T H E CE LT I C I NS CRI P T I ONS OF GAUL
ADDI T I ONS AND CORRE CT I ONS
B Y S I R JOHN RH Y S
FE LLOW OF T H E ACADE MY
Read No v. 22, 191 1 .
T H I S pape r is miscellaneous : it begins with a recently discovered o f n o t group inscriptions, which have yet been edited with Special al a regard to their philologic ch racteristics, and it ends by returning Our t o the Coligny Calendar . Celtic inscriptions are so scarce and
o ae theref re so enigmatic in their formul , that there is little hope of a extracting their meaning except by attacking them repe tedly, and the greater the number of scholars who do so the greater the a h0 pe o f tenable results . I fl tter myself that I have made some o f r as progress , but I claim the right fu ther revision , whether the result of the spade exposing new finds to the light of day or of philologists making fruitful suggestions leading to better ways o f a al is sa treating the materi l ready in hand . It needless to y that re - o n e ar this process of revising and revising, schol improving on ’ a t o nother s conclusions, is not agreeable a certain class of minds ; but I do not be lieve that an Academy so young as ours counts many
Fellows who have a blank wall of finality before their eyes . When we l a cease revising the resu ts obt ined by ourselves and others , we may take it that we have ceased learning . I
I have before me an offprint of a paper in the Revue du Midi con o f r 1 0 taining an account an impo tant discovery in June, 9 9, of five n Cabellio D Celtic inscriptions near Cavaillon , the a cient , in the epart is V M. Mazauric ment of aucluse . It from the pen of , the able and A a al M of N courteous keeper of the rch eologic useums imes, and to his
' he 14 notes has appended a useful plate bearing date October , 1 n of di 909. He describes the circumsta ces the fin ng of the stones,
showing that there were a score or more together, but only five v G l 2 P ROCEEDI NGS OF THE B RIT IS H ACADEMY
o n u with inscriptions them , tho gh four others appear to have once been inscribed with letters rendered illegible by the wear and tear o f their surfaces : those I have not seen . He has come to the conclusion that they had all bee n used t o mend a road after one o f the frequent of a floods the loc l stream called the Coulon . He thinks that as monuments they stood alongside an ancient Roman road near old Cabe llio where it issued from the , and that they were not carried to the spot where they have been found (about four kilometres from r o r t r our that town) till the fou th fif h centu y of era, a conclusion which he appears to have drawn from his finding on two o f the stones ‘ le ’ monogramme du Christ gravé ala facon des g mfliti the reference is to the second stone and the third in the following list . a are I should h ve said, that the five stones now in the space o f old enclosed m front the hospital, a building which has been bought , M r M. r with great public spi it, by ichel Jouve and his brothe and to sister, in order fit it up as a public museum . There, with their i S assistance , I exam ned the stones . ince then they have been good t o f enough to superin end the photographing the inscriptions . See 1 —5 photographs , which they have generously presented to me for the following notes M Mazauric o f 2 1 . . gives the height this stone as about metres m including the piece protruding at the bottom (0 21) as tenon for insertion into the pedestal : the side measure at the bottom he gives
m m as 0 46 and that at the top 0 40 . He restores it in his sketch and speaks o f it thus : Nous avons dit que cette superbe tombe était ’ L e n se m ble et complete . de la plinthe, de la stele de la pyramide
m i s mesure environ 2 541 de haut . The reading E AOY I CCA MA FOY P E I rl Y A
u n o f is 6 E The last vowel b t o e the second line rounded, not but the on e at the beginning is so damaged that nothing is left except o f the three extremities . Even harder to read is the first letter the
' i was I r n thi rd line : it is impossible to be certain whether t o T . O the whole it seems to me somewhat more likely to have been the former L e so a than the latter. astly, the s cond line is close to the first th t
' the top of the l covers a portion of the lower part of the 0 above it . t ch tz c E lvissa Holder in his Al eeltischer Sprachs a ites the name , E lvisius Mariasaal : se e B together with , from in Carinthia the erlin
i m 4 E lvisso E lvisson is C us I n scr. Lat n aru . 0 am , III 9 9; also , genitive , 5 2 M OY P I M 5 3 . AF E A ibid . , III . (with ligatured) appears to be the o f Ma ureos genitive g , a name which would seem to mean related THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 3
’ ‘ ’ or do Ma uros s so n o f Ma uros to, having to with, g , po sibly g . Ma u reos a a as a o f Ma m 'ios d g may perh ps be tre ted a v riant g , cite by
as Ma urius . lll a uria R Holder g (fem g ), from osendorf in Carinthia 4 2 10 28 I . L 6 L 0 1 a C. . . 6 . 2 8 9 V. . 7 7 , III , inz III , Padu , Trent V. 034 R I 5 50 o f 5 V . 7 . , ome The occurrence these names as far east as s d Carinthia sugge ts questions which I am not prepared to iscuss, but l the fact shou d be noted . Gian a o r Gia a What is to be made of n is very uncertain, and before a d ffi a f cing that i culty let us see how the epit ph is to be construed . T wo ways occur to me ; (1 ) o n e o f them is that which I suggested in
n T he eltic I n scr F e o . ran ce an d I tal 21 my former pap r C of y (p . ) in ’ o f L I sle - - the case the column from sur Sorgue, now in the Musée A Calvet at vignon . This I should now read AAFGNNOP I I' I MAP €[0 0 ]Y I ’ T o or Ad e n n orix M so n Ve reteo s a t for g areus [ ] of , f er the model o f D R en illiae Catalin i il. T itio lae f De villia oman inscriptions like j , O ’ T itiola o f Catulin us S o , daughter . in the present instance one might — ‘ ’ E lvissa G a t o f Ma ureo s. 2 translate iava, d ugh er g ( ) The other ‘ ’ ul as z— E lvissa Gian a of M o s rendering wo d be follows , the agure . The only objection to this syntax is that the usual position o f the genitive is not before but after the noun governing it ; but in the o f early stages Celtic when the case endings were intact, such a con
u . str ction had probably not become the rule Indeed, Celtic poetry l ff of : on e see Dé Ma sti l o ers plenty exceptions for Irish instance g , ’ ’ 5 ‘ M Go d s Slave, on page below . Setting this aside, we have agu ’ ’ ’ reo s s G o a Ma ureos s i iava , suggesting s me such transl tion as g w fe, sister,
- - ih o r . dau hter daughter law, cousin, niece The word for g is excluded by the fact that the word for so n o r daughter seems never to have been Gia n a as e . we treat inserted in such inscriptions If , a word expr ssing family relationship the only hope of identifying that relationship must c rest on the probable e tymology of the word . The following oc urs — is i au ieu to me There a common Welsh word g , older spelling g , ‘ em a iem - n eiow sinews, muscles , singular g y (for g y ), Cornish g , sinews, i singular ge en : I have not detected any form of the word in Irish . ’ as m a If we look at sinew meaning a kind of cord or string, we y * compare Latin n urus (for sn u3u3 ) and German S chn ur in the sense ‘ ’ ‘ ’ o f o r S chn ur a au -ih - : string, tie , and d ghter law for the chief ’ W Latein isc t m lo isc art r h v u . hes e hes e buc s. a ras cognates se e Walde s y o g , . Gian a may have meant any one of the relationships which I have suggested ; but it is natural to regard it as synonym ous with such
- as S ckn ur n urue G vv é . Indo European words , , and reek s The render PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
in of E lv issa -in - o f g the epitaph in that case would be , daughter law ’ Magure os . ’ Urkeltische r S rachschatz G In Stokes s p , translated into erman and ’ edited (as the 2md part o f Fick s Vergleichen des Worterbuch der in do
en n an ischen S rachen B e zze n ber er . 117 ft g p ) by g , p , a stem gi is given,
meaning a sinew, tendon , chord, string it is illustrated by a Welsh ‘ ’ ‘ i rvus iau d n e . g , , plural g , and further by the Sanskrit jy , fem a ’ ’ ’ bo w L ‘ a ‘ G a i . bowstring , reek a , ithuanian gfj , a thre d or str ng ’ i Dr P u he s t n o r I have never met with Welsh g except in . g dic ionary, do I believe that gieu was originally a plural ; but the use of the isolating derivative giewyn tended to give it the force of a plural as in other cases of o f the kind . Further, the accentuation the cognate forms convinces
’ a - was a ci or t me that the st rting point not gj but rather g yj g if . That
was aa a ay a w sa ian a . as is to y our g g i , but for an earlier g yi This lightened of the a just as W in modern Welsh has droppe d the i em a O d in becoming g y , which is the actual form . therwise gj over ’ ’ against fico s would remain without a parallel : see Pedersen s Verglei ' - - chen de Gram m atik . 1 08 . o c o i é n a , I In other words b th B s and g i o r of come from gq meaning sinew, tendon , string, bond connexion , so that the derivative gian a would mean a woman who stood in the o f o f position being a bond relationship between two families, such
- in - as a daughter law .
o - w We may possibly have the word for c nsort, yoke fellow, ife, formed with the aid o f the preposition da (in English ‘ to imbedded Du ius Da ia B u i avas Du i an a as in the names g and g , g and g , much Con u alis as L if we met with j g a cognomen in atin . They occur chiefly in Latin inscriptions in the neighbo urhood o f B rescia and Lake 1 u i N s. v v us D n a G : see . Du i a . arda in orth Italy Holder, g , g A good Com io ia parallel is supplied by a Celtic compound g , which occurs in an inscription beginning with E n ica Com iogia Nen i f (ilia) found V o o f I L. . in the neighbourho d Saluzzo in Piedmont (C. , 2 Com io ia Con u alis as Com - s g might also be rendered by j g , gag exactly
He i e m etim e a e in n d i is due a t g v s so s sp ll g with 0 i stea of g. Th s p r ly pe rhaps to the con fusin g of n am es of di ff e ren t origin s by his authorities an d partly to m i eadin on t e i a t i is a d t o a id in the a e C an d C in an ie n t sr g h r p r , wh ch h r vo c s of c i i h Lain a a i ue I I I 1 66 in t n in t e t t . f th m in i h Revue C lt . scr p o s lph be O e fe n e t e e q , , has the e in u iavva m B ia n th aut it Mu at i sp ll g D g , fro resc , o e hor y of r or , CL MC XX I I I . 6 . 9 T h e an ie n t m in a i w i d in t o ow c co b t on 09 as liable in B ryt hon ic to be m od fie o y or , i in t al e e am e u e i e em eu au t u iau n un ed au wh ch Nor h W s b c s cc ss v ly , , h s (pro o c f ) is the e e B t S ut W a e o ow was book W lsh for yok , jugum ut in m os of o h l s n or
n an e d in t ou which to m ea in is un de d oi m et in e n ea oi . o ly ch g o , y h r g so or so h g v ry r ’ Thus what is called in Mid-I Vale s an d Nort h Wale s yau is in the South {on it was THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 5
con -iu o f con - in -s con us' con u -is covers the g g f , genitive j g . Putting s com L eon o f a ide the prefix atin , the rest the word is formed like
G v fa a a reek ( y which is applied to Her , Juno Jug lis, as patroness o f ‘ ’ a o u o u m rriage, joined, united, j oining . 2 i a a u 38 . Th s is fr gment of a column meas ring each side, with of 0m the present height 60 . It reads B AAAY AO Y lMAKKAP I O Y I
The lower part o f the last Y I has disappeared with the lost piece of
. B ut o f are to in sc the stone none the letters subject doubt. The rip
B ak avbov c Maxxa w vt tion makes the two names p , and they would seem at first sight to be both of them datives of the u declension with ov z I ‘ as ao eh ovz an d E w ovt . B ut Dr. 0 . A . Dan ielsson in p after reading ,
Z n den Ven etischen a n d Le on tischen I n schr en L O as p ifl ( eipzig, . Harr
- av v. as sowitz), I am forced to regard the datives in belonging to the o o declension . The analogy f the other Cavaillon epitaphs would o n e a have led , it is true, to expect a nomin tive here, but a dative
-ov ¢ a B alan dai an d sounds more natur l than a nominative , probably represents an older stage of the more usual dative in 12 of the o deelen S sion . o I transcribe the epitaph into Latin spelling as B alan da i ’ Mac carin i B alaudo s o f Maccariv os . , meaning To (son) With
B alan dai a Latum a m i 10 comp re , p . below . one is reminded in the first place o f Macam s and Macarius which Holder describes as partly Greek and partly Celtic ; but if we m ay trust the spelling we seem to have a vocable more
- itt e n a in Old C n i : see the P hil. S oc. T ran saction s 1 8 60 1 241 . wr so lso or sh , , p . e n e e o w as im m e diate e d b i it was n ot an ed in t Wh , how v r, n ly follow y (or y) ch g o n i w fin d in n un in u an d i t et o on accoun t of the diffi culty wh ch e pro o c g og her . S t u w e a e c eu-ad a in in in t et e n un ti n con o ho gh h v gfi , yok g or jo g og h r ; co j c o ’ ’ u ati n we a e an a ai ad e ti e it - ih i ta e the m o ew—qn j g o , h v rch c j c v w h , wh ch k s for of gfi , ’ ’ ' e ua i im i a e e n S i an E van s s Gei rzadur as it e e un de q l , l k e , s l r ; v ( lv , w r r th in in t e t e i is te n dis e sam e yok e as a m ean s of colligatin g or jo g og h r . Th s of ’ e a d d ih b W n in ll sieua n a e m ll sieu ll siew r g r e ook e lsh , as for i stan ce y g , h rb, fro y , y ‘ ’ ’ e b but the e n uin e m ti l in use in l uia e is ll szew- n h r s ; g for , s l col oq l W lsh , y g , l — - i Am n t e in tan e in or l gsew gn : com pare giew yn already m e n t on ed. o g o h r s c s in t m a be m e n ti n e d e m en -din servus Dei it m en e n din t o po y o W lsh g, , w h corr spo g ’ ' i m u m o e n iti e m o a a a e e n e I i Dé m o S t e Oen us I r sh g, g, g v g , sl v , wh c r sh g ( ok s s g ,
M Dé e u De i an d Lleu t o I i Lu e n iti e Lo o. T he . 4 1 0 u pp , ) for g , s rv s r sh g, g v g m m n e m Lleu e e is Llew i e the old m un d I /u u-ber co o r for of , how v r, , wh l co po g ‘ ’ ‘ ’ r a um in a a i t ite a l a i t - in e : se e m ake s We lsh Lleuf e , l ry, l gh , l r l y, l gh br g r ’ ' bab n un d i Gau i m z o-s b . a e a O m ios e n O H de . v Loou er ol r, s . T k lso g , pro ly pro o c l sh g g , uoid the n am e on e the S n Don : see the an d m akin g in W e lsh E , of of o s of — m m d X X I . 4 62. Gy ro or, 7, 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
o f Maccam s closely akin in the widely spread name the potter , in
Macc Maccon Maccus a m a Maccius o n s . , , , Perh ps we y compare the ‘ ’ h o m ac r d . Welsh , a surety, a bail, a bond ple ge In that case the
as Macca-rivos second name may be treated a compound , genitive ‘ ’ i Wacca-rin i as o f R o r , and interpreted the surety or pledge ivos ‘ a as R o f perh ps one pledged or dedicated to ivos, the bondsman Rivos the divinity meant being the god who figures in the month
A a . kk cc a of ugust in the Coligny Calend r The spelling with , , le ds me to think that the names o f this group are not derived from the ’
i m . Greek word w p, beatus on e M Mazauric This is of the stones on which . found the m onogram : his note reads thus : La face latérale gauche off re ’ ’ ff e L un des traces de gra iti gravés apr s coup . d eux reproduit ’ incontestablement le monogramme du Christ que l on retrouve si " ° a N e t v e F - il fréquemment sur les s rcophages des si cles . aut voir laune sorte de christianisation de la pierre P 1 mm 30 an d 0m 38 3 . This stone is in height each of the sides at the m 0 32 as bottom and at the top, near which the inscription is placed, follows KAB I P OCOY I NA I AKOC
That is Kaflcpo s v BLaKo s ; the I at the end o f the first line is a little P I bit faint and the is damaged ; so is the A in the second line . The
A a . before the joins it . The syntax of this epit ph is clear enough ‘ Vin diaco-s is an adjective qualifying Cabiros and meaning related to ’ Vin dios Vin dios , connected with , but in what way exactly we have no n means of deciding . It might possibly mean in the sense of being so
V Vi i a An n alon of in dios or in some way associated with n d os. Comp re ’ n acos An n alos : Celtic I n scri , derived from the god s name see my p tion s l Vin dios m , v, a so other instances in xiii xv, xvii . is derived fro
d n in do- a s n in d n d w n . wen the a jective , , white, Irishfi , Welsh g y , fem g , ’ white .
Ka os‘ l The name s is found e sewhere, to wit, on a stone dis
a s Gato abiri ilio cin i Virom a/n duo covered at Cologne, which re d C f ( )
I L . X . . 8 342 (C. , III : see also The Verom an dui gave their V name to ermandois, the district, roughly speaking, around the town of
. CAB I RI ACV S Cabiros St Quentin . Holder cites also a derived from
- Chabrac e ll De . and yielding the modern place name , n ar Tu e, in the p o e M a of C rr ze, and a erovingi n coin o f the seventh century reading
CAB RI ACO V I C B abrus I from elfort . He also cites C from York , from
M a n Castel near ainz, and from other places it is prob bly a shorte ed of Ka t OS‘ Cabirus Cabrian ecum form fi p , , from which he derives a name THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 7
Cabria/n - z of ha which derives immediately from this reminds me C hran , of ai the name a street at Cav llon . Thus we have traces of the exis
K os Cabim s tence in the past of the name c p , , in places so far apart as a an d in France C vaillon St . Quentin, Tulle and B elfort . The meaning an d derivation o f the name offer considerable diffi cultie s as a , which, far as I can recall, h ve never been discussed . Celtic
r c K o philology th ows no ertain light upon c p s, and one cannot help ’ G Kd et o c or Koz c o z thinking that it is the singular of the reek fi p fl p . o f Kd t m was L The home the cult of the fl p Samothrace and emnos . The question then is how the name spread in Gaul ; in this connexion e it should be noted, that from an arly date in the cult of the Cabiri in S amothrace and Lemnos they were popularly associated with the D a led ioscuri . In time that associ tion to their being identified o n with n e another. O these points we need only consult Dare m be rg ’ a lio s iet des an ti uit s rec ues et rom ain e and S g D . q é g q s under the words ’ ’ abi Dioscure or C res and s . In the identifying confounding of the D a Cabiri with the ioscuri, the ch racteristics of the latter were probably as a the more conspicuous in the cult practised in G ul . This I take to be o f N -D indicated by one the otre ame altars, now to be seen at the ’ M l H ét el usée de de Cluny in Paris . I refer to that which has on its
Cern un n os four sides representations of the horned god , Pollux, ’ ll r Dioecorue as S m ertu o . Castor, and Compa e a man s name at L X I I 3 08 4550 N . I 5 . imes, for which see C . . , . , also The cult of the Cabiri and Dioscuri probably reached Gaul through the same Roman a o f M ch nnels as the cult Cybele, ithras, and other eastern divinities . o f D a an d Statues the ioscuri are by no me ns rare in France, one of the last discovered was o n Mont- Auxois it has bee n described in the A A a 1 0 40 al P ro lexia 6 . periodic ( rm nd Colin , Paris), 9 , p , plate ix . L e astly, there are near the foot of this stone c rtain symbols on the
c M. Mazauric . meaning of whi h ( declines to pronounce an opinion All that I remember about them is that I dete cted there a roughly ’ — ‘ Je sketched fish s head. He adds dirai simplement que ces signes ’ ’ n s i ion ui au- sont certainement contemporains de l i cr pt q est dessus . \ m T his st on e 1 22 : r 4 . is high the sides are uniform, measu ing each m 0 42 . The inscription consists of four lines at the top, which has
o f been damaged, the upper portion of most the letters in the first
a line having been carried aw y, together with the beginning of all the di lines . The following are the details of the rea ng The first letter is a straggling Mthe first limb o f which I could not
No . 4 was find, but the photograph ( ) shows exactly where it . Its last limb is joined by an I or rather the end of it is cut through vertically a T E C by th t letter. We then read I , and if you scrutinize the photo 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
ou see f C l - graph y will by the side o the imperfect a faint, we l formed did n o I , which I t succeed in detecting when looking at the stone ; w for the next thing I read as a shallow stop . Then comes what I misread as an incomplete A which the photograph shows to be
M as another straggling with its l t limb produced upwards to make an I . T m We then have the greater part of a with roo for nothing more,
o f MI T I GCI MI T M o f the reading the whole line being . ost the
‘ is MA I OY e second line occupied by the letters , which are quit clear in spite of bits o f the surface having disappeared in the MA and Y A o f t o be tween the and the in the line below . The length the p
' o f I - o f O the will be noticed, the non circular shape the in contrast 0 l a Y to the in the ast line, and the sprawling ppearance of the which
No w M s 0 . t is repeated in this same line before the I found a p, and before that stop the photograph shows the t op o f a C together with i B C a trace o f ts lower end . ehind the there can have been no a big letter, nothing l rger than an I , and the photograph shows enough o f the groove o f that letter to indicate exactly where it was in the M ' a I C AI OY . damaged p rt at the edge . The whole line thus reads The third line begins with a T out further from the edge than the
o f initials the other lines . It is followed by an I , to which a breakage f gives something o the appearance of a triangle upside down . Then comes what I took to be another stop followed by an 0 o f a more unusual form than the one in the second line ; but it seems partly due to a bit ’ o f the surface being damaged low down towards the reader s left hand .
As o f it is, it looks as if the inscriber had begun cutting the upper part A A 0 NNA N a big . fter the come , of which the second is badly A has formed, and the an accidental scratch reaching from its shoulder o f Y to the top the above it . The fourth and last line begins with an k o ut : imperfect K , the bac of which is gone, leaving the arms sticking the lower arm ends in a fine line formed by the slipping of the work ’ man s tool . The letter is needlessly large and the next one is a fairly well shaped 0 placed too far away from the K as if escaping from the latter’s outstretched arms to shelter itself near the Y I which finish the
A ff t O o f Y epitaph . breakage which a ects the p the spreads back to 0 the circumference of the . Putting all this together the epitaph reads as follows M I T I GCI M I T I C - MAF OV T L O NNA l You will have noticed that we have here two kinds o f T the first is the capital with its perpendicular groove worn shallow towards the L NS R ONS OF GA L 9 THE CE TIC I C IPTI U _
to bottom . The other tends a minuscule form with the top stroke ac greatly produced b kwards . The stops I should not have detected a M in the photograph ; on the other h nd until . Jouve sent me
M T L O' o r the photograph I had not discovered the final I of L G I. read correctly the following MI these failures prevented the possibility ru As n o w of my const ing the epitaph . it stands the reading may a as be reg rded certain, although at the first glance it looked
With the words separated it reads MLT LE O' L MLT I S Mayovn O vva
ov t Mitie sis M K , which I propose to render thus (and) itis (children) Ma utio s O a s of g and nna. This suggests sever l question , such as o r o n e No w Mitiesi whether the two first names refer to two persons . , l Mitiesis a presumably for a fu ler form , is clearly a deriv tive from M i a a a the shorter it s. This makes it somewh t more natur l to tre t
as us sa o f an d them two names, those , let y, a sister a brother (or Mitis as an sister), rather than to regard epithet or surname it looks a T o more like a proper n me than an ordinary adjective . what a Mitiacum origin it must be ssigned, it is hard to say. Holder cites
P ' Miciacn m Miti an n a lWeli an n a a a ( ) and g g ), besides larger v riety m et Metela Metilizw Metillius is beginning with including , , which ,
- - W ill i . Neo perhaps, to be explained as i edd us The Celtic words which ’ as air- m ed a an suggest themselves are such Irish , me sure, from ‘ m e tid- r a L m etior early of the s me meaning and origin as atin , I ’ ’ a an d m edi m eto o f me sure, Welsh , the act of reaping, from an early ’ L m e to a o r se e -B e zz the same origin as atin , I re p mow Stokes
. 203 20 a m a 6 . pp , There are some personal n mes which y per
a as M haps limit the etymologic l possibilities a , such edieval ~little Welsh Myda/n where the d m ay t subjected to the usual lenition
so M d- w - 1 02 1 0 13 a n a M d n o . 9 9 and in g , g Iolo pp , , ) m de in
M s B dn o a a odern Wel h into y , the n me of a sm ll tributary of the Wye,
M L M . near Pant awr above langurig, in ontgomeryshire It is possible
M dn o r Mid- n u Mid-n u B that y equates with the I ish name g , ( ook of ‘ 0 ' M h L . 369 Oen us a einster, f , Stokes gives in his g mac id a ’ M ffi u as a m id mic eite (p . The di c lty to the Irish n mes with is that some of them doubtless involve the word for the ancient drink ’ ‘ Mithi en m id . a i , mead Perh ps th s does not apply to the name g ’ L K M ‘ Raw B . . ( ook of einster, f which Prof uno eyer s
502 as Mith ithi ean linson B . gives igén an d M g but the Mitiesis o n e name is obscure . The termination in reminds of the
a Atesis an d T am esis a T am esa form of such river n mes as ( lso ), but we a a o Mitiessis i c nnot be sure that the pronunci ti n was not , which m ght be associated with names collected by Holder to illustrate the affix 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
-ess as An tessius Ren essio i Lucressis of in , , and espec ally , by the side Luc ressa which he has . We now come to Mag uti : the nominative to which it is to be referred was Ma utios m a u as Ma urei l probably g , with the same g in g , a ready
: s v - 17t-ia as Am m u ti . . n a mentioned Holder gives such instances ( , Cillu tius T aran utius has -itia , and , and he parallel formations under -atio as Similar derivatives occur also in Irish, for instance in the O v Lu utti Lu udi gmic geniti e g , written also g , a name found in ’ Ada - m n an s L e S t. C lum ba R 74 236 Lu actin g : if of o ( eeves, , ) as g the base ’ Lu u o f od Lu us s Lu Lo o is the g the g g name, in Irish g, genitive g (later
Lo a . A Cureitti g ) nother is , derived from an ancient form o f the name
Corc Cn irc w r he , genitive . In later Irish the derivative as spelt Co ct B L . see the ook of einster, fol The English rendering which I have just given has shown you that ’ - - - K0 v l. i o f L ue l I treat , qn , as a Celtic equivalent atin g , and, a so that I O M On n a regard nna here as a genitive . ore precisely I should write it ,
On n ae old L as for an older , to be compared with such atin genitives ’
G ai ds 06 6 . v and reek x p , 9 This genitive sur ives ' ‘ ’ ‘ ’ m n a m m i m ulieris in n a n a o f in Irish in the form ) , and , , the This 669) appears to have been the early termination : see B " ru m an n . 11 . 1 52 28 4 361 so as g , II . i , , , who goes far to suggest ‘ ’ the e o f tuaithe o f that usual Irish genitives feminine like , a tribe, has only been adopted from another declension (ibid . The con
m o or - n i junction m . g seems to me to have belonged elsewhere to the a l nguage o f the inscriber of the rej ected version of the Todi bilingual .
was o f o n L was l He the better cutter letters stone, but his atin fau ty,
statuit ui statn it ue . and, among other blunders, he perpetrated q for g I am inclined to explain his doing so on the supposition that the con
was - ui ue : see Celtic I n scri junction q , not q , in his own language my p ti on s 1 . a o n , p . 7 In an inscription in a G ulish dialect a vessel found
O o n a L Ma N a o ur at rnavasso, the Toce, ne r ago ggiore in orth It ly, - ui - - Latu g Latin gue is represented by pe . The vessel reads ‘ ‘ m am i S a sutai e uin om n asom Latum aro s E p p E 5 , meaning For and 1 ’ — S an S ee Dan ielsson . . . 17 19. ap ta wine . , loc cit , pp His reasoning convinces me that the inscriptions kno wn as Le pontic
see . are Celtic, and I hope to find an opportunity to them I have said nothing as to the etymology and meaning of Onna W e for the sufficient reason that they elude me . Possibly, however , a - S a h ve this vocable in the Ove of Ovepeo r o n a stone from St. turnin
' -- T he dati e S a w tai e a E axe m At ovm a t an d Bhavdoov txovwat Celtic v p r c lls yy , , (
n sor . 20 I . pp , THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 1 1
’ d A t m a p . The other element here y be derived from the name which gives the genitive RE S T I o n an Arles stone to be seen in the
M s A : see eltic I n s ri ti N a on s o . u ée Calvet at vignon my C c p , viii ; lso “ ’ M Ro m e u s MS . as N . . in scri o xvi , where y is mentioned recording an p O N GOY OIT O A I OY I B P AT OY BRA OY T he tion reading (not T ).
