LEK Project 2014

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TESTS

The adaptive nature of culture:

A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of

Local Environmental Knowledge

in three indigenous societies

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

INDEX

0. General aspects about the Knowledge Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 3

1. Bolivia

1a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 5

1b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 11

1c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 17

1d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... Page 21

2. Cameroon

2a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 25

2b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 30

2c. Medicinal Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 35

2d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... Page 37

3. Indonesia

3a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 42

3b. Wild Edibles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 48

3c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 55

3d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 56

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

0. General Aspects about the Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project

The Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project are country-specific, but cross-culturally comparable, because they follow the same structure. In this document, you will find the protocols of tests for each country. Each one of which has been elaborated in the native language on site, following the ethnographic phase fo the LEK Project.

For each of the Knowledge & Skills Tests presented below, the following information applies:

Timing: Administer only once; Hunting & Wild Edibles in Quarter One; Agriculture & Medicinal Plants in Quarter Two.

Sample: Carry out the questionnaire with every adult (16 years and older).

Rationale: These questionnaires are designed to capture the local knowledge and skills of four domains of knowledge: (a) hunting; (b) medicinal plants; (c) wild edibles; and (d) agriculture

Protocol:

- For domains (a) Hunting; and (b) Wild Edibles, the test is divided in two sections: (i) Knowledge; and (ii) Skills

- For domains (c) Medicinal Plants; and (d) Agriculture, both sections (i) Knowledge and (ii) Skills are merged in the same single test.

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

1. Bolivia

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

1a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Hunting Knowledge Test

Species Variable name Code Question Answer Source Format Coderid: Tlk_animals Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr Teeth identification. ¿De qué animal son Naca’ (Cuniculus paca) Knw_Hunt_Game1 112002 LEK compilation Text estos dientes? 112002 Knw_Hunt_Game1behav ¿Qué lugar es mejor para cazar naca’? Cerca de ríos y arroyos Hailey (2012) Text Shätij (Dasyprocta Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game2 punctata) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text esta huella? 112017 112017 Usually they have 2 young, Knw_Hunt_Game2behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el shätij? although in captivity there Decker (2000) Text are records of 3 and 4 young Mandibule identification. ¿De qué animal es Chu’ (Nasua nasua) Knw_Hunt_Game3 LEK compilation Text esta quejada? 112003 112003 Emmons (1997) Knw_Hunt_Game3behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el chu’? Abril-junio Text Gommper & Decker (1998) Ñej’ (Mazama americana) Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son Knw_Hunt_Game4 LEK compilation Text estas uñas? 112005 112005 Apareamiento / cubrir / celo Knw_Hunt_Game4behav ¿En qué época andan juntos los ñej’? Todos los meses excepto de Hurtado & Jorge (2006), (2007) Text septiembre a octubre. Oyoj (Cebus apella) Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta Knw_Hunt_Game5 LEK compilation Text cabeza? 112001 112001 Mostly chichi’. Also odo’ Knw_Hunt_Game5behav ¿Qué otros monos acompañan al oyoj? and uru’, but NEVER isvara Fragaszy et al. (2004) Text or other monkeys 5

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Mumujñi (Tayasu pecari) Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son Knw_Hunt_Game6 LEK compilation Text estas uñas? 112008 112008

Knw_Hunt_Game6behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el mumujñi? Pico entre julio y agosto March, I.J. (1993) Text

Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Shi’ (Tapirus terrestris) Smithsonian Tropical Institute Knw_Hunt_Game7 Text esta huella? Database (2012) 112016 112016 No existe una temporada de Knw_Hunt_Game7behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el shi’? cría; la reproducción ocurre Salas and Kim (2002) Text todo el año O’oyoj (Tamandua Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game8 tetradactyla) Engstrom et al. (1999) Text 112014 esta huella? 112014 Knw_Hunt_Game8behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el o’oyoj? Sólo tienen una cría Hayssen (2011) Text

Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta Odo’ (Ateles chamek) Knw_Hunt_Game9 LEK compilation Text cabeza? 112011 112011 At least two years. Inter- Knw_Hunt_Game9behav ¿Cada cuántos años puede tener cría el odo’? birth periods last about a Symington (1988) Text year and up to three years. Väsh (Dasypus Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game10 novemcinctus) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text esta huella? 112013 112013 Aparte del hombre, casi no Knw_Hunt_Game10behav ¿Qué animal caza al väsh? tienen ningún enemigo Hailey (2012) Text natural.

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Footprint identification

Knw_Hunt_Game2 Knw_Hunt_Game7 Knw_Hunt_Game8 Knw_Hunt_Game10

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 3-4)

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Complete Reference List:

BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Penelope jacquacu and Spix’s Guan. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 22/11/2013

Cabrera, J.A., Lozano, P.H., Molano Rueda, F. (1995). Mamíferos Macarena. Asociación para la Defensa de la Macarena. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Colombia.

Decker, J. (2000). Dasyprocta punctate. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 22, 2013.

Emmons, L. (1997) Neotropical Rainforest Mammals; A Field Guide, Second Edition. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA.

Engstrom, M.D., Lim, B.K., Reid, F.A. (1999) Guide to the Mammals of Iwokrama. Downloaded from www.iwokrama.org on 22/11/2013

Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E, Fedigan LM. 2004. The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge: Cambridge U Pr. 339 p.

Gompper, M.D., Decker, D. (1998) Nasua nasua. Mammalian Species. Number 580.

Hailey (2012) The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine. Accessed the 22th November 2013.

Hayssen, V. (2011). "Tamandua tetradactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 64–74.

Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2006) Reproductive biology of female Amazonian brocket. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 3: 171-177.

Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2007) Assessing the sustainability of brocket deer hunting in the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, northeastern Peru. Conservation – Biological Conservation, 138: 412-420.

March, I.J. (1993) The White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) In: Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W.L.R. Oliver. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland.

Salas, L.A.; Kim, J.B. (2002) Spatial factors and stochasticity in the evaluation of sustainable hunting of tapirs. Conservation Biology, 1: 86-96

Smithsonian Tropical Institute Database (2012) Footprint Collection. Smithsonian Tropical Institute: Washington, USA.

Symington, M. M. (1988). Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in the Manu National Park, Peru. American Journal of

Primatology 15: 45-67.

