European Journal of Turkish Studies, 19 | 2014, « Heritage Production in Turkey
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An Evaluation of Vanadium Enrichment in the Eastern Shelf Sediments of the Turkish Black Sea
ISSN:2148-9173 IJEGEO Vol: 4(2) May 2017 International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO) is an international, multidisciplinary, peer reviewed, open access journal. An Evaluation of Vanadium Enrichment in the Eastern Shelf Sediments of the Turkish Black Sea Selma Ünlü, Bedri Alpar Editors Prof. Dr. Cem Gazioğlu, Prof. Dr. Dursun Zafer Şeker, Prof. Dr. Ayşegül Tanık, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şinasi Kaya Scientific Committee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Abdullah (BL), Assist. Prof. Dr. Alias Abdulrahman (MAL), Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdullah Aksu, (TR); Prof. Dr. Hasan Atar (TR), Prof. Dr. Lale Balas (TR), Prof. Dr. Levent Bat (TR), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Füsun Balık Şanlı (TR), Prof. Dr. Nuray Balkıs Çağlar (TR), Prof. Dr. Bülent Bayram (TR), Prof. Dr. Şükrü T. Beşiktepe (TR), Dr. Luminita Buga (RO); Prof. Dr. Z. Selmin Burak (TR), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gürcan Büyüksalih (TR), Dr. Jadunandan Dash (UK), Assist. Prof. Dr. Volkan Demir (TR), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hande Demirel (TR), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazlı Demirel (TR), Dr. Arta Dilo (NL), Prof. Dr. A. Evren Erginal (TR), Dr. Alessandra Giorgetti (IT); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Gündüz (TR), Prof. Dr. Abdulaziz Güneroğlu (TR); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kensuke Kawamura (JAPAN), Dr. Manik H. Kalubarme (INDIA); Prof. Dr. Fatmagül Kılıç (TR), Prof. Dr. Ufuk Kocabaş (TR), Prof. Dr. Hakan Kutoğlu (TR), Prof. Dr. Nebiye Musaoğlu (TR), Prof. Dr. Erhan Mutlu (TR), Assist. Prof. Dr. Hakan Öniz (TR), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hasan Özdemir (TR), Prof. Dr. Haluk Özener (TR); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Barış Salihoğlu (TR), Prof. Dr. Elif Sertel (TR), Prof. Dr. Murat Sezgin (TR), Prof. Dr. Nüket Sivri (TR), Assoc. -
İzmi̇r History
İZMİR HISTORY Project Design Strategy Report First Edition, İzmir, 2016 1 Prof. Dr. İlhan Tekeli Prepared for publication by: Dr. H. Gökhan Kutlu Merve Çalışkan, Gizem Akyıldız, Dr. Çağlayan Deniz Kaplan, Alkın Korkmaz First Edition: September, 2016 İzmir Metropolitan Municipality Department of Survey and Project Directorate of Historic Environment and Cultural Properties İzmir History Project Centre 500 Copies Printed By: Dinç Ofset ISBN: 978-975-18-0201-9 2 CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION 4 II.THESPATIALDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPOPULATIONANDTHEECONOMICGROWTH INIZMIR 7 WHATKINDOFASPATIALDIFFERENTIATIONTHEECONOMICGROWTHOFIZMIRSHOWS? 8 THEFORMATIONOFTHEIZMIRCENTERBUSINESSDISTRICT(CBD)ANDTHEFORMATIONDYNAMICSOFTHEIZMIRͲ HISTORYAREAINTHECHANGINGPROCESSINTHECOURSEOFTIME 15 IIIDETERMINATIONOFTHEIZMIRHISTORYPROJECTAREAANDSUBAREAS 34 THEFORMATIONOFTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTANDTHELANDUSAGESTATUSESONIT 37 CHANGESTHATWEREEXPERIENCEDDURINGTHEREPUBLICPERIODINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA ECONOMICALACTIVITIESPROFILE 47 DETERMINATIONOFTHESUBAREASOFTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECT 53 PROCESSOFTHERIFTFORMATIONINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA 66 INFORMATIONABOUTROMANIZMIRINTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTAREA 68 IV.STRATEGYPROPOSALOFTHEPRESERVATION/DEVELOPMENTOFIZMIRͲHISTORY PROJECTAREA 70 AIMS 71 STRATEGICALORIENTATION 72 STRATEGIESTHATSHALLBEBENEFITEDINDEVELOPINGTHEIZMIRͲHISTORYPROJECTASPERTHESUBJECTS 74 1.URBANARCHAELOGYANDPRESERVATIONSTRATEGYTHATSHALLBEIMPLEMENTEDINTHEPROJECTREGION 75 2.STRATEGYOFBRINGINGSOMEPLACESINTHEPROJECTAREAINBEINGAPLACEWHICHREALIZESAN“EXPERIENCE” BEYONDBEINGALIFEAREA. -
Sacred Spaces in a Holy City. Crossing Religious Boundaries in Istanbul at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