ca 1 of Glan um R stone me from the ru ns and should be at St . emy, but i it cannot be found . The Cavaillon inscr ption to be mentioned next , 0 C n with and or amented with a central point, suggests the legend ‘ ONOOY OIT O A I OY I B P AT OY A€ AN E On o v o o s [ K T N ], p (gave) ’ firstfruits d a TI to the goddess accor ing to her comm nd . Here the may “ 1 o r I ! a mean p else or T I . That, however, must rem in uncertain s at pre ent . i 1 m 44 5 . Th s stone measures high, and the sides are uniform , u 0m 44 a as meas ring each . The re ding is follows MI CCO Y KO C G I AOY KN O 6
Mw o ovxo g E LAOU‘ KDOS a Missuco s That is , which should me n , son of
S ilus. l S as . S la La Holder quotes i , fem i , from tin authors and a inscriptions . The first syllable o f Missucos is prob bly to be equated a o f Missillus with th t , cited by Holder, together with other spellings
' Merlsillua Meddillus M eilla i ll issucos es . , f and a feminine Here and
1 With rl th e n am e would be O vo-o voyt o with a secon d e le m en t which could be iden tifi ed with the yogi of the com poun d Vogi- toutus in an in scription n ear G e i e n e in Ca in t ia eadi n a din t o the C us I I I . 4 24 Atestati r f b rg r h , r g ccor g orp , 7
B ricco n is f i i at i De v vae Atiou on f iliae m at i C. An test ius C. i iu ( l o) p r g . ( ) r ( ) f( l s) ’ Lutum ar a B an a us M. An t est iu i iu V o itout us An testia C. i i on ( s) C. f( l s) g f( l ) ; an d an t e 4908 eadin Da hin o G ai J uli V o itouti T he o h r (N o . ) r g p ( ) g ’ form e r is rem arkable am on g othe r t hin gs for con tain in g as a wom an s n am e B en oue dati e De vv a t at is Den n a Deva th e em in in e devos the Ce ti , v of , h or , f of , l c
DE O. d od i u in the C li n Ca e n da . 92 as a dati e wor for g , wh ch occ rs o g y l r (p ) v V ’ I n othe r words Atiougo s daughte r was calle d Den n a or Godde ss but th ere w as an othe r Ce ltic word for godde ss which w e h ave in the vocative as deooi in on e of ’ the Rom de zi on s M Rom e u s A I OY I t at e an d we a e it e e in . as fi , h v h r y copy h is di i an d th in i B ra u as Ov ov o i o y , e sc r ption falls readily in to th e t de group o y - d Al ov t ar ov de Kaw e v s lti I n s t n s . 33 8 4. Vo i tout an Bp [ ] ee m y Ce c crip io , pp , g ' ' ’ ~ ’ O vo-ov o t em in d on e m e at u G ee n am e as E e-1ro7 us E e y r so wh of s ch r k s x , x ’ ’ ' ~ - ‘ - ' Wit e e e e an d Ao n i o os H ut o or it 3 0 9 o os. h x for F x , x , x w h x for f x T he dd appears t o re pre se n t a lispin g pron un ciation com m on in Gaul of as e e a a e n t t at was de i e d m n a an d t e e e em t o a e e e n an wh r pp r ly h r v fro , h r s s h v b ’ in t e m ediate e in it da beside H de Medsillus an d Messila we a e r sp ll g w h , for s ol r s h v as Ressatus Redsatus Reset-m am a Redeo-m arus ited b such in stan ces or , or c y A a a h S in it hi a in ia I L. I I I s ian t t e e m from C r th (C. . . v r of p ll g w h ‘ ’ ds we m a e a d (la: in the n m in ati e m iaw m n t in the C i n y r g r o v , o h , ol g y PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RI TISH ACADEMY
Missillus o r Meddillus are probably reduced forms o f some such co m ’ pounds as i ll essi-gn atos or Meddi-g n atos : Holder gives the deriva M i i ’ 3 edd n at us B ram bach s C r us I n scr. Rhen an a m m 13 6. tive g from o p , Possibly the element m issa may be of the same origin as Latin m e n s in l ’ rn en ..sm s m en sor m en su ra m en sa : see D , , , Walde s ictionary . We must not leave Cavaillon without mentioning the in scrip a o M M on tion discovered a few years g by . ichel Jouve the right bank o f a f t the river Durance . I re ched Cavaillon from Avignon in the a er
M a noon ; . Jouve took me at once over various arch eological sites i -J near the town, and we climbed to the h ll of Saint acques, which D reci i lies between the town and the urance, and presents a highly p p On o f tous side to the river. the top are the remains a very ancient
Ca e n da it is the am e i in a Latin an d is e e en ted in the l r ; of s or g s m en sis, r pr s e o- Ce ti an ua e i m i e n iti e m is e m is C n i m is B et n N l c l g g s by I r sh , g v , W lsh , or sh , r o m iz Su m as V lioc an d li et m t o im a d can sa . ch for s e asses Ve ooa s se e ply wor or can so i in the e ut n i an ua i d d the G t i d han sa a an d wh ch T o c l g ge s y e l e o h c wor , b ’ ‘ ’ - Ne o t G m a ha S i t ui d. I n the e n n se A. a n his a e or cohor , r , xo , soc y or g l Ce ti an ua e I t a i d in satellites atte n l c l g g s r ce t in the Corn ish casgoor gloss g , ’ ’ dan t e t t ain eti in a n i cos or cos ar a etin ue . s , scor , r , r n ue , l te r Cor sh g , g , r fi Cas oord u in th B ia M see Ze u Gram . Celtica e d e n S . 5 2 . g occ rs o l 7 , fol ss, , — . 1062 an d St T an sacti h il l ical S ociet 1 8 60 1 . 243 . T he p , ok e s , r on s of t e P h o og y, , p 0 0 in casgoord probably m ean s that the word was accen te d casgord : th e B re ton ’ ‘ ’ m is i e n in the Cat i n as coscor am i e m e s n ie Latin am i ia . for g v hol co , f ll , g , f l
Dr. Da ie in his di ti n a i the as cos ordd an d os ordd a u t v s c o ry g ve s We lsh g g g , corr p
m i is the n on e u e d in M de n I Ve lsh . B ut cos ordd is n ot a t ua for , wh ch o ly s o r g c lly the de t e in the MS the Ne n n ian Ge n e a ie has in e di e e xii ol s sp ll g, for . of log s p gr E the eat e tin ue se e E leuther. cas cord. m aur t at i E . a rd m aur . , h s, c sco , of gr r h in t cas- or m an t e C m m rodor I X . 1 5. Cas c d an a e it e d y , 7 goord, asoor lys s s lf o g fro e arly com poun d can sa-oorio with the corio which w e have in th e I rish caire ’ ’ ’ ‘ ‘ - coire a an d t i G i r is a t e i n A. Sa n here or , b or roop , n oth c ha y , hos , l g o , xo , ’ Ge m an heer an a m S e cos-cord cos- ard u d m ean th e t r , r y . o W lsh or y wo l hos or ban d th e i a e m m un it u t as tre ord trobo -oor o the e e of v ll g or co y, j s f g i p opl of ’ the tr m e tead n t Laws an d I n stitutes o Wales I . 258 ef or ho s se e Owe n s A cien f , , e it is t t c W n in cordlan the i a e e n whe r spe l ref ort; e have card n ot o ly , v ll g p or ’ d n ow corlan m t a n but ib a in the n i n am e I dawc fol , , os ly she e p pe poss ly lso ck C d P r de in i u d in t at m ean I daw c th e etin ue P i t or y , wh ch wo l h case of r of c s ’ Rh n abw D se e o s m i . 1 4 y rea in th e Oxford Mabn ogion , p 7. 1 ’ ’i i m en s is e e e t d m ess udi ium Ze uss Mod. Th s r pr s n e in th e I rish , j c ( , ’ I i m e as e tim ati n a a d a ai em e n t O Don ovan t e e is a a com r sh , s o , w r , ppr s ( ) h r lso ‘ ’ d m hm in a a a e un coi heas m ean in a a i n n te t . B t u po g com p r so , co s o h occ r p ss g ’ i Keatin e on e ead n Histor I relan d Din n e e n . I I . e g s y of ( , vol , p wh r r s t at a te C n a Ge n a had ain Me isceadhra in in e m bat his i a h , f r o ll r ch sl s gl co , r v ls ’ im T he Laogaire an d Clichulain n cease d t o con t e st the cham pion s m orse l with h . d are — d ré Con all ar n -a wor s o léig Laoghaire is Ctl Chulain n da gcoi m hm heas , m heas n ach dearn a ceachtar diobh f éin a chom hm or soi n do ghn iom h goile n a gaisgid riam h La ai e an d Cu i u in t em e e it C n a as , ogh r chula n n ceased m eas r g h s lv s w h o ll , the y re ckon ed that n e ithe r of the m had e ve r pe rform e d so great a deed of brave ry ’ a u or v lo r .
1 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
e o f there is little hop discovering a name that would fit, whereas if we take the former we seem to arrive at a nominative Ovebpov for an ’ earlier Ovebpov s o r (Jodra -s of the same origin perhaps as Ptolemy s
Ov eB a o r edra as Wear p Q , a name which survives in English , borne by a river in the North o f England not to mention that W earm outh is supposed to be the Caer Wei r o f the B ook o f T aliessin : se e ’ ’ An cien t B ooks Wal 20 Four es . 0 201 R l Skene s of , II , , and hys s Ce tic “ B ritain . 1 19. d r i as , p In Welsh the before might become in ‘ ’ t h edra eltic F lkl ca ore . cadeir from [ ] , a chair ( C o , p On these lines the Welsh equivalent of (Jedrus would be Gweir (in lenition ’ ’ Weir Gwair Wair as Llw n Gwair Gwair s G ), modern ( ), in y , rove, Y n s Weir near Nevern in Cardiganshire, and in y , understood to be of L B w i the Welsh name undy Island in the ristol Channel . G a r
' fi urin in : Celtic Folklore was a mythic hero g g Welsh poetry see my , h m 248 Mabi 0 8 eltic H eat en do . O n o ion 3 6 7 C . . p . 6 , , p , the xford g , p ’ Holder under - n edra-n would con nect with Ptolemy s Vir- n eclrum in
‘ ’ l n edrzz t B O . . Nor h ritain the S avonic , clear, bright, cheerful The other vocable begins with the sound of 4) o r j; which was always rare in early Celtic, as it is derived from the ’ B G B t combination sp h or sp. oth in oidelic and ry honic it seems to B has have been reduced into f , which rythonic retained (written G s as f ), while oidelic has further changed initial f into , for ’ L srian rin n instance in the atin loanwords , a bridle, Welsh fi g/ , the
‘ former probably from f rén um and the latter from the plural f ren a . ‘ ’ 1 L usti s w sziist ast o . No So with , a flail , Welsh f , b th from atin j (pn m xos appears to be an adjective in - xo- s serving as an epithet to the a name in the first line . It should mean resembling, h ving to do with, or was related in some way to, what indicated by the previous part of
( - K A the word, tum ccording to the phonological suggestions already
( m o xt made, pn should be treated as standing for an earlier ¢ n which as L s ica s icus may, perhaps, be compared with such words atin p , p , ’ ‘ ’ o f s iculum an ear corn, p , a sharp point, a javelin, an arrow . In ‘ ’ xuco that case dm s might mean in the habit of using a javelin .
as Kl KO The uncertainty to the etymology of ¢ fl $ is to be regretted . The word is nevertheless of considerable importance as showing that in the Celtic spoken on the banks o f the Durance the rare combina ' s r o r s r r r tion p p had been reduced to ¢ p o f . We have another o f G e was instance in the North aul, that is in a C ltic language which ’ ( G . b oviitos has b doubtless aulish I allude to Ptolemy s p , which een
1 m e m e in tan e se e th e O m m rodor . X X I . 54 55 e e For so or s c s g , vol , pp , , wh r t uld be a T h n n an ta an e e e in ue I rish sus sho corre cte d in to s ist. e co so l ch g s h r q s ’ ti n are t eate d t e i e in T hurn e se n s Han dbuch . 80 1 3 521 . o r o h rw s y , pp , 7, THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 1 5
Mu r i mostly supposed to be the Somme ; but C . lle in h s edition of l I . 219 B Ptolemy ( ) argues for a sma ler river called the resle, which reaches the sea n ot far from the little town o f Eu in the Department - i 6 of the Seine Inférieure . He prints the name w th a , but Holder, s v F rudis Gliick as (b ovn os‘ w . . , cites correcting it into p , which as
i . probably the genu ne form It is given in the genitive case, so that in
(b o vn or F rittis the nominative it would have been p s , practically the ’ as rat B ook o Llan same word old Welshf , a stream , whence in the f ’ ’ a Cam rut Guen rut , f , crooked stream, f , White Stream, and c similar compound names still ommon in Wales, the modern spelling
'
rie d Cam rwd Gwen rwd &c. : B e n rat rat being f , j , j . so in r to f , f , in is o raud. sra th m dern spelling f The kindred Irish word , genitive srotho srotha sc u s rwd , , a ma uline of the declen ion, while the Welsh f i is a feminine, which probably belonged to the declension like l h Still it is, etymological y speaking, impossible to sever sm t } andfi n e d
At as 0 first I regarded the rock inscription not Celtic, but I h pe s was that I have now made it probable that the previous gues wrong . S peaking more precisely I should say that the language o f it may be taken to have been the same as that of the five Cavaillon tombstones ;
- Kov l. as a o f and this, with its test particle , I regard the s me as that the votive inscriptions o f the di strict distinguished by the fiparovbe l elti I —8 : 8 1 . C c n scri tion s . 7 formu a see my p , pp The language of the as as whole group, thus expanded, is probably to be regarded the kind o f i was For Celtic in wh ch the Coligny Calendar drawn up . want of
1 I m en ti n t i as it is u ua to e e t e e d to a t sreu en e G ee o h s s l r f r h s wor s roo , wh c r k ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ' ‘ m 1 un ic in San s it sruta win Lit uan ian srove a p , flow, t , flow g , kr , flo g, h , ’ ‘ ’ i e u en t Old B u a ian stra a um en Sim i a the kin d ed d i r v r c rr , lg r j , fl . l rly r wor s n ut n i an ua m i E n i stream the Te o c l g ges ostly begin with str as n gl sh , Ge rm an I is n i e in t i in ta strom . t see th at there was som e fre edom of cho c h s s n ce
' as be t ee n sr an d str but n eit e i di e t fit wd. t o m a e sreu w ; h r w ll r c ly fi For k , the im m ediate an tecede n t to the Ce ti d as is u ual d n e u d srut l c wor s s ly o , wo l e ui e on e t o u e the s to a e e m e in e a an e i n d r q r s ppos h v b co f W lsh , ch g wh ch obo y,
as far as I n w has e e dete ted in t at an ua e . at rwd tul ate k o , v r c h l g g Wh f pos s ‘ is an in itia cdm bin ati n s : a is ratis n d an d sruth ta tin l o sp r or pr th t f , fi , s r g ' m s rat i was edu ed t o rat i la t w as etain ed in B t n i fro p wh ch r c f Th s s r ry ho c, i h in while in Goide lic it un de rwe n t the lat e r chan ge wh ch m ade t e f to 3 . ‘ W e e em to a e a a a e in th e Ge m an s rudel a bubb in el a hot s h v p r ll l r p , l g w l , ’ ‘ ’ bb t e w e are dea in in s rudeln to bu e t o u t o . e e e spr g , p , l , g sh , flow Wh h r l g h r it a in e t sreu ia e t o be e u n i ed in t st eu an d s eu wit w h s gl roo , l bl pho z o r pr , or h a a a e t is n o e ia im tan e our a um e n t i seve r l p r ll l roo s , of sp c l por c for rg , wh ch ’ ur t a in the i e n am e I raw in An e e an d A e M an warran ts o r c g r v r ff gl s y, ss r s , am the D e t i e Froom to the am e i in as the E n i the We lsh n e of ors r v r , s or g gl sh “ d stream Ge m an strom Le tt i straum e. S e e hi I I I . 502 an d wor , r , sh ck , , ’ ’ S te e n n Asse s L e K. A red . 37 248 249. v so s r if of lf , pp , , PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Celtican a name I have sometimes called it , but I have no objection l L to its being ca led igurian, provided the term be used to mean the in earliest Celtic speech use in ancient Gaul . B efore leaving the Department of Vaucluse I wish to discuss lti I i No e c n scr tion s. . xi in my C p It comes from the neighbourhood o f A t M . has p , and is in the Calvet useum It always been a great t o A 1 910 puzzle me ; but I pored over it in ugust , , with the result that a I have, I think , m de some progress, involving my giving up some of my previous guesses . Thus my reading o f the last word as V ALE will not stand : the Editor o f the Corpus was perfect ly right as A A in reading the broken letter and not . In this inscription the E 2 sigma is written , a form possibly derived from rather than from C M w G . as the minuscule reek oreover, the first letter I now able to
o ut was l C make in the first line a rather sma l , and after it I seemed OY I ur to read . Then comes what I vent ed to consider a form of Latin
R a G this , but I think now th t it was meant for a reek K , and in I am confirmed by its similarity to the kappa in BAANAOOY I KOY NI AI a on the Gargas p limpsest stone in the court outside . The whole KAI P I OY E li i a N T C rn tus. name will then re d , In that case we have
NA so the K again in the second line, namely, following , that a part f AKNOC at least o that line would read N , but I am puzzled what to read before the NA the symmetry o f the inscription seems to require a some lettering there . I thought once that I could f intly trace the leading features of AANAKNOC o r perhaps o f MA NAKNOC with N a o ut A ligatured . What I have now m de would approximately
cow KAI P NI T OY C [AA] NAKNOE I AAE l Treated thus, the inscription ceases to be an exceptiona mixture o f G L n o L reek and atin letters, as distinctive atin letters appear in KM . a v trovs this version The nomin tive seems to have been an obscure p ,
- - - -K ‘ with an epithet or let us say a patronymic in a xvo s parallel to I. v0 5
- v-x o as Avovw x 3 — Cthov xvos‘ al and o v s in n vo s (pp . 7 9 below) and ready
t o O a o given . If we were read vv int the second line we should have ‘ ’ ax o son o f Ovva Ovv v s, possibly meaning a mother ; but though as metronymic names might p s muster in ancient Ireland, I cannot G s e tell whether this would apply to aul . In any ca e we ne d not
as L an d G consider that question here, Celtic, like atin reek, is found to have had proper names in d which were not confined t o ’ 17 92 m . Celtic Declen sion . women See Stokes s , pp , , and co pare ’ T h rn e sen s H an dbu 1 A s u ch 76. y , p . mong the Irish instance suggested P LAT E I
T HE CAVAI LLO N I NS CRI P T I O N S
P n 1 oro .
Macr 2 o .
PLA T E II
T HE CAVAI LLO N I N S CR I P TI O N S
P 3 HOTO .
P HOTO . 4
THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 1 7
an e Lai by Stokes occurs a genitive L , n e . The nominative should
Lcin Lan a accordingly be (for an early ), whence the name o f an old M La ’ Féilire Dec . 6 tribe, acu ne, in the , south of Ireland (Stokes s , ,
. . B t o and p clxxx) y accident that name would seem fit here, where
‘ ’ Aavaxvo son La a t s would mean of n . It will serve well enough o ho w indicate the second line should probably be treated , though I need hardly say that I am not convinced that I have hit on the right reading or that our late colleague was right in regarding h im an d as a man not a woman . As a AAE reg rds I I can say nothing, but only note the fact that
l r a a ovhe . its fin syllable recalls Bp Possibly, therefore, it may have h m erito liben s or ie meant t ankfully ( ), willingly ( ), else dutifully (p ) . There then remains which looks like the ending o f a name
‘ a as E ov an d I aa e t w t v . in the dative c se, such p The nominative
- — - c o n s 18 o ov o o . orresponding should end in o , that s, better s - As t arova o r xa r the inscription does not sugges Bp e v ev, I am inclined as a to regard it an epitaph, view which is perhaps favoured by the
is a fact that the stone part of a rude pill r . In that case I should ‘ c onstrue it thus T o sos : Clirn itus n acn o s dutifully (put it
The Archaeological Museum at Nimes contains various inscriptions 1909 1910 which I saw in and , though I have not described them . o f M Some them reached the useum subsequently to the writing, in
1905 1 06 a o n ltic , and to the publishing, in 9 , of my p per the Ce I n scription s of F ran ce an d I taly ; and some which were there even
. a then, I must have overlooked There are lso errors in my account o f s o f S ome those which I noticed in that paper . uch are my reasons, bad good and , for reverting here to inscriptions at Nimes .
1 t o n d . The firs to be mentioned is a ru e block of reddish stone found in the ancient necropolis discovered in the S aint-B audile quarter o f N : it M Ma imes is described by . zauric in his account of the acquisitions
M 1906 an d 1 0 S ee his i ll é he by the useum in the years 9 7 . n s es arc o lo i ues de Nim es Recherches et Ac u isition s a N g q q (Chast nier, imes , m m 16. 0 5 p . The stone is 7 high by 0 27 wide : the lower ar ro u h an d p t is g untrimmed, while the upper part was rounded ex c o n a ept where both sides a level are was provided for the writing.
As ou t No 1 y face it the side near your lef hand may be called . , v G 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
1 No 2 res ec and that opposite your right hand . . They read thus p tively
1 . AA rE NOY I A E AE B P
f N 1 o f the o o . The third line , which is situated at the bottom a 6 levelled space, is very uncertain , especi lly the in both instances . On a No . 2 ac n ot f ce the levelled sp e does extend so far down, has so it only two lines o f writing . The inscriber here failed to 6 t o too s make the letter scale : he began it small, so it stand O n o almost above the line. therwise the letters of this line are by of means badly shaped . The reading the second line is uncertain except that of the first 0 and that o f a big A ending the line and beginning AE AE . A u o r . I looked for an I before the , but I co ld not trace it
find room for it . No 1 . seems to divide itself thus : Adyevov t 56 86 Bp ‘ ’ meaning possibly : Adgen ui gave according to order to such and ‘ ff m a n y Kavreva first such a divinity the kind of O ering termed or , ’ r t G . e f uits, in other inscriptions o f that par of aul I shall hav
arovhe the something to say presently concerning flp , otherwise this is construction to be expected after the analogy o f the other in scrip o f 8 tions the kind collected on pp . 7 , 79 of my previous paper ;
w M AB evovi but these t o inscriptions were never finished . oreover y
’ ' was E ov t l aa e m a ul. . 5 a form of the dative like w , p , and o (pp , 1 0 17 , above). ’ I look at all the writing on this stone as the outcome o f a mason s pract ising his hand o r merely amusing himself by ignorantly imitating
No 2 be a Afi evovi inscriptions which he had seen . In . equ ted with his y
A v k a the another form , Byevoo , which we now to have been a d tive of u : T a avoov the declension . It could not be nominative witness p in
Vebru m aro s v ii ltic n sor. . inscription (Ce I , ) It is highly improbable that he had ever se en either Aaye vov t or AByeuoov as anything but a dative A en n n s Ad 'en n ius at any rate the forms given by Holder are dg and g , ’ Ad en n ia N AB e vvo- i L I sle - - g , all from imes, and y p f from sur Sorgue in
D f l I or n o t o V Ce t n s . the epartment aucluse ( . , x) ; to mention No w A a . dgen n on ius from the neighbourhood of Novara in N. It ly Adgen n us occurring in a Latin inscription may represent a Celtic
1 T he eadin i dif ult a Mazauric dif e m m e in dete tin s e n d M. r g v ry fic , f rs fro c g Nb in n in an Nin 1 at the e n d in e 1 an d in . 2 an t e e No . of l No o h r g g in Y A in an d a in n ot u s tin a t i d OO . He m a be i t t l e 2 (N ) y r gh bo h , lso s gge g h r lin e at all. THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 19
Ad en n o -s Ad en n u- s an d g or g , it is right to say that considerable latitude in the matter o f declension appears to have been allowed in e th case of Celtic proper names . Witness the instances collected Cor us 1 1 in the p , XIII, part iii, p . 9, where we find cited such
a B ucco B uccus B uccio B uccin s t t o Cot t n s nomin tives as , , and , Co [ ] , [ ] , Cot t io [ ] , and others .
n n Ad- en n a -s The etymological spelling requires , and the name g ‘ Ad- en n o -s o n e or g seems to have meant gainer, winner, who makes ’ a Con - en n a 2 acquisitions comp re g p . 9below . 2 M a G a G -R . From ontmir t ( ard) comes fragment of a allo oman
M m 1 M Mazuric 907 . altar, presented to the useu in . , loc . cit — . 71 3 o f a pp , gives a careful description the loc lity and the anti uities a q found there . The fr gment in quest ion bears the letters B P AT OY T The last letter is incomplete owing to a breakage I tried to read B P AT OY A in the hope that it represented an original
arovBe is B Bp , but it impossible, and the T seems certain . esides, it is a se e h rd to how that vocable could have begun the inscription . The probable explanation is that it is part of a proper name B P AT OY - T a s a t sa -toutios where the second element beg n with the con on nt , y of but it is right to state that the only compound of B ratu which Holder
as is - a B r tu ium h found the place n me a span t . a a 0 M Mazau c o n al 19 7 . ri 3 . In the s me ye r, , , while a w k to the
N a - e a i part of imes called S int C s ire, detected an inscr bed stone in
’ ' a di F Jaisse n o w M tch near the Cafe de ont . It is in the useum, an d where it attracted my attention . It is a very rough stone, , Ac uisition s a Recherches et . ccording to him ( q , p it measures “ m m 4 0 72 as its greatest length by 0 32 high by 0 5 thick . The face had bearing the inscription not been very carefully levelled, and the
an d a letters are tall irregular, re ding as below P I T O Y
M Marue ol Ritu . j , who has carefully studied it, thinks that is the B ita m riton h dative of , the Celtic meaning a ford, and t at it was the
o f al l alsse name a loc divinity, in fact that of the spring ca led J , and he adduces among others that of Ritan a from Montaren near Uzes D G f in the epartment of ard . I must confess to some di ficulty in
o r applying a word meaning a ford to a well spring, and I am more ’ to a a sa a inclined tre t it as man s name, y th t of the mason who
P LT OU placed the stone in its position . In that case I should regard
- P u ov o f u as a nominative for s the declension , and equate it with Ritus on pottery bearing the stamp RI T V S F(ecit) found in various
V R . I . L. . 10010 . towns in the alley of the hine (C , XIII . iii
RI I T V S F F. Le a Holder cites also . . from Ch telet, near Charleroi, in 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
‘ R ’ Belgium . The name may have meant unner , being possibly ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ret as rithim derived from the root , to run , in Irish , I run , ’ - f rhed e retin a o . Welsh g, for early , the act running It is doubtless a simplification o f compounds like Ritu-m aros and Ritw galos : see
8 v v Ritum ara Ritukalos. Holder, . . and i M 4. Celtic also, in all probab lity, is the inscription in this useum e G as from Uz s ( ard), reading follow
CE NI KI OC
o ff The stone appears to have been found at a well, and it is broken close to the omega ; so close in fact that the right side o f that letter o is imperfect . How much exactly there was of this line it is imp ssible to say ; not to mention that the stone may have been deeper, pro
- a v idin g room for a line or two more beneath the one partly rem ining. i or S en ecius S en icia S en ecia The names S en ic us , and or , appear according to Holder to have been common in Carinthia, Carniola, and
al a S en e cio N. l North It y, not to mention the rel ted form in Ita y,
.
N V M . sen ec imes, ienne, and ainz They are derived from a stem ,
- - which we also have in the Latin sen e a: ( sen ec s) and sen ec tus. The ’ sen still simpler form in Celtic is represented in Irish by old, Welsh ’ ‘ ’ en G évos . hen and h of the same meaning, reek , old The epithet N m a ABP LONI OC AB P wNI K OC . y have been , , or the like The B in Abr may be either original or stand for an earlier a, as in a com recht COB RE X T (in the Coligny Calend r) for , Welsh ’ ‘ ’ c reith c raith . yf , gf , law That is probably the case here, as our am hra D aBpw seems to be related to the Irish adjective , which inneen ’ ’ a S expl ins as good, great, noble, prosperous, lucky , while in tokes s Oen gu s both am rae and ad-am rae are rendered wondrous Corn pare the following gloss cited from the W iirzburg Codex in the “ ’ 1 im orlin ed m or n - am ri dc am tic ltica . 6 Gr m a a Ce , p 9 , f g factum Am rac Am ra am ri to inde multum , , genitive , belong an
am r—ia am r- id a as am ar am ir adjective , and we h ve the stem in
- Am ir en - as T hesaurus P alaeohibern icus Am ar en . the name g , g ( , II ’ 2 a Am hair hen - 26 , l ter spelling, g , Wonder child, in Welsh
Abr- en B ook c Llan a g , which occurs in the f , where we have also
m rdil Am r- dil E brdil E rdil E u rdil E (for earlier ), later f , y , — 348 8 4 rdit . 76 78 80 1 92 35 359 36 . E pp , , , , , , 5 . The next inscription I wish to mention is that which I read at first MaT taKO Kovvovflp I think I can now do it greater justice
1 05 a Celt. than I did in 9 , and in any c se I must correct my statement (
user 38 N . I . , p . ) that it was found at imes ; by what error I arrived
n o w at that conclusion I cannot discover . In any case there is no THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 21
'
a . I . L X I I 2 doubt th t it is the identical stone given in C . , , p . 83 , as AATI AO KOAAOY P F The editor gives ’ to llm e s Re F i ra hi ue I I A r vue . 8 2 8 3 a reference p g p g , , , whence he ’ i Allm er s u copied this read ng. acco nt of the stone is that it was of e found near Collorgues, in the neighbourhood Uz s, in clearing
a 1869 was and digging some land about the ye r , and that it imme diat el a y broken into fragments, of which the one with the bove
- M - e w . L D lett ring was saved by a well kno n antiquary, ombard umas, a who deposite d it at a place of his at G rrigues . When an d ho w it its s N w w found way into the mu eum at imes I do not kno , but it as sub ’ lm s sequently to Al e r writing about it . He describes it as measuring m m in height 0 1 6 and in length at the bottom 0 30 and at the top 11! 0 25 ; but it is best to produce his description in hi s o wn words ’ l a Fragment détaché d une pierre de mol asse l custre, présentant
’ ’ ' ' primitivement la moitié supérieure d un sphero i de asommet tronqué ’ ’ et creusé en la forme d une profonde cuvette circulaire . The lettering was o n o f i at so the circumference the d sh the top, but the surface is o f worn away that the upper ends of the letters the first line are gone. ad as A A Allm er I re the first letter (not , which preferred), but it al o f M a as IT may be the latter h f an , and wh t he gives I took to
' be T l I A d or I . The following is fairly clear, but its end curve
a C. on a outw rds , which helped to suggest a In fact, the c st a o cc mpanying the original , somebody has indicated in paint or pencil a C n o f of A tall, neat, open by usi g the curve the lower part the o n c i l and producing it above a surfa e which is gone in the or gina . ’ e dl to Allm e r s It is n e ess say that evidence completely disposes of it, A for the next trace of writing aft er the he took to be a small 0 . There he was mistaken for in the first place on e does not expect the
0 a on o f small to be pl ced the level of the bottom the other letters,
a to a al but ne rer the p, where in this inst nce the origin surface is on a u broken o ff and in the next place I find, c ref l examination , that 0 at be al o f B it cannot be an all . It can only the lower h f a or a a a o f rather less th n the half, as the bre kage le ves the top the lower
n half open . O the other hand, it has the interior angle at the foot B N AB O o f the intact . ext, the suggests an to complete the dative M G plural o f some designation of the other oddesses, such as
An doun n ABo o r Nam ausikAB o . N AA In the second line I read N for and not , and the last
' on e B P P I to letter but is not , while the last letter is not the p a a of a is formed into a little tri ngle often ch racteristic th t letter . The lower part o f the perpendicular limb o f the letter is somewhat
Allm e r indistinct, but would seem to have detected it, since he read 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
the w as r. di n hole The possible rea ngs, with conjectural exte sions, may be represented as follows
MarpeBo 3A? ABo
K 0 NNOY BP arovBe
Kovvov is probably a nominative of the u declension for earlier
Kovvov s o r Kovvvovs t o Ci t/n u o f , , and we seem have a derivative in the CV NV ANO S o f o f Ar d , the name a prince the verni , cite by Holder from coins o f that ancient people ; n ot to mention a related form CONNO o f L as , which he produces from coins the emovices , and treats o f the o declension . In that case we may have it pe rpetuated in the ’ Con n Cuin n Con n o 8 Irish , genitive , Quin ; but as he gives no final
o f o f s l in any his instances, the name may have been the con onanta i Con n on o s Con n . declension making a genitive , not
Having detected a dative and a nominative, we may look at the inscription as a whole ; and the first point to be noticed is that it probably never had a verb : the dative sufficed to convey the sense that Connus had given to the Mother Goddesses o f the locality some it was w o n thing not necessary to name, to wit , the hollo ed stone t l which the dedication was writ en . This stone dish , which the vanda s t was r who found it forthwi h broke into pieces, a vessel requi ed of M G a possibly in the cult the other oddesses . Wh t their exact name was it has been found impossible to say : the dative may Latiabo o r La iabo Matiabo o r Ma iabo have been g , g , not to mention La aho Ma abo f ul Matiaba p or p . O these guesses I sho d prefer , from ‘ ’ 1 a m atis n T o the djective , good . The whole would then mea the ’ G M n s B ut Mar e o ood others Co nu (gives this) at their bidding . p B , though the word lends a certain symmetry to the inscription , does n ot seem essential to the sense here suggested ; for instead o f calling them Good Mothers it may have sufficed to call them the ‘ Good ’
’ as G d aeai s e ones in the feminine, if in reek the feminine y had be n t o applied them .