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Hunting Skills Test

Variable Name Question Format Coderid: Date: Idsubjid Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the Yes=1/No=0 questionnaire) Skill_hunt_ When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never Lasthunt 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon1 use for hunting? Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon1 previous question)for hunting forest animals? (if appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle) Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting with 0: never weapon1 (answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon2 use for hunting? (second) Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon2 previous question)for hunting forest animals? (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting 0: never weapon2 with(answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon3 use for hunting?(third)

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting with 0: never weapon3 (answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon3 previous question)for hunting forest animals? (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_bigga How many tapirs (antas) have you hunted in Numerical me your life? Skill_hunt_soun Do you know how to imitate the sound of Yes=1/No=0 d animals to track a deer?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

1b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Wild Edibles Knowledge Test

Variable name Species Question Answer Source Code Tlk_wild edibles Knw_WE1 Picture identification of wild edible 1. Ij’sita (Pseudolmedia laevis) Kew Gardens Database ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122007 http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropi 122007 key/families/Moraceae.htm Knw_WE1_Eco ¿En qué tipo de tierra crece ij’sita? Gredosa Libro de Conocimientos Tsimane’ Knw_WE2 Picture identification of wild edible 2. Buvei (Canna bangii) Plant Illustrations Database ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122059 http://plantillustrations.org/taxa.php?taxon=Canna 122059 Knw_WE2_Eco ¿Qué tiene la hoja de buvei en la Pilosidades de color blanquecino http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canna_bangii parte de abajo? Knw_WE3 Picture identification of wild edible 3. Odo’ odo’ (Toulicia reticulata) Plant Systematics Database ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122062 http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/mha8/r/Me 122062 nispermaceae_Abuta_grandifolia_2360.html Knw_WE3_Eco ¿Odo’ odo’ es un bejuco o un árbol? Árbol http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id= 40&taxon_id=242430222 Knw_WE4 Picture identification of wild edible 4. Besej (Trophis racemosa) Discover Life Database ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122057 http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Trop his+racemosa&guide=PA_BCI_Plantae_leaf 122057 Knw_WE4_Eco Cuando florece besej, revienta, ¿qué El viento [especie anemófila] Lucinda McDade (1994) será que se lleva el polvo de sus flores? Knw_WE5 Picture identification of wild edible 5. Ojmero (Paulliniapinnata) Marco Schmidt picture, Wikipedia ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paullinia_pinnat 122012 a_MS_4722.JPG Knw_WE5_Eco ¿Qué partes de ojmero son Semillas y hojas www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Paullinia_pin venenosas? nata.pdf Knw_WE6 Picture identification of wild edible 6. Bitire (Attalea butyracea) Herbario Nacional de la Universidad de Panamá ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122058 http://herbario.up.ac.pa/Herbario/herb/vasculares/ 122058 galeria/family/Arecaceae?page=2 Knw_WE6_Eco ¿Cuándo florece bitire? De agosto a octubre; el fruto está de noviembre a http://www.siac.net.co

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

abril; la gente colecta de abril a julio. Knw_WE7 Picture identification of wild edible 7. Vishirij (Inga marginata) Flora de Sâo Bento do Sul (SBS) Database ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122063 https://sites.google.com/site/florasbs/fabaceae/ing a-mirim Knw_WE7_Eco 122063 ¿De qué color es la flor de vishirij? Flor blanca INBIO (2012) http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?- DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&- Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=604&- Find Knw_WE8 Picture identification of wild edible 8. Soroca (Pouteria torta) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122061 http://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/bioinformatics/dfm/met 122061 as/view/22381 Knw_WE8_Eco ¿Qué animal come las hojas de Larvas de mariposa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouteria soroca? Knw_WE9 Picture identification of wild edible 9. Moco (Spondias mombin) Peruvian Collection of the Herbarium of Rostlyn, ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122060 Czech Republic 122060 http://www.cajovydum.cz/peruanskebyliny/eshop/ 23-1-HERBAR-ROSTLIN/478-3-Ubos Knw_WE9_Eco ¿Se ve alguna vez el moco sin hojas? Es un pequeño árbol caducifolio que pierde las http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_mombin hojas en la estación seca. Knw_WE10 Seed identification of wild edible 12. Tyutyura (Mauritia flexuosa) LEK Compilation 122004 ¿Cuál es esta planta? 122004 Knw_WE10_Eco ¿Qué animal hace su nido en el palo Aves grandes, como loros, tucanes, etc. Libro de Plantas Isa (Santa María) seco de la tyutyura?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles picture identification

Knw_WE1 Knw_WE2 Knw_WE3 Knw_WE4 Knw_WE5

Knw_WE6 Knw_WE7 Knw_WE8 Knw_WE9

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 12-13)

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles Skills Test

Variable Species Code Question Format Coderid: Date: Code Tlk_wild edibles Idsubjid Sk_WE1_harv Ij’sita When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last (Pseudolmedia time you 2: previous to last harvesting laevis) harvestedij’sita? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE1_harv 122061 How did you Text harvestij’sita? Sk_WE2_harv Buvei (Canna When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last bangii) time you 2: previous to last harvesting harvestedbuvei? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE2_harv 122059 How did you Text harvest buvei? Sk_WE3_harv Odo’ odo’ When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last (Abuta time you harvested 2: previous to last harvesting grandifolia) odo’ odo’? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE3_harv 122062 How did you Text harvest odo’ odo’? Sk_WE4_harv Besej (Trophis When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last racemosa) time you 2: previous to last harvesting harvestedbesej? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Sk_WE4_harv 122057 How did you Text harvest besej? Sk_WE5_harv Ojmero When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last (Paullinia sp. time you harvested 2: previous to last harvesting i.e., pinnata) ojmero? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE5_harv 122012 How did you Text harvest ojmero? Sk_WE6_harv Bitire (Attalea When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last butyracea / time you harvested 2: previous to last harvesting phallerata) bitire? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE6_harv 122058 How did you Text harvest bitire? Sk_WE7_harv Vishirij (Inga When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last marginata) time you 2: previous to last harvesting harvestedvishirij? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE7_harv 122063 How did you Text harvest vishirij? Sk_WE8_harv Soroca When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last (Pouteria time you 2: previous to last harvesting torta) harvestedsoroca? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never 122067 How did you Text Sk_WE8_harv harvest soroca?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Sk_WE9_harv Cojma When was the last 3: Last harvesting season _last (Papilionaceae time you harvested 2: previous to last harvesting ) cojma? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE9_harv 122060 How did you Text harvest cojma? Cojnono (Inga When was the last 3: Last harvesting season Sk_WE10_har sp.) time you 2: previous to last harvesting v_last harvestedcojnono? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE10_har 122065 How did you Text v harvest cojnono? Sk_WE11_har Inijshi (Inga When was the last 3: Last harvesting season v_last sp.) time you 2: previous to last harvesting harvestedinijshi? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE11_har 122066 How did you v harvest inijshi? Sk_WE12_har Tyutyura When was the last 3: Last harvesting season v_last (Mauritia time you 2: previous to last harvesting flexuosa) harvestedtyutyura? season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE12_har 122004 How did you v harvest tyutyura?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

1c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 1. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have been mentioned by at least two people. The list must be in the indigenous language. 2. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants, about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10 plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list should include two non-medicinal plants. 3. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhoea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness. 4. These data can then be analysed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Tbl _medicinal plants

“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.