9 (2019) Article 1: 34–56 Sacred Spaces in a Holy City. Crossing Religious Boundaries in Istanbul at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century MÉROPI ANASTASSIADOU-DUMONT INALCO/CERMOM, Paris, France This contribution to Entangled Religions is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0 International). The license can be accessed at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. Entangled Religions 9 (2019) http://doi.org/10.13154/er.v9.2019.34–56 Méropi Anastassiadou-Dumont Sacred Spaces in a Holy City. Crossing Religious Boundaries in Istanbul at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century MÉROPI ANASTASSIADOU-DUMONT INALCO/CERMOM ABSTRACT The article examines Muslim pilgrimages to Christian places of worship in Istanbul after the 1950s. It aims to answer whether and how the Ottoman heritage of cultural diversity fits or does not fit with the pattern of the nation-state. After a brief bibliographic overview of the issue of shared sacred spaces, the presentation assembles, as a first step, some of the key elements of Istanbul’s multi-secular links with religious practices: the sanctity of the city both for Christianity and Islam; the long tradition of pilgrimages and their importance for the local economy; meanings and etymologies of the word pilgrimage in the most common languages of the Ottoman space; and the silence of the nineteenth century’s Greek sources concerning the sharing of worship. The second part focuses more specifically on some Orthodox Greek sacred spaces in Istanbul increasingly frequented by Muslims during the last decades. KEY WORDS Istanbul; Turkey; Greek-Orthodox; Christians; Muslims; pilgrimages; sacred places; sharing; holy city; relics; Hıderellez; St. -
SMYRNA/İZMİR KAZI Ve ARAŞTIRMALARI II SMYRNA/İZMİR KAZI Ve ARAŞTIRMALARI
SMYRNA/İZMİR KAZI ve ARAŞTIRMALARI KAZI SMYRNA/İZMİR II SMYRNA/İZMİR KAZI ve ARAŞTIRMALARI II Smyrna/Izmir Excavation and Research II II. Smyrna/İzmir Kazıları ve Araştırmaları Çalıştayı 23-24 Eylül 2016 tarihinde İzmir’de düzenlenmiştir. Uluslararası katılımlı bu etkinlikte sunulan bildiriler Ed. Burak Yolaçan - Gözde Şakar - Akın Ersoy - Gözde Yolaçan Ed. Burak bu kitapta bir araya getirilmiştir. Editörler / Edited by Burak Yolaçan - Gözde Şakar Akın Ersoy Smyrna/İzmİR Kazı ve Araştırmaları II Smyrna/Izmir Excavation and Research II SMYRNA/İZMİR Kazı ve Araştırmaları II Smyrna/Izmir Excavation and Research II Antik Smyrna Kazısı Yayın Çalışmaları - 11 © 2017, Ege Yayınları ISBN 978-605-9680-61-5 Yayıncı Sertifika No: 14641 Tüm hakları saklıdır. Yazarın ve yayıncının yazılı izni olmadan çoğaltılamaz, kopyalanamaz. Editör/Edited by Burak Yolaçan - Gözde Şakar - Akın Ersoy Makaleler soyadına göre alfabetik olarak sıralanmıştır. Makalelerin içeriği ile ilgili sorumluluk yazarlara aittir. Articles are in alphabetical order. Authors are responsible for the content of their articles. Baskı Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sit. 2. Cad. No: 202/A Bağcılar-İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 325 71 25 Fax: +90 (212) 325 61 99 Sertifika No: 29487 Yapım ve Dağıtım Zero Prod. Ltd. Abdullah Sokak 17, Taksim 34433, İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 E.posta: [email protected] www.zerobooksonline.com Smyrna/İzmİR Kazı ve Araştırmaları II Smyrna/Izmir Excavation and Research II Editörler / Edited by Burak Yolaçan - Gözde Şakar Akın Ersoy İZMİR 2017 SUNUŞ Büyük İskender’in Doğu Seferi’nin hemen ardından kurulan ve MÖ 3. -
From Kadifekale to Uzundere, Izmir