1 Dr t e i hi i l ti h w . S ok s n s F ck volum e give s the o d Ce l c word for good t e t o o m m ati-s an d m ato-s an d t o th e d n n e te d it m ati-s u d f r s (p . wor s co c w h wo l
- - e n our ad e ti e in ta o i e t e are de i e d m m ato s. T he m e is b lo g j c v B , wh l o h rs r v fro for r ’ e em i e d in the I i d m aith d in Man m ie i e the S t Gae i x pl fi r sh wor , goo , x , wh l co ch l c is m ath n ot to be t a d m ati -s On the t e an d the C i n Ca e n da has , r ce to . o h r h ol g y l r n m atu-s i h u de n i A t i u d eem to e em t o be t e e n . ll o ly , wh ch s s of cl s o h s wo l s im n o e than t ee de e n i n in the a e the on e ad e ti e but I ta e ply l ss hr cl s o s c s of j c v , k it t at m ato- s is n ot i n a but du ed b the e n a m e n t the o dee e n h or gi l , pro c y cro ch of l i n on the m e est i te d u de e n ion as e n Latin m a ist atus was i e n s o or r r c cl s , wh g r g v d to i a en iti e m a istrati . T he e d was m at n ow m ad it e a g v g W lsh wor , , w h r g r wh ch we n n e tain t at it an n t be t a ed to m ati -s but t o m ato-s o ly k ow for c r h c o r c , or
- m atu s.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEM Y
‘ vaflo 8666 Bparovbe savrev and to mean E c in n o s so n o f Rium an os ’ gave firstfruits to the An doun n as by their decree ; but I fear that s f I mu t give up my reading o the first name . I thought I had found a ligature standing for I N o r N I which as I was led t o
D . I . L . . believe occurred in an inscription at ijon (C , XIII t o DAS I LLlrJS OI E VX wit, in a name which has been read / , the Editor remarking that he di d not know whether the nondescript
o r o r I X I . A 1909 character was N N I or something else In ugust, , D I had the curiosity to go to the ijon Museum and look at the stone. ac in MA u d I found the char ter , question to be more like ligat re , though it was not exactly that either : in any case it w as n ot what
has a : ad I wanted . The inscription been otherwise b dly read I m e it AS O A B an d DAB LE I M . I The and are ligatured , the next letter is
o r L m a a V X . either I , and there y h ve been at the end The first B V r Dan ile name (written with for ) is to be doubtless co related as , ’ with the Dan ilas cited by Holder from a potter s stamp DAV I LI
M n 5 8 (an u) found at Vien e XII . 6 6. T o o n o f return to the Collias inscription , I seize this Opportunity Offering a solution o f the difficulty experienced in the interpretation ‘ ’ vbe as de of Bparo a Celtic word ending with the preposition , from , ’ he a d o is M. Ar . b made into a postposition T late Celtic schol r, de
ubain ville fl J , was, I fancy, in uenced chiefly by this when he undertook to argue that the group o f inscriptions containing the bratude formula were not Celtic . I tried to deal with his arguments in my paper on — eltic I n scri tion s F ran ce an d I tal . 19 79 8 1 the C p of y, pp , , and suggested that possibly bratude had nothing at all to do with de , ’ L had an from , whether Celtic or atin , but that it the meaning of im erio ea' iussu i a p , , by virtue of its being in the obl que c se of a de al has rivativ e bratud formed from bratu . This an ysis failed to lead
d o f me to any result, but since then a stu y the formation of certain adverbial phrases in Irish has supplied me with a clue . Turning “ t o Adverbia H ibern ica Gram m a tica Celtica . 608 609 the in the , pp , , I find that the first set o f instances consists o f the definite article
to o f prefixed the neuter an adjective, and the case in which the
: Z words are is called the dative euss says dative or ablative, but as al o f even that is too narrow, the case meant covers so the senses the locative and the instrumental . It would be somewhat less mis leading to call it a dative - ablative case ; but for the sake of brevity
r Irish gramma ians are in the habit of calling it simply dative . ’ Z in biucc aulatim The first instance which euss gives is , paulo, p , ‘ ’ becc . n ach from , little, small The exact equivalent in Welsh is y f , ‘ ’ bach . o f the adverbial rendering of , little, small The next kind THE CELTI C I NS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 25
adverbial phrase in what is probablythe same dative case is made in - id i - ith F Irish to end in (sometimes wr tten ). rom among the instances
a m a -I n d ain did s given under this he d the following y be chosen , glos ‘ ’ ’ in in d oen daid sin ulat im in d g semel or (spelt ) glossing g , where is
fi oin den da ad i the de nite article in the dative, and de o r is an ject ve ’ (Sin den o n e um L fin u -s an derived from , , , Welsh , atin , for older
- Gin o s on e in d aicn e tid l. n at uralite r aicn e ta , and , g from , natu ’ ’ ralis i ‘ a cn ed a a . , derived from , n tur We may also take participles
’ - the - tha i i hid l abso as n t n tuasa lct . ending in or , such that in , g non ’ tuaslaicim a s lute ( , I let loose or m ke loose To the e and the like T hurn H a h e se n n dbuc . 22 ds y ( , p 9) ad some instances of nouns, such as
’ in di la W elsh di al id di al O . g (glossing from g , g , now ’ di al in d airm ith l sum m atim , vengeance and (g . , otherwise 1 r arem dram explained by the wo d The noun here is , , ’ a - f a n ad rim é . o number, for early It is a feminine the declension ,
i drem o r dram c i rm e arim nom native , genitive , dative , accusative
drim -n M n is . y otion that the final d represents a declensional
- - element de or di appended to the dative in the instances in question . as However, we cannot get that to fit with the Irish declension we have it : one has to go back to the early Celtic form o f that dee len l ic Declen sion . It will be convenient here to follow S tokes in his Ce t
' ’ si n . 102 réda a o , p , where he gives the declension of , a ch riot, in what
- e On a he has called Proto C ltic . that I proceed to project such c ses
a dram diream h ll as we w nt of the Irish word , , as fo ows
’ - S I . a . tokes s Proto Celtic . E rly Goidelic Historical rish
- No m da a a a aiream h . . ré ad i r ma r m , rem , — he . Gen . e e ad i é airm e airm r d s r m s ,
- - h dé a arim h alre am . Dat . re e i ad i é ad i i (r d r m ( r m rim , ,
' ‘ ' Le t us now append to the early dative ad- rim i or ad- rim e the syllable de adrim E- de ; then , subject to the rules as to Irish desinences, yields
drim id (firm id al a a a us , , which is practic ly wh t we h ve in the adverbi l ’ s i d ai i a w h rm th sum m atim bre v ite r. expre sion n , , It may be sked y -de I select , but it would take too long to discuss vowel harmony in
1 ' T he W e e ui a e n t t in m ean in an d de i ati n is cir as in an -cir lsh q v l bo h g r v o if , if , ’ n um e e I n cir th ie d as in cadeir eadair b rl ss . if e first i stan ds for an earl r , , , ’
a ai ada ted m cathedra se e . 1 4 ab e . T he im e d i rim ch r, p fro p ov s pl r wor s I r sh an d W e lsh rh de ri m a n n um b but t e dif e in e n de the if , for ol r , lso m ea e r h y f r g r, i rim e in e m in in e i e th e W e rh is m a u in e i e the e ut n i I r sh b g f , wh l lsh if sc l l k T o c - H G m a m I as if n a h A S a n m an d O . . e n ri t te u as t e ri . cog s , s ch . xo r looks
‘ i rim i in a m a u in e had be e n m ade e m in in e un de the in ue n e I r sh , or g lly sc l , f r fl c of
‘ a m in i m m h i i en as re . On the oth e r han d drem ts ode rn form of direa s g v m asculin e by Din n e e n the ge n de r of We lsh cirif has n ot bee n asce rtain ed. 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
: f to l Irish let it su fice say that a broad vowel wou d not fit, so we are t s e i lef to choo e between and , and I have taken the former, that is 1 - I have supposed the element added to the dative to have been de . When similar treatment is applied to Bpar‘ ov Be we have perhaps to
arov bratu n o t as o f w o f regard flp , , as a dative, and the stem a ord the u declension . We have such a dative in an inscription containing ‘ ’ Ma alu or Ma alos o n g , to for g , a vase found in the neighbourhood o f B N l M a ourges, and now preserved in the ationa useum in the Ch teau
- a Celtic I n scri ti n s . B ut u de S int Germain ( p o , xxxii) the dative in belongs mostly to words o f the o declension so here the nominative
a brata- s bratu-s brata-s implied would prob bly be , not but what can ? have been Co mparative philology supplies an answer . The Latin rates ratia ‘rdtus n t o as a words g , g , g are fou d have had their initial consonant which in Celtic would have bee n gu liable to be simplified
atu - s into 6. Thus Latin gr would have corresponding to it in Celtic ’ - a a d T hurn e se n brata s : al D s. v . r tes n see W de s ictionary, g , compare y , 1 . 0 p 9 .
w bratu — No comes the question of the meaning of de . Stokes ’ l 63 De a De M eder e tic Declen sion . in his C , p , quoted from W l s o
M. Marius g odin n en the following inscription : Matron is Afiiabus . Mar rum cellus pro se et suis ex im perio ipsa . He drew from this and similar cases the conclusion that en imperio would be the
rov B ut an im erio ex iu ssu n o equivalent of Bpa ee . p or is by means the most usual phrase in Latin ex - n atas ; and it is hard t o believe that in none of the Celtic ones in question was the faithful donor allowed to let his co - religionists understand that he was acting o f his own free will in the matter o f offerings to the divinities whom
o n e ex im erio he worshipped . Thus may say that the p interpretation
a if had n o t o ff . is not to be pplied too frequently, even one other o er
brata-s That, however, is not the case, for if we may treat as the
o f L riitus m a a a etymological equivalent atin g , we y ssume th t the a a aro t e meanings were approximately the same . In th t c se Bp v L rate might be rendered approximately by the atin adverb g , ’
a . with ple sure, agreeably, willingly, thankfully, gratefully In
ds was o f a other wor it an expression thanks, with much the s me
1 Afte r writin g this I happe n ed t o have m y atten tion drawn t o the Gram . ‘ Celtica 23 1 A l a allicum . e e on e ead : b ad . iae m e . , p , wh r r s . j propr for (cf g aro v 8e in doracdid l 85 i a u i i n u 0 . B ut e n o n t Bp ) (g . h re h of s sp c o occ rs that the decle n sion al e le m en t which h e lpe d to con stitute the propria f orm a was e t m ica on e an d th m A th a t m m e n t I n ti e t at y olog lly e sa e in both . t e l s o o c h H de in his t i d uatin m dv um e . 926 u t e R. P an ta as e ol r h r vol , col , q o s v. l q g Bp
it Latin m erito. i a ou d it o e ten a e u d uit m ie as t o w h Th s lso , sh l pr v bl , wo l s y v w - the 86 . THE CELTIC INSCRIP TIONS OF GAUL 27 force as the Latin formula votum solvit libe n s merito except that
n s spaw involved no express reference to a vow . Before leaving Nimes I wi sh to mention one or two Latin in scrip o f o f o tions considerable Celtic interest . The first them comes fr m o idum o n of La B B e G pp the mountain aume, near elvez t ( ard) ’ see M Mazauric s 08 41 1 0 34 . 1 . 9 6 . . report for 9 , p , and also for , p He gives it as reading T E RT I V S T I N . COR C S F S E I I . COMAN NAE V S L M. . . .
The discovery o f the name T in corix interests me as helping us to
a al o f of T in co m m ius so n the n ysis that , of Commins ; he is well
B an d his known by his ritish coins, name is doubtless a shortening, ’ ’ fo r a f - i e o m an n a s o T in co com m . S euphony s s ke, n s The goddess g ’ to E e o avzxo N name is to be added Holder s y u s, occurring in a imes
has u inscription which he pronounced s spect . An M Mazauric 1 06 . inscription found at Nimes in 9 is given by ,
. 27 as p , reading D M ME S S I NAE ME S S I N I FI LI AE T AS OI A T I T V LLA P OS V I T
’ as ia T i Here T g is t o be placed by the side of Holder s masculine asg us. The spelling with g possibly indicates that the s was pronounce d
ft was z an d tas a so , that it in fact , Holder seems right in deriving g f taz 'a T aid T adc rom an earlier g to which is related the Irish gg , , T adh o n e a in r a at later g , of the commonest person l names I el nd, t o a T haddaeus T im oth Ne w any rate until it began h ve , y, and other
Testament names substituted for it . N A s 1 910 an 7 . While staying at imes in ugu t, , we made excursion to
M o f our B ontpellier, at the invitation friend Professor abut, in order S ubst an tio n among other things to see the inscribed stone from . That place is about three kilometre s to the east of Montpellier o n
Le z M the other side of the river . y friend reminded me that it is d B a station mentione in the I tin erary from ordeaux to Jerusalem . was r 1 8 40 an d The stone discove ed in , the portion of it found inscribed consists o f two edges o f a square table forming part o f the ‘ ’ to l e as um . p of a pi lar, which he describ s chapiteau dorique He ’ adds that Le s caracteres sont gravés sur le tailloir comme l in scrip N MAY I A L M E BO A E K BO I . n im o ise AT P . . tion see C , XII, 28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
38 3 p . , where the Editor terms the part of the stone inscribed “ ’ a a o f Capitulei marmorei b cus . The sides this square measure
2 4 has about feet inches, but only two sides are visible, for it been e c mented into a corner of a court o f the University . It is believed, a so a a however, th t the other two sides had been dam ged th t no writing was left on them when the fragment was put into its present a position . What can be now re d stands as follows
I A .
The lower ends of several letters occur before the A the next before it w " A as or P . A t probably I , else one of the letters I , T , or f er the comes L A o n of . , which might be an I joining the beginning an The letters
all as e the second side are quite legible far as they go, but the ston e o ff t A C br aks af er the . However, the looks as if it had a point in its centre, a feature by no means unusual in other inscriptions , but B a M. but was decidedly of opinion that it is only a little excoriation
o f I n scri tion s de Lan u edoc Nim es of the stone, and the Editor the p g , , N 10 . 7 o f see o , appears not to reckon it a part the lettering ; Holder,
v i 3 . . n ouci La 0 has o n e u , , where a tin no business, if may tr st A A a B ut Y G . the , , , which rgue reek values for all the letters whether one is to divide the words between the I and the A is not
e rt o f . c ain , for one cannot rely on the absence a point there Holder
A E AE o l pronounces for [ ] which would suggest the Bpa r vée formu a, and prevent our construing the whole as an epitaph . This is strongly corroborated by the position of the lettering and the general similarity of the whole to the Nimes inscription in honour of the N au the e m sian Mothers . Possibly w ovcn was not the whole of
-uso name . Holder has collected some names ending in
At t ussa B er ussa - ussio -useid Atassia Can tussius ( ( ) , g , and ( , , Cin tussia B er , but perhaps the ones most nearly in point are
u ssa B er 'u ia n o f g , and the g s to be me tioned presently as the name a
. 34 B s B er u sia goddess (p below). The dative of ergu s( )a and g might B r i e us . w ov a t be g in both alike So vice versa, might be the dative
o f w n c o of the name a goddess o . The whole inscription might ‘ accordingly be : S o -and- so to the goddess inusa gratefully gave ’
firstfruit s. n ; This is a mere conjecture, but whatever the inscriptio was as a an d whole, the care with which the lettering was cut, the
ac was a as pl e where it was cut, indicate that it reg rded an important document . So much the greater the pity that it has been practically lost to Celtic epigraphy .
8 B S o f . efore leaving the inscriptions of the outh France I may here
on e C. I . L. mention which I have not seen, to wit, the one given in , THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 29
5793 as A - u XII . , belonging to the vicinity of lleins (Bouches d e RhOn e ). It r ads as follows KOI' I ' E NN OAI T ANO C KAP O I AI T A NI OC
’ Co n e n n olitan o s Carthilitan o s This would mean g son of , and litan o is represented exactly in Irish by le athan an d in Welsh by ‘ ’ / ? ll dan . B ut a Con en n a a y , wide , large wh t did g me n I can make of a a nothing it, unless it me nt cquisition or possession , from the same
as Gen dill- i o f l i origin the the Stainton bilingua in Pembrokesh re,
a Gen n illin A and its Welsh deriv tive name . mong the kindred words ’ L rehen do la a G are atin p , I y hold of, seize, grasp, c tch, take , reek ' ’ ' ‘ ‘ avdd é ahov eio a at et x , x , x u , I seize hold Of, English get, beg , et o f n d n n n as forg The reduction to , , has parallels in such forms E swn e koti An oko okios E xan decotti An dacam bo ios , p , for , g in the Celtic t a a N N. inscription ovar in Italy . The whole compound may, a a o n e ccordingly, h ve meant one who is large as to his possessions, ’ an d n n o who acquires far wide . The ge n in Cong en is probably
Ad- n n a 18 the same as in ge ( ) already discussed t p . above ; the predominant spelling doubles the n in that name likewise . The other
a Ka GMrav l 0 n me, p L is sti l more obscure ; but possibly the stands for s an d Ka dt carsi as arsin s a lisped , p goes with the of such names C
Carsia Carsicios Carsidius Carsidia . B ut and , , , and quoted by Holder
t oo o f l e these are obscure to be any present he p, and it se ms preferable 0 here to give its normal sound of th. It is well known that in
B rt rc 7 are rth rch i or r h rythonic , , p represented by , , f p , while G ff far oidelic retains the older consonants . The di erence forms a m odifica reac hing distinction between Goidelic and B rythonic . The tion would probably be mostly ignored for centuries in the ortho o f graphy as a corruption . S o there is very little chance discovering when it came in ; but it is possible that it took place both in
G B i sa a aulish and rython c ; that is to y, there was tendency to this pronunciation even before B rythonic separated from Gaulish . In that case we could equate Kapflt with the first syllable o f Kaprapos in the celebrated Nimes ex- n oto to the MarpeBo Nauavo w afio (Celtic
- Ro m d fixion s . I n scr. a nd cart i of e , p . with the one of the (ibid ,
- im a Cartim an dua . cart i carthi Cart n dus p also with the (for ) in , , a o f a n me familiar to the readers Tacitus . The second element in ’ h M dArbo is Nom e them as been interpreted by . de Jubainville (
’ G u i 12 128 ‘ a lo s . 7 , pp , ) as one who thinks, reflects, meditates , ’ i G minds , the or gin being the same in fact as that of the reek 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
’ ' ’ aveoww é a eov verb p , n , I have learnt ; one might doubtless add the
m in d an d o f English word , both noun verb . What the meaning Ka flt carti n u p , , may have been is not know , but my conject re is that it ’ l signified strong , powerful . vigorous , as this wou d seem to fit the cases mentioned without any violence t o the context where there is
artim an dus o n any . C would accordingly mean e who thinks power f ’ o n e o . Ka fully, possessed a strong or vigorous mind Similarly pdt ’ Arro y o; should mean one who is powerful o r active far and wide
III
b M - A s 1 . The num er of inscriptions in Celtic found on ont uxoi
A - -R A G has and brought to lise Sainte eine near the lisia of ancient aul, materially grown since my paper on the Celtic I n scription s of F ran ce
an d I tal e . was o n e y was writt n In fact at that time there only such, and my notes o n that require to be revised in the light of an ew- n oto in Latin to be mentioned presently . I read the former now as follows MART I ALI S v DANNOT ALI I E V RV V CV E T E 50 a
CE LI CNONc ' E T I C GOBE DB I DVGI I ONT I I O VCV E T I N 1> lN
4 In that paper (p . ) I had committed the mistake of placing the last leaf but one at the beginning o f the last line but one : it really i belongs to the last line of all . The gap I suggested fill ng by
s DV D in erting , but I am now in doubt, since the , had it been of there, would still probably show a small portion the bottom ’ opposite the reader s left hand . I cannot suggest at present how the L 28 8 o f . I . . . . 0 lacuna is to be filled . The Editor the C (vol XIII ) has suggested a leaf. In that case, the line originally read, ALI S I I A o n e can O I N 3 If accept the three leaves, there is l o f ff l . A an end the di icu ty paral el, with a leaf placed between a B preposition and its noun , occurs in a ourges inscription , which reads n iss u instead of the iussu to be expected . MART I RI GI S AMO T l I V L E NV S . . V
E X 0 v I ssv
I L 1 1 0 i des An ti uaires . . M i l oc t . . 9 ém o res de a S See C , XIII , and the é é g
- u n tre . 153 Ri i sam us. d e . 3 . . C , vol XIII, p , also Holder, v g The
T H E CELTIC INSCRIP T IONS or GAUL 31
- o 7 post card photograph N . will enable you t o follow readily the _ a points to which I have c lled attention . a Coming to the interpret tion, we should first mention that we n o w w as know that the divinity in question a god, not a goddess ,
Ucuetin Ucuetis and that the accusative implies a nominative . T he v Ucuete dati e is not exactly what we should have expected , but i Ucuet . a rather I h ve explained in my previous paper, p . 6, that — Ucuet analyses itself into Ud-g uh-et for an earlier Ud gu s- et the ‘ ’ w as a a meaning probably chosen or selected , and in the case of m le divinity the selection was doubtless on the score of his excelling in
a . a as Fer us Mo d feats of v lour Comp re such Celtic names Irish g , . Ir . ’ Fear hus I Ve lsh Gu r us t e st m an i Giu n a g , g , , a choice , and Ir sh g , ’ O o n re t en u s r U s . g , the one unique choice, Welsh The next vocable to call for attention is DVCI I ONT I I O : the 3 a u . related forms have been disc ssed at p . bove Had the same
’ I c n a Gian a Du 'ius an d Du i ava orthography been followed as in i o , , g , g , l du ion tio . B ut we should have g it was not who ly a matter of spelling, the development of i into ii in such a position was a charac i t er stic o f Ga B . as ulish including rythonic It took place, as far
’ o ut du ‘ z we can understand, under the stress accent ; we set from g i ’ o a -on tz o a a and add a f rm tive element i , c rrying the stress ccent with it, was du so that the first part of the word then probably reduced to gi,
’ i u z o S o the whole be ng pronounced d gion t i . the spelling of the word in the inscription would be as unphonetic as that of English vin eyard f n in e as had via a ter a part of the compound been reduced to , the
n pronunciation o f the whole being vi yard.
Altceltischer S rachschatz has Holder, in his p , brought together
a o f -on tio -on tid - un tia -un tia number words formed with , and ,
Geron tius Geron tia o f including among them , , which the form in
Gerein t Gerain t Geron s an d S e on tiu s Welsh was , now , Cornish ; g , ’ S e on tia S e on tium w as Old S e ein t Nen n ius s g , g , which in Welsh g , as in 1 Cair S e en t a Kaer S ein t n Arvon a a S ein t g , l ter y C rn rvon , with
\ n o w A an S ain t . the name of the river on which it stands, f The
L are Cluen tius Cluen tia a of R atin parallels such as , , the n me a oman a d s tia co m n a a as sa ien . gens, such b tr ct nouns p For the vowels
Nad n t . Nodous Nadon tos L Noden s . e is pare , genitive , in atin , gen We
1 Mabin i B an Mai A on S ain t is am i u u S ee the o e n O d n . g of r w ( xfor , p f b g o s ‘ ’ ’ in Mode rn Welsh as it suggests S ain ts Rive r ; an d a local lege n d m ay be ai all a ut th ain e e is a an t e m the looked for to expl n bo e s ts . Th r lso o h r for of am e d n am e S eion t in t du ed m u h ate a b an an ti ua s wor , ly , , ro c c l r , prob bly y q ry or som e body who was t oo learn e d t o kn ow how t o reduce S egon tium to its correct \V form in elsh . 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
’ ’ must probably regard dug(i)ion tzi o as standing for dugion tzio -s o r
’ du on tt o -n o r : is gji i , masculine neuter phonologically the former ,
perhaps, the more probable. e o r I presume that the inscription ref rred to joining uniting, but ? in what sense Several seem possible, but the related forms would
or in scri suggest conjugal union marriage . In that case the whole p tion might be rendered thus
’ Ma tia Daun otal s son m ade Ucuetis t i t e r l , , h s ow r ; An d m a th m a i y e rriage rejoice Uc uet s in Alisia.
The other two instances of H at the end o f DVGI lONT I lo and
ALI S I 43 lA had as . , suggested in the same paper (pp , the full force o f and i g(a) as the antecedents of what would in Welsh
d - ed an d i be y and , masculine (or neuter) fem nine respectively . I lay no stress on the fact o f the t wo perpendiculars differing in length ; thus in the Coligny Calendar short I and long I imply n o ff of f di erence sound . The difference o length was probably intended
a E here to prevent the two perpendiculars being re d , seeing that Latin I I was a w ay of writing E ; unfortunately it did not always ff No w prove e ective till Holder showed a better way . supposing t G k e to that the le ters used happened to be ree , there would be no n ed
ll o f use I rather than . When I wrote my paper I knew no spelling parallel to that in the Alise inscription either in Latin letters or
G : a - o f reek I do now, th nks to the courtesy and keen sightedness t o the learned French numismatist, M. Changarnier . In a letter B Au 29 1 10 o f me dated eaune, gust , 9 , he asked what I should think Celtic coins reading on the reverse in Greek letters : I saw at once that the word following the star was a shortened
Ad a compound for an earlier p meaning, Him of the giving ’ - a a a hand, an open h nded man , bounteous giver . In the s me spelling ‘ ’ a Lam a rodz i as for a giving h nd w ould have been y , the word ‘ ’ ’ w as lam a lfim ai lam hand a feminine , (for an earlier p ), Irish , Welsh ‘ llaw llaw llo L - aAd alm a A S ax. olm e G w , f f atin p , . f , reek n n , flat ’ hand . The rest of the name is of the same origin as Welsh 1 ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ rhodi rhod rh d , to put or place, to give, , a gift, y , will give,
T h e de i ati n th e d rhod-i is a u e but I am in in e d to t eat it r v o of wor p zzl , cl r ‘ ’ ’ in the am e wa as i bodhar b San it badhirci dea s y I r sh , We lsh ydar, deaf, skr , f, m a t i in t at an ua e ta e th e n a a i e d m ban dh to in d fro roo wh ch h l g g k s s l z for of , b , ’ ‘ ’ to t u t an d in E n i u b d an d t e i con obs r c , gl sh s ch form s as bin d, ban d, on h r ge n e t s in the othe r Te uton ic lan guages : se e m y n ote on the an cie n t Ogam
- — - e n iti e Cattu butta s at e Cath bodh Cath badh in the J ou rn al o the R. S oc. g v ( ) (l r , ), f — o An ti uaries o I relan d 1 908 201 4. T h n a a m im ie d in the f q f , for , pp . e s l for pl THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 33
‘ ’ rho d -ro : imperative , y , give the spoken language freely drops the o f B u soft dental in this group words . t as a compound forming an e or a of pithet n me a man, not of a woman , Gaulish gave it
’ Lam a- rodz o-s a masculine termination, thereby making it into i , which Llaw -rod d would have yielded in Welsh (f ) y , a form which is n u Llaw - roded La known what we have was (f , representing an early m a ’ rodz d. : i This treatment is well known in Irish proper names take, ’ for al aile instance, the feminine noun g , passion, bravery, genitive g al any masculine name ending with g is declined like a feminine, as,
o f - - Con al . Con aile so r for instance, in the case g , gen g , and in othe e s . T h literary tendency in Welsh seems to be to proceed o n the s Ga ame lines as ulish ; thus we should probably write aderyn da ’ i el n - ader n (hi m el n p gf y , a yellow beaked blackbird, where y and y i so ‘ are masculine, while p g is feminine, that a yellow beak has i le N ’ t o e n . de become p g f evertheless, as a child I learnt to say ryn ’ da i elen N der n p gf in orth Cardiganshire, to which corresponds y ‘ da i ela/n as p gj , current, I am told, in the neighbourhood of Snowdon .
e en t in tan e has its in d ed in the Lett -S a i an ua e in tan pr s s c k r o l v c l g g s , for s ce in ’ ’ Lit uan ian rin da de a an e m n t an d Old B u a ian ram h or r, rr g e , lg r , orde r. An oth e r Ce ltic word of the sam e origin retain s the n asal with a diffe ren t vowe l ‘ it is i ran n fe m . ea ran da e rha n n n ow e t rhan a a I r sh ( ) for rly , W lsh , sp l , p rt , ’ ’ a n W a ab a e e ti n in i e as ed b de tin . e e a e a sh r , o s por o l f fix y s y h v prob ly r l te d ’
m in i ran n m as a tan a a uat ain i. e . an a ti ti a an em en t for I r sh ( ), s z , q r , r s c rr g of ‘ ’ d : i rin d n e ute a ta is n ot t o be a iate d it t i u wor s I r sh ( r), s r, ssoc w h h s gro p of ‘ ’ d but it i rin d a in t e rh n the am e . n n m n d wor s w h I r sh , po , W lsh y , s For fro
m a e the i e u i i i m e n ti n ed at . 29 a co p r l k red ct on n Con tin en tal Ce lt c o p bove . I t a date ea in I i an d is un d e e en te d in the cob-ro n u i lso s rly r sh , fo r pr s r( )
in tan e d at . 6 be b a in e n as is a a the a e it en a en e n e s c p 7 low y s gl , lw ys c s w h q g wh c th e at i cen d cean n e en n n ow e t en the e n d an t in the l e r I r sh , , W lsh p , sp l p , of y h g, ’ ead a e uen e m ean in u e ted a n e tu e i I a e ead h , s q c of gs s gg s by co j c r wh ch h v r
m e e e t at en n is th e am e ri in as E n i hin d hin dm ost 850 . so wh r h g of s o g gl sh , , W i a th e em e n t rod a in the n am e Rodan oe i in t at e poss bly h ve e l lso , wh ch h i i B ut in I i rod is dis case probably m ean t boun teo us or libe rally g v n g . r sh ’ guised as rad so that th e e quivale n t of Labrodzios an d We lsh Llawf roded tak es
' th e form Labrai d en it i e Labrada ea Labrodi-s Labrod —os the i declen , g v for rly , i of i n an d be ide the am a Lab oid an i i e d Lowr t e e was s o ; s s f ous I rish n m e r , gl c z y, h r ’ a n a a i ed m Labrain d the di t i utin an d t o i P e Kun s l z for , of s r b g h , wh ch rof ssor o Meye r kin dly calls in y att en tion as occurrin g by way of pe rson al e pithet in the 3 B k . Le in t e fo . 1 8 . I t is di ui ed a in a i u m en e e d of s r, sg s lso v r o s for s wh pr fix ’ to th e e i we a e a ead m et it e du i ate d as de- de a e dedit v rb wh ch h v lr y w h r pl c , g v , . u we u d a e rod-de m a in rote an d it the o an ed in t a we Th s sho l h v k g , , w h ch g o , ‘ ’ u d a rate rati cut d n in the e e t t o do-rat has i e n dedit sho l h ve , , ow p rf c , g v , , ’ rot oton ic m tarot dedit A m e at im i a m un d is creitim I p for , . so wh s l r co po , ’ be ie e it a e e em e n t e uatin so to sa it G ee n e “ San it l v , w h v rb l q g, y, w h r k w , skr ’ iii ’ dadham i S R Lectures on Welsh P hilolo . 3 T hurn e se n s Han d . ee hys s gy, p 7 ; y buck 8 a 22 4 , p. 7, lso pp . 33 , 3 , 4 4. PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
T o say the least of it, this agrees with the Irish treatment and with ’ 1 Lab-rode a Llaaz - ro ded. what would have been i , gf We now come to the Latin inscription to which allusion has already o n M - . A 1 08 been made It is a bronze vase found on ont uxois in 9 , Al f M o . P ern et which was then kept at ise in the house , director ‘ of the excavations for the Société des S ciences Historiques et N ’ aturelles de Semur . He was good enough to let me see it in A 1909: is n e w M o f ugust , it now in the useum that Society there, A and I examined it again last pril . It reads as follows
DE O a VCV E T I Ucuetis Be r E T BE RCV S I AE To the god and to i R 2 gus a emus so n o f P rim ius made RE MV S A P RI M I a Fi L
. v o w DO NAV I T this gift He pays his will in l V S LM g y and for good reason .
