountedtotheshoe er w as enoughtor v estigated someof o w er dissi un a ve - - ered systems(Roundy, 2003). toseparately asactivebe referred human-pow- power-generating motion,iscommonandmay w less sensornetworks. Active humanpower, some ofthelow-powered devices, suchaswire- tioned pre such devices isextremely limited, andasmen- solution. However, theapplicationspacefor offersshoe, thepiezoelectricshoeinsert agood tion) tagorotherwirelessdevice worn onthe systems. their battery-free usefulbecauseof types ofproductsarevery ate thedevice (FreePlay Energy, 2007). These force springthattheusermustwinduptooper- ered productsthatarepowered by aconstant- Forformance. instance,Freeplay hasself-pow- humanper- ofthenormal action thatisnotpart an of generatorsrequirethehumantoperform human-powered energy scavengers. These types power asactive generatorscanbeclassified such aswalking orrunning. of Another group while thepersonisdoingregular daily activities, generate power becausepower generationoccurs the personisnotrequiredtoputextra effort to are consideredaspassive power sourcesinthat ing, con differentpaper learned ambientenergy-harvest- electronics systems.Studentsinvolved inthis e Ambient energy canalsoprovide harvesting an by thelimitedreliabilityofstandardbatteries. resources may remove someconstraints required of overall dependenceonambientenergy the ener portable orwirelesselectronicsdevices within these canprovide new energy resourcesto and overlooked ideasandoptionsexist, and Epsilon Pi Tau. Huntsville Texas. HeisaMember-at-large of Sciences atSamHoustonState University, the Departmentof Agricultural andIndustrial gy-har ambient energy sourcesanddesignuniqueener- ag Conclusion xtended lifespanandsuppor hich requirestheusertoperfor reed tostar For anRFID(Radiofrequency identifica- Dr. Faruk Yildiz isanassistantprofessor in In conclusion,se v esting systems. gy-harvesting systems. gy-harvesting The possibility version, andstoragesystems.Students viousl t anew researchidentifyvarious y , the v y arenotv eral cur t tocon rently developed, er m aspecific y applicab ventional le to The Journal of Technology Studies 47 o- ubi- 1370- letechnolo- ailab v 703-706. (EWSN '04), Berlin, Proceedings of 9th Int. Proceedings ysis of optimized micr New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Jersey: New Anal 5), 687-695. Science, 285, Science, ( A. P., & Lang, J. H. (2001). & Lang, J. A. P., (1). Imperial College of Science Imperial College pp. 42–48. A wireless-Interface SoC powered by SoC powered A wireless-Interface , A. S. (2004). IEEE 0-7803-9162-4/05 2005. Smalltimes, 2 European Commission research Project VIBES European Commission research Project ed October 6, 2009, from http://a v 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 28th IEEE Photovoltaic IEEE IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Scale Integration Large Very on Transactions IEEE , Retrie tharajah, R., Chandrakasan, ysicstoday.org/vol-58/iss-8/p31.html A compact, wireless, self-powered pushbutton controller. pushbutton self-powered A compact, wireless, .ph Amir ., eatman, E. M., & Holmes, , 28 (1), 123–128. Y . O tation, The University of California, Berkeley. The University tation, (MEMS 04), IEEE Press, 568–571. (MEMS 04), IEEE wer of small technology. of small technology. wer EEE Journal of -State Circuits, 33 of Solid-State Circuits, EEE Journal I . C., T 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Eletro Mechanical Systems Mechanical Eletro on Micro 17th IEEE International Conference Vibration energy scavenging. energy Vibration Axial-flow microturbine with electromagnetic generator: Design, CFD simula- generator: with electromagnetic microturbine Axial-flow Energy scavenging for wireless sensor nodes with a focus on vibration to elec- on vibration sensor nodes with a focus wireless for scavenging Energy The po A disser er wireless networking. er wireless networking. Optoelectronics and : Principles and practices, and photonics: Principles Optoelectronics w -Miranda, J ., Green, w po (1), 64-76. version. . D Proceedings of 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless on Workshop of 1st European Proceedings . (2002). 237-240. Technology development for self-powered sensors. 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