RELOCATION FROM AN INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOOD TO PERIPHERAL MASS HOUSING: FROM KADIFEKALE TO UZUNDERE, IZMIR A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ENSARI EROĞLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL POLICY JANUARY 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe İdil Aybars Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Kezban Çelik (TEDU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç (METU, SOC) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Ensarı Eroğlu Signature : iii ABSTRACT RELOCATION FROM AN INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOOD TO PERIPHERAL MASS HOUSING: FROM KADIFEKALE TO UZUNDERE, IZMIR Eroğlu, Ensarı M.S., Department of Social Policy Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu January 2019, 141 pages As neoliberal urbanism spreads into the world urban authorities direct investment into the real estate market and accelerate the commodification of land in order to attract global capital and bolster economic competitiveness. -
Arcadius 8; (Column
index INDEX 319 Arcadius 8; (column of) 184 Balat 213–14 Archaeological Museum 93ff Baldwin, Count of Flanders 15 Argonauts, myth of 259, 263, 276 Balıklı Kilisesi 197–98 Major references, in cases where many are listed, are given in bold. Numbers in italics Armenian, Armenians 25, 189, 192, Balkapanı Han 132 are picture references. 193, 241–42, 258, 278; (Cemetery) Baltalimanı 258 268; (Patriarchate) 192 Balyan family of architects 34, 161, 193; Arnavutköy 255 (burial place of) 268 A Alexander, emperor 67 Arsenal (see Tersane) Balyan, Karabet 34, 247 Abdülaziz, sultan 23, 72, 215, 251; Alexander the Great 7; (sculptures of) 96 Ashkenazi Synagogue 228 Balyan, Kirkor 34, 234 (burial place of) 117 Alexander Sarcophagus 94, 95 Astronomer, office of 42 Balyan, Nikoğos 34, 246, 247, 249, Abdülhamit I, sultan 23, 118; (burial Alexius I, emperor 13, 282 At Meydanı (see Hippodrome) 252, 255, 274, 275 place of) 43 Alexius II, emperor 14 Atatürk 24, 42, 146, 237, 248; Balyan, Sarkis 34, 83, 247, 258, 272, Abdülhamit II, sultan 23, 251, 252, Alexius III, emperor 14 (Cultural Centre) 242; (Museum) 243; 267 278; (burial place of) 117 Alexius IV, emperor 15 (statue of) 103 Bank, Ottoman 227 Abdülmecit I, sultan 71, 93, 161, 164, Alexius V, emperor 15 Atik Ali Pasha 171; (mosque of) 119 Barbarossa, pirate and admiral 152, 247; (burial place of) 162 Ali Pasha of Çorlu, külliye of 119–20 Atik Mustafa Paşa Camii 216 250, 250; (burial place of) 250; Abdülmecit II, last caliph 24 Ali Sufi, calligrapher 157, 158 Atik Sinan, architect 130, 155, 212; (ensign -
Seminar Participants
iv Seminar Participants His Highness The Aga Khan Her Highness The Begum Aga Khan His Highness Prince Amyn Khan Professor Tugrul Ak~ura Architect/ Planner Mr. Akin Atauz Architect Professor Martin Biddle Archeologist TURKEY TURKEY UK Middle East Technical University Mimarlar Odasl University Museum Ankara, Turkey Konur Sokak 4 University of Pennsylvania Yeni~ehir 33rd and Spruce Streets Associate Professor of City and Regional Ankara, Turkey Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Planning Editor of MiMARLIK (Architecture), published Director of the University Museum. quarterly, and MiMARLIK/HABERLER Director of Winchester Research Unit, England. (News), published semi-monthly, both by the Lecturer and Fellow at Exeter, Oxford University. Professor Orhan Alsa~ Architect Publications include: The Future of London's TURKEY Turkish Chamber of Architects. Past and Winchester in Early Middle Ages. Ye~ilyurt Sokak No. I3 Kavakhdere Dr. Afife Batur Architect/ Ankara, Turkey Architectural Mr. Garr Campbell Landscape Historian Architect/ President of "Gaynmenkul Eski Eserler ve Amtlar TURKEY Planning Consultant Yliksek Kurulu" (Committee for Preservation U S.A and Registration of Historic Buildings). Department of History of Architecture and Restoration Secretariat of H.H. the Aga Khan Istanbul Technical University Aiglemont Dr. Sami Mohsen Angawi Historian/ Restorer Istanbul, Turkey 60270 Gouvieux, France SAUDI ARABIA Member of the Turkish Society for the Preserva Member, Award Steering Committee Hajj Research Institute tion of Monuments and the Institute of History Various site design and planning projects in P.O Box 1540 of Architecture and Restoration France, U.S A., Pakistan, India, Iran. Jiddah, Saudi Arabia Authority in charge of the conservation and Mr. Sel~uk Batur Architect Dr. -
The Socio-Spatial Transformation of Beyazit Square