B er usia Here we have the name of a goddess g , though elsewhere it as was occurs that of a town . There one such in the land of the
I ler ete s al B o f g , and it is now c led alaguer, in the Spanish province
L A B e r usia n o w l B our oi/n erida. nother g , ca led g , is in the French B r ia a D e u . e : se e . . s epartment of Is re Holder , s v g To expl in the a me ning of the name we must have recourse to its etymology, and I may S 1 1 ber o mention that tokes (p . 7 ) derives it from g which he renders
1 ‘ T he m de n e in is Llaw roded it a d t o a id the e uen e odea o r sp ll g f w h vo s q c , which took place all the m ore readily doubtless because all tradition about the ea e the n am e e em t o a e e e n t an d the m edie a e in e t b r r of s s h v b los , v l sp ll g l f i w d n ta w as un d d t an open que stion whethe r the first of th e t o e ls so e d or d. T he followin g are all the allusion s in poin t which occur t o m e (1) T he Oxford ’
Mabi o i a ur d d uar faGc Ll . the n on . 1 59 Rh n abw D eam ead lL G o e g , p o y s r r s y , ’
ea ded an d . 108 Kulhw h an d O en lLaGn rodet uaruaGc wit a u m i ead b r , p ( c lw ) ( h sr n m a m e a i it t u a u e d t o e e en t d. 2 T h e ) fro or n c e n t MS . w h reg l rly s r pr s ( )
H e iad in t d in h M c fl an Archaiolo I I . 22 a e a e n de d to ors s Tr s , pr e t e y g gy, , h v pp th em a Kin e Triad t o the followin g e ffect : Three chie f cows of t he I sle of ’ P dain : Mael wn Gw d s B in d ed Cow G e in the Olife r Gos ry g yn e r l , r ysk cow of ’ ordfawr s S n an d C n i the Llawf rode d farfawc archawc see g o s , or llo cow of (orf ) ’
E van s s Re ort on MS h W lsh La ua e . I a t ii 380 1 e th S . in t e e n 38 e p g g , vol , p r , , , wh re eadin th M i w h la d d T h i e S . P e n iarth 4 is en as bu c 6vro e carvaGc. 3 e t d r g of 7, g v ( ) h r an d at has a t iad a i d t an d e e i M . 0 . 8 5 e o the t e e e e v r. l s r s ( y g p 7 , N o ) r ppl hr cl h r s m e n the I e P dain the t i d m is de ibed as lLawfroded Farf aw c of sl of ry , h r ofwho scr , e ded th e Catt Nud th e B un te ou son S en llt an d in t at e d who h r le of o s, of y h h r ’ w e m i 4 La t Ri e Re e in his E ssa on the Welsh S ain ts er lch cows . ( ) s ly c s y ’
. 298 in t du w d d in t a Sain t edi e t : I dloe s the son (p ) ro ces l a f ro e o s p gre , h us , ’ f Gw dn abi a a Farf o C C m a h Lives the Ce m bro~ o y b IL wfroded g och . o p re T e of
B ritish S ain ts . 2 8 . , p 6 2 T he MV RE MV S are i at u e d an d the l FI L is n ot i i e t o m e of l g r , of v s bl ,
a in ee n n a a i e the t the L d e o the in e . e e is h v g b wor w y, wh l foo of rops b l w l Th r ,
I t in k n o dou t as to the eadin the e . h , b r g of whol THE CELTIC INS CRIP TIONS OF GAUL 35
G B er B er om um by the erman g , a mountain, associating with it g , now
B er am o N al . B er o g , in orth It y g is probably to be completed into
B er o-s c B er as av on s g , when e a g , from which Holder derives the name B ois de B er e Ville — -B o f n euve de er De . the g , to the ast of g , in the p of No w B er os Ardeche . bera g has its equivalent in the Welsh word , ’ bol os b la . B era just as g has yielded Welsh o , sack or belly , however, o r D does not mean a mountain , but a rick stack of corn or hay ; avies ‘ ’ acervus se etis f n usia defines it as g vel ae i . This suggests that Be rg n was a harvest goddess wedded a nually to a harvest god , whose name Ucuetis was perhaps like Rivos on lv an alias of the redoubtable l h o d Lu us. arvest g g There is, however, another possibility which is Dr perhaps worth mentioning, for it is right to say that . Pughe and Silvan Evans make the idea of a pyramid part and parc el of their ‘ o f bera defin ition a , which the latter expresses thus a pyramidal heap ; a stack o f corn o r hay (in the form of a pyramid) ; a stack ; ’ B r Mon s a pyramid . We should like to know whether the e gas was not so called from its fancied likeness at a distance to some a Ber usia object resembling a pyramid, and that the loc l divinity, g ,
s simply took her name from that of a mountain called B ergu . The r s B dist ict is a remarkable one , and I a ked my friend, Professor abut, se what he knew about the landscape . I explained to him the sen c to B er as whi h I should attach the name g , and he replied as follows ’ ‘ - - J ai trouvé n u collegue qui con n ait fort bien Villeneuve de Berg . ’ ’ le d un d as ct é é o h Ce tte vieille petite ville est centre pays pe d sol , a arait du au en tiére la roche volcanique pp , pied de la montagne faite, ’ V aO Histo ire Fr ment nue . ous trouverez facilement xford L de ance Lavisse l Gé de , Tome I, , Tableau de la ographie de la France par A B . 2 a sur Vidal de la lache la page 69, droite en bas la carte, vous ’ ’ V l au é u en t oure verrez la position de il eneuve, fond d une d pression q a s a une ceinture de petits pitons volcaniques, des p y proportions ' 11 e - reduites. me semble que la vue de cette carte est tr s propre ’ acon firm er votre conjecture sur le sens de B erg . To return t o the inscription in Gaulish ; on e cannot be expected e to acc pt the conjecture that meant marriage, without As some parallel elsewhere by way o f corroboration . it happens , ’ : of there is no lack witness our colleague Dr. Frazer s discussion
1 Lu u i Lu an d his n i I m see m Notes on For g s , I r sh g, co sort n rish ythology , y — i Calen da ead to the B iti A adem Jan . 26 1 910 . 23 5 27 the Col gn y r, r r sh c y, , , pp , , W 1 35 49. the d at Ca m an e e e o d n ow tan d . 1 6 38 3 , , For wor s r , wh r xf r s s pp , , ’ an d e se e on e is e ue ted t o ead at Ca m an on the Cu a Ki da e l wh re, r q s r r rr gh of l r , e n in T he an d to se e the reason s for the substitution given at len gt h by Mr. Orp - J a t o al S ociet An ti uaries I relan d 1906 . 11 41 hi ourn l of he R y y of q of , for , pp , w ch w n I overlooked wh en m y pape r as writt e . 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
- Lectures on the earl H istor the Kin shi . 156 8 them in his y y of g p, pp , — 1 7 . c 69 9 The instan es there passed in review , including among them o f K o f Ma the case the ing and Queen y still known in this country, suggest that the wedding ceremony or the sham marriage may have been carried o ut in any o n e o f the following ways : (1 ) The images o f
Ucuetis B er usia ds and g were married together, and afterwar placed in the celicn on i or tower to repose side by side till the ensu ng year . (2) A woman o f rank was engaged to personate the goddess and to shut celicn on 3 B herself up in the to be visited by the god in person . ( ) oth the god and the goddess were personated by a m an and a woman who
ft fo r celicn n For a erwards shut themselves up a time in the o . the object of such ceremonies I venture to quote from the same work l Ga l 177 a few ines ending in a reference to u (pp . , The sacred Z had a marriage of eus and Hera , as was natur l, its counterpart in heathen times among the northern kinsfolk of the Greeks . In Sweden
- o f every year a life size image Frey, the god of fertility, both animal t a and vege able, was drawn about the country in a waggon ttended by ’ ul who w as S he l a beautif girl called the god s wife . acted a so as his h priestess in his great temple at Upsala . W erever the waggon came
o f od with the image the g and his blooming young bride, the people fo r crowded to meet them and offer sacrifices a fruitful year . Similar ceremonies appear to have been observed by the peasantry o f Gaul in 1 a for G of our ntiquity ; regory of Tours, writing in the sixth century e ra A o f , says that at utun the people used to carry about an image a goddess in a waggon drawn by oxen . The intention of the ceremony
o f was to ensure the safety the crops and vines, and the rustics danced and sang in front of the image . The old historian identifies the M G o f goddess with Cybele, the great other oddess Phrygia, and the for o f comparison, if not the identification, is just ; the rites Cybele ’ e conformed closely to the type o f the sacred marriage here discuss d . This will suffice; and on the whole I am inclined to prefer the view that B ergusia was a harvest goddess w ith a part to play more o r Dr F t . less like that played by the goddesses whom . razer men ions The celicn on o r building presented to Ucuetis would thus seem t o have been made with a view to the marriage of that god with B e rgusia and to the housing therein of the pair until the ceremony should be 2 repeated in the ensuing year .
’ G e u De Gloria Con essa am Mi e s atrolo ia Latin a x i r gory of To rs , f r , 77 ( gn P g , l x .
. D a e Su i iu S a S Mar in i 1 2. r. e m a e e u Vit t col Fr z r co p r s lp c s v r s , . , 2 Sin e itin the a I fin d M. Ve n dr e s in t e Revue Celti ue . c wr g bove y h q , XXX I I — 20 t eatin obedbi as a dati e u a — e a e tte dua an d du i on ti o as 1 , r g g v pl r l p rh ps b r l g j i a e ati e e the t i d e n u a He e n de the e a im ate r l v v rb of h r p rso pl r l . r rs whol pprox ly
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITIS H ACADEMY
m a n ot lettering gently darkened by eans of a le d pencil . This is scientific, but it will serve to show what the cast enabled me to trace o n the stone itself. The name I to-s is probably to be equated with the element ito in ’ I tota i of G g , the genitive a aulish gladiator s name occurring at
3 . I L V. 2451 o I . e t Pompei : see Holder, v . and C. . . , We come n xt AY OY OJT i the strange looking sequence , in connexion with wh ch it may be mentioned that Greek av and aov are both transcribed AV in
. Ne avo o o r Ne avo ov Latin inscriptions Compare , for instance, u s u with
L NE MAV S E NS E S Kaua os Kaoda o c w L atin , and p , p ith the atin
Cavaros avares. G AY spellings , C Thus we have not only reek V L G OY ar making A in atin , but the reek digraph regul ly represented V AY OY wT L in Latin by . So should make in atin orthography
AV VOT c a . , and we know exa tly how we st nd M Villefosse on e o f 1 888 . In Heron de , of the leading members the
’ Academie des Inscriptions called attention to a Ce ltic word AV V OT AVO AV O AV A variously abbreviated , T , , , , found appended to the name of the manufacturer on several pieces o f Celtic pottery : Arch olo i ue 1 55— s e Revue . 9. e the é g q , series III, volume XI, pp It had been assumed that an cot was a verb meaning f ecit ; but some years ’ d Arbois ubain v ille a vvot later M. de J solved the mystery of in a short
Recueil de M m oires 1 03 article in the é , published in 9 by the Société des Antiquaires de France o n the occasion of that body celebrating its o n avvot c entenary . He went to show that even was an abbreviation , for there was a longer spelling avoti on a piece in the museum at
N m e ue n I L o f . . . . . 160 Trier , and another in that y g (C , XIII iii p . , 4 o w as N . a 1 0 . 1 6 No . 6 , and p , Th t not all, for he was able to G point to the full nominative at the museum at hent, where one reads
1 63 No . 3 2 . . 6 (ibid , p , ) B VCCOS AV 0 T I 5
Of v r I cr Latin arum v o us n s . . the forms with , the C p gives (ibid ,
4 4 No . 8 5 r RE X T VGE 0 5 . 7 : p , ) seve al instances , one of which reads N
- S V LLI AS AV V OT . Fe ea L I n f It comes from gr c ( oire ), and it is in N M M R has a the antes useum . . einach had cast o f it added to his
a - a N 3 4 2 a G 0 . 1 6 . excellent collection at the Ch teau de S int erm in , It may be mentioned that among the names o n the shields on the
a O A . D 21 BO V DI LLV S AV OT . triumphal rch at range ( . ) one is [ ] I cannot pass in silence over the instances which I was shown at the
D M M - - A epartmental useum at oulins sur llier by its keeper, the veteran a M . B has a arch eologist, ertrand, who m de, among other things,
o f raffito a remarkable collection of moulds . Three them have g THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 39 writing o n them traced with a stile : on e of a saddled horse reads S acrillos Avot ; and another, that of a pigeon, reads AUOT I FORM!
S ACR( I )LLOS CARAT :
' Fo r s ill s se S acr o e I L . . the e instances associated with C. . . , XIII iii 10015 3 8 ’ . . 13 14 1 5 M. B (p and Photos . , , of ertrand s tracings t o a presented me for this p per . ’ M d Arbo is . closed his paper with the etymology of the word ’ Avotis n a An ota , connecti g with it a m n s name, , so read by no less M M . L 1 0 N I . . 5 . an authority than owat (C. . , ibid , p . , o Here might doubtless be added AV V I I T from an inscription in the Autun
M d Norha A 2 vvet i I L. . 747 a useum , rea ing [ f . ] (C. . , XIII ). The late Professor o f Celtic detects the avo o f Avotis in the a of ‘ ’ con - oi a *com - auct the Irish verb , he protects, for an e rly . Then * a avet S an ati an e ti as he equ tes with the anskrit , , which he gives ‘ ’ il a e An d an otie meaning fait avancer, h te, prot ge, commande . he ‘ ’ ‘ accordingly explains to be celui qui fait faire , celui qui commande ’ dans l usine in other words the literal rendering of avotis into Latin ’ ‘ - actor e e dom in us. L would be, he thought, f ou peut tre m me atin ’ avus a vos a as , , grandf ther, he regarded belonging to the same stock ; for as a matter o f fact the grandfather w as in Roman law f i s . o dom n us the ma ter I am inclined to emphasize the idea , as
a actor a ag inst that of f , as meaning in rel tion to a workshop
s a of a who the owner, the proprietor al o and the m ster the sl ves
a . did the work , in word, the lord of the whole concern This is 1231 corroborated by the editor of the Corpus (XII . ) two of the shield inscriptions on th e Orange triumphal arch appear to consist o f t wo B oudillus Avot a words, the lready mentioned, and another near the
B odvac v n has us va n e . O end of the series, these the editor the ‘ following note : Nomina sunt ducam Gallorum ; AV OT et V Av NE v ocabula n om in ibus adiecta utrum originem an dign itatem indicent ’ du itari B w b . odvacus as potest a princely name, and so probably was B oudillus an d , the fact that the latter has the first place on the south side of the arch may have had a significance favourable to the view Avotis or that in the wider sense of the word meant a lord prince. a i In the present inst nce, however, one can only cla m for it the sense o f an d OC proprietor, director, or head of the firm , the inscription I T AY OY wT I tos Av v' dt m a , that is , may be ost ptly compared with B VCCOS AV O S that of T I , except that the latter gives the nominative in full . Far the commonest form of the word in writing is the abbreviation
a t avvot. vo , with which, of course, I include It is hardly necessary PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY to a W uu w say th t , probably pronounced or , is familiar enough ’ to o f o f the reader Holder s great collection Celtic names, in such
B - - as avviacus s. v aco Cav vam a s. am o cases ( . ( v . and others, not
G as i l to mention instances of reek origin , such E v van e is and i E zvaristus . I . L. 192 o f (C , XII . , Similarly some the O of an d l or v earl—iest gam inscriptions Ireland Wa es double the u T TIT as av vi avi o f io ( I ), in , , a word the declension, and meaning c avos those conne ted with the those reared and protected by him . We have the doubling also in the Latin portion of an Irish bilingual I V V E RE DRV V I DE S epitaph reading , which might be written
erae Dr u ides I werae Drwides see S tudies in E ar I rish q u , or my ly H is tor B A M 1903 y , read to the ritish cademy in arch , . The spelling ‘ ’ ’ I V V E RE o f to M , Erin , is the key ela and Juvenal s name of I V V E RNA Ireland, namely , which , if we believe the editors, the ii vern a poet must have pronounced i . This carries the spelling with v v which was common to the Goidels and some o f the Ce lts o f Gaul . or back to the first second century of our era, and it argues G intercourse between aul and Ireland . A A 1906 8 . Celtic inscription found in ugust, , in a field called
La i e - e M - A p p Sen on ont uxois, is briefly described by Commandant E s é n dieu P ro Alesia 1 0 43— ra 9 6 . 5 . p in the periodical , , pp , plate xi
It was found near the western wall of a building with three apses, which he has promised to describe . The inscription is on four frag a ments, without reckoning compar tively small bits, some of which have never been found, while the position of others cannot be fixed . ’ These do not appear in the Commandant s last photograph, which a is reproduced here with his kind permission as Photo . 9 . He gives
m m the dimensions as 0 29 high by 0 20 thick : the length could not be given as the blocks had not been brought close together when‘ saw A 1909 A I them in ugust , ; but as I had them placed last pril 0m 88 1 09 the length was about . In 9 they were in a temporary museum , but since then the Société des Sciences de Semur has had all the fragments that could be found set up in the new museum which i t has organized at Alise . M m . M I have received letters fro Changarnier and . Seymour R de icci , kindly giving me their readings of the fragments, but I differ from both in places ; and as they have not published their l ul readings I sha l, as a r e, confine myself to comparing my own ’ a E s éran dieu s P ro guesses with Command nt p reading, as given in i 0 4 Ale a 1 3 . s 9 6 . has , , p He kindly given me permission to make
o f m . use previous photographs, which he sent me fro time to time The differences between our versions reduce themselves within narrow THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 41
a a o f tou en sem r limits . Photogr ph 9 gives a view the t ble of the bigge fragments . My readin g of the letters extant or partly visible in the first line runs as follows
CAM T AAO a Y OY wT KNO C
ff I only di er from the Commandant as to the K , the perpendicular stroke of which is mostly gone he took what is left o f the letter as
A a o n forming the first part of an le ning the N following, but n ot u At to ching it . the very first sight of the earliest photograph
o f which he sent me, I guessed that the group letters at the end, K AOC C NOC cn os. including the underneath, made , The of S am otalos a 9a was on a fragment not represented in photogr ph , though most of it was in the first photographs which he was good is No s. 6 f enough to send me ( 9 , That ragment was loose, it it true, but was an important one, and it had on it nearly the o f A 0 whole the preceding the , together with the upper half of the A MA R m a M. of below in the second line . I y add that de icci thinks that he can fit to it the first of the Commandant’ s smaller bits in such a way as to complete the 0 o f T AAOC and produce f o C I . most the . have seen neither of the pieces themselves M The fragmentary letter before the first crack suggests a wide , CAMOT AAOC and the whole compound would be , which I was able t o re - a i s a confirm on ex min ng the tone . The photogr ph shows before
a o i a the T what ppears t be a bit of a slant ng str ight line, which, out are however, on being carefully scrutinized proved to be a deeply l of 0 first le e r . 90 a large . The tt on the next block (Photo ) was
A A o r M either an , , , but the two latter are ruled out by the — unmistakable identity of the singular sequence AT OY LOT the last trace of writing can only be part of a T — with the AY OY wT of the L previous inscription . astly, since by far the most common vowel
cn o -s i preceding in ancient Celtic names is , we may treat the first line ‘ as CAMOT AAOC Y OY w I K OC S am otalos son of A T N , meaning ,
Avv é tis o r so n av dtis of an v . 5 5 MA I ' AP MA s : C€ C . The second line I read thu A A
' I AP MA of A as It ends with , which the second is imperfect, it a C reaches only into the last g p. It does not come near the beneath
an d . M the first line belonging to that line oreover, there is nothing ' AP A to I M . suggest that is an abbreviation I take it, therefore , to ’ a CE C A be a woman s name, and to have been preceded by feminine I , o r CE CI CE c a perhaps s, the whole designation being approximately l PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
' ’ I AP MA of , with the genitive the father s name coming between them . What remains of the latter consists o f MA preceded by AA o r AA o r AA MA was t l ; and the followed by a let er with a perpendicu ar, a a so long a part of which the fr cture seems to have run , that the o f letter may have been a K . The first letter the name may have
an d likewise been K , the genitive as a whole some such form as KA AKI KAAMAKI AM or . The line might then be represented as
' ' ‘ C I A KAAMAKI : I AP MA a S a Ga a o f CC , me ning esi rma, d ughter
' Calm acios or Clam acios The latter part of the second A o f I AP MA
s an d has . i gone, the cementing been rather badly done B I P AKO OJY I A LO The third line reads : T T NN . Here all the first eight letters are certain, though a fracture runs through A the first and leaves a little of the first limb on the first block, and the rest on the second, on which the top of the K is gone .
was Y The next letter after the the right arm is there, and the
o a . T I b ttom point of the perpendicul r Then come the letters , with
z no room left for the stop ( ) to precede as one would expect . The letters T I are followed by a slight trace of some curved letter like
G C : m a a reek sigma, , at the edge of the gap it y equ lly well have 0 been . In any case I am unable to decide what letter or letters have A disappeared in the gap preceding the letters NN. We then come a a to the edge of the l st gap, where we have the beginning of letter (0 0 : which I take to have been rather than the Commandant,
as C. reproducing only what is still visible, gives it This line ended A with the letter in question , whatever it was, just opposite the final f I ' AP MA o .
KO B P I Y AwY B : O The fourth line reads : T O AT N . The first name KO B P I T OY AUJY has its 8 divided by the fracture already Aft mentioned as passing through the first A of the third line . er the 00 comes an oblique which the Commandant gives without hesita Y tion ; it is there and can only be the beginning of . So we may a wY comp re the sequence here with the same in the third line, and both may be equated with the dative ending c ou of T apavoov of the
O - ltic I n s r t . 1001 ex vo o e c . or us . . 7 rgon (C , p The C p , XIII iii , No s 2 8 3 48 A . 7 . 9 t and (pp , gives two ins ances ; one, at utun , is di AMOY T LOY AMB I T wY a read by the e tor , but query and comp re
Am biti M - B ous cited by Holder . The other comes from ont euvray
' ’ S a - G : s OY OI I T I LOY Vo itius and is at int ermain it read , to g , whose 1 1 name was evidently related to that of Vogit outus mentioned at p . above .
R to o ur KOB P I T OY ACOY eturning text, we have after a lacuna B a followed by , which I t ke to be the last letter of an abbreviation THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 43
of some word in the dative plural entitled to a case termination
bo as Avboovvva - o Ma e - o Na ava Ka- o in , such we have in B and rp B u t fi ,
-bos u L - bus do m in abas from an earlier , eq ivalent to the atin in , liabus m atribus n atihas re ibus fi , , , g , and the like . At this point the inscriber had inevitably perceived that he would not have room had — enough for what he to cut hence the abbreviation . This is our not only misfortune, for a fracture has severed the group of fo r . As letters which he found space they stand, they read
AT NO t al o f an d l , with only the lef h f the T intact, of the N sti l
less, to wit, the right perpendicular together with a little of the B diagonal joining it at the bottom . ut here there seems to be a difficulty the N 0 appears to be on a slightly higher level than the h — — rest of the line . T is is partly perhaps wholly explained by the o f its fi form the N , which in this inscription tends to be Hwith rst a perpendicular reaching lower th n the second on e . The same peculiarity may be noticed in the case of NO) at the end of the third
line, where the is on a level with the fi rst perpendicular of the N o f 0 o f and not with that the second . In the case of the N at the end N ff the first line, the two limbs of the do not di er much in length , but the second ends perceptibly higher than the level of the angle a 0 where the first begins to run downwards, and in this inst nce the
following takes an intermediate level . In the case in question in the fourth line we have to regard the N as having been probably of the form Nand the 0 following as having been placed on the level o f N the second limb of the N. These forms of are common enough in Latin inscriptions ; and one m ay also compare the N in the Todi bilingual with the Celtic put into letters supposed to belong to the
N a an N N orth Etruscan alph bet . For extreme form of the see the N f r 2] O the Collorgues f agment p . above . In this connexion we are somewhat hampered by the bad cementing to which I have already referred in the case o f the second N of ANN we detect a distinct ul v step in the first perpendic ar of that letter, and it is isible in
the photographs . If corrected , I do not know how it would work As I out . it is, found it was impossible to get the tops of the pieces to fall into line : the top of the KNO C fragment always appears to e stand too high, which is due to the top of the prec ding fragment h to o aving been fixed low, owing to the clumsiness of the workman I t a w who did the cementing. can h rdly be remedied ithout running o f a the risk damaging the origin l stone .
ro o f n This completes the f nt the monume t, but the Commandant
a a o n c lled ttention to two letters the end of the stone, round the
an d o n KNO o f KNOC. corner, approximately a level with the He PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Ah) : n o t reads them the second letter is incomplete, but I could make it anything else than an omega. Probably we should be right in regarding this as a continuation of the inscription on the front of the monument and completing the last word into AT NOAO) to be interpreted as an adverbial expression reminding one o f the Latin pie ’ or iissim e ‘ ff p ; let us suggest a ectionately, tearfully or some such o f note tenderness .
o r Putting before you the letters wholly partly extant , together f ll w m with some of those conjectured, we arrive at the o o g legend
CAMOT AAO C Y O Y KNO z a UJ T t A0.)
K A MA P M C€ c l a A K I. r A A
KOB P I T OY AwY B : AT NO
No w in scri , though there are two lacunae left, a glance at the whole p r tion discloses its nature . It is a sepulch al monument set up by a a husb nd and his wife to their three children . The names of the
o f ff parents are in the nominative case, while those the o spring are in
. N the dative o verb is expressed, but the legend seems to close with an adverbial expression . Having gathered so much as to the general meaning of our text we may turn back to consider further some of w the individual ords of which it consists .
1 AMO AAO m C T C S a otalos. ( ) , The name is cited by Holder from E its an inscription in the museum at pinal , whither it found way from
M u - - S aé n e V o n onth reux sur ( osges), and from a stamp a basin at 2 000 . 8 Le a I L . . 1 6 B C. . Ch telet in elgium see . , XIII iii , where it has ’ d Arbo is ubain v ille m l M. been treated as S a oia us. The late de J ’ ’ ‘ e u interpreted the compound as meaning l homme front doux , j ust ‘ ’ - ' S am o ria N G . 2 as he renders , aimable roi see his oms aulois , pp , 12 8 8 sam o sam sam e 1 . , The elements of the compound are Irish , , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ saim : skim rest, tranquillity, , quiet , mild , summer, is probably ‘ ’ ha ad ectiv e ha kid related , and Welsh f , summer, whence an j j , now ’ talo tal ha aid . f , summerly, tractable The other element is Welsh , ’ te M d tal . o . made in Welsh into , forehead The Irish is attes d only ’ Mod as tul taul talcen . or , forehead , but , the Welsh for forehead tal cin n tul ein d seems borrowed from an earlier Irish , which occurs as , ‘ ’ ’ o f : W in disch s I rische T ar te end or front the head, forehead see , ’ 2 F B ricre n d p . 99 led , Y OY LOT KNOC A voticn os B 2 a i v . ( ) , y far the most usual vowel
” - - i it as preceding the termination cn o s was , but also occurs in ‘ ’ K O 1 1 ara-n u—cn o -s son I OY C . T C A N (p above), , of Thunder, from
- T aran ucus T apavov s (not from the kindred name ), the god
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY calm io i B as caln o cel d wh ch rythonic, treating has made into f y , ‘ ’ ’ B kalvez ‘ ingenious, artistic, reton , a carpenter : compare Welsh ’ cel c n of . o fi y , a small article furniture We have possibly t fall back
KAAMAL o K AMA E o n a shorter genitive r A I. like ccaios and the
- aio-s to other instances collected by Holder under , which may be added the genitive Oa'tai occurring in one of the Moritasgus in scrip tions to be mentioned presently . It looks, however, as if a longer genitive like KAAMAKI would fit the space occupied by the name somewhat better .
5 FAP MA Garm a. o f ( ) , The probable explanation this name is
is o f Gorm a o f as M rm that it a levelling , the same origin odern Irish go , ‘ ’ S . 1 1 4 has . orm blue tokes in his Fick volume, p , two words g , one ‘ ’ ‘ ’ orm o- s the orsm o -s from g , warm , roth, and other from g , dunkel, but they seem to me to be on e and the same word with a curious ‘ . wrm of variation of meaning The Welsh is g , dun , dusky, a dark ’ brown colour ; but I take it that neither the Irish nor the Welsh was for originally the name any special colour . This is corroborated by ’ — ‘ ’ ’ i. u rdairc I a gloss o f O Davoren Gorm . see Stokes s T hree rish ’
Glossaries . 94. Urdairc , p means splendid , illustrious, glorious , and ' the lady whose name has here be en gue sse d to have been S esia or S esis may have had an epithet with some such signification . 6 B I P AKOT LOY B I P AKOT OY C B iracotus ( ) is the dative of , , of the
- - u o B ira c tu s. declension, a comp und which analyses itself into o The
bira o f as bir biur qualifying element is the same origin Irish , , ‘ ’ M d b ro bera o . bior e . Ir , genitive , , a spit, a lance point, a spike, ber or Welsh , a spear, a lance, pike ; a Spit for roasting meat ; ’ ‘ L veru o . a a skewer r stake The rel ted atin form is , a spit or ’ stake, which suggests that both the Irish and the Welsh were u L veru a originally neuter of the declension , like atin , a f ct attested : in the case of the Irish word, though both are now masculine see ’ L I V Hogan s I rish Neu ter S ubstan tives in the Todd ecture Series .
