Forward and Inverse Problems in Piezoelectricity

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Forward and Inverse Problems in Piezoelectricity Forward and Inverse Problems in Piezoelectricity Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Dipl. Math. Tom Lahmer aus Bonn-Bad Godesberg Lehrstuhl für Sensorik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 15. Mai 2008 Vorsitzender der Promotionskommission: Prof. Dr. E. Bänsch Erstberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. B. Kaltenbacher Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. W. Borchers Meinen Eltern Abstract/Zusammenfassung i Abstract For understanding and predicting the behavior of piezoelectric devices, efficient numerical simulation tools, in particular the finite element method, have been developed and are used widely. Time consuming and expensive experiments, necessary for developing new piezoelectric products, sensors and actuators, are avoided by numerically solving the mathematical formu- lation of the underlying physical model. This model consists of a coupling between two physical quantities, namely electric field and mechanical strain and is given by a set of partial differential equations with appropriate bound- ary and initial conditions. Well-posedness results concerning the solutions of the underlying PDEs are presented in this work for time-dependent, har- monic, and static computations where appropriate damping and loss mech- anisms are taken into account. The accuracy of the simulation, however, relies sensitively on the material parameters governing the interaction of the physical quantities. Without the knowledge of the exact parameters no quan- titative predictions can be made by numerical computations. So far, these parameters have been estimated by measurements proposed by the IEEE Standard or the European Norm CENELEC [1,24] from well-defined test samples. The special shapes recommended there allow for simplifications, namely reduction to onedimensional problems, in the model. Explicit for- mulas allowing for parameter extraction from resonance characteristics and other measureable quantities are developed (cf. for loss-less models [1,24] and [32,60,91,138,142] considering losses.). However, these results do not provide sufficiently precise information on the material coefficients. This can be seen by comparing three dimensional simulation results with param- eters gained by the classical methods with measurements of the electrical impedance or mechanical displacement. In order to overcome these insufficient exactness, efforts are invested in the inverse problem, namely the simulation-based parameter identification for piezoelectric materials. The research and methods developed in this thesis consider both the linear and the nonlinear case. For the latter functional de- pendencies of the materials properties from the field quantities are assumed, a model which in particular is suitable for large-signal driven resonators at high frequencies, e.g. in sonar applications. The inherent instability of the in- verse problem is treated with special care by applying appropriate regulariz- ing methods. An iterative multilevel algorithm based on modified Landweber methods is developed here. The algorithm extends ideas of [130] and shows to be very effective in combination with the detection of parameter curves as they occur in nonlinear applications. Convergence results in the case of noisy data, and regularizing properties are given for this algorithm. Sensitiv- ity analyses and methods of optimal experiment design show the reliability of the identified parameters and give rules how to improve identification results effectively without remarkably increasing the computational effort. Abstract/Zusammenfassung ii Zusammenfassung Seit geraumer Zeit werden numerische Simulationswerkzeuge eingesetzt, ins- besondere die Finite Elemente Methode, um piezoelektrische Bauteile und deren Funktionsweisen genau zu verstehen und um deren Verhalten vorher- zusagen. Zeitaufwändige und teure Experimente, die für die Entwicklung neuartiger piezoelektrischerProdukte, Sensoren und Aktoren, nötig sind, kön- nen durch die numerische Simulation des mathematischen Modells ersetzt werden. Jenes besteht aus der Koppelung zweier physikalischer Größen, des elektrischen Felds einerseits und der mechanischen Dehnung andererseits. Das mathematische Modell wird durch ein System von partiellen Differen- tialgleichungen mit entsprechenden Rand- und Anfangswerten beschrieben. Für jeweils den zeitabhängingen, harmonischen und statischen Fall werden in dieser Arbeit Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsaussagen zu den Lösungen der zugrundeliegenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen formuliert. Passende Dämpfungs- und Verlustmechanismen werden dabei berücksichtigt. Die Ge- nauigkeit der Simulation hängt jedoch