Date: Coderid: Idsubjid: PlantName IllnessName MPm_lastu MP_whogiv MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual Notes se e

Nombre de la Nombre de la Cuando fue Si nunca If yes: Como utilizas el Puede hacer Pueden las Pueden los Practica algún planta enfermedad o la última “Y alguien Como preparas remedio de X para tratar XX? remedio? mal este embarazada bebés y los ritual o afección vez que de ha dado remedio si s tomar este niños/as ceremonia utilizaste la el Jun buyi buty mi yutye’ mo’ pinidye? Jun buyi buty mi se usa en remedio? tomar este para tomar plantaX tratamiento yutye’ mo’ mucha remedio? este remedio? para tratar ?” pinidye? cantidad? Tupuj buty XX? (tick all the ones mentioned) tyei in mo Tupuj buty Micdyi buty Qui buty mi In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using Me buty mi pinidye mo tyeij in oij mi jam vidyem Jun’dye somin Tlk_medplantprep) yocjin oij in pen in pinidye’ jequemi mo ya’ca’mi jämdye mo’ pinidye jaja tsi miqui’ pinidye? jaque’mo’ pinidye? tyeitya mi munsi’in? munty’in? pinidye? dai? Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never idsubjid grin boil Mix Mix macer burn chew direct Internal External Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No 1:<1 month 0 if nobody d (plant (others) ated use use (1) use (2) ago s) e.g. if (drink, (on the 2: 2-12 mixed eat, skin, month with smoke, bathe, 3: over 1 modern in the smoke year product eyes..) out, rub) etc) Punuvacdyes Punuvacdyes Punuvacdyes Vambason Vambason Vambason Macha

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Macha Macha Banana Banana Banana Que’tsejtsej Que’tsejtse Que’tsejtse Tson’sonty Tson’sonty Tson’sonty Ñetas Ñetas Ñetas Yavitus Yavitus Yavitus Mature Mature Mature Arara’ Arara’ Arara’ Jamo’tarara Jamo’tarara Jamo’tarara Buisi Buisi Buisi Tyimujmure Tyimujmure

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Tyimujmure Cravu Cravu Cravu Marva Marva Marva Parta Parta Parta

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

1d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA

Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test

CODER ID: Answer

Variable name Question Format Traditional common PLANTAIN: Itsidye Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show plantain Itsidye] What is the name of this variety? Ask them to be as specific as Tlk_plantain varieties they can Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which is the plantain variety that gives a higher number of fruits? Tlk_plantain varieties Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag Right now, how many plantain varieties do you cultivate in your field? Number

Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic [Pictures of different plantain fruits] Which of these plantains are ready to be harvested? 1/2/3/4/5 (multiple answer) (1,2,3,4,5, respectively)

Traditional intermediate PLANTAIN: Cojo´ Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Show plantain cojo’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_plantain varieties Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 Which plantain variety gives fruits earlier? Tlk_plantain varieties Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 This year, in which type of soil do you have your plantain: clayey or sandy? 1 = clayey 2 = sandy Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic [Picture of 2 plantain field] Which of these two plantain fields resemble more to yours? 1 or 2

Traditional rare YUCCA: Opuntye Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of yucca variety Opuntye] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_yucca varieties Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Which yucca variety gives a whiter chibé? Tlk_yucca varieties Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 Last time you planted yucca, how many branches of yucca did you plant per hole? Number Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic [Picture of yucca plant] By looking at the colour of these yucca plants, which one do you 1/2 (multiple answer) (1,2, respectively) think that it is ripe to be eaten/cooked? Modern Common MAIZE: Dyurtyi’ Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Picture of maize dyurtyi’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Which variety of maize gives a darker chicha? Tlk_maize varieties

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 This year, where did you cultivate maize: monte alto, bakkan or barbecho? 1 = monte alto 2 = bakkan 3 = barbecho 0 = No cultivate Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 If no, have you ever cultivated maize? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic [4 pictures of different maize drying under the sun] Which of these maize cobs are 1/2/3/4 (multiple answer) (1,2,3,4, respectively) already ready to be processed for making chicha? Modern intermediate RICE: Carolina Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Show the rice carolina] Which is this rice variety? Tlk_rice varieties Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 The grains of which rice variety fall more into the ground? Tlk_rice varieties Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which rice variety takes longer to cook? Tlk_rice varieties Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Last year, did you build your one pirwa to store the rice? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c Last year, did you put trunks in your rice fields to separate the varieties so that the seeds Yes/No don’t get mixed? Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [2 pictures of the same rice field in different moments] How many months do you think Number that have gone by since the first picture was taken? Modern Rare MAIZE: Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’ Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Show maize Tana’ miqui’ muntyi’ tority’] What is the name of this variety? Tlk_maize varieties Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Which variety of maize is the best to feed the chicken: posha, vishety or yäcäty? 1 = posha 2 = vishety 3 = yäcäty 4 = the same Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Have you ever prepared pipocas? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of three fields] In which of these 3 fields would you plant maize? 1/2/3 (multiple answer) Management Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1 What are the names of the plants used to make eyaj (traps for birds in the fields)? Tlk_eyaj (a,b,c, respectively) Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_2 What other crops can be grown together with yucca? Tlk_crops Bolivia (a,b,c, respectively) Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_3 Which is the best wood to make a pirwa (for storing rice in the field)? Tlk_woods pirwa Bolivia

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 Which crop dies when fumigated with pesticide? Tlk_crops Bolivia Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 To which animal does the petilla resemble more: a cricket, a worm or a cockroach? 1=cricket 2=worm 3=cockroach Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 Which quantity of insecticide, do you add for 20 litters of water? 1=1 tapa 2=5 cm