THE SOCİO-SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF BEYAZIT SQUARE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES OF İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY BÜŞRA PARÇA KÜÇÜKGÖZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2018 ABSTRACT THE SOCIO-SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION OF BEYAZIT SQUARE Küçükgöz Parça, Büşra. MA in Sociology Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Eda Ünlü Yücesoy February 2018, 136 Pages In this study, I elaborated formation and transformation of the Beyazıt Square witnessed in modernization process of Turkey. Throughout the research, I examine thematically the impacts of socio-political breaks the on shaping of Beyazıt Square since the 19th century. According to Lefebvre's theory of the spatial triad, which is conceptualized as perceived space, conceived space and lived space, I focus on how Beyazıt Square is imagined and reproduced and how it corresponds to unclear everyday life. I also discuss the creation of ideal public space and society as connected with the arrangement of Beyazit Square. In this thesis, I tried to discuss the Beyazıt Square which has a significant place in social history in the light of an image of “ideal public space or square". Keywords: Beyazıt Square, Public Space, Conceived Space, Lived Space, Lefebvre, Production of Space. iv ÖZ BEYAZIT MEYDANI’NIN SOSYO-MEKANSAL DÖNÜŞÜMÜ Küçükgöz Parça, Büşra. Sosyoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Eda Ünlü Yücesoy Şubat 2018, 136 Sayfa Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'nin modernleşme sürecine tanıklık eden Beyazıt Meydanı'nın oluşum ve dönüşümünü araştırdım. Araştırma boyunca özellikle sosyo-politik kırılmaların Beyazıt Meydanı'nın şekillenmesinde ne tür etkiler yarattığını 19. -
Transnationalization of Turkish Television Series
TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF TURKISH TELEVISION SERIES EDITORS Özlem ARDA, Pınar ASLAN, Constanza MUJICA TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF TURKISH TELEVISION SERIES EDITORS Özlem ARDA Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University, Faculty of Communication, Radio, Television and Cinema Department, Istanbul, Turkey Pınar ASLAN Assoc. Prof. Dr., Üsküdar University, Faculty of Communication, Public Relations and Publicity, Istanbul, Turkey Constanza MUJICA Assoc. Prof. Dr., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Comunicaciones, Santiago, Chile Published by Istanbul University Press Istanbul University Central Campus IUPress Office, 34452 Beyazıt/Fatih Istanbul - Turkey https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr Book Title: Transnationalization of Turkish Television Series Editors: Özlem Arda, Pınar Aslan, Constanza Mujica E-ISBN: 978-605-07-0756-4 DOI: 10.26650/B/SS18.2021.004 Istanbul University Publication No: 5277 Published Online in July, 2021 It is recommended that a reference to the DOI is included when citing this work. This work is published online under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This work is copyrighted. Except for the Creative Commons version published online, the legal exceptions and the terms of the applicable license agreements shall be taken into account. iv EDITORS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özlem ARDA Istanbul University, Faculty of Communication, Radio, Television and Cinema Department, Istanbul, Turkey Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar ASLAN Üsküdar University, Faculty of Communication, Public Relations and Publicity, Istanbul, Turkey Assoc. Prof. Dr. Constanza MUJICA Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Comunicaciones, Santiago, Chile ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Dr. Ergün YOLCU Istanbul University, Faculty of Communication, Istanbul, Turkey Prof. -
Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, C. 1450–C. 1750
Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750 Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts Editorial Board Hinrich Biesterfeldt Sebastian Günther Honorary Editor Wadad Kadi volume 177 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ihc Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access Historicizing Sunni Islam in the Ottoman Empire, c. 1450–c. 1750 Edited by Tijana Krstić Derin Terzioğlu LEIDEN | BOSTON Tijana Krstić and Derin Terzioğlu - 9789004440296 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 06:32:06AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 648498). Cover illustration: “The Great Abu Sa’ud [Şeyhü’l-islām Ebū’s-suʿūd Efendi] Teaching Law,” Folio from a dīvān of Maḥmūd ‘Abd-al Bāqī (1526/7–1600), The Metropolitan Museum of Art. -
The Magnificent Century: Historical Fiction in Tv Series
THE MAGNIFICENT CENTURY: HISTORICAL FICTION IN TV SERIES by EZGİ VEYİSOĞLU Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University September 2019 EZGİ VEYİSOĞLU 2019© All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE MAGNIFICENT CENTURY: HISTORICAL FICTION IN TV SERIES EZGİ VEYİSOĞLU HISTORY M.A. THESIS. SEPTEMBER 2019 Thesis Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Yusuf Hakan Erdem Keywords: fiction, TV series, Magnificent Century, historical fiction The aim of this thesis is to analyse the effects of the Magnificent Century TV series, and to show the interpretations of the audience regarding history. The Magnificent Century series is a work of fiction; however, its effects on the audience go beyond the limits of fiction. The series was a big success and at the top of the ratings during its broadcast. However, popularity of the series did not diminish. It was broadcasted over a hundred countries worldwide. On the other hand; the popularity of the show, and its depiction of the historical figures caused a reaction among the local audiences. This thesis will show how the audiences, both local and international, of the series reacted to the events of the past that is shown in the series, and the interpretation of history. Furthermore, it will show how the Magnificent Century series changed the perception of history for some people; and the role of the series in the debate about the relationship between fact and fiction. iv ÖZET THE MAGNIFICENT CENTURY: HISTORICAL FICTION IN TV SERIES EZGİ VEYİSOĞLU TARİH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, EYLÜL 2019 Tez Danışmanı: Dr. -
The Ulema, Waqf, and Ottoman State (1789-1839)
ELITE CONFIGURATIONS AND CLUSTERS OF POWER: THE ULEMA, WAQF, AND OTTOMAN STATE (1789-1839) by Selim Argun Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montréal January, 2013 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University, Montréal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Selim Argun 2013 wāw), the twenty-seventh letter of the Arabic alphabet is considered to have) ﻭ mystical qualities. A saintly saying warns the faithful against words that begin with this letter by drawing attention to the sense of heavy responsibility and perils of accountability attached to their meanings. For example, waqf (religious endowment), waṣāyah (will/trusteeship), wirāthah (inheritance), wakālah (legal representation), wadīah (entrustment), wizārah (ministry), are words one must approach with utmost care when using them in his/her daily life. It is even recommended that one should refrain from seeking a career in these professions. There is, however, even more to say about the mystery of the wāw. 1 According to the discipline of ebced,0F the numerical value of this letter is 6 and the pair of two wāws (66) are equal to the words Allah and Lale (tulip) in its arithmetical sense. This is why the two figures are often mixed in Ottoman architectural designs and decorative ornamentations. Moreover, the purpose of the two facing wāws engraved above the shortened door of imperial loges of 1 The first of several mnemonic formulas designed to help one learn the numerical values assigned to the letters of the Arabic alphabet. ii Ottoman mosques where the powerful Sultans performed their prayers in seclusion, called hünkâr mahfili, was to remind them greatness of the Almighty while they were forced to enter in a bowed position.