- 206. otu s u The other element is C of the declension , and possibly to ’ be identified with Caesar s Cotus which is treated as o f the o declen sion ; but this does not prove that it was not o f the u declension in o f Aedui a the Celtic the . That it was so is suggested by the prob bly r Cotu -alus Carn utes elated form , the name of a leader of the , also ’ u D B ello Gallico mentioned by Caesar : see Me sel s edition of the e ,
3 3 - kuth vii . , 9. The Indo European root seems to have been ,
hud G «66a» whence in Teutonic , related possibly to reek , I hide d a :l K s. v H ittte cot co n see luge, . . The Welsh is represented by , , ’ - - cw or . B ira cotu s t o d, a bag sack So may be inferred have meant a
’ ' h s eakin of on e who iding or heeding with a spear , more generally p g THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 47 is a protection effected by means of the spear Names of the u decle n ~
: sion , be it noticed, may be masculine or feminine this is probably masculine . T I C A O) (7) N N . This represents the dative singular masou o f a A OC line a name ending in the nomin tive in NN . The second element might be AANNO- C which is suggested to me by the
- dan n D . 30 a o of anno talis, p bove, but it might just as well be B AN NO- C in fact this will be found to be the more probable of the A two . mong the related forms cited by Holder may be mentioned
B an n a - B an n aciacus B an n aven ta B an n ol , and the place names , , us,
B an n ovallum . m a , and others The meaning y possibly be akin to that ’ ’ of ban n or- ban n a ban n o a ban Irish , law, f , comm nd, from , inter ’ ’ ’ h S F 11 15 a d A . 9 n d r o i dict, pro ibition see tokes in ick s book, , p , b s ’ “ Les P rem ie rs H abitan ts de l E ur I I 33 o e . 5. de Jubainville, p , The first element in the compound reads T I followed by traces of a letter C a A which seems to have been . The whole of it may h ve been T I C o f a T isios T isia T isiacus an d the s me origin as the , , the like cited by
s a Holder, but hardly, perhap , to be severed from others th t he gives
T essin s T eddius T essillus T eddillos T illa as ess . T essi such ( ), ), , f g te n ius (T eddicn ius). These suggest that ss represents an early ten s t L ten su -s ten su- m ten sa e o be traced in the atin , , , stretch d out, drawn ’ H i G O . . G d n san tight, strained, tense, othic erman , to draw
’ ” ’ - i L a te s t a or . S or pull, ithuani n , to dr w stretch hould these sur ‘ T w a - avvo- m a mises prove well founded, B s y have meant one who ff strictly observed the prohibitions a ecting him , one who carefully ’ ’ avoided the ill - luck of violating his gessa or taboos a man s gessa a play an import nt part in old Irish tales . However, the exact sigui fication of these proper names is of no great consequence here ; o n e is more troubled by the inability to decide whether the space required
s T t a a a avvw T Lo' t a i avvw some such spelling as fi , / , or the like, rather
T i o a avvw . than fi , to which I give the preference
8 OB P OY AwY Ko tr‘ ovo -S' Cobritulu -s ( ) K I T is the dative of fip , ofthe ir M u . xo L 0 . cob declension The first element is fip in Irish , odern Ir . i ‘ cobhair cabha r . Gram . eltica , , fem help, assistance, support see the C , 8 1 ’ 1 . 7 . 6 . p , and Stokes s Fick volume, p 9 When the first element in such a name as that in question here means protection o r safety one naturally looks to the second element to convey the idea of bearer or
e of G a as Ov o t- o- s E hm cd bringer , as in the cas such reek n mes n c p ,
- - - - o o Ka ud c o o s . vo s ¢ p s, p pp and the like So the ro of the Celtic com as pound may be taken meaning bringer or bearer, and the compound ’ - - Aid- tul Cobri tulu s may be rendered bringer . The vocable of the same origin as Latin tul (as perfect ofjero) occurs in several Irish per 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
as sonal names, such the following, to be met with in the pedigrees in — B Le T ulach fo T uladrain . the ook of inster , . (genitive), f T la T ola T olain . . . T ola . i g (genitive), f o , f gen , f and , 1 uli latha T olaid A s T . . f. , f f mong the e w e to obri- tulu -s T lan seem to have an inverted compound parallel C in o g , ‘ Mce la/ T lai T olain H ui l in o n gen . g , in the tribal designation g , the ’ o f Ma a o f s descendants el n, the bringer protection or afety, where ‘ ain o f an im ain im g is to be interpreted by means the verb g , g , I ’ T hurn e sen an e protect, which y would refer to some such theme as g
‘ ‘ ‘ an dbuch . L Ko t rovAOv S (H , p astly, I should guess flp to have been ’
. Cartim an dus a woman s name Compare , already mentioned (p . o f B ri an tian which appears to have been the Celtic name the g queen.
' -us R as A woman s name in must, however, have struck a oman some
a h a n what str nge, and she seems to ave been provided with an lter ative
u Cartim an du a o n e which so nded feminine enough . This was , derived ’ - M im an du s. r Furn eaux s An n als from Cart See . edition of the of
. 25 . 36 9 . T acitus, xii (II, p , note) (9) No w should come a word ending with B as an abbreviation o f o f the dative plural an ancient vocable meaning children . The search for it brings me back to the question o f the small fragments with
o f o n E s éran die u letters or portions letters them . Commandant p P ro Alesia Nos sketches three of them in his article in the journal ( . ’ d 45. an Co m 3 and p . For the student s convenience with the ’ mandant s kind permission , these are embodied in photograph 9f The R T AAOC first of them is used by M. de icci to finish in the first line and t o explain how he doe s it I give his sketch o f the whole inscription 9d t ho w in photograph , which shows also, in the lef margin, he reads ’
w . the small fragment, hich is second in the Commandant s description r a Lastly , besides these th ee bits we seem to have one at le st figuring a e above the KNOC fragment in photograph 90 . It pp ars also in a M L M sketch o f the whole front o f the monument given me by . ouis atru
f P ro Al e as o esia . chot, the editor That sketch is here reproduc d h r e . R M. Ma ruc ot photog aph 9 The sketches by M. de icci and t were so ff not intended for publication , but they are instructive at di erent points that I have taken the liberty o f putting them into a per
. n ot ll u manent form I have seen any of the sma fragments in q estion ,
1 ’ A din to St e an d St a an T h au I I i is ead T olit in the ccor g ok s r ch s es rus, . 267, t h s r a ’ B A m a fo . 1 3 2 G n n but t e a e in te d Cui T olat . I n ook of r gh ( ) by wy , h y h v pr l ’ the B ook of th e Dun it is can T ulad an d H ogan s On om a
sticon has e ide the t e m t T halaith an d C. oladh af te , b s s o h r for s, hose of C. T r th e u Ma te a a Cfiil T oladh A M T he e n uin o m Fo r s rs who lso h ve ( . . g e f r s
- e i T olat e n iti T al a it a T ulan to s en . T ulan ti. w re poss bly , g ve ( ) for e rly , g THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 49
Matruchot a and M. states th t he does not know what became o f them . Even if we could handle the small pieces it would probably be hard to fit them into their places, but the two with letters belonging to two different lines can only go into the name beginning with T I C in the d an d i B thir line, to the abbreviated word ending w th in the line e und rneath . Le t us first take the reading approximately adopted a M R 1 by the Comman d nt and . de icci of the bit with three letters “C T I C and add it to . We then have In the next BA BA B;
add 9c 9e Mat rucho t a . place let us on from photographs , , what M. re ds as a P with what I should treat as the lower portion of a B standing above it the trial group would then look as follows T CAB ANN0) BfiP B
a a e 8 This, however , dmits of simplific tion sm e the letter between and
P a a A i a A an d the c nnot be consonant ; so is elim nated in f vour of , result stands thus
a As It remains for us to fill the g p in the lower line . what we ra a ff are looking for is the dative plu l of word meaning o spring, B AP a a children , the at which we h ve automatically rrived reminds ‘ ’ A a bher La ero an d us of the ry n root represented in tin byf , I bear, ’ ’ ors orte bear birth beraim an d f ,f , chance, English and , Irish , I bear , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ’ - breith c m er a com ber : S . , birth, Welsh y , t ke, for I refer to tokes s
a s herd an d F . 16 On e of rticle on its derivatives ( ick, ii , pp 9, ’ - a a n b ti s G . them is in f ct just what is w nted here, amely, r , tragen , eburt
breith brith beraim In Irish it yields , , the verbal noun corresponding to , ’ a i br d I be r, and mean ng the act of bearing, birth ; in Welsh y in ’ ‘ ec cl edr d ate - b ti- s a lf ry , jy (for r ), be ring back , in the sense of restor ’ ' an d c m r d com -brit c o f ing , y g (from ), the act ofa cepting, in the sense i ’ n a a . beari g way w th you, of t king to yourself The letters , there
r a fore , to be inse ted seem to be T I , which receive some confirm tion in the bit which shows a part of the perpe ndicular of such a letter ’ M i a as T or I see . de R cci s sketch an d photogr ph 9f We
at a B AP S an d a arrive thus form T I , extend the bbreviation into
B AP T I B O B AP T I B OC o i L or , corresp nd ng to what might be in atin ‘ ’ or ibus ors a u ff . f t from f , ch nce, tho gh di ering widely in sense The
1 T h m an a t e e it t o in e 2 an d 3 but I ta e t at t o be a i it e Com d n r f rs l s , k h sl p an d 4 on ly be lon g to lin e s 3 . v 50 P ROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY spelling ar representing a stage in the pronunciation of what philo lo ists ' g write g, cannot be reckoned a difficulty, as we are ignorant o f the exact nature and history of the sound to which they a a to apply th t symbol suggested by S nskrit analogy . With regard m a O N r the signification we y here mention , that in . orse this wo d was bard- r and that it signified not only birth but also embryo
as a birth and what is born , does also the etymological equiv lent, ,
: se e New B z lish Diction ar n o t s v . in English the g y , . We are without evidence o f the analogous transition o f sense from the abstract a E d r d to the concrete in the c se of the Celtic equivalents . f y — in its reduced form of ed ryd (plural edrydau) meant n o t only the
o f an d act restoring, but also, in direct reference to bearing birth , that which is born ; fo r it is found used by the poets to signify ‘ ’ n io D a co at . Dr. stock, family, or as avies puts it, genus, prosapi , g
n o r In short, whether we co sider the form the signification, we appear t o be at liberty to assume the possibility of a dative plural bartibo (s) f used in re erence to offspring . 10 AT NOAOJ o f ( ) . This I take to be a contraction an earlier are-vobw are- avobw n od o r sn od , possibly , the root being , yielding ‘ ’ n od sa o f in Welsh the word , the juice of a vegetable, the p a tree, ’ ’ ’ sn odhach O Reill s Diction ar a cor Irish , given in y y prob bly for a more rect sn odhach (with a sho rt meaning sap or juice Modern Welsh ‘ has also a plural adm o dau signifying resources suggested possibly ad by that word . Here we have representing the ancient prefix ate a a L re which has approxim tely the same me ning as atin prefix . B ut the meaning I should be inclined to ascribe to the arvobw o f our l a on e o f inscription wou d be the dverbial with the shedding tears, ’
m . with weeping, tearfully, ournfully In trying t o get the readings suggested to fit to scale there are
or B oraAos Accum two three things to be noticed . etween a and r‘ ucvos there was probably the colon st0 p : as there may have bee n
E mm a Kh a am also between and u , whereas it seems to have been
B i a r‘ wv a d T a t absent between p KO n I. It was prob bly also absen
f t Ko trovhwv wv . On a er fip , the other word ending with that sup it position seems possible to get the required letters in, but even then n o a there will be room to spare . The first fragment in photogr phs 12 and 13 requires to be pushed up close to the large compound
so A 3 fragment on its right, that the split letters, to wit, in line and B 4 t o in line , may be closed as far as the damaged edges will help
Y OY O.) n ot show how they fitted. The piece must be pushed quite close t o the large fragment : room must be left in the first line
: A on o f o f Avovwn kvos for , and further for the missing half the T , THE CELTIC INSCRIPTIONS OF GAUL 51
l an d o f o f the whole of the the vertical portion the K , the rest which NOC appears on the last or K fragment . The pieces should be brought to so together with due regard these details in far, at any rate, as o ut the cementing does not force them of scale . Then another good c o f photograph should be taken of the whole, and opies it should be distributed among the Ce ltic scholars most likely to make use
o f o f them . In this way we should soon have the uncertainties the w reading reduced within their narro est limits . When I visited the temporary muse um at Alise I had forgotten to procure permission to scrutinize the inscribed fragments : they were inside a wire e u L A closure, and I looked at them from the floor . ast pril I sought
i o f Dr. A o f S the perm ssion drien Simon, president the emur
i s t o S ociety, to examine the inscript on more clo ely , and thanks him
r o f I eceived all assistance possible, which I take this Opportunity cordially acknowledging. These notes on the inscription may be conveniently summarized to as here and preceded by the text which they appear imply , follows
CAMOT AAOC aY OY OJT LKNO
' C€ Cla KAAMAKI : I AP MA B I P AKOT LOY T I CAB ANNLO
KOB P I T OY ALOY B AP T LB : AI N O
r e That is, f e ly rendered into English S am otalo s son o f Av votis (and) S G o f Clam acio s esia arma, daughter , tearfully (set up this monument) to B iracotus T isaban n os their children , ,
o ri ulus (and) C b t .
S t t o A 1909 E s éran dieu 4. oon af er my visit lise in Commandant p E r r and Dr. pe y favoured me with copies of a photog aph showing a score of small objects which they had discovered o n Mont-Auxois in the co urse i A of their d gg ings there . mong them are two pieces of lead with
n of rafiito o n G : writi g the g kind them both, in the reek alphabet s A on e I had a look at them la t pril . The bigger measures four centi metres long by rather more than one centimetre broad and it reads
AP OMAP O. T he an d K end of the lead is very jagged , there is nothing o r left to show whether not the name had a final C. Elsewhere it occurs in Latin as CAROMARV S stamped alone on a vessel in the M i F fo r ecit museum at annheim , but on others w th ( f ) appended, M M a I . L. in : . to wit, the ainz useum for further inst nces see C ,
No 10010 46 1 . n XIII . iii . . . (p The name a alyses itself 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Caro -m a ro-s caro L ai m s into , with of the same origin as the atin
- - S u caru s 1 0010 . 240 8 and the second part of (ibid , p . Welsh ‘ ’ h - ar O B - ho -car y g , dear, beloved, . reton . The other element is ‘ ’ o f m aro- s the familiar one , great . Even so it is not quite certain ‘ what the compound exactly meant : it may have signified a great ’ on e who a is beloved Possibly it meant simply gre tly beloved .
5 . an d Dr E e r The other bit of lead is very small, . p y suggested
' DY I I P A a the reading , where he would reg rd the first character
0 . a a OY I ds o n e part of an We should ccordingly h ve , which remin
a a o of the dative termination of cert in n mes of the declension .
' I am not quite certain that what figures here as I is not a B imperfect
B a be rov a S . at the bottom . That would recall the p formul of the outh Were that reading certain we should be warranted in drawing some we a i important conclusions from it ; but , as it is, cannot do nyth ng
B o f 10 1 1 . of the kind . oth bits lead are represented in photographs , We may guess that the inscription is part o f a humble ex - voto from
Mo ritas o s a temple sacred to the god g . a Two Latin inscriptions found by the s me gentlemen , for
am e Dr E e r o f . copies which I indebt d to p y, equate the god with ’ A : a a pollo the first, on a stone c rved to represent person s thigh an d : 1 2 knee, runs as follows see photograph , for which I have to thank Commandant E spéran die u AVG S AC DE O AP OLLI NI MORI T AS GO CAT I ANV S OX T AI
0 DE O o f AP O LLI NI a 0 MORI T AS GO Here the of , , the fin l of , and A a S e e the initial 0 of OX T I are a modification of omeg . the second
G a . 55 . r enouilly epit ph, p below Whether the same peculia ity is to
- d r. E r a be traced in the next ew voto I cannot tell . D pe y re s it as follows AV G S AC AP O LLI NI
MORI T AS Go AV I V S ALI
E R LI B P :
Morit as o s was a n Perhaps g also named in a more fragment ry inscriptio , which the same gentleman had brought to light some time previously a on the handle of patera, reading as follows S AC DE O AP P O L CV S P OS VI T
f p rou d
{31 “OLOH d
' ’ S U l O W NO S NI T DO N .LV NDEI S HW EI HJ. NI fl
I I A HLV 'I J
THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 53
’ o m E s éran dieu s F o uilles de la C - Fo r this see C . p roix S ain t Charles
n t- Auxois : P rem ie r Ra ort D au Mo pp ( ijon, Jobard, p .
’ Mori - tas us s. . a S e e also Holder, v g , where another import nt inscription
o n e . Moritas is given, the only then known to mention that god g os A A was evidently the pollo of ancient lesia, in the character of
- o f as a . tas f the repeller diseases, Caes r describes him The go s o his a T as ia at 27 a n me is to be compared with the g mentioned p . bove ; m ori m but what are we to make of , which would see to suggest the sea ? It is likely to prove Of the same origin with the
’ m or Morrr ain 21 1 of g , which Stokes (Fick, ) took to have meant elf ’ queen , and to have only been distorted by popular etymology into
’ m or-rz ain m or m ar g , great queen The element equates with e in n i htm are F cauchem ar G Mahr a English g , rench , and erman ; lso ‘ ’ B m ora . a with 0 . ulgarian , a witch In that c se one might guess
Mori- tas o - s a or o f that g me nt a repeller queller elves and witches, o f that is to say, the evil powers supposed to cause disease, blights,
a a a and b leful bl sts , and to be routed, ccording to Irish story, by
t s on the oli n alen d No e ar 1 3 . a Lu : . 7 6 g see my C g y C , pp , In f ct, Moritasgos m ay only have been a local name o f the god Lug in the o f capacity of healer of sundry diseases the human body.
I V
1 A 1 909 B saw 1 , . In ugust , , I visited the museum at ourges, and the G inscribed stone from enouilly (Cher), mentioned in my paper on
i F ran ce an d I tal . 54 se I eltic I n scri t on s e . . L the C p of y, p C . , XIII . 1 32 o n a of 6. What we have it consists , strictly spe king, two inscriptions belonging presumably to persons of o n e an d the same a 1 m 60 0m 52 family . The stone is a sl b high by or more in the e widest part . Unfortunately a consid rable piece of it is gone from t a the lef top corner, c rrying with it the beginning of the two first o f ad lines the first epitaph, which re s as it stands s V I I I OS . . o R E T OC OY I P I AAI O
ANGOY NOC E TI OGI
T OC Co us l B efore the rp has a short horizonta line, but I failed to 0 8 or T OC ft of notice anything before in fact, the le side the first 0 F M Lau is gone in the first line ; and the rench antiquary, . de e Cor us gardi re, to whom the p refers the reader, seems to have found no more o f this line ; and both 0 5 and T OC appear to have bee n PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
i A of L followed by a po nt or stop . feature the in the first line has been overlooked in the Corpus : it has two horizontal bars at the so F bottom , that it looks rather like an upside down , that is to say, LL r AA it stands for , a conclusion favou ed by the next line with its .
n OY I P I AAI O O the other hand, one would have expected to have had a C at the end : in any case the inscriber had left himself no room o f t for it . Enough the first two lines is lef to dispose me to think o f o f that they consisted the Celtic name one and the same person , L an d G given in atin letters in reek ones, both times in the ’ S o - - so Virill s o . nominative, and meaning and , son of Then comes, a f at a larger distance from the second line, the n me o the man who erected or prepared the monument, and that not only in the Greek s G a alphabet, but al o in the reek l nguage . The spelling of the verb
érrolei does not seem so much to argue carelessness in copying , as the
ér ée r 1 w wish to give the phonetic spelling, , at a period when 6 as a: l was already pronounced the resu t , at any rate, to give us what e A appears to have b en the correct ttic spelling of the word .
Aveovv o s Otuan e wn r The name enters into the longer name , genitive
uan eun os is o n S of Ot , which found the triumphal arch at aintes
I L. . (C. . , XIII The former probably analyses itself into
- o- av : Av eovv s, where is presumably the intensive particle so the " eovv o a e ovvo ? compound would mean very s , but wh t did s mean
-un o -i m a u Holder has collected words ending in , but the , in stems regularly formed, belongs to the stem , and this is the case here ; we ’ B a n o -s may therefore divide the word into , which occurs as a man s
E un us B l name, , in an inscription to be seen at ourges, a ready mentioned
30 E un ius . (p . above), and has a derivative cited by Holder Thus eu a ehu the stem would be , which I regard as standing for an e rlier
- esu o f s. I n from , that is to say from the name the god Esu that
- un - s a o f B case An c o would mean part kinggreatly the nature of sus, ’ sus - flan ked s very like E . Compare for the treatment of vowel ’ E su iu - s E u iu -rix such parallels as Holder s gg and g , where we have — the same element E (s)ugiu also Ucueti-s from Ud guheti
- 1 Ud useti . 3 a Celt. I n scri tio n s . S uidrebe g (p above, lso p , p and * ’ * ih6r be S uisdrebe u e . for S , to two sisters (ibid . , p The disjointed syntax of this epitaph is emphasized by more space being left between lines 2 and 3 than between 1 and 2 or
3 4. L and In atin epitaphs, moreover, we are usually informed as t o the relationship between the person who has the monument hi m erected and whose memory it is to commemorate. Here we have
An eun os was of s no clue, but it is reasonable to suppose that the ame Virillos f amily as . P LATE VIII
T HE GE N OUI LLY TOMB S TO N E S (CHE R)
1 T 1 a P T . 7 P . 6 HO O , HO O
PROCEEDINGS OF T HE B RITISH ACADEMY that I have read C instead o f G I should compare the following inscription OCL AVG S AC AT E V RI T V S
R o n M. de icci found this a small bronze pedestal supposed to come R see Revue elti ue x x 268 from the vicinity Of heims the C q , . , Lu ari 2 . a 69, and plate g would seem to be a deriv tive from the name
Lu u—s Lu Lo o : o f the god g , Irish g , genitive g see my Notes on the — Coli n ale n dar . 24 30 assim . Rivos an al g y C , pp and p Compare ( ias for Lu us an d Riv ros R A u t g ) , the name of the ivos month, to wit, ug s ,
- - Lu ri a probably for Rivo ro s. In any case g a must h ve been the * ri- o f i dative o f Lug u s the declension . This seems to be involved - O f Cin él Lu air in the Irish tribe name g , to which belonged the ’ Du hach m a le . bt ccu head poet or fi of Ireland in St Patrick s . time, ’
Lu ir a . r g , one of the Saint s most f mous converts The genitive occu s as Lu air B A a a ir mostly g , but the ook of rm gh has also L g : see ’ a u P ib rn icus 26 Th esa rus alaeoh e . 7 Stokes and Str chan s , II , p , where
2 0 a Dubthoch m accu subulcus La ir an d . 6 we have g , p , where we h ve Lu ll Lu il wr La ir Dubthach g , with g carelessly itten for g , and correctly Dubthach given as a more ancient form than the more usual . Witness L Dobituci O a Dovatuceas the atin genitive and its gmic equiv lent,
of i Cl dai ( the declension), at y in Pembrokeshire ; in Welsh it is
D odw Lu air o f T hesaurus yf g . To return to g , the editors the give
as Lu ar : the nominative g the nominative, however, seldom occurs, ’ Gorm an Ma 1 1 has Lu air Lobo r Lu air but Stokes s , y , g , g the ’ I n firm an d Bo o f L . has , in the nominative, the ok einster (f in ’ u a N Lu air in le Lu air le L ir. the nominative fi g , thefi g ominative g , Lu air o f i with genitive g , argues a stem the declension, inflected ‘ ’ in is in is. somewhat like the Irish feminine , island, genitive The
o n o f - G name occurs also a piece black pottery at Saint ermain , but
a off a unfortunately it bre ks short Of the case ending, and only re ds
’ AO Y I O Y P I L 001 7 7 On e : . . 1 7 . . see C . , XIII . iii . (p word I E V RV w remains to be mentioned, and that is , hich I equate approximately with the CTTOGI of the Greek portion o f the other ‘ o f w : E lvo n tiu inscription . The rendering the hole runs thus made (it) for An eun o s son of Oclos (and) for Luguris son of ’
An e un os.
’ M Lau ardlere s o f t o . de g suggestive description the stone is be found (accompanied with a drawing) in the B ulle tin archeo lo i ue da Com it des T ravaux' histori ues et scien t ues 18 4 g q é q ifig for 9 ,
- 127 37 . n ot B pp . (plate ix) I had seen it when I visited ourges, THE CELTI C INS CRI PTIONS OF G AUL 57
' so I wish to in dicate some of the difle ren ce s between his readings an d I at what I have given above from the notes made the time . His L s I l a a a ccoun t of the in the first line runs thu est rem rquer que, ’ l in scri t ion la L a a e um dans p , haste de la lettre p r it tre peu plus l cc haute que e sommet des lettres voisines, qui me peut porter ’ a penser que l in ten tion du graveur était de lui dor m er une valeur ’ a an a double, He seems to h ve written that from inex ct recollection
n a 0 a of the lettering . O the fin l of the second line he pl ces the
o f Y a i ul a m a horns a , which, according to my re d ng, wo d perh ps ke
- CY a ov s. n a , and imply a nomin tive in In both li es I thought th t I L a detected a stop . astly, he suggests restoring the first n me in the fi as COL OS an d as AT E E T OC rst line [ ] , the first in the second line [ ] ,
3 . a m a which seems to imply that the inscriber cut inste d of X . I y ‘ ’ a M Lau ardiere a 0 e a mention th t . de g writes th t les sont en gen r l sensiblement plus petits que les autres car acteres which is probably
as a 0 true to the actu l height of the in these inscriptions , but their as a a a smallness here is not so conspicuous to attr ct immedi te ttention , a La a u a . as frequently h ppens in other inst nces stly, his p per wo ld
a a suggest, that some mish p had overtaken my note on the dist nces between the lines of the first Of the inscriptions ; for I jotted down that the distance between lines 1 an d 2 is only one - half or one-third o f the distance between lines 2 an d 3 ; but this is corroborated by ’ L u M. a ardiere s a de g own pl te .
2 I n a M. Lau ardle re has . the s me paper de g described another
at G : it a a inscribed stone found enouilly is of the s me m terial, and m m he gives the dimensions as 1 29 by 0 27 wide at the level of — RV ONT V I t the writing, which consists of only a single word . is s a R ul po sible th t there was a letter or two preceding the , but I co d a a not find anything there ; and as to the T , th t letter is peculi rly formed with the top stroke tilted upbehind ; I was not able to m ake o ut RV O T V it to be any other letter . Taking N as the entire
u a an inscription , I wo ld suggest explaining the name as st nding for
a 0 m Ru on to - flan ke d e rlier ste , g with the soft vowel g elided just as ‘ ’ T I O i a ti os Co m in the of the Col gny C lendar, for g , house, temple . i 1 1503 4 o f d . 1 50 pare the instances of el sion g collecte by Holder, , , ’ ‘ ’ as Moun ti Mo ouli Mou ti including such deo for g , dis n bus for ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Mo on tibus Moun o A ollin i Mo oun o m g , deo for p g , not to ention ’ Latio an d (Gregory of Tours ) Man iolo m aus Mon talom a o : al , g , and other instances of the same kind see so
4 . t ru a p . 6 below We have the elemen g in a name C turug i (genitive o f a Catu - rugio -s or Catu - rugo -s) in Latin letters on a stone at Me rthyr M a r ynach in Carmarthenshire . We may possibly h ve the sho ter PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Ru a Ru us Neo - forms in g and g cited by Holder . The Celtic words ‘ ’ a rhu - o ruckt ruchd rel ted are Welsh , to roar, also to bluster, Irish , , ’ ’ ’ ruckt m iled a great shout, clamour, , a soldier s cry, used of a far reaching shout for help uttered by Cuchulainn when overpowered by ’ a o f W in disch s T ain B his foes, lso of the sound the sword in use ( o ’ Cualn e 2960 M Ga roo h to a g , , anx elic g , bellow, to ro r . The Welsh rhu-o and kindred forms would seem to indicate that m g was ru a a g , which r ther milit tes against the conjecture that the Welsh word ’ ‘ ’ La ru ire a is a loan from tin g , to roar, for the of which compare ’ ‘ ’ ’ é ir r H e s chius é v ovra b p y j, a bellowing ( y ) and the Homeric p y , ellow ’
n : al . ing, together with other cog ates see W de The meaning o f
atu - ru - i C g would seem to have been one who is loud in the conflict, ’ a a an d Ruo n tos ff b ttle roarer, that of cannot have been very di erent . Ruon to - s is a species of participial formation to be compared with * An a n to - s in An a at ara/n t - Decan tae . a C o s g ( Irish g ), , , and the like
Notes on the Coli n alen dar 1 4n . . 60 ( g y C , pp , but it showsthe same u a a o as Nod us Nodo n t- i conj g tion l vowel o , dative , in the name of the
L o en 50 eltic Folklo re N d s Noden tis . . god atinized , genitive (ibid , p , C , Ruon tu u p . , with its final , is the dative , and this brief epitaph
Ruon t o s Ruo n t o s means To , or to the memory of
M aucher B . G When I visited ourges I was met by . P y, engineer and a V dl rchitect from ierzon (Cher), who kin y vouchsafed me information as a G an d to the bibliogr phy of the inscriptions found at enouilly , notes of his own as to the locality ofthe finds . The latter were of such interest that I asked him to be so good as to send them to me in 1909 an d writing at his leisure he did so in , I venture to have them printed here
’ La com m un e o il on t été de couv e rt es ce s steles se n om m e Ge n ouill y e lle e st ’ a1 i m et e al u V L m t n m tt n etit e m tt e e st un e 5 k lo r s o e st de ie rzon . e ou o , o o (p o ) ’ ’ ’ etite em in en ce al oue st d G n il C e t sur les flan cs de ett e m tt e u n p e e ou ly . s c o q o a de couve rt ce s stele s au som m et de cette em in e n ce dése rt e se t rouve un e sort e ’
i C e t n u m a on n e rie . I l e st re ctan u de fort n . s ouvrage e n t e rre san s aucun e c g ’ ai e e t e n ib em e n t de im Les n t a sec ils on t l r s s l pr e a son som m et . fossés so , 8 m 00 de a e La aut e u a a t e u-de u du n d du l rg . h r ve rt icale du p r pe ss s fo fossé ’ in t a r s 4m la s a Le atte pe n p e 00 depre ssion in t e rie ure e st de 1 3 m etre c rrés . i uit e t ie u e st de 8 m sur 2m c rc x ér r 3 3 . ’ Com m e il n y a pas de ve stige s de m acon n erie (quoique la pie rre n e m an que as e n cet e n d it on e ut u e ue le tin tait e n b i m m e taie n t p ro ), p s ppos r q for é o s co é ’ eau u d o uvra es an ie n dan n os n t e n tam m e n t les m tte n m an de b co p g c s s co ré s , o o s or s ui on t été e n n ue sur le s b d du C e Mai ici l m outon ui e st un e q r co s or s h r. s e , q m in en e n at u e e au-de u de la ain e e st di tan t de i m et e au sud de é c r ll ss s pl , s 7 k lo r s la riviere du Che r . ’ ’ ’ ’ Le sous-sol de cette ém in e n ce est con stitue par de s gres cre tace s de l etage ’ ’ ’ ‘ C e t un e te de e a i i i e n tab e d e aisse urs cén om an ien . s sor gr s ap vés qu se d v se l s p ’
a ia e les te e e n ien n en t . C e t e n u an t uti i e ce s ie e u v r bl s , s l s prov s vo l l s r p rr s po r THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 59
’ l l em pie rrem e n t de s routes que e s ouvrie rs on t cru rem arque r de s in scription s sur ces pie rre s brute s . ’ ’ ’ dan m m e au de du t in ai en n t e un e an d an tit e Au de s , co hors for , j r co r gr e qu ’ ’ de i e e t des n u u de i e d ouces at taie n t ti Dan tt e d éclats s l x clé s s l x écl s é rés . s ce i i ait u con trée on n e re n con tre pas de s lex e n place . Ce c f s ppo se r que les assie ’ gean tset le s assieges se se rvaie n t de poin tes de flech es e n silex la prése n ce de ’ i h v n ucleus prouve qu on les fabriqua t ati em e n t sur plac e . ’ ’ ’ J ai cru recon n aitre au i e de l en droit OII se t u aien t les te e de s ss , pr s ro v s l s , i pote rie s gauloise s cc son t des pote ries grossieres e n fragm e n ts n dét e rm in able s . ’ ’ i n afii n an t ala e n an e Auss je rm e rie qu prov c .
f M auche 16 17 o . G r I owe the photographs , , to the kindness y and of 1 M o du 5. B G S A . . de y, of the ociété des ntiquaires Centre ourges
Before proceeding further, I append a few notes and corrections relating to the inscriptions at the H étel de Cluny in Paris an d the
- s a . Chateau de S aint Germain . The reference are to my previous p per
P 4 o f o f P P V B LI CE l . 6, a little the top corner the of is sti l visible . 47 a o f V S E I LO P. , bit of the final I N I can be detected, but the
: N N suggested will not fill the gap possibly N is required .