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Picture Identification

Source: Own elaboration

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2. Cameroon

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON

Hunting Knowledge Test

Species Code Variable name Question Answer Source Format Coderid: Tlk_anim als Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr River River Hog has red Identification question. How do you coat, Giant Forest Hog is Knw_Hunt_Game1 differenciate the Red River Hog of the Estes, 2012 Text black. 212004 Giant Forest Hog? The footprint are different What does Red River Hogs used to do with They dig the ground to get Knw_Hunt_Game1behav Estes, 2012 Text their two long canines? roots and tubers

Seko (Pan troglodytes) sound identification. What animal do you Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et Knw_Hunt_Game2 Text hear? al.1999 212027 212027 He uses a wood stick or a Does the Chimpanzee eat termites ? If yes, Knw_Hunt_Game2behav leaf inserted in the termite Estes, 2012 Text how does he do ? mound Gbe (Cricetomys emini) Picture identification. What animal do you Knw_Hunt_Game3 Kingdon, 1997 Text see on this picture? 212017 112003 Does the Gambian Rat live the day or at Knw_Hunt_Game3behav It is strictly noctural Kingdon, 1997 Text the night time?

Identification question. How do you Knw_Hunt_Game4 He is solitary Estes, 2012 ; Kingdon, 1997 Text 212000 recognize the old male of elephant?

Knw_Hunt_Game4behav How do the mother elephant guide her The very Young elephant ADW Text

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

offspring? stay in a 5 meters perimeters of the mother all the time. Mbongo (Tragelaphus Picture identification. What animal do you eurycerus) Knw_Hunt_Game5 Kingdon, 1997 Text see on this picture? 212007 In opening in the forest where it can find sunlight, 212007 bushes, herbs and bamboos. Estes, 2012 : 185 Knw_Hunt_Game5behav Where does the bongo used to live? Bongos both feed and Text ADW depend for cover on the bushes, herbs and bamboo found in these forested regions Bemba (Cephalophus Picture identification. What animal do you sylvicultor) Knw_Hunt_Game6 Kingdon, 1997 Text see on this picture? 212013 212013 It regularly used resting places under fallen trees, in Where does the Bemba use to rest during Knw_Hunt_Game6behav dense undergrowth, or in ADW Text the day ? root forms

Mboka (Nandinia binotata) Picture identification. What animal do you Knw_Hunt_Game7 Depierre & Vivien, 2012 Text see on this picture? 212023 212023 In a hole of a tree, or fallen Knw_Hunt_Game7behav Where does the nandinia give birth? tree, of leaf tangles on the Estes, 2012 Text ground

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Identification question. How do you It has white stains on its Knw_Hunt_Game8 Estes, 2012 Text recognize the coat of the water chevrotain? fur. 212015

What does the water chevrotain do when it It dives in closest river, Knw_Hunt_Game8behav Estes, 2012 Text is pursue? stream Mango (Ceratogymna Sound from : “African bird Sound identification. What animal do you atrata) Songs” gave by Dr. Bobo Knw_Hunt_Game9 Text hear ? Kadiri, University of Dschang, 215010 Cameroon. 213010 They reproduce at rainy season, they give birth in a Knw_Hunt_Game9behav Where does the Hornbill give birth ? Kemp, 1995 Text cavity, up on a big tree (>3m diameter) Yoka (Dendrohyrax Sound identification. What animal do you dorsalis) Knw_Hunt_Game10 Kingdon, 1997 Text hear ? 212020 212020 At dry season, during the Estes, 2012 Knw_Hunt_Game10behav At what time does the Tree hyraxe shoot ? full night night. Text ADW After the night fall.

Kalu (Colobus guereza) Sound identification. What animal do you Sound from : Gautier-Hion A. et Knw_Hunt_Game11 Text hear ? al.1999 212028 212028 the apparent sexual dimorphism is behavioral, Estes, 2012 Knw_Hunt_Game11behav How do you differentiate male and female? or can be heard. Text ADW The male is slightly bigger than the female

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Animal identification from pictures

Knw_Hunt_Game3 Knw_Hunt_Game6 Knw_Hunt_Game7

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Cameroon

Complete Reference List:

Animal Diversity Web (ADW), University of Michigan Museum of Zoology : http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu

DEPIERRE, D. & VIVIEN, J. 2012. Mammifères sauvages du Cameroun. Nguila Kerou. 316 pages.

ESTES, R., D. 2012. The Behavior of African Mammals. The University of California Press.

GAUTIER-HION, A. COLYN, M. GAUTIER, J.-P. 1999. Histoire Naturelle des Primates d’Afrique Centrale. Ecofac. (with CD)

KEMP, A. 1995. Bird Families of the World: The Hornbills Bucerotiformes.. New York: Oxford University Press.

KINGDON, J. 1997. Field Guide toAfrican Mammals. A&C Blach Publishers.

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Hunting Skills Test Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0 Skill_hunt_Lasthunt When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_Weapon1 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon Skill_hunt_Mkweapon1 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A animals? (if appropriate, not for commercial rifle) Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_Weapon2 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon Skill_hunt_Mkweapon2 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A animals? (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_Weapon3 Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon Skill_hunt_last_weapon3 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_Mkweapon3 Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A animals? (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_biggame How many Wild boar (Potamochoerus porcus)have you hunted in your life? Numerical Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of duiker to track it? Yes=1/No=0

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2b. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON

Wild Edibles Knowledge Test

Variable name Species Question Answer Source Code Tlk_wild edibles Knw_WE1 Stem identification èsumà Dioscorea semperflorens 222006 222006 Knw_WE1_Eco How can you see that èsumà tuber is When the leaves become red/yellow Dounias, 1996. mature, ready to eat? Knw_WE2 Picture identification mabE Baillonella toxisperma 222074

Knw_WE2_Eco 222074 Which insect could we find in mabE Edulu - Carpophilus sp. kernel ? Plenderleith & Brown, 2000

Knw_WE4 Picture identification kanà Panda oleosa 222051 Knw_WE4_Eco 222051 Which animal eats kanà fruits ? Boko, tende, sende Thorington et al., 2012 All the squirels (notably Protoxerus stranger and Vander Wall, 1990 Epixerus ebii) Knw_WE5 bark identification ngbé Anonidium mannii 222113 Knw_WE5_Eco 222113 Does ngbé give fruits every year? No, not every year. http://www.skyfieldtropical.com/encyclopedia/jun glesop/

