Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750

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volume 177

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Edited by Tijana Krstić Derin Terzioğlu

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 648498). Cover illustration: “The Great Abu Sa’ud [Şeyhü’l-islām Ebū’s-suʿūd Efendi] Teaching Law,” Folio from a dīvān of Maḥmūd ‘Abd-al Bāqī (1526/7–1600), The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The image is available in Open Access at: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447807 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Krstić, Tijana, editor. | Terzioğlu, Derin, 1969- editor. Title: Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750 / edited by Tijana Krstić, Derin Terzioğlu. Description: Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Islamic history and civilization. studies and texts, 0929-2403 ; 177 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020032337 (print) | LCCN 2020032338 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004440289 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004440296 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Islam–Turkey–History. | Turkey–History–Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918. | Sunna. Classification: LCC BP63.T8 H57 2020 (print) | LCC BP63.T8 (ebook) | DDC 297.8/10956–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032337 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032338

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 0929-2403 ISBN 978-90-04-44028-9 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-44029-6 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Contents

Acknowledgments ix List of Figures xi Abbreviations xiv Note on Transliteration xv

1 Historicizing the Study of Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750 1 Tijana Krstić

Part 1 Rethinking Sunni Orthodoxy in Dialogue with the Past and the Present

2 A New Hadith Culture? Arab Scholars and Ottoman Sunnitization in the Sixteenth Century 31 Helen Pfeifer

3 A Contrarian Voice: Şehzāde Ḳorḳud’s (d. 919/1513) Writings on Kalām and the Early Articulation of Ottoman Sunnism 62 Nabil Al-Tikriti

4 Ibn Taymiyya, al-Siyāsa al-Sharʿiyya, and the Early Modern Ottomans 101 Derin Terzioğlu

5 You Must Know Your Faith in Detail: Redefinition of the Role of Knowledge and Boundaries of Belief in Ottoman Catechisms (ʿİlm-i ḥāls) 155 Tijana Krstić

6 How to Read Heresy in the Ottoman World 196 Nir Shafir

7 Prayers, Commentaries, and the Edification of the Ottoman Supplicant 232 Guy Burak

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Part 2 Building a Pious Community: Spatial Dimensions of Sunnitization

8 Lives and Afterlives of an Urban Institution and Its Spaces: The Early Ottoman ʿİmāret as Mosque 255 Çiğdem Kafescioğlu

9 Abdāl-affiliated Convents and “Sunnitizing” Halveti Dervishes in Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Rumeli 308 Grigor Boykov

10 Attendance at the Five Daily Congregational Prayers, Imams and Their Communities in the Jurisprudential Debates during the Ottoman Age of Sunnitization 341 H. Evren Sünnetçioğlu

11 Piety and Presence in the Postclassical Sultanic Mosque 376 Ünver Rüstem

Part 3 Sunnis, Shi‘is and Kızılbaş: The Context- and Genre-Specific Nature of Confessional Politics

12 Neither Victim Nor Accomplice: The Kızılbaş as Borderland Actors in the Early Modern Ottoman Realm 423 Ayşe Baltacıoğlu-Brammer

13 Reading Ottoman Sunnism through Islamic History: Approaches toward Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya in Ottoman Historical Writing 451 Vefa Erginbaş

14 Islamic Discourse in Ottoman-Safavid Peacetime Diplomacy after 1049/1639 479 Selim Güngörürler

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Index of Geographical Names 501 Index of Personal Names 505 Index of Quranic References 515 Index of Titles of Premodern Books 516 Index of General Terms 521

