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Metric Selection……………………………………………………… 7 DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONALLY-BASED NUMERIC INTERPRETATIONS OF TENNESSEE’S NARRATIVE BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY CRITERION Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Division of Water Pollution Control 7th Floor L & C Annex 401 Church Street Nashville, TN 37243-1534 Development of Regionally-Based Numeric Interpretations of Tennessee’s Narrative Biological Integrity Criterion A Criteria Development Document Prepared for the Tennessee Water Quality Control Board by Deborah H. Arnwine Gregory M. Denton October 2001 Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Division of Water Pollution Control 7th Floor L & C Annex 401 Church Street Nashville, TN 37243-1534 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF REVIEWERS…………………………………………………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………... viii 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………. 1 2. DATA COLLECTION………………………………………………………. 2 2.0 Delineation of Ecological Subregions………………………………….. 2 2.1 Reference Stream Selection…………………………………………….. 4 2.2 Biological Monitoring…………………………………………………... 5 2.2.0 Field Collections…………………………………………………. 5 2.2.1 Sample Processing and Identification……………………………. 6 2.2.2 Quality Assurance………………………………………………... 6 3. METRIC SELECTION……………………………………………………… 7 4. FINAL REFERENCE SITE REVIEW…………………...………………… 19 5. ESTABLISHING BIOREGIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR BIOASSESSMENT…………………………………………………………... 22 5.0 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Southeastern Plains (Ecoregion 65) ……………………..…………………………... 24 5.1 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Blue Ridge Mountains (Ecoregion 66)…… ……………………………………… 26 5.2 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Ridge and Valley (Ecoregion 67)…………………………………………………… 27 5.3 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Southwestern Appalachians (Ecoregion 68)…...……………………… 28 5.4 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Central Appalachians (Ecoregion 69)………………… ……………………… 29 5.5 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Interior Plateau (Ecoregion 71)……………..………………………………….. 30 5.6 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (Ecoregion 73) ………….…………………...………….. 32 5.7 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Mississippi Valley Loess Plains (Ecoregion 74)………..………………………….. 33 5.8 Comparison of Macroinvertebrate Communities between Level III Ecoregions…………………………………………………………….. 34 5.8.0 Comparison Between the Southeastern Plains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain and Mississippi Valley Loess Plains……………. 34 i 5.8.1 Comparison Between the Transition Hills, Cumberland Plateau, Plateau Escarpment and Interior Plateau………...……………… 35 5.8.2 Comparison Between the Cumberland Plateau, the Cumberland Mountains and a Grouped Subregion in the Ridge and Valley…. 36 5.8.3 Comparison Between the Ridge and Valley and Blue Ridge Mountains…......………………………………………………… 37 6 EVALUATING SEASONAL VARIABILITY FOR INTERPRETING BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES……………………………………………….. 38 6.0 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 65abei-74b…………………………. 39 6.1 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 65j…………………………………. 40 6.2 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 66deg………………………………. 41 6.3 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 66f………………………………….. 42 6.4 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 67fhi………………………………... 44 6.5 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 67g…………………………………. 45 6.6 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 68a…………………………………. 47 6.7 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 68b…………………………………. 49 6.8 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 68c…………………………………. 51 6.9 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 69d…………………………………. 53 6.10 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 71e…………………………………. 55 6.11 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 71fgh………………………………. 56 6.12 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 71i…………………………………. 57 6.13 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 73a………………………………… 59 6.14 Seasonal Variability in Bioregion 74a………………………………… 60 7 CALIBRATING A BIOLOGICAL INDEX FOR ASSESSING STREAM CONDITION IN TENNESSEE BIOREGIONS…………………………… 62 8 FIELD TESTING PROPOSED BIOCRITERIA….……………………….. 73 8.0 Comparison of the Proposed Biocriteria to Two Alternate Assessment Methods…………………………………………………... 73 8.1 Comparison of Proposed Biocriteria to Historic Assessments in 6 Bioregions………………………………………………………….…... 77 8.1.0 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 67fhi…………………………………………………………….. 77 8.1.1 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 68a………………………………………………………………. 79 8.1.2 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 68c………………………………………………………………. 79 8.1.3 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 71e………………………………………………………………. 