Knw_WE6 How do you make the difference between mòlèngi hives and Nothing in the literature 231002 mopapele hives ? Knw_WE6_Eco Where are mòlèngi bees making Nothing in the literature their hive ?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Knw_WE7 bark identification gObO Ricinodendron heudelotii 222043 Knw_WE7_Eco When is gObO flowering? From march to may Eyog Matig O., Ndoye O., Kengue J. & Awano 222043 A., 2006. Les fruitiers forestiers comestibles du Cameroun. Cotonou: IPGRI/SAFORGEN/IRAD/CIFOR Knw_WE8 bark identification pO Alchornea cordifolia 222129 222129 Knw_WE8_Eco Which insect eatspOfruits? Alchornea cordifolia is a preferred feed plant of http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Alchornea the desert locust Zonocerus variegatus. %20cordifolia_En.htm Knw_WE9 Picture identification mbilà Elaeis guineensis 222085 Knw_WE9_Eco 222085 Where does mbilà used to grow ? In riverine forests or in freshwater swamps. It http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energ cannot thrive in primeval forests and does not y/elaeis_guineensis.html regenerate in high secondary forests Knw_WE10 Picture identification mòndùngùlE n.det. 232004 Knw_WE10_Eco 232004 Does mòndùngùlEgrow all the year Nothing in the literature ; only known that ? mushroom easily grow during rains

Knw_WE11 Picture identification dandu n.det. 231000 Knw_WE11_Eco 231001 When does dandu produce the most Nothing in the literature ?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles bark and picture identification

Knw_WE 5 / 7 / 8 Knw_WE2

Knw_WE4 Knw_WE

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Cameroon

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles Skills Test

Variable Code Species Code Question Format Coderid: Date: Tlk_wild edibles Idsubjid Sk_WE1_harv_last Dioscorea When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season semperflorens harvested Dioscorea 2: previous to last harvesting season semperflorens? 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE1_harv 222006 How did you harvest Dioscorea Text semperflorens? Sk_WE2_harv_last Baillonella When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season toxisperma harvested Baillonella 2: previous to last harvesting season toxisperma? 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE2_harv 222074 Do you know exactly where to Text find a tree of Baillonella toxisperma? Sk_WE3_harv_last Panda oleosa When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season harvested Panda oleosa ? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE3_harv 222051 Do you used to break Panda Text oleosa nuts? Sk_WE5_harv_last Anonidium When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season mannii harvested Anonidium mannii? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE5_harv 222113 Do you know exactly where to Text find a tree of Anonidium mannii? Sk_WE6_harv_last (meliponini tribe When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season 2: previous to last harvesting season honey) harvested mòlèngi? 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE6_harv 231002 How did you harvest mòlèngi? Text

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Sk_WE7_harv_last Ricinodendron When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season heudelotii harvested Ricinodendron 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons heudelotii? 0: Never

Sk_WE7_harv 222043 Do you know exactly where to Text find a tree of Ricinodendron heudelotii?

Sk_WE8_harv_last Alchornea When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season cordifolia harvested Alchornea cordifolia? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never 122067 Do you know exactly where to Text Sk_WE8_harv find a tree of Alchornea cordifolia? Sk_WE9_harv_last Elaeis When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season guineensis harvested Elaeis guineensis? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE9_harv 222085 Where does the Elaeis Text guineensis used to grow ?

Undetermined When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season Sk_WE10_harv_last mushroom harvested mundungule ? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE10_harv 222119 In which places/surface do the Text mundungule grow ? Sk_WE11_harv_last (meliponini tribe When was the last time you 3: Last harvesting season honey) harvested dandu? 2: previous to last harvesting season 1: longer than last two harvesting seasons 0: Never Sk_WE11_harv 232004 How did you harvest dandu? Text

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2c. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON

Protocol for selecting plants and illnesses 5. Generate a list of medicinal plants of the indigenous group combining a) secondary literature and b) results from free listing. Use only items that have been mentioned by at least two people. Thelistmust be in the indigenous language. 6. Divide the list in 3 groups according to their saliency. Do a stratified random selection of 20 plants from the list, taking about 7 of the most salient plants, about 7 mid-range (in saliency) plants, and about 7 least salient plants. Include both medicinal and non-medicinal plants. This list of about 20 plants will be pilot-tested during the first quarter, with about 10 people from communities other than our study communities, after which the list will be reduced to 10 plants that will give you sufficient variation in responses (from very well known to very little known). The list shouldinclude two non-medicinal plants. 7. Generate a list of illnesses in the areas from free listings. These illnesses can be both physical and “spiritual” (e.g. ghosts, forest illness, etc), as well as both diseases (malaria) and “symptoms” (e.g. headache, diarrhea, etc). This will be used to generate tlk_illness. These data can then be analyzed either by consensus or with an answer key based on local expert knowledge, or both.

“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.

Date: Coderid: Idsubjid: PlantName IllnessNam MP_lastuse MP_whogiv MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_ha MP_p MP_baby MP_ritual Notes e e rm reg Is there any ritual

Name of Name of When was If never If yes: How do you use it?

Plant Illness the last “has How do you prepare plant X for illness n or ceremony to be

time you someone XX? If culture-specific use not performed during use plant X given to known in “English application? to treat you the (tick all the ones mentioned) language”, then write use in (abstinence,songs..etc local indigenous language illness XX? treatment? In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code ). In notes, describe

using Tlk_medplantprep) and explain in notes the ritual/practice

harmful takenif in overdoses? Are pregnant woman allowed to take this preparation?Are babiesand young children allowed to take this preparation? ” In ACCESS, code 1 or 2 Is thepreparatio

Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never idsubjid Internal use External use Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No,

1:<1 month 0 if nobody; (1) (drink, (2) (on the

ago code (e.g. eat, smoke, in skin, bathe,

boil

burn chew

2: 2-12 month tlk_actors if grind the eyes..) smoke out,

plants

macerate Mix with

3: over 1 year outside direct use rub)

Mix with others. village modenproduct) gùgà Illness1 gùgà Illness2 gùgà Illness3

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

bòyo Illness1 bòyo Illness2 bòyo Illness3 Ngolù Illness1 Ngolù Illness2 Ngolù Illness3 bOsO Illness1 bOsO Illness2 bOsO Illness3 kàngà Illness1 kàngà Illness2 kàngà Illness3 ngOyO Illness1 ngOyO Illness2 ngOyO Illness3 adjadjo Illness1 adjadjo Illness2 adjadjo Illness3 bòlòngo Illness1 bòlòngo Illness2 bòlòngo Illness3 bambu Illness1 bambu Illness2 bambu Illness3 bOtO Illness1 bOtO Illness2 bOtO Illness3

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

2d. Agriculture Knowledge & Skills CAMEROON

Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test

Traditional common: PLANTAIN Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name Name of the variety show a cutting Gno'o Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which variety does ripen the fastest? Gno'o

Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 How do you do to ripen the regime? Cut it and keep it on the grid

Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 What do you do with the mu-ndo ? To protect the family when a person dies, it is hold on the door of the house Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1a Will those plantains produce well? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1b Why?