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Acknowledgments

This volume has its origins in a workshop entitled “(Re)Thinking Ottoman Sun- nitization, ca. 1450–1750,” held at Central European University in Budapest on August 25–26, 2017. However, this was only the beginning of a conversation that continued for three years, and the provisional conclusions of which are presented in this collection. In the process we have all learned a lot from each other and from colleagues involved in various ways, either as commentators at the original workshop, as anonymous reviewers, or as interested readers pro- viding valuable feedback. Ahmet Kaylı, Aslıhan Gürbüzel, Ayfer Karakaya-Stump, Baki Tezcan, Devin Stewart, Ferenc Csirkés, Rossitsa Gradeva, Sara NurYıldız, andYavuz Aykan par- ticipated in the original workshop but for various reasons were unable to con- tribute essays to this volume. Ayşe Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Çiğdem Kafescioğlu, and Helen Pfeifer joined us later. We greatly benefited from the expert insights of Cemal Kafadar, Gottfried Hagen, Gülru Necipoğlu, and M. Sait Özervarlı, who were commentators at the workshop. We would like to thank them all. Both the workshop and this volume are outcomes of the project entitled “The Fashioning of a Sunni Orthodoxy and the Entangled Histories of Con- fession-Building in the Ottoman Empire, 15th–17th Centuries” (OTTOCONFES- SION, Project ID 648498) supported by the European Research Council, Hori- zon 2020 Program. Our then Project Coordinator Tamas Kiss provided invalu- able logistic support during the workshop, while Sona Grigoryan has expertly filled that role since. As part of our research team, Günhan Börekçi has brought many sources and secondary literature to our attention during the preparation of this volume, while Cankat Kaplan meticulously prepared the index. From his base at Süleymaniye Library, Ahmet Kaylı has assisted us in obtain- ing digital copies of manuscripts and published studies. Özgün Deniz Yoldaşlar has also helped us access crucial literature. Guy Burak shared ideas for the cover image and helped us obtain it. The finishing touches to this volume were put at the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. There we benefited not only from the exceptional technical and logistic support of the WIKO staff and administration, but also from intellectually stimulating and challenging con- versations with the Fellows. We would particularly like to thank the Rector Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Ulrich Rudolph, Jeanne Kormina, Dror Wahrman, Natasha Wheatley, Elena Esposito, Efraín Kristal, Nicole Brisch, Felix Körner, Zaid al-Ali, Michael Karayanni and Balázs Trencsényi. Throughout the process we have had the support of the Brill editorial team, including Maurits van den Boogert, Teddi Dols, and Rebekah Zwanzig.

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We would also like to acknowledge the encouragement, support, help, friendship, and feedback of Başak Tuğ, Sara Nur Yıldız, Barbara Kellner-Hein- kele, Alexandar Schunka, Yael Navaro, Hülya Canbakal, Çiğdem Kafescioğlu, Fatma Taşkent, Emese Muntan, Cristina Corduneanu-Huci, Brett Wilson, Jan Hennings, Robyn Radway, Natalie Rothman, Maartje van Gelder, and Nevena Ivanović. Derin thanks Nuran, Ayşecan, Eren, Deniz, and Kıymet for being there for her in so many ways and for filling her life with meaning. She wishes her father Tosun was also still here. Tijana thanks Kovács Julianna and Sonia Pil- libeit for making it possible for her to be a working mother, and Mirjana, Boško, Sunna, Tolga and Leyla for always reminding her of what really matters. We dedicate this volume to our students with the hope that they will con- tinue the conversation.

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Figures

2.1 The list of authorities upon which Ghazzī transmitted the Ṣaḥīḥ of Bukhārī 50 2.2–2.3 The chain of authorities (isnād) and the hadith text (matn) for a hadith transmitted exclusively by men called Muḥammad, followed by a hadith transmitted by great scholars 51 8.1 Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret and complex of Meḥmed I, the “Green Mosque,” 822/1419 257 8.2a Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret of Meḥmed I, 822/1419, plan 258 8.2b Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret of Meḥmed I, 822/1419, section 259 8.3 Amasya, Bāyezīd Pasha zāviye/ʿimāret, 817/1414 264 8.4 Bursa, kitchen and refectory of the Meḥmed I complex 266 8.5 Istanbul, ʿimāret and mosque of Maḥmūd Pasha, 878/1473–1474, exterior view 267 8.6 Istanbul, ʿimāret and mosque of Maḥmūd Pasha, 878/1473–1474 268 8.7 Istanbul, complex of Meḥmed II, 867–875/1463–1470, plan 269 8.8 Istanbul, tābhāne and ʿimāret (hospice and soup kitchen) of the Meḥmed II complex, the courtyard 271 8.9 Afyon Karahisar, ʿimāret and mosque of Gedik Aḥmed Pasha, 879/1474, exterior view from south 279 8.10 Afyon Karahisar, ʿimāret and mosque of Gedik Aḥmed Pasha, 879/1474, plan 280 8.11a Edirne, mosque and ʿimāret of Bāyezīd II, 893/1487–1488; plan 286 8.11b Edirne, mosque and ʿimāret of Bāyezīd II, 893/1487–1488; view of the hospice section flanking the mosque 287 8.12a Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret of Murād II (830/1426) converted into a congregational mosque in the later tenth/sixteenth century: interior toward the prayer eyvān 292 8.12b Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret of Murād II (830/1426) converted into a congregational mosque in the later tenth/sixteenth century: interior toward the hospice room transformed into an eyvān 293 8.13 Bursa, zāviye/ʿimāret of Murād II (830/1426) converted into a congregational mosque in the later 10th/sixteenth century, plan 294 8.14 Bursa, Muradiye zāviye/ʿimāret reconstitution by Sedat Emir showing the original layout of the interior 295 8.15a Bursa, Orhan ʿimāret (740/1339–1340) converted into a congregational mosque ca. 984/1576; plan 298 8.15b Bursa, Orhan ʿimāret (740/1339–1340) converted into a congregational

