Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. DNA is a collective interaction of hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen; carbon and phosphorus essential for life as we know it. Concise History of Creative Photography - with reference to the arts, is similarly a collective interplay of; photography, fine-arts, cinematography, literature and the performing arts. The, almost linear, comparative route of exploration and development through which different art disciplines travel, with a cross-pollination of influences, are illustrated and comparisons are made with the emphasis on photography. In documenting the photography styles and periods the fine arts model was adopted, which has been used by scholars for centuries. However, the inherent nature of an artist is to naturally expand vision and experimentation, this is sometimes done to such an extent that it is almost impossible to cage the artist accurately in a movement, style or genre. As the celebrated photographer W. Eugene Smith commented, “hardening of the categories causes art disease”.
Hein Waschefort
I. Concise History of Creative Photography - with reference to the arts Hein Waschefort
Author: Hein Waschefort (including layout, design, illustrations and pre-production)
Hein Waschefort gratefully acknowledges permission to reproduce material in this book. The use of all images in this publication are of low resolution and for the sole purpose of academic comparison.
Introduction page & Cover art: Hein Waschefort
II. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T 1. INTRODUCTION 1 11. COLLODION Overview 1 PORTRAITURE 40 19. EARLY PICTORIAL Studio Portraiture 40 PHOTOGRAPHY 91 Studio Portrait Photographers 41 The birth of modern photography 91 2. CAMERA OBSCURA 2 Photogravure 91 Camera obscura and the artist 3 Early Pictorial Photographers 92 The Hockney-Falco thesis 3 12. COLLODION TRAVEL 49 The Linked Ring 94 Vermeer and Camera Obscura 6 PHOTOGRAPHY Collodion landscape in Europe 49 THE PROFILE PICTURE 7 Classic European landscape 20. THE MOVING IMAGE 95 photographers 52 Moving the Image 95 3. PHOTOMECHANICAL Collodion landscape in America 55 REPRODUCTION 7 Magic Lantern 95 Photogenic Drawing 7 Capturing Movement 96 World’s oldest photo? 8 13. COLLODION Bullet Time 97 Heliograph 9 DOCUMENTRY First Cinematography 98 PHOTOGRAPHY 56 Development of Early Motion Picture 100 Early War Photography 56 Early Film Clips 102 4. THE FIRST PHOTO 10 Roger Fenton 57 Claiming The First Photo 10 American Civil War photographers 58 Daguerre’s Dioramas 11 War Reporting- then and now 60 21. PHOTOGRAPHY FOR Photosensitivity from the 16th century 12 Collodion Architectural Photography 61 THE MASSES 103 Niépce’s First Photo 13 Overview 103 Flexible Film 105 14. COLLODION Film Sensitivity 106 5. THE DAGUEREOTYPE 14 CONTEMPORARY Film Formats 108 Birth of the Daguerreotype 14 PHOTOGRAPHY 62 The First Domestic Film Camera 109 The Daguerreian Era 16 Collodion Contemporary Photographers 62 Early Lenses for Film Cameras 110 Daguerreotype in America 17 1st US judgement on Photo Copyright 66 Daguerreotype- pros and cons 18 Classic Photography versus The Arts 67 22. CLASSIC PICTORIALISM 111 6. THE CALOTYPE 19 15. EARLY 3D Overview 111 Birth of the Calotype 19 PHOTOGRAPHY 68 First Modern Photographers 111 The Photogenic drawing 19 The Stereoscope 68 Photo-Secession 114 Complete Calotype 21 Stereoscopic Photography 68 Gum-bichromate 118 Daguerreotype Stereo Photo 69 Camera Work 119 Collodion Stereo photography 69 7. FIRST Anaglyph 3D Image 70 PHOTOGRAPHERS 22 120 Hippolyte