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Bosna Hersek'te Hiristiyanlik Ve Günümüzdeki Durumu

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Bosna Hersek'te Hiristiyanlik Ve Günümüzdeki Durumu T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI BOSNA HERSEK’TE HIRİSTİYANLIK VE GÜNÜMÜZDEKİ DURUMU (YÜKSEK LİSANS) Elvedin İMAMOVİÇ BURSA – 2017 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI BOSNA HERSEK’TE HIRİSTİYANLIK VE GÜNÜMÜZDEKİ DURUMU (YÜKSEK LİSANS) Elvedin İMAMOVİÇ DANIŞMAN: Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ BURSA – 2017 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve Soyadı : Elvedin İmamoviç Üniversite: : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü: : Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı: : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı: : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği: : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayısı : XV+135 Mezuniyet Tarihi : Tez Danışman(lar)ı : Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ Bosna Hersek’te Hıristiyanlık Ve Günümüzdeki Durumu “Bosna Hersek’te Hristiyanlık ve Günümüzdeki Durumu” konulu çalışma ile başlangıcından bugüne ana hatlarıyla Bosna Hersek’teki Hıristiyanlığın tarihsel gelişimi ve günümüzdeki durumu ele alınmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışma’ya göre Bosna Hersek’teki Hıristiyanlığın köklerinin Apostolik döneme dayandığına dair bazı deliller mevcuttur. Bosna Hersek, doğu ile batı arasında bir köprü vazifesi görmesi, arada bir yerde bulunması, değişik siyasi sistemlerin ve buraya yerleşen farklı milletlerin etkisi ve Hristiyanlığın XI. yüzyılda yaşadığı büyük bölünme sebebiyle hem Ortodokslar hem de Katolikler açısından önemli bir fonksiyona sahip olmuştur. Ayrıca Hıristiyanlığın heretik akımı olarak kabul edilen Bogomilizm bu dönemde yayılabilmesi için Bosna Hersek topraklarını elverişli bulmuştur. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunun Bosna Hersek’i fethi ile birlikte Bosna’da yaşayan halkın yarısı İslamiyet’e geçmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti herkese adil davranmış ve tüm din mensuplarına eşit haklar tanımıştır. Bu haklardan eşit şekilde yararlanan Katolik ve Ortodoks Kiliseleri, Osmanlı Devleti sayesinde en parlak dönemlerinden birini yaşayarak faaliyetlerini yoğunlaştırmışlardır. Hatta Osmanlı’dan önce Bosna’da varlığından şüphe edilen Ortodoks Kilisesi bu dönemde Bosna topraklarında yayılmıştır. Osmanlı’dan sonra Avusturya-Macaristan ve Yugoslavya dönemlerinde Hıristiyan yönetimi altında daha çok yayılan Bosna Hersek’teki Hıristiyanlar sayı açısından Müslümanlardan sonra ikinci sırada yer almaktadırlar. 1992-1995 yılları arasında yaşanan savaşın ardından dinler arasında sağlanan uzlaşma ile Katolik ve Ortodoks Hıristiyanlar, Müslümanlarla birlikte yaşamakta ve her alanda faaliyetlerini serbestçe sürdürmektedirler. Anahtar Sözcükler: Bosna Hersek, İlirya, Bogomilizm, Hıristiyanlık, Katolik Kilisesi, Ortodoks Kilisesi, Osmanlı, Boşnak, Dinler vii ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Elvedin İmamovic University : Uludag University Institution : Social Science Institution Field : Philosophy and Religious Studies Branch : History of Religions Degree Awarded : Master Page Number : XV+135 Degree Date : Supervisor (s) : Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina And its situation today The study titled “Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its situation today” deals with the historical evolution of Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina since their beginning to its situation today. According to our findings the roots of Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina goes back earliest time. Because Bosnia and Herzegovina lies at the crossroads of East and West, it had a very significant position both for Catholic and Orthodox Churches during the great schism of 11th century. Also in this centurya Heretical sect of Christianity Bogomlism, has found fertile ground for the quickly spreading of the Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the Ottoman conquest half of the people living in Bosnia have converted to İslam. Catholic and Orthodox Churches benefited from the same rights and they lived in harmony and increased their missionary activities under the Ottoman rules. After the Ottoman era most of the Christians spread in Bosnia and Herzegovina, they were living freely under Christian Austria-Hungary and Yugoslavia management, and Christians have the second largest population in Bosnia and Herzegovina after Muslims. After the war between the years 1992-1995 Christians living with Muslims in harmony between religions and Catholics as well as Orthodox continue their activities freely in their society. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Illyria, Bogomils, Christianity, Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Ottoman, Bosnian, Religions viii ÖNSÖZ Bosna Hersek, tarih boyunca farklı kültür, din ve etnik yapıları barındıran bir ülkedir. Doğu ile batı medeniyetlerinin buluştuğu bir coğrafyada yer alan bu ülkede dünyanın değişik hükümetleri farklı zamanlarda hüküm sürmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle birçok inanç zaman içerisinde buraya yerleşmiş, bazıları belli bir süre varlığını devam ettirebilmişken bazıları varlıklarını günümüze kadar sürdüre gelmişlerdir. Bosna Hersek bulunduğu konumundan dolayı Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet gibi dünyanın önde gelen iki büyük dininin karşılaştığı bir uç noktası haline gelmiştir. Hıristiyanlar bugün Bosna Hersek nüfusunun neredeyse yarısını teşkil ederler. Bu topraklarda yaşayan Ortodoks ve Katolikler tarih boyunca Bosna Hersek açısından önemli fonksiyona sahip olmuşlardır. Bosna Hersek’te Ortodokslar nüfusun % 30.75’ni teşkil ederken, Katolikler %15.19’luk bir nüfusa sahip olmalarına rağmen dini, kültürel, idari vb. yönlerden Ortodokslar kadar etkilidirler. Böylece bu dini gruplar burada birlikte yaşama imkânı bulmuşlardır. 1990’lı yıllarda yaşanan son savaşa rağmen ve günümüzde dünyanın birçok yerinde din ve etnik çatışmalardan dolayı insanlar hayatlarını kaybederken, Bosna Hersek’teki din mensupları arasındaki uyumun dünyaya örnek olacak bir mahiyet taşıdığı söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla, Bosna Hersek’te faaliyet gösteren Ortodoks ve Katolik Kiliselerinin ele alınıp bilimsel olarak incelenmesi bu ülkede yaşayan Müslümanlar ve diğer halklar açısından da son derece önem arz etmektedir. Bugüne kadar bu konularda yeterince çalışma yapılmamış olduğundan dolayı bu çalışmanın kendi çapında bir boşluğu doldurması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmalarım boyunca bana yol gösteren ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ’e ve yetişmemizde emeği geçen Dinler Tarihi bilim dalındaki tüm hocalarıma; çalışmamı baştan sona kadar okuyarak hatalarımı düzelten Yasin Gökhan’a; ayrıca hayatım boyunca bana her türlü desteği sağlayan aileme ve bir ix kardeş ülkede tahsil yapma konusunda bize yıllarca her türlü imkânı sağlayan Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı’na kendim ve tüm arkadaşlarım adına sonsuz şükranlarımı sunmayı bir borç bilirim. Elvedin İmamoviç Bursa 2017 x İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ................................................................................................... iv YEMİN METNİ .............................................................................................................. v ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. viii ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................ ix İÇİNDEKİLER .............................................................................................................. xi GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN BOSNA TOPRAKLARINA GİRİŞİ VE TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ I.TARİH BOYUNCA BOSNA HERSEK…………………… .................................. 5 A. BOSNA HERSEKİN COĞRAFİ KONUMU VE ADI ....................................... 5 B. OSMANLI’DAN ÖNCE BOSNA HERSEK ....................................................... 6 C. OSMANLI’DAN GÜNÜMÜZE KADAR BOSNA’NIN KISA TARİHİ ........... 8 1. Osmanlı Dönemi ............................................................................................... 8 2. Avusturya-Macaristan ve Yugoslavya Krallığı Dönemi ................................. 10 3. II. Yugoslavya Dönemi ve Bosna Savaşı ........................................................ 11 D. ETNİK VE NÜFUS YAPISI ............................................................................. 12 II. HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN BOSNA’DA YAYILIŞI 16 A. HIRİSTİYANLIKTAN ÖNCE BOSNA HERSEK TOPRAKLARINDAKİ ANTİK DİN VE KÜLTLERE GENEL BAKIŞ ..................................................... 16 B. BOSNA TOPRAKLARINDA İLK HIRİSTİYANLAR VE HIRİSTİYANLIĞIN YAYILIŞI..…………………. .............................................. 19 xi C. ORTA ÇAĞ BOSNA DEVLETİNDE HIRİSTİYANLIK................................. 22 III. BOGOMİLİZM VE BOSNA KİLİSESİ .............................................. 25 A. BOGOMİLİZMİN ORTAYA ÇIKMASI .......................................................... 25 B. BOGOMİLİZM’İN BOSNA TOPRAKLARINDA YAYILMASI.................... 26 C. BOGOMİLLERİN İNANÇ SISTEMLERİ ........................................................ 30 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM OSMANLI’DAN GÜNÜMÜZE BOSNA HERSEK’TE HRISTİYANLIĞIN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ I. BOSNA HERSEK’İN OSMANLI DEVLETİ TARAFINDAN FETHİ VE OSMANLI DÖNEMİNDE BOSNA HIRİSTİYANLARI .. 35 A. BOSNA HERSEK’İN OSMANLI TARAFINDAN FETHİ .............................. 35 B. BOSNA HERSEK’TE İSLAM’IN YAYILMASI VE HIRİSTİYANLAR ....... 39 C. HIRİSTİYANLAR’IN HUKUKİ VE FİİLİ DURUMU .................................... 42 D. KİLİSE İNŞA VE ONARIM FAALİYETLERİ ................................................ 48 II. AVUSTURYA-MACARİSTAN VE I. YUGOSLAVYA
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