80 8.1.4 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 71fgh…………………………………………………………….. 81 8.1.5 Comparison of Test Sites to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 71i………………………………………………………………. 82 8.2 Comparison of Probabilistic Monitoring Data to Proposed Biocriterion in Bioregion 71i……………………...…………………… 82 ii 9 BIOCRITERIA RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………….. 85 10 CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………… 86 11 BIOCRITERIA IMPLEMENTATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS…87 LITERATURE CITED……………………………………………………………. 91 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Biometrics evaluated as candidates for biological criteria………. 9 Table 2 Similarity groupings of Level III and Level IV ecoregions based on reference stream data collected between 1996 and 2001.……. 23 Table 3 Scoring criteria and target index scores by bioregion…………… 65 Table 4 Comparison of previously assessed sites to proposed regional criteria…………………………………………………………… 74 Table 5 Individual biometric and multi-metric index scores for test sites in bioregion 67fhi………………………………………………... 78 Table 6 Assessments based on proposed criteria at streams with year- round flow in bioregion 71i (Inner Nashville Basin)..…………... 84 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Level IV ecoregions of Tennessee………………………………. 3 Figure 2 Range in richness metrics for reference sites by ecoregion……... 11 Figure 3 Range in composition metrics for reference sites by ecoregion… 12 Figure 4 Range in tolerance metrics for reference sites by ecoregion……. 13 Figure 5 Range in habit and feeding metrics for reference sites by ecoregion………………………………………………………… 14 Figure 6 Comparison of potential biometrics between seven reference sites and nine impaired sites in the Southern Limestone/Dolomite Valleys and Low Rolling Hills (67f)……... 17 Figure 7 Comparison of potential biometrics between reference sites and test sites in the Inner Nashville Basin (71i)……………………... 18 Figure 8 Comparison of seven biometrics at seven potential reference sites in the Western Highland Rim (71f)………………………... 20 Figure 9 Comparison of biometrics at five reference sites in the Cumberland Mountains (69d)…………………………………… 21 Figure 10 Percent contribution of Level IV subregions in the Southeastern Plains (65)……………………………………………………….. 24 Figure 11 MDS ordination of reference data in five subregions within the Southeastern Plains (65)………………………………………… 25 Figure 12 MDS ordination of reference data in four subregions within the Blue Ridge Mountains (66)……………………………………… 26 Figure 13 MDS ordination of reference data in four subregions with the Ridge and Valley (67)…………………………………………… 27 Figure 14 MDS ordination of reference data in three subregions within the Southwestern Appalachians (68)………………………………... 28 Figure 15 Percent contribution of subregions within the Interior Plateau (71)………………………………………………………………. 30 iii Figure 16 MDS ordination of reference data in five subregions within the Interior Plateau (71)……………………………………………... 31 Figure 17 MDS ordination of reference data in two subregions within the Mississippi Alluvial Plain (74)………………………………….. 33 Figure 18 MDS ordination of reference data at selected subregion groups within three Level III ecoregion (65, 73, 74) in west Tennessee.. 34 Figure 19 MDS ordination of reference data at selected subregion groups within three Level III ecoregions (65, 71, 68) in west, middle and east 35 Tennessee…………………………………………………… Figure 20 MDS ordination of reference data at selected subregion groups within three Level III subregions (67, 68, 69) in east Tennessee.. 36 Figure 21 MDS ordination of reference data at selected subregion groups within two Level III ecoregions (66, 67) in east Tennessee…….. 37 Figure 22 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in the bioregion that includes subregions 65a, 65b, 65e, 65i and 74b…. 39 Figure 23 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in bioregion 65j……………………………………………………………….. 40 Figure 24 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in the bioregion that includes subregions 66d, 66e and 66g…………… 41 Figure 25 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in bioregion 66f……………………………………………………………….. 42 Figure 26 Distribution of reference data for individual biometrics by season in subregion 66f………………………………………….. 43 Figure 27 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in the bioregion that includes subregions 67f, 67h and 67i……………. 44 Figure 28 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in bioregion 67g……………………………………………………………….. 45 Figure 29 Distribution of reference data for individual biometrics by season in subregion 67g…………………………………………. 46 Figure 30 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in bioregion 68a……………………………………………………………….. 47 Figure 31 Distribution of reference data for individual biometrics in bioregion 68a…………………………………………………….. 48 Figure 32 MDS ordination of spring and fall reference data in bioregion 68b……………………………………………………………….. 49 Figure 33 Distribution of reference data for individual
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