Bayard 22 23. IMPRESSIONISM Impressionism in Painting 120 The world’s first Photo Joke 22 16. EARLY ARTIFICIAL Impressionist Artists 120 Southworth & Hawes 23 LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY 71 Neo-Impressionism 123 Gurney’s Saloon & Gallery 24 Limelight 71 Impressionism and Literature 124 Henry Fox Talbot 25 Bengal light 71 Photography as a Modern Art 124 Anna Atkins 26 Battery Operated Light 71 Early Photo Impressionism 122 The Cyanotype 26 Electric light 72 Photo Impressionists 125 Hill & Adamson 27 Magnesium 72 First Electric light 72 8. COLLODION PROCESS 29 First Magnesium Combustion 73 24. SYMBOLISM 129 Early Flash Photography 73 Birth of the Collodion Process 29 Symbolism in Painting 129 Industrial Revolution 29 Symbolist Painters 129 First Colour Photo? 30 American Symbolism painting 131 17. THE DRY PLATE ERA 74 Symbolism in Literature 133 The Ambrotype 31 Birth of the Dry Plate 74 Symbolism in Music and Theatre 134 The Tintype 32 The dry plate canvas 75 Aesthetic Dress 134 Albumen Print 33 The Dry Plate Camera 78 Carbon Print 33 Early Photo Symbolism 135 Hand colouring 34 Early Pictorial Symbolist Photographers 135 18. 19th CENTURY Photo Symbolism 137 PHOTOJOURNALISM 81 Photo Symbolists 138 35 9. EARLY CAMERAS The First Photo Interview 82 Pre- ‘Wet Plate’ Cameras 35 19th Century Photojournalists 83 ‘Wet Plate’ Cameras 35 The First breaking news Photos 89 25. ROMANTIC Early camera lenses 36 PICTORIALISM 141 Muckraker 89 Half-Tone Printing 90 Romantic Photography Versus Painting 141 10. CLASSIC Romantic- Versus Classic photography 141 PHOTOGRAPHY 37 Romantic Pictorialist Photographers 142 Bright Young People 144 Photography’s impact on painting 37 Carte-de-visite 38 Cabinet Card 39
III. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T
26. NEW DEVELOPMENT 31. CUBISM 201 35. SURREALISM 278 FOR THE 20th CENTURY 145 Cubism in painting 201 Metaphysical Art 278 Photographic Print Process 145 Analytic-Cubism 202 Surrealism in literature 278 Early Colour In The Media 146 Synthetic-Cubism 202 Minotaure 279 Early Colour in Still Photography 146 Cubism Painters 203 Surrealism in painting 280 True Colour 147 American Cubism 204 The Treachery of Magritte 280 Röntgen rays 149 The Armory Show of 1913 205 Surrealist Painters 281 Cameras for the 20th century 149 Cubism in Literature 206 The Surrealist theatre 284 The Flash Bulb 150 Cubism in photography 206 Surrealist Photography 284 Photo Conceptual Cubism 207 Exposition Internationale du Surrealist 287 27. EARLY German Avant Garde Photography 211 Japanese Photo Surrealism 291 CINEMATOGRAPHY 151 Modern Conceptual Photo Cubism 212 Dali and Photographers 292 Compartmented Photo Cubism 215 Halsman’s Jump 294 Silent Film 151 Images Inventées 215 Modern Photo-Surrealism 295 Talkies 151 Modern Compartmented Photo Cubism 219 Surrealist cinema 297 Early Movie Camera Technique 152 Literal Photo Cubism 220 The first feature film 152 Cubism in Film 222 Charlie Chaplin 153 Anthology Film 222 36. MODERN Early Cinema Symbolism 153 An Anthology or Cubist Theme 223 PHOTOJOURNALISM 299 First Colour Films 155 Professional Photojournalism 299 First Television System 158 Formal Education 300 Ridgway Colour 158 32. FUTURISM 224 Distributing News Photos 300 Overview 224 Magnum Photos 301 Futurist Painters 225 Early modern photojournalists 302 28. EARLY MEDIA Divisionism 225 LIFE Magazine 306 PHOTOGRAPHY 159 Aeropittura 226 Media Photos that made a Difference 312 Overview 159 Futurism art groups in Russia 227 Modern Conflict Photography 312 Early Fashion Photography 159 Cubo-Futurism 