Traditional intermediate: MANIOC Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name Name of the variety ? tuber Minbour Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 How many cassava's cutting do you in the same place ? 2 or 3 Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 What can cassava's leaves cure ? To cure pregnant women / burns Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 If you plant this tuber here, where do you plant the other ? show the place No true answer : TEK and take the distance the respondent gives Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 How many varieties do you have in your plot ? list No true answer: personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp2_pic Are those plants ready to be harvested ? Yes

Traditional rare: SAPA Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name Name of the variety. tuber sapa Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 When is the best moment to plant this yam ? The same moment as the other, from march to may Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 Do you use this yam to cure something ? What ? To cure pregnant women

Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Did you plant this yam in your plot this year ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? Why ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c If "yes", did it produce well ? No true answer : personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp3_pic Look at this picture, is this a good productivity for sapa ? No

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Modern common: CACAO Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name Name of the variety ? Selectionné Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 How many time does this cacao live ? 3-4 years

Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Name of the fungicidefor the cacao ? Ridomine, Plantomine, Nordose, Cocobre, Etrofolan,

Anticapside Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Do you know how to cut trees of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2a Do you have a plot of cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2b If "yes", how many years did it produce ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag2c If "yes", did you already sell cacao ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp4_pic Is it ready to be harvested ? Yes Modern intermediate: MEBUTA Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name Name of the variety. tuber Mebuta Rouge / du village Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 How many varieties do you know ? No true answer : Personal investment

Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which variety does ripen the fastest ? Rouge Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Did you plant sweet potatoes this year ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c If "yes", when did you plant it ? No true answer : Personal investment Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Which varieties do you have in your plot ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic Do you think it is possible to plant sweet potatoes in this plot ? Yes Skill_Agr_Sp5_pic Why ?

Modern rare: ARACHIDE Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name Name of the variety. Fruit Arachide du village

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 Near to which plant is it impossible to plant groundnuts? No true answer : TEK

Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Why do groundnut become sick ? No true answer : TEK

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag Did you plant groundnuts this year? Yes / No

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "no", when was the last time you planted it ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag If "yes", which are the other plant in your plot ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 Did you already sell groundnuts ? No true answer : Personal investment

Skill_Agr_Sp6_pic Is it possible to plant groundnuts in this plot ? No true answer : Personal investment

Management Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_1 What is the best way for productivity: to burn before or after having Before planted plantain and cassava ?

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_2 When is the best moment to open a new plot ? At the begining of the dry season

Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_3 Which wild trees are important for the productivity of the plot ? No true answer : TEK

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_1 How many plantains did you plant this year ? No true answer : Personal investment

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_2 What is the best distance to leave between cassava and plantain ? (show No true answer : TEK the distance)

Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_3 What do you do to protect your plot against the predators ? No true answer : Personal investment

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Picture Identification (Source: Own elaboration)

Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic1aSkill_Agr_Sp2_picSkill_Agr_Sp3_pic

Knw_Agr_Sp4_NameSkill_Agr_Sp5_picSkill_Agr_Sp6_pic

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

3. Indonesia

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

3.1. Hunting Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA

Hunting Knowledge Test

Variable name Question Answer Format Knw_Hunt_Game1 Source: original picture LEK Bavui (Susbarbatus) Tlk_Animals Footprint identification. Do you know which animal produces, footprint? Knw_Hunt_Game2 Source: original picture LEK Telau (Muntiacus spp.) Tlk_Animals Footprint identification Knw_Hunt_Game3 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 126. Do you know the name of this Ketan (Arctictisbinturong) Tlk_Animals animal? Knw_Hunt_Game4 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 128. Do you know the name of this Munin (Paradoxurushermaphroditus) Tlk_Animals animal? Knw_Hunt_Game5 Source:http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Im Pecaku (Bucerosvigil) Tlk_Animals age_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, modified Animal identification Knw_Hunt_Game6 Source: original picture LEK Bowang (Helarctosmalayanus) Tlk_Animals Feces identification Knw_Hunt_Game7 Source:http://www.arkive.org/great-argus/argusianus-argus/ Owei (Argusianusargus) Tlk_Animals Animal identification Knw_Hunt_Game8 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 80. Do you know the name of this Megah (Ratufaaffinis) Tlk_Animals animal? Knw_Hunt_Game9 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 128. Do you know the name of this Angan (Pagumalarvata) Tlk_Animals animal? Knw_Hunt_Game10 Source: Payne and Francis 2007, p. 76. Do you know the name of this Kuyat (Macacafascicularis) Tlk_Animals animal? Knw_Hunt_Game1 What is the nest of bavui made of? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007, Text behav http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0, http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/sit e/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html #behavior)bitten/torn off saplings and

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable name Question Answer Format shrubs) Knw_Hunt_Game2 Is telau more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during Text behav the day Knw_Hunt_Game3 What is ketan’s main food? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)ripe Text behav fruits / figs Knw_Hunt_Game4 Is munin more active during the day or the night? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)during Text behav the night Knw_Hunt_Game5 In general, how many pecaku live together? (Source: Number behav http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmeted_Ho rnbill, accessed date 2012/07/01) pairs Knw_Hunt_Game6 Where do bowang build their nests? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007)in tall Text behav trees Knw_Hunt_Game7 Where do owei make their nests? (Source: www.arkive.ort/great- Text behav argus/argusianus-argus/#text=Biology, accessed date 22-07-12)in trees at night Knw_Hunt_Game8 Do megah often go down from the trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) no, only Text behav for going from one tree to another Knw_Hunt_Game9 Where do angan sleep? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) in tree Text behav holes and forks in big trees Knw_Hunt_Game10be Can you see kuyat in small trees? (Source: Payne and Francis 2007) yes, Text hav unlike other monkeys

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Picture Identification

Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Indonesia

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Complete Reference List: Payne, J., Francis, C. M.& K. Phillipps 1985. A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Sabah Society (with WWF Malaysia), Kota Kinabalu.

