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Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Historic Resource Study Great Smoky Mountains National Park

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Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Historic Resource Study Great Smoky Mountains National Park NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Service National Park Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Great Smoky Mountains NATIONAL PARK Historic Resource Study Resource Historic Park National Mountains Smoky Great Historic Resource Study | Volume 1 April 2016 VOL Historic Resource Study | Volume 1 1 As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. GRSM 133/134404/A April 2016 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 FRONT MATTER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: SETTLEMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS, 1790–1933 ......................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER THREE: EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS, 1820– 1944 ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER FOUR: RECREATION AND TOURISM IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS, 1900– 1942 ............................................................................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER FIVE: THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, 1926–1942 ...................................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER SIX: EARLY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PRESERVATION PHILOSOPHY, CA. 1930– 1960 .......................................................................................................................................................... 119 CHAPTER SEVEN: MISSION 66 ERA OF NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT, 1945–1972 ................................................................................................................. 141 CHAPTER EIGHT: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATIONS ................. 161 CHAPTER NINE: MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................ 193 HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................... 203 VOLUME 2 – APPENDIXES APPENDIX A: RELEVANT EXISTING DOCUMENTATION APPENDIX B: LISTED, DETERMINED, AND RECOMMENDED ELIGIBLE HISTORIC DISTRICTS APPENDIX C: LISTED AND RECOMMENDED ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES APPENDIX D: RESOURCES DETERMINED OR RECOMMENDED INELIGIBLE FOR LISTING APPENDIX E: RESOURCES INCLUDED IN HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY Great Smoky Mountains National Park Historic Resource Study i FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Location of the Great Smoky Mountains NP in Tennessee and North Carolina. Figure 2 Map of Great Smoky Mountains NP showing major developed areas and roads. Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Detail from the 1814 state map of North Carolina showing future location of Great Smoky Mountains NP, indicated as “Haywood” (Samuel Lewis, North Carolina from the Latest Surveys, Philadelphia, PA: Mathew Carey, 1814. Courtesy of the State Archives of North Carolina). Figure 2.2 Detail from the 1818 state map of Tennessee showing future location of Great Smoky Mountains NP in Blount, Sevier, and Cocke counties (John Melish, Map of Tennessee, Philadelphia, PA: John Melish and Samuel Harrison, 1818. Map reproduction courtesy of the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library). Figure 2.3 Detail from 1861 state map of North Carolina (Joseph Hutchins Colton, J.H. Colton’s Topographical Map of North and South Carolina, New York, NY: Lang & Laing, 1861. Map reproduction courtesy of the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library). Figure 2.4 Detail from 1856 map of Tennessee (Joseph Hutchins Colton, Kentucky and Tennessee, New York, NY: J.H. Colton & Co., 1856. Map reproduction courtesy of the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library). Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Partial view of Proctor ca. 1925, company town of the W.M. Ritter Lumber Company (The Hardwood Bark 5: September 1925, cover, Great Smoky Mountains NP library collections). Figure 3.2 Village of Elkmont, Little River Lumber Company Logging Company (Great Smoky Mountains NP archive and library). Figure 3.3 Smokemont, company town of the Champion Fibre Company (Champion Fibre Co., The Log XV, April 1932, 2, Great Smoky Mountains NP library collections). Figure 3.4 Big Branch Camp and surrounding logging activities, 1923. Big Branch Camp was a temporary “stringtown,” or camp, of the W.M. Ritter Lumber Company (The Hardwood Bark 5: September 1925, 23, Great Smoky Mountains NP library collections). Figure 3.5 Map of principal mines and districts for massive sulfide copper ores in Southern Appalachia (Espenshade, Geology of Some Copper Deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama, I4). Figure 3.6 Map of copper mines and prospects in Swain and Graham Counties, North Carolina (Espenshade, Geology of Some Copper Deposits in North Carolina, Virginia, and Alabama, I15). Figure 3.7 1944 view of Adams Copper Mine headworks, looking northwest (Fox et al., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Hazel Creek Land Company, Tact FR-1132, Westerfeldt Prospect, and a Portion of the Adams Mine, plate 6). ii National Park Service Figure 3.8 1942 plan of Fontana Mine with approximate boundaries of Fontana Lake (detail from TVA, Land Map, Swain County, North Carolina, Forneys Creek Township; Fontana Reservoir, Tennessee Valley Authority, May 1942). Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Wonderland Hotel at Elkmont, Tennessee, 1921 (Courtesy of Thompson Photograph Collection, McClung Historical Collection, Knox County Public Library). Figure 4.2 Le Conte Lodge, 1936 (Photo #283, Herbert M. Webster Photograph Collection. University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Libraries). Figure 4.3 Smoky Mountains Hiking Club Cabin under construction, 1934 (Photo #Roth0283, Roth Photograph Collection. University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Libraries). Figure 4.4 Smoky Mountains Hiking Club Cabin, Kitchen (no longer extant), and Springhouse, 1934 (Photo #Roth0290, Roth Photograph Collection. University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Libraries). Figure 4.5 Voorheis Estate, 1930 (Great Smoky Mountains NP archives). Figure 20 Kress (Hall) Cabin at far left, 1953, adjacent to now-demolished Kress lodge (Great Smoky Mountains NP archives, File No. II-B-(6)-8055). Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Stone Guardrail, Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Drawing NP-GSM 1006 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.2 Typical Headwalls, Newfound Gap Highway. Drawing NP-GSM 1004A (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.3 Newfound Gap Developed Area. Drawing NP-GSM 60700 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.4 Chimneys Developed Area, 1939 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.5 Smokemont Developed Area, 1941 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.6 Comfort Station – Type 1. Drawing NP-GSM 3027 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.7 Forney Ridge Parking Area, 1941 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.8 Fire Lookout Tower – White Rock. Drawing NP-GSM 1126 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.9 Administration Area, 1937 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.10 Administration Area, 1941 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.11 Oconaluftee Ranger Station (Administration Building) Area. Drawing NP-GSM 2165B (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.12 Planting Plan, Oconaluftee Ranger Station. Drawing GRSM 133-2280 (NPS Technical Information Center, Denver, CO). Great Smoky Mountains National Park Historic Resource Study iii Figure 5.13 Trailside Lean-To – Log Type. Drawing NP-GSM 2065 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 5.14 Trailside Lean-To – Log Frame Type. Drawing NP-GSM 2066 (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 Historic Buildings Survey Map, 1937 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 6.2 Cades Cove Area, 1939 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 6.3 Field Exhibit of Mountain Culture, Cades Cove, 1939 Master Plan (Great Smoky Mountains NP, Gatlinburg, TN). Figure 6.4 Composite Plan – Pioneer Development, 1949. Drawing NP-GSM
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