KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TESTS The adaptive nature of culture: A cross-cultural analysis of the returns of Local Environmental Knowledge in three indigenous societies Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 INDEX 0. General aspects about the Knowledge Tests ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 3 1. Bolivia 1a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Page 5 1b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 11 1c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 17 1d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........Page 21 2. Cameroon 2a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 25 2b. Wild Edibles …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 30 2c. Medicinal Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 35 2d. Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….........Page 37 3. Indonesia 3a. Hunting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 42 3b. Wild Edibles ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 48 3c. Medicinal Plants …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Page 55 3d. Agriculture ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Page 56 2 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 0. General Aspects about the Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project The Knowledge & Skills Tests of the LEK Project are country-specific, but cross-culturally comparable, because they follow the same structure. In this document, you will find the protocols of tests for each country. Each one of which has been elaborated in the native language on site, following the ethnographic phase fo the LEK Project. For each of the Knowledge & Skills Tests presented below, the following information applies: Timing: Administer only once; Hunting & Wild Edibles in Quarter One; Agriculture & Medicinal Plants in Quarter Two. Sample: Carry out the questionnaire with every adult (16 years and older). Rationale: These questionnaires are designed to capture the local knowledge and skills of four domains of knowledge: (a) hunting; (b) medicinal plants; (c) wild edibles; and (d) agriculture Protocol: - For domains (a) Hunting; and (b) Wild Edibles, the test is divided in two sections: (i) Knowledge; and (ii) Skills - For domains (c) Medicinal Plants; and (d) Agriculture, both sections (i) Knowledge and (ii) Skills are merged in the same single test. 3 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 1. Bolivia 4 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 1a. Hunting Knowledge & Skills BOLIVIA Hunting Knowledge Test Species Variable name Code Question Answer Source Format Coderid: Tlk_animals Idsubjid --- Personal Id number nr Teeth identification. ¿De qué animal son Naca’ (Cuniculus paca) Knw_Hunt_Game1 112002 LEK compilation Text estos dientes? 112002 Knw_Hunt_Game1behav ¿Qué lugar es mejor para cazar naca’? Cerca de ríos y arroyos Hailey (2012) Text Shätij (Dasyprocta Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game2 punctata) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text esta huella? 112017 112017 Usually they have 2 young, Knw_Hunt_Game2behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el shätij? although in captivity there Decker (2000) Text are records of 3 and 4 young Mandibule identification. ¿De qué animal es Chu’ (Nasua nasua) Knw_Hunt_Game3 LEK compilation Text esta quejada? 112003 112003 Emmons (1997) Knw_Hunt_Game3behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el chu’? Abril-junio Text Gommper & Decker (1998) Ñej’ (Mazama americana) Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son Knw_Hunt_Game4 LEK compilation Text estas uñas? 112005 112005 Apareamiento / cubrir / celo Knw_Hunt_Game4behav ¿En qué época andan juntos los ñej’? Todos los meses excepto de Hurtado & Jorge (2006), (2007) Text septiembre a octubre. Oyoj (Cebus apella) Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta Knw_Hunt_Game5 LEK compilation Text cabeza? 112001 112001 Mostly chichi’. Also odo’ Knw_Hunt_Game5behav ¿Qué otros monos acompañan al oyoj? and uru’, but NEVER isvara Fragaszy et al. (2004) Text or other monkeys 5 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 Mumujñi (Tayasu pecari) Footnail identification. ¿De qué animal son Knw_Hunt_Game6 LEK compilation Text estas uñas? 112008 112008 Knw_Hunt_Game6behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el mumujñi? Pico entre julio y agosto March, I.J. (1993) Text Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Shi’ (Tapirus terrestris) Smithsonian Tropical Institute Knw_Hunt_Game7 Text esta huella? Database (2012) 112016 112016 No existe una temporada de Knw_Hunt_Game7behav ¿En qué época tiene cría el shi’? cría; la reproducción ocurre Salas and Kim (2002) Text todo el año O’oyoj (Tamandua Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game8 tetradactyla) Engstrom et al. (1999) Text 112014 esta huella? 