sehr von den Materialparametern ab, welche das Zusammenspiel der physikalischen Größen steuern. Ohne eine genaue Kenntnis dieser Parameter können keine quantitativen Aussagen ge- macht werden. Bislang wurden die Materialparameter nach Vorgaben des IEEE Standards und der europäischen Norm CENELEC [1,24] aus Messun- gen an wohldefinierten Probekörpern bestimmt. Die vorgeschlagenen spezi- ellen Geometrien erlauben vereinfachte eindimensionale Modelle. Explizite Formeln wurden entwickelt, welche es ermöglichen, die Parameter aus Re- sonanzerscheinungen und anderen messbaren Größen zu bestimmen, siehe [1,24] und [32,60,91,138,142]für den verlustbehafteten Fall. Jedoch bieten deren Ergebnisse keine hinreichend exakten Informationen über die Materi- alparameter. Dies wird schnell verdeutlicht, wenn man dreidimensionale Si- mulationen mit den aus klassischen Methoden ermittelten Parametern durch- führt und diese Ergebnisse mit gemessenen elektrischen Impedanzenund me- chanischen Verschiebungen vergleicht. Um diese unzureichende Genauigkeit zu verbessern, wird das dazugehörige inverse Problem, nämlich die simulationsbasierte Identifizierung der Mate- rialparameter für das piezoelektrische Problem behandelt. Die Untersuchun- gen und Methoden, welche in dieser Arbeit entwickelt werden, berücksich- tigen sowohl den linearen wie auch den nichtlinearen Fall. Im zweiten Fall wird von funktionalen Abhängigkeiten der Materialeigenschaften von den Feldgrößen ausgegangen, einem Modell, welches speziell für großsignalbe- triebene Wandler in Hochfrequenzbereichen, z.B. sonaren Anwendungen, passend ist. Die inhärene Instabilität des inversen Problems wird mit spezi- eller Vorsicht behandelt, indem geeignete Regularisierungsmethoden ange- wandt werden. Ein iterativer Multilevelalgorithmus, welcher auf modifizier- ten LandweberMethoden basiert und die Ideen von [130] erweitert, zeigt sich als effektiv in Bezug auf die Charakterisierung von Parameterkurven, wie sie bei nichtlinearen Anwendungen auftreten. Für diesen Algorithmus werden Aussagen über die Konvergenz im Fall von verrauschten Daten und regulari- sierende Eigenschaften präsentiert. Sensitivitätsanalysen und Methoden der optimalen Versuchsplanung zeigen die Vertrauenswürdigkeit der ermittelten Parameter und geben Hinweise, wie die Identifizierbarkeit effektiv verbessert werden kann ohne den rechnerischen Aufwand merkbar zu erhöhen. Preface iii Acknowledgment The thesis at hand is a resume of my work within the DFG Research group “Inverse Probleme in der Piezoelektrizität und ihren Anwendungen” under grant Ka 1778/1 at the Department of Sensor Technology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. It is an honor for me to write this acknowledgment now at the time when my thesis is about to finish. There are several people whose efforts, suggestions, and impetuses are of in- dispensable value for my work. In particular, I like to express my special gratitude to my first supervisor, Prof. Dr. Barbara Kaltenbacher for her patient guidance, encouragement, and excellent advice throughout this study. Especially with Barbara’s professional and methodi- cal responsibility she could always point out ways how to tackle each open pro- blem. I also like to thank my secondary supervisor Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Borchers for his careful review of my work and valuable discussions during the finalization of my thesis. I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Reinhard Lerch for the opportunity to work at his chair, the Department of Sensor Technology. The wide-ranging subjects initiated by him made my stay at the institute an interesting scientific experience in sensor and actuator applications. There are a lot of, no, all of my colleagues at the Department of Sensor Techno- logy to whom I am very much indebted. Not only a friendly working atmosphere, but also the willingness to discuss arising scientific questions, in particular concer- ning my application piezoelectricity, resulted in a very fruitful scientific environ- ment. Last but not least, I want to thank my family who supported me mentally during all the years of education. Without their encouraging assistance I would certainly not have reached this point of my life. Thank you very much! Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude for the constant support, understanding and love that I received from my prospective wife Daniela. Contents iv Contents Preliminaries i Abstract / Zusammenfassung . i Acknowledgment ............................. iii TableofContents ............................. iv ListofFigures............................... vi ListofTables ............................... vii ListofSymbols .............................. viii Structure of this Thesis . x Direct and Inverse Problems in Mathematics . xi Achievements
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