227 PJ versus Social Change 312 Early Fashion Photographers 160 Vorticism 227 Embedded Journalism 313 Condé Nast Publications 163 Futurist Manifesto 228 Wars of the World 314 Early Photo Reporting 164 Futurism in the performing arts 228 Modern Conflict Photographers 315 Rotagravure 165 Futurism in Photography 229 Modern War Photography 316 Using The Media 166 Futurist Photographers 230 Modern War Photographers 317 National Geographic 167 Modern Nature Photography 236 Iwo Jima 320 Photojournalism 168 Futurism in film 238 Vietnam War Photography perspective 321 General News 169 Science Fiction Films 238 Vietnam War Photographers 322 Sesational Photojournalism 171 Steampunk 240 Travel and Exploration 173 Early 20th century War Photography 175 37. MODERN FASHION 325 Early Photo-Essay 177 33. ABSTRACT 241 Overview 325 FSA photographers 178 Abstract-Art Influences 241 Art Nouveau Artists 326 Lunch Break Epic 181 Early Art-abstraction 242 Modern Pre-Rapaelite 328 De Stijl 243 PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD 328 Concrete art 243 Modern Fashion photography 329 29. POST- Bauhause 244 Pioneer Fashion Photographers 329 IMPRESSIONISM 182 Bauhause Artists 246 Modern Fashion photography 330 Painting in Europe 182 Abstract Performing Art 246 Glamour 332 FAUVISM AND THE FAUVES 185 Abstract Photography 247 Marilyn Monroe 344 Post-Impressionism in America 187 Figurative Abstract 248 Photo Post-Impressionism 188 Non-Figurative Abstract 253 Photo Post-Impressionists 188 The Photogram 255 38. AMERICAN REALISM 345 Abstract Film 258 Overview 345 The Ten American Painters 345 30. EXPRESSIONISM 195 The Ashcan School 346 Overview 195 34. DADA 260 Social Realism 346 Primitivism 195 Overview 260 American Regionalism 347 Expressionism in Painting 196 Dada and the arts 260 American-Realism in literature 348 Société des Artistes Indépendants 196 Zurich Dada 260 American Ragtime Music 348 Die Brücke 196 Berlin Dada 262 American Realism photography 349 Der Blaue Reiter 197 Paris Dada 262 The Photo League 349 Degenerate Art 197 New York 263 Group ƒ/64 352 Other Expressionist Painters 198 Parade (Ballet) 264 The American Realism Landscape 353 Expressionism in Music 198 Dada Photography 265 Aperture 354 Expressionism in Photography 199 Dada Photographers 265 The ‘Zone System’ 355 Expressionistin Photographers 200 Film Und Foto 267 Later American Realism 356 Solarisation 273 Modern Realist Portraiture 358 Modern Dada Photography 275 In the American West 359 Neo-Dada 276 American Social Documentary Film 360 Anthropometry 276 Dada Film 277
IV. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T
39. ART-DECO 362 43. MINIMALISM 412 47. NEO-EXPRESSIONISM 457 Overview 362 Overview 412 Overview 457 Art-Deco Artists 363 Minimalist Painting 412 Stuckism 457 Art-Deco Posters 365 Barbara Rose and Minimal Art 412 Conceptual to Neo-Expressionism 457 Art-Deco in literature 365 Minimalist Sculpture 413 Nouveau Réalisme 458 Art-Deco Performing arts 366 Op Art 414 Décollage 459 Art-Deco Fashion 367 Postminimalism 415 Pre Neo-Expressionism 459 Avant-Garde And Kitsch 368 Minimal Music 416 German Neo-Expressionism 459 Art-Deco Photography 368 Post-minimal Music 416 Late Neo-Expressionism 461 Art-Deco Photographers 369 Photo Minimalism 417 Anti Avant Garde 461 Art-Deco Advertising 371 Minimalist Photographers 417 American Neo-Expressionism 462 Modern Art Deco fashion Photography 372 Commercial Photo Minimalism 419 The 27 Club 462 Mod. Art Deco fashion Photographers 372 Postminimalist Photography 419 Neo-Expression in Music 463 Classical Hollywood Cinema 373 