Kawanishi, K., Gumal, M. & Oliver, W. 2008. Sus barbatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41772/0

Animal Diversity Web, University Michigan http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_barbatus.html#behavior,accessed date 22/07/2012 http://www.arkive.org/bearded-pig/sus-barbatus/, accessed date 22/07/2012 http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?Bird_ID=332&Bird_Image_ID=40369&Bird_Family_ID=&p=1, accessed date 22/07/2012

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Hunting Skills Test

Variable Name Question Format Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the questionnaire) Yes=1/No=0 Skill_hunt_ When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never Lasthunt 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? Tlk_weapon Weapon1 Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals? Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon1 (if appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle) Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting? (second) Tlk_weapon Weapon2 Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to previous question)for hunting forest animals? Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon2 (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_last_weapon2 When was the last time you went hunting with(answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable Name Question Format Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly use for hunting?(third) Tlk_weapon Weapon3 Skill_hunt_last_weapon1 When was the last time you went hunting with (answer to previous question): 0: never 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_biggame How many sun bears (bowang) have you hunted in your life? Numerical Skill_hunt_sound Do you know how to imitate the sound of animals to track a deer(payou)? Yes=1/No=0 Skill_Poison_last When was the last time you prepared poison for blowpipe? 0: never 1: < 1 month ago 2: 2-12 months ago 3: > 1 year ago

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

3.2. Wild Edibles Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA

Wild Edibles Knowledge Test

Variable name Question Format Knw_WE1 Picture identification of torai (Baccaurea macrocarpa) Text (Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/adaduitokla/6074237871/in/set-72157627002948962) Knw_WE1_Eco Where does the torai fruit grow on the tree? Text (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccaurea_macrocarpa, female trees bear fruit directly on the trunk and large branches) Knw_WE2 Picture identification of mesalin(Xanthophyllum obscurum) Text Source: http://asianplant.net/ Knw_WE2_Eco Can mesalin grow in jakau (fallow)? (Source: http://211.114.21.20/tropicalplant/html/print.jsp?rno=815, Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A primary forest) Knw_WE3 Picture identification of buno (Garcinia mangostana) Text Source: http://www.mangosteen.com/historyandfolklore.htm Knw_WE3_Eco Upon postharvest of buno fruit, how do you know if the fruit is reap, does the fruit hardens or softens? softens=1/hardens=0/ -8: (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcinia_mangostana, softens) N/A Knw_WE4 Picture identification of buaabung (Nephelium rambutan-ake) Text Source: http://asianplant.net/ Knw_WE4_Eco Where does the bua abung tree usually grow? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial sites and along Text rivers and streams) Knw_WE5 Picture identification of va’it (Nephelium maingayi) Text Source:http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Bio-Diversity-Databases/Gallery.aspx?page=124 Knw_WE5_Eco Does va’it tree grow along rivers and streams? (Source: http://www.asianplant.net/, alluvial (swamps) sites Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A and along rivers and streams) Knw_WE6 Picture identification of jema (Arenga undulatifolia) Text Source: http://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id31921/

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable name Question Format Knw_WE6_Eco Does the jema tree need a lot of sun? (Source: http://www.photomazza.com/?Arenga-undulatifolia, under Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A full sun or slight shade) Knw_WE7 Picture identification of kelepren (Baccaurea bracteata) Text Source: http://www.asianplant.net/ Knw_WE7_Eco Can kelepren tree grow on sandy soil? (Source: Puri 2001, sandy soils) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Knw_WE8 Picture identification of lepou (Baccaurea lanceolata) Text Source: http://www.asianplant.net/ Knw_WE8_Eco Where does the lepou fruit grow on the tree? (Source: Text http://www.asianplant.net/Phyllanthaceae/Baccaurea_lanceolata.htm, bark of tree) Knw_WE9 Picture identification ofhulung (Eugeissona utilis) Text Source:http://www.pacsoa.org.au/wiki/Eugeissona_utilis Knw_WE9_Eco Can hulung tree grow on slopes? (Source: Puri 2001, poor soil, ridge tops, slopes) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Knw_WE10 Picture identification of riu (Garcinia laterifolia) Text Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23942469@N08/2273088488/ Knw_WE10_Eco Does riu grow on high mountain? (Source: Puri 2001, lowland and hill primary forest 2000m) Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles picture identification

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Sources: In the Wild Edibles Knowledge Test of Indonesia

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Wild Edibles Skills Test

Tbl_Wild Edibles Skills

Variable Code Question Format Sk_WE1_harv_last When was the last time you harvested torai? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE1_harv How did you harvest torai? Text Sk_WE2_harv_last When was the last time you harvested mesalin? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE2_harv How did you harvest mesalin? Text Sk_WE3_harv_last When was the last time you harvested buno? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE3_harv How did you harvest buno? Text Sk_WE4_harv_last When was the last time you harvested bua abung? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable Code Question Format 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE4_harv How did you harvest bua abung? Text Sk_WE5_harv_last When was the last time you harvested va’it? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE5_harv How did you harvest va’it? Text Sk_WE6_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro jema? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE6_harv How did you harvest oro jema? Text Sk_WE7_harv_last When was the last time you harvested kelepren? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE7_harv How did you harvest kelepren? Text

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable Code Question Format When was the last time you harvested lepou? 1: Yesterday Sk_WE8_harv_last 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE8_harv How did you harvest lepou? Text Sk_WE9_harv_last When was the last time you harvested oro hulung? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE9_harv How did you harvest oro hulung? Text Sk_WE10_harv_last When was the last time you harvested riu? 1: Yesterday 2: Within the last week 3: Within the last month 4: Last harvesting season 5: Between 2-5 harvesting seasons ago 6. More than 5 harvesting seasons ago 7: Never Sk_WE10_harv How did you harvest riu? Text Skill_Sagoo_Last When was the last time you prepared sago out of palms like jema or vulung? 0: never 1: < 1 month ago 2: 2-12 months ago 3: > 1 year ago

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

3.3. Medicinal Plants Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA Tbl _medicinal plants

“Which illnesses can be cured with plant XX?” Collect information for the first 3 mentioned illnesses/symptoms.