4 a E S V S a P . 9. The scr tch before was possibly clumsy attempt to a I E S V S convert the l tter into .
50 a S C E RNV NNOS : can P . . The fin l of [ ] is very doubtful I find o t a a o As n cer in tr ce f it . to I thought I a 0 detected little of the right side of the , but if that should prove ft 5 correct, there would be no room le for a final .
51 FORT V NA a a l a . . P . The T of [ ] is . on y p rtly there The ltar f ce to the left of Fortuna shows Ce rn un n os with a female figure to his ’ On right . the face to Fortun a s right there is another group o f two a figures, but in both inst nces the inscriptions are gone .
1 T he t a a e m e to an d ate an d I fin d t at the t a e pho ogr phs h v co h l h pho ogr ph r, an i u ab ut the u e his has baf ed th e t e e us He e e m x o s o s cc ss of work , fl hr of . s s a d th t o h ve trace e lett ers on the st on es with som e thin g blac k be fore att e m pt in t o t a t e H g pho ogr ph h m . e has for e xam ple m ade EH OE I in t o € N0 € I wit uite a n eat i n b d had ee n e e an d he a a e h q N , wh ch o o y s b for , ppears t o h v m e n de d t e ette in udin the m e a B ut if an o h r l rs cl g o g s . ybody fam iliar with photo a utin ize t em he i dete t the to the G ee I T in ta t an d he gr phs scr s h , w ll c p of r k c , i on at ea t on e as a ie n d min has d n Q e e . w ll fix l s . , fr of o T h e photographs show the e ati e iti n the w itin but it is u e e th e r l v pos o s of r g , s l ss to con sult them for e u ia itie in di id a tt p c l r s of v u l le e rs . 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
. 52. B ratron o s RI CI P In the inscription the reading is right, the G has its lower part continued some distance horizontally a nd o n that
o f stands an I , the top of which almost touches the top end the G . The 0 of LE VCV I LO has a tangent which reaches the tops of IL the . . Compare the cas e of the last 0 OJ) o f OCLI CNO with the n 55 ta gent underneath (p . above). This is not all, for we have a : 1 here two inst nces of omega I find that I noticed them in 905, a was o f M but thought th t the variation not deserving mention . y note in reference to NANT Q NI CN runs thus The 0 here and in ’ S V O a I is circular except at the bottom , which is straight line . I have only come ac ross it by accident after studying the Genouilly o NAN N inscriptions . From this inscription one learns that the of T O was s o f S V I Q RE BE diflicult in long, and in the ca e there is no y ’ — ’ . cha tor d L proving it long Witness the Welsh y , sisters, atin
' sordr—es c - chzc iawr , and Welsh y , which Silvan Evans renders coequal ; ’ L G . G even , like ; participant , but in the line from the poet . othi,
' ’ S ias ar chwiawr which he quotes Henri a p gy , it admits of being ’ Fo r l o f rendered brothers . a remarkable paral el in point meaning ’ G e-schwister compare the erman g , brothers, brother and sister . M ’ 5 . o n P . 6 In the inscription the Celtic ercury s shoulders in the court o f the Chateau de S aint- Germain I formerly read S OS I in the S OS N second line and suggested I . I have looked at it several times
so N o f S O S since and I thought that I got far as to trace the I N . When I was there last April I had the invaluable assistance of a l M. ul ian C mille J , who thought he could detect the beginning of the N , but that letter, I must confess, is not certain . We came to the R0 had conclusion that the third and last line ended with , which I 0 previously thought to be P . The letters immediately preceding
MA f . seemed to be , though I had some di ficulty in tracing them i M E S O The three letters preced ng the seemed to be , and preceding
M ullian a these near the edge . J thought that depression , which I did
a as a C. not reg rd c rried through, was the top portion ofa He thought also that he could detect the return end of that letter behind the foot o f E On the . a previous visit I examined these doubtful traces with M Re . inach, who had a good cast made of the inscription , and we ’ C o r M ullian s failed to read them into a G . . J reading would make the CE S OMAR0 GE S OMAR0 o f whole into , better , for an Older spelling
GAl 50 MARO a Gaiso- m aro-s o f ae su m , nomin tive , the man the great g ’ ‘ ’ o r or . spear, perhaps great in using the spear Even now, however, I am not quite certain that it is not the name o f B sus which forms what is practically the first element in the compound : the latter in i B o r that case might be interpreted as meaning great l ke sus , with, P 1 THE CELTIC INS CRI TIONS .OF GAUL 6
E s Our a as su . re ding of the inscription a whole may be represented thus AP RO NI OS I E V RV so sm (G)E S OMARO
It would have to be rendered : Apron ios made this for Here we may briefly discuss an inscription in Latin containing
sus a name E sum opas into which that of E seems really to enter . It at a - G is a bronze bust S int ermain, with the inscription
E S V MOP AS CNV S T I CV S V S L M
It appears to have been discovered in 1 830 in the course of excava
- - B e a le R E . tions made in the forest of umont oger, near vreux The foundations were then discovered of some four dwellings and a small A rustic temple to which the bust probably belonged . short and
was M S a systematic account of the whole find published by . lomon — R a Revue elti ue . 413 17 a a ein ch in the C q , xv , with plate ; lso in his
ultes M thes et Re li ion . 253 . ff r C , y g , i The interpretation o e s very tu m l it li considerable difficulty . The abbreviation means vo so v ben s ? t a a m eri o ; but who p id his or her vow Whose was the n me, and whose the bust ? T h e obvious conclusion would seem to be that
w as a E sum opas the person who p id his vow . In that case the was ffi fi name of the divinity is not given , but that su ciently xed by
a was the fact th t the vow was paid in a certain temple, which well as t o known to the worshippers belonging such and such a divinity .
a a s a Perhaps the bust was th t of the divinity, and perh p it was me nt t o o f a be the visible expression of the identity th t divinity . In any
l l a case we cou d hard y expect the bust to have been th t of the donor .
O n S a dl e the other hand, we hould h r y exp ct the donor to have con
a a a ceale d his n me. The epithet or surn me was doubtless Celtic
cn ustico-s cn uas adjective , derived from a stem represented in Irish by , ‘ ’ a l re flection an d cn uasaim collection ; treasure ; reco lection, , by , ’ ’ I a a cn uasaire a collect, g ther, gle n , and , a collector , a g therer ‘ D n . a a ( in een) The surname may h ve meant fond of g thering, ’ habitually collecting , unless we render it still more simply as treasurer or collector . ’ a E su m o as was Assuming then th t p the donor s name, and that
a E sus a m o as the first p rt of it was the name of the god , we h ve p
t . r m a lef to be considered In the first place, the fi st vowel y 0 a L A edom a be or . Witness the atin genitive g patis (Acedom a ati M R a A edom o i s . at s a A edillus p ) cited by einach , lso g p (comp re g , 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
A edo virus . a m a as g ) and others given by Holder The form with , p , m a at-s as G m a o-s son for p , is doubtless of the same origin aulish p , ’ Ma on os m a m a b bo son an d m us m o at-s (in p ), Welsh p, , y, youth, , op for p No w cannot be severed from it . if we substitute the consonants o f G G m a at oidelic or a language resembling oidelic, we have a stem gn which according to the phonology of Goidelic must eventually reduce qu c ch to . This latter, subject to lenition , would become ; and subj ected h . t to further lenition it would result in g , written g Similarly the th dh d w e . No would b come successively and , written this, with the
0 a an d vowel preferred, would give us ex ctly the stem declension o f
M m o m o ad m o aid the edieval Irish word g , genitive g , dative g , which ’ is explained as meaning a servant or a slave see S tokes s T hree ’ - H m ilies 0 W in disc s I rische T xt . 4 Middle I rish . 7 h e e 6 . B u o , p , , p 9 t
was a there an Irish word li ble to be confounded with it, and that ‘ ’ ’ w as m u m o o m o a : see g , genitive g , g , a Slave, a servant Stokes s l Oen us . 4 5 347 348 Dé m o c orre s on din t o g , pp , , , , where we have g , p g ‘ ’ m en -dr servus Dei : the Welsh ag, a hermit or Culdee, literally see
3 . o f p . above Here we have the etymological equivalent the 1 ‘ ’ G m a us a . othic g , a boy, a child, a sl ve Whatever the exact m u m o o a o f signification of g , genitive g , may have been originally, th t m m o ad was a or r o r g , genitive g , probably not sl ve se vant, but lad young man ; for words starting with this sort of meaning frequently
o f . l acquire that service Take, for instance, such a word as We sh ‘ ’ was o f g , a young man, which is now mostly used in the sense ‘ ’ a servant man ; n ot to mention the English and French pag e ‘ ’ K G n azctov bo a bo . derived from the reek , a y, a sl ve y eeping in m o ad view the idea of age as originally underlying g , and giving a a the preference this time to the vowel , we can ccount for Irish ’ ‘ - m accdacht in en m accdacht u . in the term g , a grown p girl The latter word was borrowed into the B rythonic dialects when the Irish w h ch m achadecht an d M pronunciation as m ac athe t or , it makes in edieval i ’ Al m achte th a a . Welsh , d msel, a young woman lowing here for the ’ o f m ace son for a influence the word , boy, , and for the preference , we see that m aced is a short equivalent for m ogad m ochath from m acat for m aguat This last with o in its turn making m oquat would be the early equivalent o f the Gaulish m opat o f the name
1 ’ ’ M d Arb i J i I u I I . 344 . o s de u a n i e in his P rem iers H abitan ts de E rO e b v ll p , , suggests that this was on e of the Ce ltic words borrowed early by the Te uton ic n ati n an t e a din t o him 343 was the ad e ti e ree ea o s ; o h r ccor g (p . ) j c v f for rly r o-s m a Ce ti ot o-s i a in uit e e u a as rh d f ii fro l c p i , h ch ppears We lsh q r g l rly y , w . ’ H en e it uld t at i h im the eut n i b in free . c wo follow h Ce lt c at t e t e of T o c orrow g had n ot d n a a it A an an d t at the b e had n ot d n e e t o e w y w h ry p, h orrow rs o prov c
in g p in to f .
P LA T E I X A P O S HE RD T FROM LE ZO UX ( P UY - DE - DOME )
P HOTO: 18 a
A P OTS HE RD FROM AN N E CY (AI N)
P T 1 8 b HO O . THE CELTIC INSCRIP TIONS OF GAUL 63
Mo ates Ne rvian o wn M G p , applied by a citizen to his other oddesses a m a see Ho lder . From this use of such a n me one y infer that they f were regarded as being in the bloom o life .
f B o u s a o C r . 459 1 . In the thirteenth volume the erlin p , p rt iii, p Dr 0012 . . o . 1 (N the editor, Hirschfeld, has brought together under the heading Vasa Gallica Orn a ta two inscribed fragments o f
On e o f m P li ue two earthenware vessels . the is in the cq Collection in
Na al M a S - G a the French tion useum in the Ch teau de aint erm in , and comes from Lezoux in Auvergne. The other is in the museum at a f M R A Ai n . o . S nnecy ( ) Th nks to the courtesy alomon einach ,
o f a I have before me a cast of each in plaster P ris . The fragments
o e do n t belong to the same vess l. but they give portions of the same
w as d stilum on a u writing . That writing ma e with a mo ld, and then stamped on the vessels while they were still soft . So the inscription on the vessels stands in relief and reads from right to
L a left . The ezoux fragment has its surf ce well preserved for the A o n e i most part, while the nnecy had its letter ng a good deal ’ a levelled and flattened by clumsy touch of the potter s hand .
on e a In direction the fragments overlap, so th t it is possible to
o f . combine them into one, giving nearly the whole the inscription raflito The writing is of the g kind and runs thus, as will be seen in 18 a 1 8 b photographs and , which represent the casts and should be scrutinized at every point (1) CALI A v u (a) B I V S N NI T I (3M OB II RT II M
‘ (4) OV NO se (5) CALII NI (6) OFI CI NA
1 Aft V II a on e Line . er the ne r the end detects the bottom of the o f f r 0 o r perpendicular an Nand there is room o a vowel I .
L 2 to Dr. h ine . The only thing remark is that Hirsc feld and P lic ue r ft e AN M. q ead the fi h charact r as a conjoint , which is probably right ; it would be possible perhaps to read T l instead AN of . M P li ue ad X L 3 . . c Dr ine q re the first character as , and . Hirschfeld
as or X . X o ut of I (queried) To my thinking is the question, and o r 6 the letter meant is either I a form of , to wit, I give the latter 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
the preference, though the vowel I would do , as will be shown later . In
4 o 5 . N support of ( in the same volume, one may turn to p 79( . ) and 48 0 o . p . (N in each o f which several instructive instances of this
C o kind of will be f und to occur . L 4 At o f A ine . the end this line in the nnecy fragment is some thing that was evidently meant to mark the end o f the first part of
Dr the inscription . . Hirschfeld suggests an ivy leaf. Line 5 appears to begin with a C differing at the top from the C 1 6 . O a L o a in lines and nly the top of it appe rs in the ez ux fr gment, A while two bits of it may be detected in the nnecy one, namely, the tip of the top of it just over a letter A an d the lower tip joining
n d o f t A a the lower e the right limb of tha . That vowel has a tr ce of the underneath stroke shown in the final A o f Calia in the first
l R a a line . Then follows an of the type and after th t I I , that
E all is . In these the strokes look very clum the ridges o f all having been accidental The line N t wo is completed by the addition of I , but these letters, unlike the
a o f others, are scr tched in the surface the vessel to complete the
o ff lettering wiped , and the two previous ones have their outlines
a traced in the s me way . I ought to say that this line of letters as given in the Corpu s differs considerably from what I seem to read on the cast of the Annecy fragment .
o f Line 6. Here the paste which stood out forming the first I
cin a ofi is gone, but the area covered by it is distinctly traceable . The A a N . an d is like that of N I T I The is crowded into corner, only two out of the three strokes of an A are present : they have to be read conjointly with the Npreceding . So far these notes have m ainly had t o do with the writing and individual letters . The next thing is to complete the separation of
Calia Ven i bius An n iti the letters into words, which I do as follows l l e oberte ill loun o Q I Calen i I Oficin a Calia m a a The first word to notice is , which y be m sculine of the
a a s. a declension , or else entitled to final The l tter would ety m olo icall Caliat-s an d Caliat- os g y represent make as its genitive ,
a aliat- es Mo ates nom . plur l C (like p , which I have just mentioned), a en s meaning the individuals of a C lian g , clan or family, or ti the inhabitan ts of a place known by some such name as Ca on . In either case we may accordingly render Calia(s) as Calian and
a Ven obius O alia as tre t as his name . ther names like C , treated Calias o cc r or us n o , n in the same volume of the C p , wit ess the f llow ‘ RE X T VGE OS S V LLI AS V V OT Re cht u e n S ullian ing : N A g the , ’ A I L 4 4 No AONNI C . 48 . . . . 7 . 9 Proprietor , C . XIII iii p . ( , p THE CELTIC INS CRI PTIONS OF GAUL 65
8 o N . MAT I E P I AC . 4 9 of (No . , p ( which reminds me an
L . f Ogam inscription in the neighbourhood of ismore, in Co Water ord . E rca n i Ma i Miteres Mitereas The probable reading is g g or , where the iteri - last word is presumably a genitive of a name M s. Whatever the a an reading of the last letters may prove to be, the n me seems early
“ o f form o f Midir (usually indeclinable). The bearer the latter used to be treated as one of the chiefs of the Fairies of Ireland . Possibly it was originally an ancient divinity o f the race represented by them in Mit a is . 9 so far as they may be regarded as historic l, but compare (p a A Nettas bove). nother name of this class is , which will be mentioned
- - For see s. v . ati s. presently . more instances Holder, Ven obius i The next word to demand attention is , wh ch coupled with oficin a would seem at first sight to prove the inscription to be in Latin ; but these cannot be compared for weight with the Celtic
rte icin a tense form obe . The presence of o/ can only Show that the Latin word in the form oficin a was borrowed early by the Celts o f ’
G : F was uisin e u si/n e . aul in rench it reduced to , now , a workshop
It might be conceded that what follows the nondescript stop, namely,
Galen i cixn a w as as L Qfi , meant atin, but I see no evidence that the potter was conscious of it . Even had he been so, it does not involve our having t o regard the previous portion of the inscription as Latin Ven obius we should merely have to regard the whole as bilingual . we may state with confidence to have been a Celtic name which
o f Ven o - bivos took that form as a contraction , which would be in Irish ’ ’ é ‘ F ran - béo F ran —bh o o r , , meaning the quick alert warrior The first as element occurs in other names, such possibly the following cited by
Ven i- carus Ven i-m arus Ven i- touta : Le on tian Holder, , , and compare the p
M t lic an i lss n . . 1 8 . Ven ia e e n a D e o . feminine discussed by , loc cit , p The ’ is beo b m o f other element in Irish , quick , alive, Welsh y the same
- d-beo . as B éo ae d B ua meaning It occurs in such Irish names , (early
B odi -bev -e O loth-béo Fin d- béa B éoc B éoan genitive , in gam), C , , , , in
Old B iuan B ian an B iu uan a B ua n Welsh , , g , and contr cted , as an ‘ ’ a bun /n i ordin ry adjective , quick, sw ft . It is due to their translating a h De R Vitalis Vitalian us Celtic n mes t at the ssi had such oman ones as , ,
Vitalin us : C m m rodor 48 —50 B ut and see the y , XXI . . to return to the er a Ven obius potsh ds, it is merely an ccident that we have here a name L i which looks like at n . It does not prove that the inscription is Latin ; and it is probably to be explained as a contraction of Ven obi os Ven obius o f u u into the declension .
An n iti o f An n itios o r An n itos seems to be the genitive , and this can
t as An n ias An n iccus be referred to a group containing such ins ances , ,
An /n icco . Our l e or i (fem ) cited by Holder . genitive is fol owed by ( ) v G 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
’ c L Marci i so n of M and the sequence is exa tly parallel to atin j , arcus . — T he potter has been careless about the punctuation he has only two points in the whole inscription plus the leaf o r nondescript stop : t o be consistent he ought to have inserted either more o r none at
all . r the s as had An n iti e I ventu e to treat present ca e if it been . , ’ an so n n n i io s and to tr slate it of A t . The inscriber might have left the genitive standing alone o r used some such patronymic as we have had in CI AOU‘ KDOS‘ Z he was tempted by the Latin formula to suggest on e o f the vernac ular words for son indicated here by the e o r i l or abbreviation ( ), which wou d have been f f if he had been
L . n o w was writing atin The question arises, what that word . The answer is given by a bilingual inscription at Eglwys Cym un in Car A chaeolo ia Cam br n sis 18 m arthe n shire r e 93 . 28 5 see the g for , p (also r balbl f or 188 . o 9, p The epitaph is p y of the fifth or sixth century, and there the Goidelic equivalent for Latinfilza is given in Ogam as in i en a old was in en n o w in hen g , the spelling in manuscript Irish g , g , ‘ ’ bo daughter, girl . The corresponding word for son, y would n in i en os B n doubtless at o e time have been g . oth probably mea t a
- c was in . r hild that born, that is to say, born in the house Compa e ’ ‘ - L in en uus i/n en ua . Bo of the atin g , g , a free born man or woman th al as R these occur so cognomens in oman nomenclature, and we can
in i- en o -s ff match them in the case of g , but in the slightly di erent spell en i- en o -s o o f G ing g , as in an inscription from the neighb urhood rasse A -M S E CV Ndu S E NI GE NI F l : ( lpes aritimes), which reads (i ius) see
s v E n i e was Holder, . . His instances Show that the second t o E n i n os liable be dropped , leaving the name shortened into g , geni E n i n i r to e tive g . With rega d the other we may mention that the of as in i en i Celts Gaul see m to have treated the prefix not but , which ‘ ’ a G m A 8 . rec lls the reek , in mong other instances cited by Holder are
: M i- boudius E n i-cen ius E n i -cus E n i- ca un dus E n i the following , , , , f an us E n ia os . This suggests a personal name n which is in Welsh E in on a M i a o f On ion -s i and appe rs in the arches in the Engl sh g rb , k Ab E in i o B i o r B e n on . On e t as while ( ) n yields e n on y is temp ed to , whence came John B unyan ’s surname ? OB I I RT I I s of The next word to require notice is , which i the verb
o ff for the sentence . It doubtless meant gave r o ered and stood ’ od-ber-te ber or erre ud , from , to bear carry, f , with the preposition , ’ - - out . B ut o f Ucuetis Ud w etis ul the analogy , from g , wo d lead one berta o erte o f to expect not o but p , which was possibly one the ways o f spelling the word . The reason for hesitation may have been that the consonant resulting from the assimilation of db was not exactly either p or b but an explodent o f intermediate force between those THE CELTIC INS CRI PTI ONS OF GAUL 67
At an o n e t two labials . y rate finds the same uncer ainty in the ortho graphy of the kindred words in Irish . I select some instances from ii Gram m atica Celtica i o - be the , where we have two groups nvolving d r. ‘ ’ a On e o f f ad ed id an d iodh ( ) them pre ixes the preposition ( , , ), to , ad- o uir ff ad-o art t radidit as follows p , o ert p , ad ’ ’ obartat obtule ran t ad—o arar ad-obarar o ff ert ur , p and ,
ad- o arthe Offere batur S o f p , ome the instances have ’ ’ a ro as ad-r -o art obtulit atré e the p rticle inserted, such p , p rt ‘ ’ at- ro - o ert o bt ulit ci m av p , To the foregoing be added
o f ed- art ad- o art the forms the verbal noun p (shortened from p ), as
: adbart ed art id art follows nominative singular feminine , p , p , oblatio ‘ ’ idbairte oblation is ed airt genitive , dative p ‘ ’ adbi/r audbirt idbirt o blatio n e m accusative t, , , genitive plural
art oblation um a ed artaib oblation ibus idb , d tive p , ‘ idbarta iodhbairt accusative , dona The modern spelling is ,
as a which is treated the nomin tive , though etymologically it represents u is as a the acc sative ; that is, the accusative used both accus tive and a t t o M nomin tive, which happens of en feminine nouns in odern Irish . ’ b has di do e o ( ) The other group the preposition ( ), from, prefix d t od- ber as Gram m atica , in the following instances, likewise from the ‘ ’ ltica do-o ir di-oi rid fraudatis Ce p , privat p , ’ n a ti - ubrad me di- u arthe rivatam , privet p , p ’ di-u art 0 0 di- u irt or 0 0 di-ubeirt p , decrease p
’ No w a t birt such form as the Irish absolute preteri e , tulit, is sup
- ber ti T hurn e se n . o n posed to be derived from ( y , p and the other ’ bert o f da -bert d od- ber- t hand the such a compound as , de it, and the o f at-ro- opert harmonize exactly with our ober- te with - te rather ’ - - — ti. c m erth com ber t than Compare also Welsh y (from ), took,
’ ' d erth l c m rth d rth wan - t ifi , defended (a so y y and ifiy ) ; and g , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ cam -t m an - te an d wounded, , sang, which see to be derived from u
w t S o m a - te as t he m ca e . we y perhaps regard one of original ter ina o f as w as tions the forms in question in Irish and Welsh, just it in our
’ obert Continental e . Moun o o f Moun os is the dative , the name of a god, given also in the as DE O MOV NO Risin ham N dative, in an inscription from g in orth I lan d . . L . V I um be r I . (C , Practically the same name occurs
Mo ovn os an ex - voto in the longer form g , as in found at Horburg
A olli i ran n o M I A n G o n o . . L ov . in lsace, reading p g ( C ., XIII Ma oum us Ma on us : 3 A a other spellings are g , g see Holder, . v . rel ted form Mogon - s yields the dative Mog(on )ti in an inscription from N I L I I M on t d . V . o etherby in Cumberlan (C . ., From g comes 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY a shortened form Moun t as in DI S MOV NT I BV S in an inscription
R N I L. VI I from High ochester, now in the museum at ewcastle (C. . , . 103 6 . , cf In this connexion may be mentioned the statement ’ M n i a M i o f . a o us a dn us that one St Patrick s names was g , th t is, g , which by dropping the vowel- flan ked g became in Welsh Maun : ’ ‘ see Mommsen s Historia B ritton um cum Additam en tis Nen n ii 5 An hron ica Min ora . 19 c o f in the C , III ancient instan e g being made a Spirant an d reaching the vanishing point occurs in the the fo r or tio ti os Coligny Calendar in word house temple, namely, for g , ’
T ccia P er i I . L io e r n a . . whence the woman s name g ( C , XII . L Dom estica Do m t u which may be compared with the atin and es ic s.
1 1 503 . For other instances see Holder, . a Cak n i There rem ins to be mentioned the genitive , of which I have
sa Galen i but little to y, except that the reading is not very certain, but , to if approximately correct, may be regarded as belonging the
as Calia . Cale n os Calen us same family In any case , latinized , is a name known in the ceramics of the Continental Celts : witness the Vascula Gallica hi Cor us in the t rteenth volume of the p , part iii, ‘ 1 No . 10010 p . 67 ( . where we have as one of the tituli signa CALE NV S culo impressi the following from Saignes (Cantal), in the at L CALE NV S e Guim et M museum imoges ; from Trion, in the useum CALE NV S a F in Paris, a stamp which I have seen ; (ecit)from Tongres, in the B ru ssels Museum ; also one said to read GALE NV S 0 : F from
Guim et M to Trion, in the useum , which I failed find ; another reading ALE N F0 L M G from Trion is said to be in the yons useum . The ’ reader o f T acitus s H istories will remember Galen us as the name of an
dua s v Ae n . whom he mentions (iii see Holder, . .
When the foregoing notes are taken together , the resulting text and translation are the following : Calia Ve n obius An n iti e(n i
ficin a Ven obiu s An n iti gen os) o be rt e Moun o ( r Galeni O . Calias ili ” f( us) o btulit Mo un o < 3 Galeni Officina . 2 A B L e . small red pot found at anassac ( oz re) is described in the
r a 48 0 No . 1001 . 1 3 as Co us . 6 thirteenth volume of the p , p rt iii, p ( ) having on it a graffito readi ng NllDDAMON DI I KGV I\I NOT
Lin at AV V OT 38 Here I take to be an abbreviation , like (p . above), of del u the nominative to g , which I regard as a transitive verb,
as / governing its accusative n eddam on .
a h sa Lin o t del u I h ve not ing more to y of , so I come to g , which to u I E V RV appears be a preterite ending the third person in , like ,
. 56 G for which see p above, where it is found translated into reek
0 RO DI NG OF B R A AD M 7 . P CEE S THE ITISH C E Y
h his wife w ich made him angry and furious, and that he happened to have in his hand at the time a stick o r piece of wood— the late Dr — on an d . Stokes called it a pole which he sang spells of magic, ul with which he struck anybody coming near him , with the res t that
o n of o f burning boils were produced him the shape the piece o f wood .
o f i n ess The name th s wood or pole was , and we are told that it was
fo r a a or an u is ia used forming around it a furn ce of e rth clay ( ru e cr d).
The note enumerates four senses in which the word n ess was used .
o f : N do n chrun d ut redixion us Two them are given thus ess aium p . Ness dan a ain m do n daurn isi criad f[é]issin amal asbe rt ben araile ’ 1 ‘ ic n Ness a i én i m arbn aith d e s. goibe n n dor g dia fir That is, is name
e . n ess for the pole, as we said b fore Then is a name for the clay ’ as t o furnace itself, a certain smith s wife said who made an elegy her husband, saying Then follows a quatrain which was rendered into
Dr as English by . Stokes, in his last treatment of it, follows
’ T i m e t o at him s sad to look , T he re d flam e of his furn ace grows in to the wall V e ry swe et w as the bass which his two be llows an t t o th e his u n a Would ch e hol of f r ce .