Postminimalist Photographers 420 Musical historicism 463 The Film Star 373 Worlds in a Small Room 421 Neo-Expression in Photography 463 Golden Age of Animation 374 Minimalist Cinema 421 Neo-Expression Pictorialist 464 Neo-Expression Photojournalism 467 Neo-Expression Social Documentary 467 40. MODERN 44. CONCEPTUAL ART 423 Heroin chic 468 FILM & CAMERA 376 Overview 423 Neo-Expression Fashion photo 469 Lenses and Cameras 376 Early Conceptual Art 423 Neo-Expression Street Photography 471 Film camera types 376 Later Conceptual Art 424 Neo-Expression Travel Photography 472 35mm Single Lens Reflex Camera 377 Environment art 425 Neo-Expression Conflict Photog. 473 Modern 35mm SLR brands 379 Installation Art 425 Modern Wars of the World 476 Kodak production of the 20th century 381 Land Art 425 Neo-Expression Film 478 Social sculpture 429 Performance Art 430 48. POSTMODERNISM 480 41. ABSTRACT Fluxus movement 430 384 Modern to Postmodern Overview 480 EXPRESSIONISM Letterism 430 Realism to Postmodernism Flow-chart 480 Overview 384 Conceptual Photo 431 Postmodern Art and Photography 482 Black Mountain College 384 Conceptual Photographers 431 Appropriation 482 Abstract Expressionist Painters 385 Constructed Photo 434 Photo Appropriation 483 Action Painting 385 Virtual Photo 434 Bricolage 480 Colour-Field 386 Environment Photography 435 Postmodern Street Art 485 Tachisme 386 Installation Photography 435 Postmodern Street Photography 486 Figural Expressionism 386 Land art Photography 436 Funk-Art 488 Photo Abstract Expressionism 387 Street Art Photography 437 Funk Photography 488 The Family of Man 390 Body Art 438 New-Media-Art 489 Japanese Expressionism 392 Cyberpunk Literature 440 New-Media-Photography 491 Expressionism in Cinema 393 Cyberpunk in Film 440 Gesamtkunstwerk 493 Post-Modern Sculpture 494 42. POP ART 395 45. SUPER REALISM 441 Young British Artists 495 Overview 395 Postmodern Conceptual Photo 496 Photorealism 441 Pop Art Painting 395 Process art 497 Pre-Photo Realism 441 Pop Art in England 395 Post-Modern Pictorial Photo 497 Photo-Realism in painting 442 Pop Art in America 397 Postmodern Fashion Photography 499 Hyperrealism in painting 444 Pop Music 400 Postmodern Abstract art 500 Realism in Performing Arts 445 Performing Arts 401 Postmodern Abstract Photography 501 Art Music 445 Happenings 401 Postmodern Surrealism 502 Living Statue 445 Swinging 60's 401 Chicago Surrealist Group 504 Superrealism Photography 446 Pop art in Japan 402 Postmodern Expressionism 504 Superrealist Photographers 447 BMW Art Car Project 402 Postmodern Photo Expressionism 505 High Speed Photography 449 Pop Photo 403 Postmodern News Photography 507 Hyperrealism Photography 450 Photomontage 403 Pulitzer Prize winners 507 Hyperrealist Photographers 450 Modern to postmodern Photomontage 405 Lowbrow Art 508 Neo-realism 453 Pop photographers 406 Lomography 508 Neo-realism Photography 453 Popular Photography 408 Virtual Reality 509 Neo-realism in Cinema 453 Post-Modern Pop Photo 409 Post-Modern Performance art 510 Super Screen 453 Pop culture and Film 410 Video-Art 511 Video Installation Art 511 46. FILM TO DIGITAL 454 Video sculpture 512 Post-Modern Cinema 513 Modern Image Capturing 454 Colour Photographic Film 454 Digital Sensor 455 Early Digital cameras 454 49. INDEX 516 1st Digital Still Video Camera 456 People 516 True Digital Camera 456 Cameras and Lenses 526 General 526 References 532
V. This book is dedicated to all the people in the world who have a passion for photography and the arts
Hein Waschefort
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