1-Kevouan 2-Kecaliu 3-Mecout 4-Kelalai 5-Tata 6-Tevela 7-Upa Lengot 8-Nyaman ula belang 9-Bangi 10-Arau 322105 322103 322113 322112 322106 322088 322046 322117 322123 322171 1. PlantName IllnessName MP_lastuse MP_whogive MP_howprep_1,2,3 MP_howuse MP_harm MP_preg MP_baby MP_ritual

Name of Plant Name of When was the If never “has If yes: How do you use it? (write Is the Are pregnant Are babies and Is there any ritual or Illness last time you someone How do you prepare plant X for illness XX? the way of use) If culture- preparation woman young children ceremony to be use plant X to given to you specific use not known in harmful if allowed to allowed to take performed during treat illness the (tick all the ones mentioned) “English language”, then taken in take this this preparation? application? XX? treatment?” In ACCESS, enter into three columns and code using write use in local overdoses? preparation? (abstinence,songs..etc) Tlk_medplantprep) indigenous language and . In notes, describe the explain in notes ritual/practice In ACCESS, code 1 or 2 Tlk_plants Tlk_illness 0: never idsubjid grind boil Mix Mix macerat burn chew direct Internal External use Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No 1:<1 month ago 0 if nobody (plants) (others) ed use use (1) (2) (on the skin, 2: 2-12 month e.g. if (drink, bathe, smoke 3: over 1 year mixed with eat, out, rub) modern product smoke, in etc) the eyes.)

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

3.4. Agricultural Knowledge & Skills INDONESIA

Agriculture Knowledge & Skills Test

Variable name Question Format Source Traditional common PADDY Knw_Agr_Sp1_Name [Show rice grain Pare Empang] What is the name of this Text variety? Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag1 Which variety of paddy is more resistant to drought: Pare Text Turi, Pare Ubok or PareEmpang? Knw_Agr_Sp1_Manag2 This year, how many varieties of paddy did you plant in your Text field? Skill_Agr_Sp1_Manag Which paddy variety is longer to cook: Pare Turi, Pare Ubok or PareEmpang? Skill_Agr_Sp1_pic [Picture of paddy field] Is the harvest of this field going to be Text Original picture LEK good this year? Traditional intermediate TARO Knw_Agr_Sp2_Name [Picture of taro variety] What is the name of this plant? Text Original picture LEK Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag1 For the variety of taro I showed you on the picture, how long Text does it take from planting to harvesting? Knw_Agr_Sp2_Manag2 [Pictures of 3 different varieties]Of these 3 varieties, the stem 1/2/3/-9 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK of which variety can be eaten? Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1a Do you have taro planted now? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1b If “No”, Have you ever planted taro? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp2_Manag1c When was the last time you planted taro? 1:last year 2: within the last two year 3: within the last 3-5 year 4: over a 5 years ago 5: never Skill_Agr_Sp2_Pic [Picture of taro field] Is it a good time to harvest taro based on Text Original picture LEK this picture?

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable name Question Format Source Traditional rare CORN Knw_Agr_Sp3_Name [Picture of corn] What is the name of this variety? Text Original picture LEK Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag1 How many fruit can you get in one plant of Jelai Ubok? Number Knw_Agr_Sp3_Manag2 For Jelai Ubok, how long does it take from planting to Text harvesting? Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1a Do you have corn planted now? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted corn? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp3_Manag1c When was the last time you planted corn? 1:last year 2: within the last two year 3: within the last 3-5 year 4: over a 5 years ago 5: never Skill_Agr_Sp3_Pic [Picture of corn field] Is the field ready to be harvested? Yes/No Original picture LEK Modern Common COFFEE Knw_Agr_Sp4_Name [Show coffee grain] What is the specific name of this variety? Text Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 Is there anything you can do to get more fruits from a coffee Text tree? Knw_Agr_Sp4_Manag2 Do the young coffee plants grow better with direct sun or under Text the shade? Skill_Agr_Sp4_Manag1 For the coffee plants you have now, did you plant the seedlings Text under the sun or under the shade? Skill_Agr_Sp4_Pic [6 pictures of different coffee fruit on the tree] Which fruit are 1/2/3/4/5/6 (multiple answer) Original picture LEK ready to be harvest? Modern intermediate COCOA Knw_Agr_Sp5_Name [Picture of 2 different cocoa tree, one from Indonesia and one 1 or 2 or -9 http://asiatradingonline.com/cocoa.htm from Amazon] Which one is grown here? Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag1 What do you do to get more cocoa fruit? Text Knw_Agr_Sp5_Manag2 Have you ever sold cocoa seeds? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1a Do you have cocoa planted now? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted cocoa? Yes/No

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable name Question Format Source Skill_Agr_Sp5_Manag1c When was the last time you planted cocoa? 1:last year 2: within the last two year 3: within the last 3-5 year 4: over a 5 years ago 5: never Skill_Agr_Sp5_Pic [Pictures pruned and un-pruned tree] Which of these trees will Text LEK original pictures give more fruit? Modern Rare (RED SMALL) ONION Knw_Agr_Sp6_Name [Picture of onion plant] What is the specific name of this plant? Text http://www.sorotnews.com/berita/view/masa- panen-harga-bawang.1498.html Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag1 How do you prepare the soil to plant onions? Text Knw_Agr_Sp6_Manag2 What part of the onion do you plant? Text Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1a Do you have onion planted now? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1b If “No”, have you ever planted onion? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1c If “Yes”, could you harvest some onion? Yes/No Skill_Agr_Sp6_Manag1d When was the last time you planted onion? 1:last year 2: within the last two year 3: within the last 3-5 year 4: over a 5 years ago 5: never Skill_Agr_Sp6_Pic [Picture of onion field (with flowers)] Do you harvest the onion Text http://sensiblesurvival.files.wordpress.com/2 before or after it is flowering like the picture? 011/04/wild2bonion2bflower.jpg Management Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_ How can you tell the land (soil) is bad for opening a Text 1 field/ladang? Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_ What plants can be grown together with cassava? Text 2 Knw_Agr_Trad_manag_ (The Kenyah plant when the moon is bulan awai/full moon), Text 3 what is the best moon to plant cassava? Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_ What is the right dosage to use herbicide (basmilang brand) for Text

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Variable name Question Format Source 1 paddy? Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_ Do you know any name of fertilizer in Malinau? Text 2 Knw_Agr_Mod_manag_ Do you know the price of 1 kg coffee seed in Malinau? Text 3

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Agriculture picture identification

Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014

Sources: In the Agriculture Knowledge Test of Indonesia