’ w Din n een s Diction ar The instances which here follo , from y and M from the ilan Codex, make me doubt whether the interpreta ’ i a Din n een s aurn ise urn ise . tion of , as mean ng furn ce is tenable
o f o u a oirn éis o r uirn éis spelling the b rrowed word for f rn ce is f f ,
ff a . which o ers great f cilities for confusion Into the quatrain,
o f however, no form that vocable enters, but only the genitive o f n ess m n is s n eis s aurn a isi uruise , na ely ( ), ( ), m . The word ( ) , o r aurn isi urn isi criad it ( ), without to qualify , would seem to have
m as M uirn is uirlis had uch the same meaning the odern Irish , also , ’ urlais D uirn is , a tool, an implement, an instrument ( inneen), f. apparel , tools , implements In any case it is possible 2 aurn is uirn is n ess that and are derived from the word , with the
1 ’ i is ied D t i B ia n hi Th s cop from r. S oke s s e dit on of the odle n Fragm e t read by m t o the R. I i A adem . 30 18 1 e n i e d an d e dited it n te in T h r sh c y , Nov , 7 , gl sh w h o s e ’ — — P hil. S t s ocie T ran saction s 18 91 4 . 1 1 3 . His e i u e i n are to y , , pp 7 pr v o s v rs o s be un d in the T hree I rish Glossaries t e t E din u 32 an d his fo ( x , b rgh , pp . , 33 , e di ’ ’ ’ t i n O D v on o an s Corm ac s Glossar t an ati n Ca utta . 1 23 1 24 o of y ( r sl o , lc , pp , . Sin e the a e w as s t in t a n e u e e e t n um e the Journ al o the R . S oc c bov p yp r c b r of f . of An tiquaries of I relan d reache d m e con tain in g an e laborate n ot e on the quatrain b Dr P J . . . e . X LI 1 80 y W oyc (vol , pp . 2 This would put an e n d t o the idea that the se words are de rived from harn es s ’ or words re late d to harn ess for th e discussion of t hat que stion see T hurn eysen s K r a — elto om n isches s. v . arn ese . 36 8 an d di a d the a e e d I Ve lS h d , , pp , sc r ll g wor ha a th S h N e rn ae . ee a t e ew E n lish Diet. s v harn ss. lso g . . e THE CELTIC INSCRI PTIONS OF GAUL 7 1
re air prefix a , which sometimes takes in Irish, besides the form that ’
r &c o a a n ess. of aur u . C rmac s is not the e rliest llusion to the M has o n It occurs in the ilan Codex , which notes the text of the of w o f Psalms, both them being provided with a ealth glosses in
Now . o f d Old Irish . , in fol the ninth verse the secon
a : R eo s Psalm is annotated in th t way . The text reads eges in ’ f in virga ferrea et tanquam vas figuli con r ges eos . The commentator u remarks that vessels which have proved fail res are, while still ’ on unbaked, broken up and placed the potter s wheel for him to form them again dum adh uc (vasa) v iridia sunt e t n on dum fornace durata co m m in uat (figulus) ac formanda rursus rotae im po n at ’
T hesaurus . 22 n rotae the (Stokes Strachan s , I , O there is
’ da in n al i l s : i. cruin d forsan den at n acer estra . glo s . roth crann ’ ‘ cruin d im m uam biat ocuan den um d , which means that is a roun
on i a or wheel wh ch the potters m ke the vessels, a round piece of wood about which they are while being made This is a refer n ess the ence to the , though no distinctive name is given, but was L l gloss adds the statement that it round in shape . astly, it wil be noticed that the Latin contains nothing to suggest the alternative a expl nation which the Irishman introduced on his o wn initiative . All o n e ddam on this, however, d es not completely cover the word , o f -m o s did and the force the ending is not certain . Pos ibly it ff of not greatly a ect the meaning the word, and in that case in I should suggest translating the sentence thus : L ot . held the ’ n ess of an d stick , or, having regard to the collocation the words ‘ ’ : n ess Lin ot . the emphasis implied, I should put it The stick held, ’ o r l : w n n ess as Li ot . , more precisely sti l The stick held by I ought, to G an d perhaps, point out that the difference of form between the V del u as or us the of g is slight represented in the C p . Were it ‘ to delv v dely u l : was possible read or , I shou d translate The vessel i ’ fashioned by L n ot .
. a 48 N ad o f on 3 The s me volume, p . 9, o . 79, gives the re ing a name a N al M - G piece of red earthenware in the ation useum at Saint ermain,
1 31 are where it is numbered 79 . We not told whence it comes, but as NC T A be the reading is given , which is probably to completed E A w as N TT . I guess that the letter which has been worn away as a T : the form Netta may be taken as representing an earlier and
on e Nettas a as E sum o as a longer , , of the s me declension the p lready s a NE A E A : S No 4 . discu sed, not feminine TT see N TT in . below Its e n G l m a a Nettat-os C ltic ge itive in au y be expected to h ve been , though no trace of a nominative Nettas or o f a genitive Nettatos is k G . is nown to me in any oidelic inscription There , however, no lack 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
o f a - os Nett- os traces Of a related form which m de its genitive in ,
Nett-s Nes Ne the corresponding nominative would be , yielding , ,
G n ie n ia to which oidelic eventually made into , , explained mean ’ tren er a Glossar f , champion see Cormac s y, translated by ’ ’ Do n ovan b S O , and edited y tokes (Calcutta, and Stokes s
o f Glossar B l M Lan d 10 edition the fragment of the y in the od eian S . 6 ; ’ “ m Celtica . n i Ze uss s ra . e also G , p where a sp lling he is given .
Old was n iath n iad so n i t The corresponding genitive in Irish , , al a
Nett-os but we have older inscriptional forms of , which even in the
G had Net t - as Net t -a earliest oidelic inscriptions to become [ ] , [ ] .
ar CO . at Thus an epitaph at Island, ne Stradbally in W erford, reads ’ O ‘ Cun an e tas a m uc oi Ne tase am o n as in gam , m ( qi) ( ) g , meaning the ’ * ’ o f Cii -N a so n Né s- S e am on as monument et s of the kin of g . ’ un a cun as o f Cu do C stands for an earlier , genitive , hound, g, of meaning in personal names the guardian and protector the house . So Cit -Netas meant a house guardian o r protector belonging to E B ut did N53 or Netas ? al a N s. what mean That has re dy been
r n ia n iat h answe ed in connexion with the later forms , genitive [ ], but we can ge t at the signification in another way . The inscription in 200 question may be of the fifth century, and in some years , say in
Cun a-Netas - l the seventh century, would have lost its short vowel ed
a as Con -Net Now case endings and ppear . this virtually occurs in an inscription o n a large stone near the foot o f the mountain which
e of Cahircon ree a cathair is crown d with the ruins , th t is to say, the
r o f Cu-Ri ou o citadel , which y frequently find hidden in the clouds T D K as you travel past from ralee to ingle . This late erry epitaph ’ on n -Nett m a i Con u -Ri o f CiI - Ne son reads C g , the monument tt Of ’ I I - RI ff C12 is C . Here there is a slight di erence, for the genitive of u u not con but con . The is a hypocoristic and indeclinable termina
con : a as o n n tion appended to in f ct, the word occurs elsewhere C
Cu n n u as as E ochu E ochaid and , do other names such (otherwise ),
Din n u Fin u Fin n u S in n u an d S tudies in E arl , or , , the like see my y
I rish H istor . 4 w is y, p . The point to hich I wish to call attention the fact that Nett is the exact equivalent of the early genitive
“ Net t as to is c ia n ia n iath : a [ ] , previous be oming , as in , comp re a late Ve re n ot Vi re m o oi Glu n le et f inscription , g g ( q q) g gg , the monument o ’ Fiachra o f Glun le et R O am -in scrib S to , kin gg see hys s g ed n es of the I rish Ac m D R. ade 32 y ( ublin, pp . 7, . ’ Net t m The genitive [ ] occurs later, for instance, in Cor ac s
Glossar . 25 B e Net e y, p , where we have explain d to mean the woman o r i o f N to cath w fe ett, whose own name is said have meant , battle? ’ a Nem on Nem ain The wife s name is s id to have been , given also as ; THE CELTIC INSCRI PTIONS OF GAUL 73
an d al i a a B ad o f she is usu ly e ther equ ted or correl ted with b, whom ’ v n a war T uatha Dé a n O Do n o a speaks as goddess of the Dan nu . O the next page of the Glossary we have the entry repeated as follows ’
Be n e id i . B e e us a B e N . . neid nomen viri j nemon ben, to wit, eid,
a N a . a N th t is, eid is the n me of the husband His wom n is emon , his ’ ' Néit an d I h a m en t has . wife . The L g under (p 9) the following ‘ Néit d t ’ i iaca ha la e n t e . . . g goedel nemon uxor illins, which may be
: Ne it i. e . u n ae a a rendered thus , deus p g pud (pag nas) gentes ’ Goe d l s B et e orum N . B é N ; emon uxor illin esides , among others c l a t w as Mu Neit a al ed f er the battle god g , a king whose n me,
’ meaning Slave of Ne t figures in the Eber pedigrees in the B ook of
L fO o f Mu Nuadat B Mor einster ( . as father g ogan , the o f B M L e hero the story of the attle of agh eana, publish d by Eugene D A w as a o f Net a Curry ( ublin , nother c lled grandson , n mely,
B a of Fo m orian s B lor, the terrible leader the in the story of the attle o f Mo 52—130 lti . t ura Dr. S Re vue e ue y , edited by tokes in the C q , xii se e l 4 4 N t h oli alen dar 4 5. o es on t e n . a so my C g y C , pp , There was still another great figure that passed as grandson of Net in Irish
a B o f E lathan son Net o n e o f legend, n mely, res, son , of , from whom the landmarks of Ireland is suppo sed to take its n ame of Carn hui Néit ‘ ’ ’ ’ a Ne a . , the C irn of t s gr ndson In Hogan s newly published On om asticon Goede licum it is called in a more modern spelling
’ Ca rn Ur N a Co . eid M . , and located near izen He d in Cork The has d e Ailech Neil Neid l same work also uly register d or , now cal ed E lagh or Greenan Ely (in Irish Grian an Ailigh) : it was the palace o f N K a D . Fo r the orthern ings, situ ted some seven miles from erry ’ both place -names see S tokes s edition o f the Rennes Din n shen chas in — Rev . Celti ue 438 40 3 the q , xv . , xvi . . ’ From the statements which have been cited from Cormac s Glossary
a Net had a an d a we know th t two me nings , those of battle b ttle
o sa o f a pers nified, let us y a god b ttle . When , however, it was a m an can a applied in a compound n me to a , it only have me nt one a a who m kes successful fights, a brave warrior, a powerful ch mpion ,
' an d this th e a as r Old is me ning, al eady mentioned, which Irish gave
’ ’ n za n rath to the word , genitive . We may now consider what light this m ay Shed o n the difficulties o f some old Goidelic names ; let us a Neta-S e am o n as t ke the genitive g . This I take to be a syntactic com
n a o r o f n pou d meaning the w rrior champion fighter S egam a. O the S e am on as a S e om on os Continent g would h ve been g , with a nominative
S e om o o a as a - s g , the of the s me sound th t of the o of the genitive a G No w singular having been modified into in oidelic inscriptions .
od S e o m o R M as fo r the g g is equated with the oman ars, instance PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
L V ’ in an important inscription at yons dating from espasian s time ,
Marti S e om on i sacrum and containing the words g . The other N inscriptions cited by Holder come from Cimiez, near ice, from A l Ain B a N COte rtemare, near Cu oz ( ), from olard , ne r uits ( A I L V 8 8 32 . . 7 6 . 1 5 25 and from rinthod (Jura) see C . . , , XIII 67 , , 28 46 53 40 . Neta e am on as , S g comes down into the Irish (Eber)
i Niad S e am ain S e am ain re - ped grees as g , where g is a made genitive S e am an i as if the original had been g , corresponding to a nominative
S e am an o s B k L fo . I n g ( . of einster, an extract o f A B o f L from The Colloquy the ncients in the ook ismore, printed ’ ’ in r il lica 11 483 —4 a O G ad s S va Gade . y , , we have the following c ses
f — h m ain dat Nia am i/n o Nia se a . she a Niadh ace . . the name g , g , gen she am ain h as g , where the last is as unexpected the accompanying statement that in the time of the ancient king of this name both e M cows and does used to be milk d . The Four asters give the genitive
Niadh S edham ain s : r as , with the unmutated they have a co rupt dh h ’ M 488 1 r A . . for g th oughout . They date this king s reign from 488 As o Neta S e am o a 7 . n e can n s to far as judge, the inscribed name g De o f r is to be identified with the ssi what is now County Waterfo d ,
a where it occurs three times, at Island as alre dy mentioned, at S e skin an Ar o f , and at dmore, but no trace it has been detected A an d anywhere else in Ireland . shortened more correct form B MS Lan d 610 Oen us is cited from the odley , by Stokes in his g , ‘ . 70 Deissib M ata ui CrOn an p , where we read isna uman q mac ’ ‘ Nethsem on De M in the ssi of unster is he , who (is also called) ’ Ne hse m n Cronan mac t o .
As N - S e am on as S e am o eta g meant the champion fighter of g , so
N -T t ren alu o s N -Vroc i an d N -S a ru a re s ec eta g , eta , etta g should me n p tivel o f T re n alu us o f Vrocas o f S a ru . y the champion warrior g , , and g These three vocables m ay be inferred to have been names of gods o r ian l u as . T ren alu us T r u great ancestors g , later g , occ rs the name of a man an d an ancestor on the Ogam stone discovered not many years
L i z l D ago by ord Walter F t Gera d in onoughmore churchyard, near
M Ki Arch. K a s Jou l the o . ldare . : ee rn a C aynooth, in Co ild re the of S ociet 1 03 5 — ffi l o f r . 1 5 60 y, for session 9 , pp , where the di cu ties the ead
- . Of Neta Vroci has n ot ing are discussed , the second element been V ici identified : it looks as if we ought to have had either B roci o r ro . The inscription is o n a stone in the neighbourhood of Stradbally in
- . a N tt i m uc i B r i O Co W terford . e a S ag ra m ag o c is an gam epitaph B a to r at ridell near C rdigan . The vowel be supplied is not ce tain, — a but I think it e (or i) the two notches for 0 would not fill the g p.
S a ra a We are here more concerned with g , which I t ke to be THE CELTI C INS CRI PTIONS OF GAUL 75
a S a rus I t a shortening of an e rlier genitive g . belongs to an a o f S a ru impo rtant group of n mes, one which occurs as g s in a Latin
- I L V i ex voto from Aquileia (C. . . In the same ne ghbourhood ’ S t D a of Cardigan , to wit, at . ogmel s, we have a closely rel ted form ’ Mr R A a r n i . had S g ag , which was omilly llen s reading of what been — more usually treated as S ag ram n i the difficulty arises from the stone Mr A having split right across . . llen supported his reading by means o f a photograph, which he showed me shortly before his final illness .
n e tta is The names are sometimes real compounds, which the case N ac ri t with the Castle tim o n (Co . Wicklow) epitaph reading : et a Ne a ‘ ca i e N - o f N g , that is p rhaps the monument of eta caras and eta cagias The first compound would mean a friend or beloved one who is a warrior , a warrior friend , and the other would mean a fence or
to . a defence consisting of a warrior, a fighting protec r I ex mined the
A u 1 8 1 an d stone in ug st, 9 , considered the above reading certain, and I am surprised to find that Holder prints Netacag n i instead of
Netacagi : it should be examined again . B r are esides the foregoing g oups of forms there at least two more, o n e o a Ne t t -os n - Net t o p stul ting a nominative [ ] and another an stem [ ] . As an instance o f the latter Holder cites from Trujillo in the Spanish
- — i i to N o l u l. m er v eton de Cae s v . s . province of Estremadura an o . ,
a NE Neton is r and he exp nds an imperfect genitive into in anothe , to a a Of G i G . wit, from uad x in ran d this form of the name no instance f has been detected in our Goidelic inscriptions . O the other he cites a V l N inscription from Condeix a e ha in Portugal, reading eto Valerius Av it us T uran ius S ulpici de vico Baedo ro gentis Pintou I L. 338 s C. 365 6 s ( . , II . , , He al o cites a pa sage from the
t f Ma S a urn alia . 1 5 o (i 9. ) crobius , a grammarian who flourished in the ? time of Theodosius ; it runs thus : Marte m solem esse quis dubit et Acc itan i i a la M et am, Hispan gens , simu crum artis radiis ornatum v ’ a a N ocan tes. maxim religione celebr nt, eton This name Should be
Netos a an d Neti in the nomin tive in the genitive, which agrees with a Net Néit as . Neid the tre tment of it in Irish nom , gen . , , but
’ ’ n o m in ative Nét i w as Nrat a m ght from the eighth century do n appear ,
’ Nzad n Néit Neid h a (ge itive , ), of w ich we have the exact equiv lent in
’ M n radh a n iaidh odern Irish , with genitive (incorrectly formed), which ‘ ’ D e a n - fi hter inn en interprets as a hero, a ch mpio , a prize g . Thus we come back in a roundabout w ay to Co rmac to find his god of
his dia tha - ca an fi hte r. battle, , entering the ring as ordinary prize g o f Net Neit Neid a However, the use , with the genitive , , does not appe r ’ to have been general : witness Stokes s text of the Rennes Din n she n l Revue Ce ti ue . 438 43 vi 40 4 h 9 x . 1 chas in the g , xv , , , , where we ave 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Neil a functioning as nominative, genitive, and dative ; this means th t was it sometimes treated as indeclinable . The spelling of these names will have appeared somewhat capri
a E cions ; but there can be no doubt th t in Celtic the was long, that
t o Net Néit Neid an d Netas is say, that the name was , , ; in the genitive
’ ’ n rath n radh this is proved by the diphthong in the Irish , . Why it was long I cannot say ; it has been suggested sometimes that here
Ett for an t Néttos of Nan tos stands , that otherwise was the double but any reasonable dating o f the inscriptions in point renders that f ul n explanation inadmissible . There is some di fic ty as to the de tal
tt d S o consonant ; but , liable to be pronounced and written later on ,
’
Nett Neitt Neid arn Ur Neid. On is clearly what we have in , , , as in C t th t o the other hand between vowels becomes , liable be softened d d dh M as into a spirant ), written in odern Irish but pronounced iadh Niad S e am ain h. n if it were g This would apply to the modern , g , and the earlier Neta S egam on as ; similarly the tt o f Netta- S ag ra was
a th Nettac- i prob bly pronounced , and so in the of a fragmentary
t o n M inscription on a s one found Topped ountain, near Enniskillen , though we seem to have the same name in Welsh as Nethawc (Oxford
Mab. al was n ot all , p . In other terms the dent the same in the ? names in point : what then w as the cause of the inconsistency ’ Glossar n iue Cormac s y supplies the explanation when it gives a word , ’ ’ n ia as m ac sethar i , a sister s son, and explains it , with that mean ng ; for a Irish carries us back tow rds a state of matriarchy, the ~where ’ son l t o sister s wou d, next the brother , be the heir and successor, ’ n o M and where there could be brother s son reckoned . ore modern
’ ’ ’ ideas appear to make n za mean a brother s son as well as a sister s son ; but Dinnee n remarks that there is n o single word in the modern language t o express nephew without ambiguity ; garm hac is the ’ re nearest to it , and he defines this as a nephew, a grandson , or g at ’ ’ w as n ei n ai grandson . The Welsh equivalent , now , a nephew, ’ ’ without any distinction made between a sister s son and a brother s . L n e os These are equivalents, etymologically speaking, Of atin p , n e dtis L 0 p , except that Celtic drops the p and atin prefers the long n i-a L n e os L n e 6tis has i al thus Irish atin (p) , while atin p its equ v ent in a Goidelic n i- ottas which occurs as n iotta in an ancient Ogam G K epitaph at ortatlea in erry . It reads as follows Dum eli maqi Glasicon as Niotta Cobran gr ’ ‘ um el of Glasiuc D That is, the monument of D son , the istributor s ’ ’ ’ ’ son com hran n c6m hroin n sister s compare , , a share, an equality, ’ ’ c ran I ran n aire artista ron /n aire Welsh yf , a share, and rish , p , ,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY t wo on n o w M M inscriptions a bronze kettle in the ainz useum , having
o ut o f R a 18 2 As e in been fished the hine in the ye r 9 . represent d
or us o n e o f an d the C p , the inscriptions is small illegible, while the other consists o f letters punched beneath the handle reading NII T T AS MVCV RV E
‘ Of this the editor writes thus : Nomina sunt Celtica ; de priore
738 . ta in te lle en dum Nettas M u i . . uc ra l us cf Holder, II Por sse g est (fi ) ; sequitur signum in certum (vix littera S ut Ko erbe ro visa est) aut un e n di orn an di s -P rae terea in te rp g aut cau a positum . impressum est ’ aerarii lectio n is ae sigillum fabri incert . Enough has already been i Nettas I f sa d concerning , and we come at once to the other line . we
d Mucuru i ll ucuru follow the e itor we should read , that is to say, for
Mucurfis of u n as a genitive the declensio , and the meaning would be ’ s Mu s N o n curu . B ut a what he suggests ettas, of wh t he treats as ’ ‘ in certum of o as has a signum at the end the second line, l oks he
E as en i represented it, like an , which I should treat representing g ’ w en os son . ff , This, ho ever, makes no di erence in the interpretation, except that instead of supplying the word for so n we suppose it to a to e o f be alre dy there, wit, represented by the There a is perhaps a third possibility, namely, th t the doubtful character is
Muc r S KOrber . ul u us an , as thinks This wo d make the second line , L Muc urus u and the whole inscription atin, with f nctioning as an
n Nettas On o f the epithet or sur ame to . the whole I prefer either other interpretations . In any case Mucuru would seem to be a derivative from m ucu
u u - compare Ri vros from Rivos and the dative L g uri from Lug s. The stem recalls a word Of frequent use and considerable difficulty in
m ucoi m ucoe o r m o coi : Go idelic inscriptions . In the genitive it is ( )
we m oco on the nominative seldom occurs , but have once for certain
- - at B r ou on . a stone allyquin near Car ick Suir , but the Co Waterford ’ a No w Adam n an s Vi ta S an c ti C lum bae side o f th t river . in o it is f c c u m ac c u . o m o ( ) indeclinable, later ( ) It often admits being rendered
o r ff as by descendant o spring, though the matter is not so simple ‘ ’ ’ (161 i a as it looks . It equates with , a division , a cohort , n o p , in ’ i dl a Re ve s s d n an M u Run tir ocu S a ln e D S iln e e A am . oc M ( , p ’ d ui/n tir Adam n an 4 de en e re B a n tir D l R . 7 ( , p ) g , Stokes s al corco P atrick (p . It interchanges also with another trib term
corms corca : Macu Dalon Corca Dallan n Adam n an . ( , ), thus ( , p
Mocu T hem n e Corcu T em n e Corcu T eim n e B o f A a h 13 2 , ( ook rm g , b ,
l 4a l z . lo her see the Thesaurus, II and C g in Tyrone occurs ’ ’ Adam n an s Clochar Do im n i P atri ck . 1 78 as macu ( , pp , but in THE CELTIC INS CRIPTIONS OF GAUL 79
‘ ’ as Clocherum filioru m Daim e n i Adam n an B ut Latin ( , p . en s en us a though it may be rendered g or g , it is pplied in the case o f i al an d Adam n an as indiv du s , leaves it always without change in the ’ — ‘ Lu be um M Min Adam n an 43 following per g ocu ( , pp . ,
L en te as Frequently , however, he introduces the atin word g in ’ Oisse n eo m filio M N Corb Adam n an nomine , E ani , gente ocu eth ( , ’ m Dr Re . Ada n an s . p . learned editor, eves (p found, for ‘ c Dal S ailn e was m ac Ui instan e, that Every man in the clan a ’ ‘ ’ / M / S ailn e is al acu S ailac . , that , individu ly, a I take kin to be the best word for it in English . Mucura-s n ot a m What can have meant is very cle r, but ost likely
o f a it signified ncient race , of good family In any case it would be the sort of name that a Celt would be tempted to render into Latin
a as Gen tius i had by some such voc ble , wh ch we have in the inscription ’ Gen tius lillus with C . O
VI I
S ince my Notes on the Colig n y Calen dar were printed o ff I had an o f on Au 18 opportunity revisiting the fragments of the latter g. , 1 910. I had provided myself with a large number of queries, and in this examination of the originals I once more had the kind assistance
M Dissard o f L . Professor echat and . We found very few instances which require correction ; and hardly any of them are o f any impor
S : tance . uch as they are, they stand thus
8 io l Y 8 . S am on s 1 F Da sM Co . ad o f O Page , , irst ear, y viii, inste S MO it would probably be more correct to print . Du l . 90 . m an n io s Co . 7 Da LOD ad P , , Third Year, y i, for re
LODD LODL. f D an d , not The fourth letter there is an imper ect ,
LODD fo r LOV O the engraver must have cut by mistake . The note
on 1 t n . p . 9 should be correc ed accordi gly 2 Rivro s o l 5 A o f C . t . . P. 9 . , , Second Year, viii The lower end
o f P P E T I V X the perpendicular the of is there . P 5 An an i 9 . a t o s Col. 1 1 At . g , , Fourth Year, . iiii . The cancelled AMB letters should be read . 14 F t A M AME . t Fo r A B . Col , if h Year, . v . read
. 105 E uos Col 13 v i for B V BV . . Y At . P q , , Fourth ear, , read .
P Can l s . 1 10. t o 4 F ar Da for B RE X T , Col . , irst Ye , y xv, read
B RI X T . There remain more serious errors o f a different order of which I
Shall n o w speak . The J ou rn al of the Royal S ociety of An tiguaries I f — I relan d 1910 . 3 4 of Notes on the for , pp 67 7 , contains a review my PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
Mr a Cale n dar . G . O by odd rd H rpen , who also reviewed my previous
a fo r 1 0 2 — 1 1 the J u rn al 9 6 . 07 2 . paper on the s me subject in o , pp His ’ f 1 10 o Fo therin ha first criticism in his review o 9 relate s t Dr. g m s s o ur conclu ion that the Coligny Calendar is probably, like Easte r
Calendar, a lunar calendar accommodated to the Julian Calendar in
1 a s a cycle of 9ye rs . This conclusion appeared to be admis ible only on the supposition that E quos (February) had only 29days (not 30) in the third year ; but that is precluded by a note in Celtic at the head I of the intercalary month in that year . ought to have called ’ D Fo therin ham s a s r. g ttention to that note, but I forgot to do o : the fault is entirely my own and not his . He accordingly renews one o f
a the lternative suggestions which he had made in my paper, that the Coligny Calendar was a quondam lunar calendar which had been allowed to become independent of the moon , like the Calendar of the R R ff oman epublic, and he o ers a new alternative which appears towards the end of this paper . ’
A Mr. Or e n s mong other things in p review, he has, where I had
which o been satisfied with crude approximations, made calculations g ‘ to Show a much more precise coincidence in the dates of the great ’ Celtic festivals and their supposed analogues in the Calendar than
. a S am on ios I had claimed for them (p He conjectures th t , a 1 n e w Ye r , commenced a cycle, and started in harmony with the
a On a Julian C lendar . this assumption he found that the k lends of A N Ma G ugust, ovember, and y, with which the three reat Celtic a 1 festivals became respectively identified , would f ll in Year precisely at periods where the entries in the Calendar seem to mark impo rtant ar l P R NI LO V D festivals, and in p ticular where the formu a I N occurs . Next comes the question of the borrowed days which I accounted a for at first as weather forecasts, though later I was somewh t attracted ’ w Mr r T hurn s n s i No . O D . e e by y propitiatory hypothes s . rpen advances facts which he rightly regards as forming a strong confirmation of my i as . 3 3 orig nal view, follows (p 7 ) al In the first place, nearly all these borrowed days f l either singly,
of t wo o r t 1 st 8 or in groups , , more of en , three, on or about the , th, 23 a 16 rd . th, and d ys of the lunar month In other words, as we must suppose each month to have commenced approximately with a new
cen tre about or im m ediatel ollow the eriods o the moon , they , y f , p f ’ m oon s chan es e a g , which are still vulgarly regard d as her lding a change a in the we ther. These groups, too, are smaller and occur less frequently in the summer months, and tend to increase in size and e fr quency in the winter months, notably in those equated with January F and ebruary .
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
4 s . 10 . E uo o . 6 1 0 Da P q , C ls and , Second and Third Years, y iii , t t MD a o n e the mon h to be supplied af er must h ve been a lucky . The of S im iviso n ios nearest month that kind is , and the vocable to be S I M c 1 supplied is I , which in fact o curs on that day in Year . This ’ Mr Or en s follows from . p second rule . 2 D 1 12 No . P . . Fragment with four times unqualified must belong to an unlucky month ; so it cannot be Cutio s which was a lucky i m m a G a o n . 1 month . It y have been , say Year . N 3 i . E uo s Fragment o has been assigned w th some hesitation to q , S I M V 5 and that is probably right, but the three I I 0 ought presumably MD to have not D but before each . The spelling with S I Ml rather S E MI e 5 2 3 than would se m to suggest Year , but Years and are also available . 5 MD W o f Fragm ent No . with thrice ithout any indication bo rrow ul so n ot Gen tlo s ing wo d seem to postulate a lucky month, only , but Giam o n ios an d E lem bivios l o ut o f also , wou d be the question, though E le m bivios Giam on io s it resembles and . ’ There are other instances where Mr. Orpen s rules apply ; but they o f c so are no great importan e here, I abstain from tiring you with as o f them , the process dealing with them is quite easy . I shall come
to f o f presently a more di ficult order cases .
Mr . O fo r I wish to mention that in the meantime rpen undertook, 1 u Year , the audit which he s ggested in his review . The details are 8 4 8 as 5. l shown in the two tables hereto appended pages , The resu ts show the totals o f borrowed days amounting to 91 o n both sides o f the account ; and a slightly different treatment of o n e or two of the data restored from analogy would enable o n e to analyse these totals into
o f a o n . B ut lucky and unlucky days identic l numbers both sides ,
al Mr. O to la considering the state of the C endar, rpen does not wish y
o on . t o much stress the equation He is convinced, however, that if l we had a full text, all the equations wou d be found exact . Mr R . ecently Orpen sent me the following communication , dealing f or the most part with the same questions My analysis o f the entries has led me to suspect that, if we had a complete and correct text, 3 3 f w the last three rules stated on p . 7 o my revie might be expressed more comprehensively an d more logically as follows : (1) In a lucky month all the days are lucky and are marked MD except those borrowed from an unlucky month and those marked AMB as or attendant elsewhere . These two classes are unlucky, at l of D east without any positive quality good luck, and are marked 2 u simply . ( ) In an unlucky month all the days are unlucky or witho t good luck and are marked D ; except those borrowed from a lucky THE CELTIC INSCRIP T IONS OF GAUL 8 3
MB al A . an d are month and not so marked These alone are lucky, MD marked . There are a few entries in the text not in accordance ul s with these r es, but these exceptional entries eem to conflict with t analogous entries and are perhaps incorrec as they stand . The most D —1 1 difficult o n e t o explain away is uman . 9 where the triple RI V RI
As Rivro s a to o ccurs . is a lucky month these d ys ought be marked D B ut of i M . the detached piece the Tablet on wh ch this entry occurs
an d has been moved more than once, is perhaps not yet in its right
or is n o t com lete . I t a place, p would be norm l, for instance, if it were : MD RI V RI MD RI V R I V I M8 D R R A .