112014 Knw_Hunt_Game8behav ¿Cuántas crías tiene el o’oyoj? Sólo tienen una cría Hayssen (2011) Text Skull identification. ¿De qué animal es esta Odo’ (Ateles chamek) Knw_Hunt_Game9 LEK compilation Text cabeza? 112011 112011 At least two years. Inter- Knw_Hunt_Game9behav ¿Cada cuántos años puede tener cría el odo’? birth periods last about a Symington (1988) Text year and up to three years. Väsh (Dasypus Footprint identification. ¿De qué animal es Knw_Hunt_Game10 novemcinctus) Cabrera et al. (1995) Text esta huella? 112013 112013 Aparte del hombre, casi no Knw_Hunt_Game10behav ¿Qué animal caza al väsh? tienen ningún enemigo Hailey (2012) Text natural. 6 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 Footprint identification Knw_Hunt_Game2 Knw_Hunt_Game7 Knw_Hunt_Game8 Knw_Hunt_Game10 Sources: In the Hunting Knowledge Test of Bolivia (pages 3-4) 7 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 Complete Reference List: BirdLife International (2013) Species factsheet: Penelope jacquacu and Spix’s Guan. Downloaded from www.birdlife.org on 22/11/2013 Cabrera, J.A., Lozano, P.H., Molano Rueda, F. (1995). Mamíferos Macarena. Asociación para la Defensa de la Macarena. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Colombia. Decker, J. (2000). Dasyprocta punctate. Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 22, 2013. Emmons, L. (1997) Neotropical Rainforest Mammals; A Field Guide, Second Edition. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA. Engstrom, M.D., Lim, B.K., Reid, F.A. (1999) Guide to the Mammals of Iwokrama. Downloaded from www.iwokrama.org on 22/11/2013 Fragaszy DM, Visalberghi E, Fedigan LM. 2004. The complete capuchin: the biology of the genus Cebus. Cambridge: Cambridge U Pr. 339 p. Gompper, M.D., Decker, D. (1998) Nasua nasua. Mammalian Species. Number 580. Hailey (2012) The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine. Accessed the 22th November 2013. Hayssen, V. (2011). "Tamandua tetradactyla (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". Mammalian Species 43 (1): 64–74. Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2006) Reproductive biology of female Amazonian brocket. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 3: 171-177. Hurtado, G., Jorge, L. (2007) Assessing the sustainability of brocket deer hunting in the Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo Communal Reserve, northeastern Peru. Conservation – Biological Conservation, 138: 412-420. March, I.J. (1993) The White-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) In: Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos: Status Survey and Action Plan. Edited by W.L.R. Oliver. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland. Salas, L.A.; Kim, J.B. (2002) Spatial factors and stochasticity in the evaluation of sustainable hunting of tapirs. Conservation Biology, 1: 86-96 Smithsonian Tropical Institute Database (2012) Footprint Collection. Smithsonian Tropical Institute: Washington, USA. Symington, M. M. (1988). Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in the Manu National Park, Peru. American Journal of Primatology 15: 45-67. 8 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 Hunting Skills Test Variable Name Question Format Coderid: Date: Idsubjid Skill_hunt Do you go/used to go hunting? (if no, skip the Yes=1/No=0 questionnaire) Skill_hunt_ When was the last time you went hunting? 0: never Lasthunt 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon1 use for hunting? Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon1 previous question)for hunting forest animals? (if appropriate, i.e., not for commercial rifle) Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting with 0: never weapon1 (answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon2 use for hunting? (second) Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own weapon (answer to Yes=1/No=0/ -8: N/A Mkweapon2 previous question)for hunting forest animals? (only if appropriate) Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting 0: never weapon2 with(answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Which tool or technique do you most commonly Tlk_weapon Weapon3 use for hunting?(third) 9 Knowledge and Skill Tests –LEK Project 2014 Skill_hunt_last_ When was the last time you went hunting with 0: never weapon3 (answer to previous question): 1:yesterday 2: within the last week 3: within the last mth 4: within the last year 5: over a year ago Skill_hunt_ Do you make your own