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mosque ca. 984/1576; reconstitution by Sedat Emir showing the original layout of the interior 299 8.15c Bursa, Orhan ʿimāret (740/1339–1340) converted into a congregational mosque ca. 984/1576; view from north, with later addition of side entrance 300 9.1 Map of nonconformist dervish tekkes in Eastern Rumeli up to 1008/1600 (map by G. Boykov) 312 11.1 Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul, 1018–1026/1609–17, with the royal pavilion on the left protruding from the prayer hall 378 11.2 View of the celebration of the Prophet’s nativity at the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, with the royal prayer loge at the far-left corner. By Charles-Nicolas Cochin and Née, 1787, from Ignatius Mouradgea d’Ohsson, Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman, pl. 25. Engraving on paper 382 11.3 Sultan Ahmed Mosque, royal pavilion viewed toward its entrance side, with the attached mosque on the right 386 11.4 Yeni Cami, Istanbul, 1006–1076/1597–1665, with the royal pavilion on the left protruding from the prayer hall 389 11.5 Yeni Cami, royal pavilion viewed toward its entrance ramp, with the attached mosque on the left 390 11.6 Yeni Valide Mosque, Üsküdar, Istanbul, 1120–1122/1708–1710 392 11.7 Nuruosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul, 1161–1169/1748–1755, aerial view, with the Grand Bazaar in front and the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in the right background. Photographed by ʿAlī Rıżāʾ Bey, ca. 1880s. Albumen print 394 11.8 Nuruosmaniye Mosque, interior of the prayer hall looking toward the royal prayer loge 399 11.9 Nuruosmaniye Mosque, royal pavilion, with the attached prayer hall visible on the far left 397 11.10 Laleli Mosque, Istanbul, 1174–1177/1760–4, qibla facade of the prayer hall, with the royal pavilion on the right 401 11.11 Hamidiye Complex, Istanbul, 1189–1194/1775–80, with the sebīl in the right center and the tomb partially visible on the far left. Albumen print by Basil Kargopoulo, 1875 406 11.12 Beylerbeyi Mosque, Beylerbeyi, Istanbul, 1191–1192/1777–1778, renovated 1235–1236/1820–1821 407 11.13 Beylerbeyi Mosque, interior looking toward the entrance, with the royal prayer loge on the right 408 11.14 View of the Beylerbeyi Mosque from the Bosphorus during a visit by Maḥmūd II, showing the original single minaret. By Wolf after Ludwig Fuhrmann, from Edward Raczyński, Dziennik podróży do Turcyi odbytey w roku MDCCCXIV (Wrocław, 1821), pl. 44. Engraving on paper 409

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11.15 Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar, Istanbul, 1216–1220/1802–1805, view toward the mosque’s right side, with the royal pavilion projecting toward the foreground (the original minaret caps were conical). Albumen print by Abdullah frères, 1880–1893 411 11.16 Ortaköy Mosque (Büyük Mecidiye Mosque), Ortaköy, Istanbul, completed 1271/1854, view of a royal visit for the Friday prayer. Photographed by Pascal Sébah, 1885. Albumen print 413

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Abbreviations

EI2 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden 1954–2004 EI3 Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd ed., Leiden 2007– EIr Encyclopaedia Iranica, London 1982– IA İslâm Ansiklopedisi TDVİA Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul 1988–2016

AO Acta Orientalia AO-H Acta Orientalia (Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae) Arabica Arabica. Revue d’études arabes BJMES British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies BO Bibliotheca Orientalis BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Der Islam Der Islam. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients IJMES International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JIS Journal of Islamic Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JOS Journal of Ottoman Studies JQS Journal of Quranic Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JSAI Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam JSS Journal of Semitic Studies MSR Mamlūk Studies Review MW The Muslim World Oriens Oriens. Zeitschrift der Internationalen Gesellschaft für Orientforschung REI Revue des études islamiques REMMM Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée SIr Studia Iranica SI Studia Islamica WI Die Welt des Islams WO Die Welt des Orients WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Note on Transliteration

In this book, we follow the Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān transliteration system for Arabic, and the International Journal of Middle East Studies transliteration system for Ottoman Turkish. Names and terms that are common to both lan- guages have been transliterated according to either system, depending on the context. Geographic designations are not transliterated. Names of well-known groups are not transliterated (such as Hanafi, Kızılbaş, Naqshbandi, Sunnis) or are rendered in simplified transliteration (such as Shi‘ites, Mu‘tazilites, ‘Alids). Terms that are commonly known are given in their English form (for instance, Sunni, kadi, mufti, sharia, madrasa) and the more technical terms among them are italicized (for instance, masjid, waqf, tariqa).

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