From these rules as above stated it would seem that what was
a was the o f tr nsferred not a day, but quality or qualities a day, “ ” a s e- M o f M as denoted in the tr n fere day by or the omission , or we may conj ecture by good or bad luck . The borrowing from a month o f different quality in respect of luck changes accordingly the quality
- a da o f the transferee day ; but the good luck of y, even the acquired
of - e da a good luck an uneven numb red y, is alw ys lost to it if required AMB M to be attendant elsewhere ( ). oreover, from the fact that the borrowings centre about or immediately follow the times of the ’ r moon s changes, and f om the facts that a lucky month sometimes as O ron Cutio s borrows from a lucky month ( g from and vice versa), and an unlucky from an unlucky month (as E quos from we m a o f y infer that other qualities, including the normal character the weather, were also transferred . Indeed, the belief in this transference as a so - A e has R as . survived, you h ve shown , into the called g of e on
I think then that we need n ot . suppose that any change was ad o f or of regarded as m e in the succession days, any transfer a period o f al o f t o time, but only that certain qu ities a day were transferred a da of or nother y, thus altering the normal qualities the latter, some o f an d - Of them , depriving the transferor day of its quality good luck , ’ if it enjoyed such . O n has The simplification of his rules by Mr. rpe suggested itself to a s e i me also, and I began to ex mine the in tanc s wh ch seemed to as stand in the way, in detail follows
S AMONI OS Y ar 2 At . . As is on e D e , e , iv the month a lucky h re
MD 1 4 5. is should be , which is the entry in Years , , There room an d M E s éran dieu has MD metal for the , and Commandant p had printed . 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
.q m oo b oo m
8 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITIS H ACADEMY
8 of . 1 At . xi the same month has already been dealt with (p ) by M dropping the .
DUMANNI OS a 1 D viiii MD , Ye r , ays , x, xi , may all have had instead D for of , the bronze is gone . Probably the first two entries were
MD RI V RI as a Mr. O h D . B ut , as rpen suggested, y xi might be D AM expected to have had RI V RI B . The difficulty is that nobody AMB appears to have detected that . S o if it is postulated one has the alternative o f supposing the surface to have been badly worn or a a oxidized,or else that the inscriber forgot the word . I m y say th t
I do n ot like either alternative . MD At . of 2 has vi Year standing unqualified in an unlucky month, D while the Year 3 has only which is regular . The former might
as of MD S AMO stand part an entry N , but nobody seems to have S AMO N detected there, and the alternative is to suppose it to have D D disappeared or the inscriber to have cut M instead of . ANAGANT I OS 4 Da has D OGRO NI , Year , y vi, , followed by three MD NI OCRO . a E s éran dieu a entries Comm ndant p , re ding the first D FRl NNI , shows that the whole patch from v to x was very indis
o n e tinct, which my notes corroborate . I think, therefore, that may M venture to treat Day vi as having had D OG RO N I . OGRONI OS Y 1 Da D l o ff , ear , y v, has only , but the meta breaks and AM CV I O D 8 T . the original was probably , with or without
' 1 At . has D CV rI o The same month of Year , iii, with room AMB for between them , which would bring the entry into harmony o f 3 4 5 t o with those Years , , ; but nobody seems have detected M the A 8 .
4 h v i a D MD as Year as At . re ding only it should probably be in
3 5 M : so s Years , ; but nobody has detected an there the alternative
Dum an n io s a 1 Da . are like those mentioned under , Ye r , y xi D Year 5 has on Days xiiii and xv the letter . In the latter case the D A o f a may have been followed by MB o n a piece the missing met l . Or MD in both cases , in harmony with Year may restore instead D of with the alternatives already described . CUT I OS 1 At . D O RO o ff , Year , iii , has G N , but as the metal breaks after 0 0 R0 Nwe are at liberty to treat the original entry as D 0 0 R0 N AM8 5. , in harmony with Year 5 Da D Year , y xv, where I have had printed, Commandant E s éran dieu has MD p . N A . i D O RO Under the same year t v ii has G I . Here the bronze is gone with the perpendicular o f the D : so we are at liberty to treat MD the original entry as . S m rvxso rmros D MD 2 At . x11 , Year , , has where one ought to find THE CELTIC INS CRIP TIONS OF GAUL 87
1 an d D us to as in Year behind the the bronze is gone, permitting
as a i was MD suppose that a m tter of fact the or ginal entry . t D S I M S O e MD E uos a 1 A . q , Ye r , vi , has I wh re there is room for , M S I MI S O but nobody has detected an there . is a singular abbrevia i ff h ff l t on, but I have no note to the e ect t at there is any di icu ty as B V o n r 4 to the reading . the co responding day in Year is also a str nge . Y A has D sE M V 4 t . ear , iii, been printed I , but one is at liberty to MD S E MI V On e ll co m suppose the original to have been . natura y s 5 D S I MI V I S pare it with the entry in Year , which is printed ; but M L to . echat found the last word very hard read, while Commandant E s ra AMB S E MI V pé n dieu hesitated between and . The whole bit is a Mr O AMB very blurred, and I gree with . rpen in suspecting that 4 5 as 1 should be placed here in Years and in Year . Except in
Giam on ios A n o ux all O ron ios to E drin ios the te . of the months from g o f hi (both inclusive) commences with a triplet borrowed days, the t rd or of which is, may be supposed to have been , in each case marked AM B .
E LE MB I V I os 5 At 11 has D E OR , Year , . , , where one would have
MD E OR as 2 ac e M expected in Year . The bronze is int t wh re the a ft should be, and we h ve nothing le us but the rather unwelcome t al ernatives with which we are already familiar . E DRI I OS A v ii i D N 1 t . i , Year , and x, which have each the entry . The t D AMB 2 4 D AN L Y 3 5 C T . firs is in Years , , , and in ear The was D AMB B u original here probably the bronze permits this . t in o f At o ur M D the case . x it is against inserting before the , and leaves us the usual alternatives . 2 i has D 4 5 MD 3 a At . Ye r , v ii, where Years and have and Year D CAN L a was MD T . The origin l entry probably ; the indistinct N o f n D CA T L. surface the bro ze favours it rather than At . x has D S D VOS I I I a l of I N I preceded by the symbol , the v gue simi arity which to an M would seem to have helped to make the inscriber a forget th t he should have inserted both . This conjecture would s 4 5 bring the entry into harmony with tho e in Years and . Instead o f ll l MD S D I V O 3 has I I I MD I N Year only .
CANT LOS 1 Da has D AE DRI N , Year , y i, , where we seem to want MD AE DRI N the other four years have the MD before the name o f i B the month from which the borrow ng is made . y some accident the ’ M does n ot appear in Commandant E spéran dieu s entry beginning ’ d its M Lechat to Year 3 . I note presence and called . s attention it ’ when he was collating the whole : he replied Le M est d une netteté ’ parfaite . P ROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
It is possible that I have inadvertently omitted some cases that d o n should have been considere , but, looking through the foregoing
on o u notes those here brought together, y will have seen that there ffi a o n are nine entries which present di culties, n mely, the following dates Dum an n io s a 1 Da , Ye r , y xi . 2 At Year , . vi .
ro n ios 1 At . . Og , Year , iii 4 At . Year , vi . 5 Da xiiii Year , y .
E uos 1 At . . q , Year , vi
E le m bivios 5 At . 11. , Year , A E drin ios 1 t . , Year , . x
an lo s 1 C t Da . , Year , y i
t o t are The alternatives which we seem to be lef in these cases, , that
o r the surf ace of the bronze, owing to wear oxidization, shows no
o f or o r was traces letters , else that the missing word letter never was t o All t . t o inscribed, though it in ended be inscribed this points the desirability o f having the above entries carefully examined with a good
is glass . In the case of the nine here specially mentioned this ul it a partic arly desirable ; would prob bly reduce their number . Even then the work cannot be considered complete without photographs of l the whole Ca endar as it stands . ' ’ e n s No w that Mr. Orp theory o f borrowed days has been sufficiently
s out f illu trated, I wish to point very brie ly how it helps in a somewhat
ff to AMB di erent direction . It enables us construe the letters everywhere in on e and the same sense as representing a m bachtos (spelt am bawtos X G L am bactus probably , with for reek X), atin , and signifying a as o f s MI DX ttendant , in the case the intercalary month . Just as AMBAX T OS so D AMB was was an attendant month, an attendant day, a Fo r and it is worth noticing that even the abbrevi tion was the same .
‘ the letter immediately preceding ANT ARAN in line 5 of the second e al a B AMB int rc ary month appe rs to have been the of , and the s a w as M AMB ANT ARAN fo r de ignation in its origin l form probably , l MI DX AMBAX T OS ANT ARANOS the fu l Spelling , which may be translate d inte rloping attendant month All this renders un necessary the dubious proceeding o f postulating any reference to a or ttendants labourers belonging to the chief ruler o f the Temple . ’ A i ham Mr. her n Or en s Dr. o t fter the publication of p review, F g in
.a at A 10 1 1 1 letter to me, d ed pril , 9 , dealt with certain points in ‘ as it, follows ‘ There can be no doubt that the figures CCCLXXXV in the
90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
of l st an d l of 3rd the ning the year the midd e the year, but not in 2n d 4th 5t h . , , and years The next intercalary month could not,
o f 6th . therefore, have been earlier than the beginning the year 2 or 3 This gives us o n e interval o f years and o n e o f either 17 ; years e so as w betwe n intercalations . The only other calendar, far I kno , where intercalary months had t wo fixed positions in the year, was B No separated by six months, the abylonian . such practice is a two known in any Greek calend r . The intercalary months in the a Babylonian Calendar come down from a remote ntiquity. In the
- 3 B a 8 1 . t Babylonian 1 9year cycle which dates from c . latest, the spring intercalation occurs 6 times and the autumn intercalation 1 o f a once in 9 years, but the preponderance spring intercal tions w w as much less pronounced before this cycle as adopted . In the B 1 - abylonian 9year cycle , the successive intervals between inter } 2 3 3 2 21 A calation s r 3 3 . we e , , , , , ; years more even distribution 2 3 3 2 of intercalations would be obtained by the series 51 , , , 5 3 t o , If the intercalary month is to be made occupy one or two e other of fixed positions in the year, any cycle of int rcalations } o f of 2 3 r will be made up intervals 7 and years, with pe haps , as at B ff 2 . abylon , occasional intervals of years The cycles will di er B ut r only in the arrangement of these intervals . we cannot f om } 3 o n e o f a 2 3 interval , years and one of either 2 or , deduce any f l thing as to the arrangement o these interva s . If it was desired to make the mean length o f the year the same as in the Julian u l Calendar, this could, with the recorded lengths for the individ a s i o f 120 41 month , be best ach eved by a cycle years, containing al 35 o f t o f 3 a interc ations, which would occur af er intervals ye rs,
6 ft v s f 2 B ut and a er inter al o % years . we have no evidence for the of existence anything so scientific . ‘ Diodorus of The passage cited from is, course , evidence that the insular Celts of the time o f H ecataeus of Abdera were already
- n ot acquainted with the 19year cycle . I have sufficient knowledge ’ Or en s of Celtic religion to be able to follow Mr. p objection to an o f 68 A epiphany days . long festival could not, I suppose, be o f as o n e maintained on the same level excitement a short , but a 1 festival that only occurs once in 9years is rather unique, and some o f o ur watering-places have an annual season o f festivity lasting as 68 A o f 68 long as days . succession pilgrims scattered over days might bring in more offerings than a crowd concentrated upon 7 days, and might j ustify the priests in enduring the strain of the a long epiph ny .
’ Nor Mr r e n s do I feel inclined to attach much importance to . O p THE CELTIC I NSCRIP TIONS OF GAUL 91 object ion that the vernal equinox does not appear to have had any religious impo rtance in the Celtic world The festival which Diodorus is describirfi gcurred at the begin ning o f an astronomical i of a cycle, and the vernal equ nox is prime importance in the nnual f o f a motion o the Sun . From the earliest times the signs the zodi c a e a h v been m de to begin at the vernal equinox, and it is a very natural starting-point for a cycle which is to depend o n the relative f As a o S un M . positions the , the oon, and the fixed stars the vern l equinox is the most salient phenomenon connected with the first sign o f a o f the zodiac, the heli cal rising the Pleiades is the most salient
o f . was o connected with the second sign the zodiac It , very p ssibly, i the next phenomenon after the equinox , wh ch the agricultural
l o f popu ation observed in order to know the progress the seasons, on w which their lunar calendar thre very little light . It is notorious that the ancient Greeks and Romans recogn ized the seasons for S ee agricultural operations by makin g astronomical observations . assim Hesiod p . ’ M Or e n s a a I cannot accept r. p suggestion th t in the st tement con cerning the Hyperbo reans the particular season when the cycle reco m m e n ced o f n , and indeed possibly the length the cycle itself, were take from the calendar with which the writer was familiar and foisted into ” ’ M on s . et the story cycle did not begin at the vernal equinox, but l at the summer so stice, and the season at which the cycle is said to ha ve recommenced among the Hyperboreans was therefore different
w a B a 1 - from that with which the writer s familiar . The bylonian 9year cycle did , it is true, begin at or near the vernal equinox , but the writer was doubtless more familiar with the Greek than with the B abylonian cycles .
Mr . Orpen suggests that S am on io s in the first year commenced not l 1 o n a a can . y new ye r, but a new cycle . I doubt whether we prove this The five years covered by the inscription cannot be a complete cycle a of intercal tions, for they contain days, whereas five Julian
a -25 years contain no more th n days . The Calendar must have
ver x crude an 8 a been a y one , if it accumulated error of 3; d ys in five
F - years . ifty two years of such a calendar would move each feast a o f distance three months in the solar year . If the five years of the
c o f ins ription are not a complete cycle intercalations , can we be sure
a o r that they are even the beginning of cycle , anything more than the a a i ? Of five years following a procl m t on course , the last year of a cvcle are would naturally end with an intercalation , but intercalations
1 B ut see a e 9 be p g 7 low. PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
’ Mr Or e n s t o o frequent for us to infer anything from this . . p point
A o r R di t o H ecataeus was comes to this, that as pollo ( ivos) accor ng ’ t the G a so Riv os s presen to insular auls at the beginning of cycle , presence in the first year of this Calendar probably indicates that it is
No w the beginning of a cycle . the initial point of a cycle is purely ff al . artifici It may, therefore, have been reckoned from di erent years a a all and different seasons t different temples . It is not likely th t the great temples had their festivals at the same season or for the same An n o f R for 8 i length of time . epipha y ivos 6 days in the spr ng at a o f 1 the gre t island temple at intervals 9 years is, therefore, quite consistent with an epiphany o f Rivos of shorter duration in the harvest 1 9 ’ season at a temple in Gaul at some unknown interval . The years D interval was astronomical . oes it follow that the interval in the ? temple to which this inscription belongs was also astronomical I f ” m a a of n o not , there y h ve been a five years cycle feasts which bore a of an rel tion to the system intercalation , and there may have been
R ac t epiphany of ivos in the first year of e h cycle of feas s . The shorter
to the epiphany, the easier it would be arrange for it at frequent inter ’ a . o f Mr Or e n s i s v ls I think the whole . p cr ticism of the pas age cited Diodorus a from is strained , by the implied ssumption that the epiphany there described is identical in season and duration and perhaps in interval with that of which mention is made in the al Coligny C endar . I note the reference to Greek pilgrims who made off erings at the island temple . The epiphany at that temple is clearly the occasion
' of a great festival (rov OGDD m 6apf§e w re Kai xopetie w crvvexois r“ es vzixra s). This can hardly have been the case with the epiphany o f
R Rivros o f a ivos in the the Coligny Calendar, which t kes place while ” all a hands are busy with the h rvest . ’ Dr Fo h With . t erin gham s permission I submitted his letter to M r. O t A 22 rpen, from whom I received a let er in reply, dated pril , 1 1 9 1 . O a mitting the prelimin ry remarks, I quote from the point at which the writer begins to argue that the quinquennium o f the in scription com m m e n ced (with S am on ios) a new cycle in the following terms
do Dr F Here I not think that . otheringham has done full j ustice to the argument . The idea that the epiphany o f the god occurred in the first year o f a new cycle was suggested by the close analogy o f o f o n the case the Hyperboreans, but I went to show that the hypo thesis enables us to identify with something like precision the formulae
a t o t d on acka oen achs in the calend r referring the great Cel ic (or ), a a i and, if I am not mist ken , ss gns them to the dates in the first year
94 P ROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
“ says, it is not likely that all the great temples had their festivals at ” B ut all our the same season . evidence goes to show that in Ireland, all aon achs on at events, the great were always held the same dates , though different places were associated with the chief celebrations o f
ac M r as eltic H eathen e h festival . o eover, you have mentioned in C
m i L do (p . there is ev dence tending to show that at yons,
Lu udun um o f Lu Lu g , the city g (not very far from Coligny), the g a a n assad o r its counterpart was celebr ted , as in Irel nd, on a day s equated with the l st o f Augu t . ‘ T he 8 -year cycle works o ut as follows 354x 8 90 ( ) days, 8 365% x days . B ut undoubtedly the passage from Dio dorus suggests that the
Metonic cycle had been adopted by the Celtic tribes generally, and F has r. this as D otheringham shown , if correctly used , involves a ” month of variable length . On the question of the derivation of the Coligny Calendar from
M r F Mr D . G . O the reeks of assilia, raised by rpen , otheringham wrote
o n A 1 6 191 1 as to me ugust , , follows ‘ We know nothing o f the non -Attic civil calendars except the
o f o f names the months and the seasons the year when they fell , an d even in these respects o ur information is very defective . We know M nothing at all of the Calendar of assilia , but we know a great deal l o f about the scientific astronomica calendars, and we have a good deal A evidence for the history ofthe thenian civil calendar, which must have
1 - a of M been widely known . The oldest 9year cycle, th t eton , began in
432 B c 1 - to o ffi . . , and the 9 year cycle is generally supposed have been
c iall A 34 B . a n o t 0 c . y adopted at thens about , but the intercal tions do
l 9- appear to have been made with strict regularity . The year cycle must have been well known at Massilia long before the date of these
a all fr gments, though in the absence of direct evidence it is impossible al to say whether it was officially adopted . The interc ations recorded — o n the fragments would fit equally well into a 19- year or an 8 year cycle .
ar o f l The lunar ch acter of the framework the Ca endar does not, in had M my opinion, prove that it not parted company with the moon . y ” suggestion is that the framework had remained when its raison d etre had departed . The Roman festivals were mainly at what had once
o f been the four quarters the moon , but retained their positions in the calendar months long after these had ceased to have any relation to the a ar actu l lun phases . G 8 - 354x 8 The reek year cycle, according to Geminus, contained ( ) THE CELTIC I NS CRIP TIONS OF GAUL 95
8 365’ x 8 + 90 + days, whereas solar years 7t e a ar days . He states that the equation betwe n the me n calend and solar year was established by omitting one intercalary month every 3 a 1 60 years . He does not tell us how the additional d ys in each a 3 10 - 16 years were inse rted. Prob bly of the non intercalary years 3 3 S o 8 - were made to consist of 55 instead of 54 days . the year ” - 1 9 a . cycle, like the year cycle, involves month of variable length M ” Fotherin ham add r. Or en s Dr. g , I may , is still unconvinced by p : reasoning as to the dates of the great Irish festivals they were, he
a o n a o f Ma A N m intains, fixed the c lends y, ugust , and ovember
c because they were calends . He is also unconvin ed as to the begin 1 o f o f ning the quinquennium being also the beginning a cycle , and Mr O adds the words I am much more struck by what . rpen says n ot about borrowed days . This seems to me convincing , but I do ” propose to work through the audit . I take this opportunity o f recording my cordial thanks to bo th o f my learned friends for what I cannot help regarding as serious and far-reaching contributions to the elucidation of a very difficult docu
o f a . As ment great ntiquity will be seen , however, this does not mark ”
o f . a Dr the limit cither s help I h ve received from . Fotheringham the following very important note dated October 5
Mr W S c a o . . . in e myl st letter to you on the C lignyCalendar, H Forbes,
f B has all a o alliol, c ed my attention to the resembl nce between the holes o f a against the numbers the d ys in the Coligny Calendar, and the “ ” similar holes in the fragments o f parapegmata o r solar calendars 1 902—3 at M D discovered in the winter of iletus, and discussed by iels
P ara e vn en ra w n te aus Mile t R w zu . . and ehm , p g f g , in Sit ngsberichte d k — A . . a t . 2 1 11 D s a Preuss . kad d Wissensch f en i, pp 9 , by e s u ,
Mile chen Ka e r fl n ten - 8 an d Z u den sis l n de m w . . 266 f g , ibid , pp , by
W Mile i chen P am 52— R eiteres zu den s s e m en . . 7 9. ehm , p g , ibid , pp A comparison of these Calendars has i nduced me to offer some sugges m a a tions, which y, I hope, be not without v lue . ‘ M to The fragments discovered at iletus belong two, perhaps more, ” a a a an d 1 00 B 0 n e p r pegmat , date from somewhere about . . O of Dr R has these bears a name which . ehm restored as Epicrates, but which Professor Dessau suggests may be really An ticrate s ; the other r s a a reco d an observation, pparently recent, at a d te which would fall
B . a in 109 c . In the text of each Calendar no notice is t ken of the o r o f a an d civil lunar year, but a series stronomical ( in the Calendar of
e of are Epicrat s also meteorological) phenomena is recorded, which
1 B the e tte i the n t a a a ut se e l r wh ch follows ex p r gr ph . 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY
al supposed to retain a fixed place in the solar year . In the C endar of
1 09 B . . a c the ye r is subdivided according to the passage of the sun, of o f through the twelve signs the zodiac, but in the Calendar
a N Epicrates there ppears to be no subdivision of the year . either
a Calendar ssigns any numbers to individual days, but in both Calendars a there is a hole against e ch day, even against those to which no a a has phenomenon is assigned . E ch C lendar an explanatory intro
a o n e a duction , the existing fragments of which rel te in the inst nce
o f a a to the history the equation of the sol r and lun r calendars, and in the other instance t o the methods to be adopted in placing pegs in ff the holes against the di erent days . The fragmentary condition of the Calendars renders it impossible to state with certainty what these rules
a xv o xo z were . It ppears , however, that the holes were called , and
wa av m ivat Dr R the word for placing the peg is p m y , from which . ehm ,
wa dw a . doubtless correctly, derives the name p n yp The name used for
n ot A At icum 1 4 1 d t . . the peg does appear, but from Cicero, , v , I infer d w d was wa w a. a a that it p n w The p m yn would, therefore, be properly, “ something fixed beside i . e . the peg beside the entry for the day, from which it came to mean the whole Calendar which was planned ” out by means of these pegs . The Calendar of Epicrates in which the directions for placing the pegs were found is, unfortunately, in too mutilated a condition to render it possible to restore these rules
an . a with y certainty It is , however, clear th t the pegs had to be o f a moved at the completion some period, either a year or month , an d a Dr R that some at le st of them served to indicate days . . ehm is of opinion that the pegs were use d to indicate the first day o f each
a lun r month, and that there were also numbered pegs to indicate the ff a di erent d ys of each month . If he is correct in this opinion, it would follow that the pegs indicating the months would have to be o f moved at the end each year, because the lunar months would
o f two s not begin on the same days the solar year in con ecutive years, and the pegs indicating the days would have to be moved each month
o ut o f . in order to mark the days the new month He quotes, how 1 an B ilfin er t - ever , Opinion of Herr g hat, while the month pegs were
a - was fixed each ye r, there was only one day peg, which moved daily a and alw ys stood opposite the current date . This would agree with
N o Keltie R earch Mr. es es your suggestion , quoted by ichols n in his ,
- . 120 Of p note . the two opinions about the day pegs I incline D ” r. R M to prefer ehm s, because in the etonic cycle, to which the
” 1 ‘ - Die b en thche n Kalen der im alten G e h lan d W urttem be r ische r S taats f ri c en , g i A i 2 an e e 2 1904 . 65 ff z g r, pr l , , pp .
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITISH ACADEMY f u a ive years must, therefore, make p a cycle of fe sts, which repeats l itself irrespective of astronomica cycles . This may help us to explain
o f a 30- T o the excessive frequency interc lations and o f day months . equate the lunar and solar reckoning there ought to be 7 intercala
1 o r 35 5 a B ut a tions in 9years intercalations in 9 ye rs . this C lendar
2 a 5 t o presents us with interc lations in years, which would amount 3 8 95 intercalations in years ; in order, therefore, to make the
ar Calend true to the sun, it would be necessary to omit one o f the 5 S intercalary months three times in 9 years . imilarly the Calendar 37 o f 30 62 gives us months days in months, whereas the true 33 62 so proportion would be only in months, that it would be necessary four times in every five years to omit the final day of o n e 0 a o f the months of 3 days . When I believed that the C lendar was ar intended to apply to five particul years, I was driven , after a vain attempt at another explanation, to suppose that the Calendar was one
a d ff su which had p rte company with the moon . I now o er the gges u tion that the Calendar was tr ly lunar, but that every month and e very day that were ever required, were inserted upon it . If they l were not required in the particular year or month , they wou d not be o ut l marked with pegs, and an intercalary month wou d be dropped, t o r 30th doubtless af er a proclamation, no day would be given to
E uos the . B ut q , as case might be , if they were required, there they 2 th o f our were in the Calendar, just as the 9 February has its place in a n d 27th has table of calendar lessons, the Sunday after Trinity its
o f a place in our table proper lessons . This explains gain the fact
E uo s as l that q was regarded unlucky. The month would norma ly 2 A contain 9days . bout once in every five years, but not, apparently, 30th always in the same year of the cycle, it would receive a day, to its o f make the Calendar agree with the moon, but character ill luck ” was not affected by this calendarial exigency . M L From associating the Coligny Calendar with the useum in yons ,
o of which p ssesses it, I have fallen into the habit treating the two places
as o n e . being quite near another, which they are not Coligny is about ’ B - e n - B half an hour s distance by rail from ourg resse, the capital of
D o f Ain B of the epartment the , and ourg, the name which I heard
- B ourk t five L . pronounced , is about hirty miles from yons I visited
B o n A 21 1 910 was Coligny , from ourg , ugust , , and met at the station M R . Charm o ux by oux, of , near Coligny , the proprietor of the ground z where the bron e fragments were discovered . The station is a short mile from Coligny, to which we went in a public conveyance . From t here we set o ut on foot following the high road leading north t o Lo -le - a o f D o f . ns Saulnier, the c pital the epartment the Jura We THE CELTIC INS CRIP TIONS OF GAUL 99
I o followed that road some metres , am t ld, and then turned suddenly to our right into a vineyard . Walking from the road about o n a 1 00 metres, we arrived the spot where the bronze fr gments were
a o 40 found in hole ab ut centimetres below the surface . There is nothing to distinguish the spot except a young cherry-tree which [ M R a . oux has pl nted there awaiting an inscription , which it is his intention to put up . The field of which the vineyard consists rises very gently fro m the high road until it reaches the bottom of the hill A to the right of the high road, which is much steeper . long the side o f r R the hill there is supposed to lie the cou se of a oman road , the
a M R : position of which was indic ted to me by . oux roughly speaking it seemed t o be parallel with the course of the present high road R o ur a o n the lower ground . etracing steps to the l tter from the c - we herry tree , pursued the road a short distance further until we c ame to a stone which looked freshly worked and inscribed marking D r in the boundary between the epa tments of the A and the Jura . It a D is worth while recalling the f ct, that the Jura is the epartment in o f al was s which the other bit an ancient c endar found, re embling those o f on e see Celtae < Galli 1 the Coligny my 3; , p . . a o n R I have been told th t one finds the land o f M. oux and that ‘ o f his immediate neighbours what was described as des debris tres menus de tuiles et de poterie rouge Among others that statement
M Dissard M. R a . had re ched , but oux did not seem to have any vivid recollection o f that kind he called my attention to certain geological shells which we could see in on e part of the vineyard lying exposed o n t he a surf ce . To my question whether all the bronze of the find had
M. Dissard ff been given to when he e ected the purchase, he returned f a very decided a firmative . I asked this because I had in my mind the s r a uspicion which I have hea d whispered in Paris, th t, in spite of the proprietor, bits of it had found their way into the hands of his neigh an d bours had never been recovered . I do not think this story is e l L b ieved in yons I did not pursue the subj ect.
L a astly, the Temple in which the Calend r had been set up was t R l probably si uated near the oman road, at a spot whence it wou d have been comparatively easy for a m an to carry the bronze down hill
t o t an in order to have it hidden awai opportunity for taking it away , a n opportunity which presumably never came . The Temple had pro
so bably been deserted and fallen into decay, the thief may be supposed to have smashed the bronze tablet and the statue of the god before he began to carry the metal away to where he had dug a hole for it w a a in the ground, at a spot hich at th t time was perhaps conce led _ by some kind of forest growth . Probably an archaeologist who is an 1 00 PROCEEDINGS OF THE B RITIS H ACADEMY experienced judge of sites would have no great difficulty in discovering
i a the exact spot, and in bring ng to light most valuable relics of long forgotten past including among them many more fragments o f the ” Mr Or en s o f Calendar . The following note of . p may prove help in searching for the site of the Temple Assuming that the ritual was analogous to that of the prehistoric
fin d Gaelic tribes in Ireland , we might expect to close to the site of o r the Temple an artificial mound, probably sepulchral in origin , a flat a shaped hillock , with perhaps pillar stone and a lump of a
a At stone ne r by . least I think such a mound (which I have called
o r vaguely a ceremonial mound and generally such stones are, were, to be found in Ireland at the sites associated with the ancient ao n achs a C and with the traditional in uguration places of prehistoric hieftains , E m ain M M Adhair e . g . at Cruachan, Tara, acha, agh , and perhaps Al r Clogher . so at inaugu ation places used in early historic times ; as C rn free Carn awle T ulla ho at a , y, g g, and at several places named Crua chan 1 a heap ‘ The existence of such a mound o r hillock at or near the site of the Temple is indicated in the Calendar by the entry on the 4th day o f Rivro s 2n d BR RI V ROS in the and following years, namely, I G , ‘ ” bri bri a B ri where g is the Irish , a hill (as in Cruach n Eile, the ” o f O c Fal as inauguration place the onor y), and where the meaning, o ut firstfruits t you have pointed , seems to be that the were on tha
bill as ff as was day carried to the an o ering to the god, just probably our Lu n assad done at g . If such a mound or hillock can be detected it ought to be a great help in locating the site , but of course it may ” v d i o r have been improved away by the modern in e m at . Is the search here suggested too much to expect of French archaeo ? E éran di u R s e . logy I appeal to M. einach and Commandant p
1 He e Mr O m a a r . rpen re fe rs t o his pape r on Motes an d Nor n C stle s in ” I d J u — e an o rn . Ro . S oc. An ti u ari s o I r lan d 1 90 1 43 an d t o an t e r l , y q e f e , 7, pp . 7, o h r a e in th e Se te m e n um i a 2 6 — p p r p b r be r of th s ye r, pp . 7 76 .
Un iversity oI Toronto library
DO NOT
RE MOV E
T HE
CARD
FROM
T HI S
P OCKE T
Acm e Library Card P ock e t “ " Un d er P at. Rot . I n dexFilo Made by LI B RARY B URE AU