Skills for Competitiveness Project (RRP CAM 50394)

Initial Environmental Examination

March 2019

CAM: Skills for Competitiveness Project

Prepared by Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training for the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of15 February 2019)

Currency unit – Riel (KR) KR1.00 = $0.0002502875 $1.00 = KR3,995

ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected Person BB Battambang BIT Battambang Institute of Technology BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CDC Cambodia Development Council CGTI Cambodian Garment Training Institute CIEDI Cambodia-India Entrepreneurship Development Institute DGTVET Directorate General of Technical and Vocational Education and Training EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GCMs Global Climate Models GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism IA Implementing Agency IFC EHS Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines of International Finance Corporation IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment IFC International Finance Corporation ITC Institute of Technology Cambodia ITI Industrial Technical Institute IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MEP Mechanical, electrical and plumbing MLVT Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training MoE Ministry of Environment MoEYS Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports MoWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology NES National Environment Specialist NPIA National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor NTTI National Technical Training Institute NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit O&M Operation and Maintenance PCP Public Communications Policy PCU Project Coordination Unit PIC Project Implementation Consultant PIU Project Implementation Unit PPI Presh Kossomak Polytechnic Institute REA Rapid Environmental Assessment

RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RPITSSVR, Regional Polytechnic Institute Techo Sen of Takeo of Svay Rieng RTC S4C Skills for Competitiveness SC Coarse sand SDF Skills Development Fund SDP Sector Development Program SEZ Special Economic Zones SPS Safeguards Policy Statement SR Siem Reap SS Suspended solids STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics SVR Svay Rieng TRTA Transaction Technical Assistance TTI Technical Training Institute TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNESCO United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization

NOTE{S}

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of Cambodia and its agencies ends on 31 December. “FY” before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year ends, e.g., FY2019 ends on 31 December 2019.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents

A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 4 1. Cambodian Environmental Law and Sub-decree on EIA ...... 4 2. Other Cambodian Environmental Regulations ...... 4 3. ADB Environmental Assessment Requirements ...... 8 4. IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines ...... 9 C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 10 1. Overview ...... 10 2. Project Civil Works ...... 11 D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT – PHYSICAL AND ECOLOGICAL ...... 33 1. Environment of RPITSTSR subproject, Svay Rieng ...... 33 2. Environment of BIT subproject, Battambang ...... 35 3. Environment of NPIA Subproject, Siem Reap province ...... 37 4. Environment of TVET Park and ICT, Phnom Penh ...... 39 E. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 41 F. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 43 G. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 48 H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 56 I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 58 J. CONCLUSIONS ...... 73

Tables:

Table 1: Noise level guidelines of IFC ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2: Summary of civil works in the five TTIs (TBC) ...... 12 Table 3: Annual rainfall (mm) in Svay Rieng, 2016 ...... 34 Table 4: Air quality, Battambang town ...... 36 Table 5: Average Annual (mm) Rainfall in Battambang, 2016 ...... 36 Table 6: Average Annual Rainfall in Siem Reap, 2016 ...... 38 Table 7: Annual Rainfall in Phnom Penh, 2016 ...... 40 Table 8: Some environment related issues brought up in consultation meetings ...... 50 Table 9: Grievance form ...... 57 Table 10: EMP Matrix ...... 65 Table 11: Job description of the National Environmental Specialist ...... 70 Table 12: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Requirements ...... 71

Figures:

Figure 1: Location map of RPITSTSR (RTC of Svay Rieng) ...... 14 Figure 2: Existing master plan of RTC Svay Rieng ...... 14 Figure 3: Proposed master plan for RTC Svay Rieng ...... 15 Figure 4: Current state of Workshop A (right) and Building D (left) ...... 15 Figure 5: Workshop C that will be demolished and replaced by new 5 story dormitory building .16 Figure 6: Open-air auto mechanics shop (front) and Building B (behind)...... 16 Figure 7: Campus ground needs improved pavement and more greenery ...... 16 Figure 8: Electricity class going on in current Workshop C ...... 16 Figure 9: Location map of Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT), with proposed new buildings...... 18 Figure 10: Entrance of BIT, Battambang ...... 18 Figure 11: Planning meeting at BIT ...... 18 Figure 12: Old rain water harvesting systems that are not in use...... 18 Figure 13: Current male dormitory...... 18 Figure 15: Spacious area with proposed locations of electricity and construction workshop on right ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 14: Solar panel for nighttime lighting ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 16: Master plan of Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT) – with proposed new buildings...... 18 Figure 17: Location map of NPIA, with proposed new buildings by S4C ...... 20 Figure 18: Master Plan of NPIA ...... 21 Figure 19: Architecture Plan of National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor (NPIA) ...... 22 Figure 20: Current NPIA Premises ...... 22 Figure 21: TRTA and NPIA team at NPIA Premises ...... 22 Figure 22: Current NPIA Premises ...... 23 Figure 23: Current NPIA Premises ...... 23 Figure 24: New location of NPIA ...... 23 Figure 25: New location of NPIA ...... 23 Figure 26: Location map of TVET Park, Phnom Penh, with new proposed buildings ...... 25 Figure 27: Master plan of TVET Park – with new proposed buildings (white blocks) ...... 26 Figure 28: TVET park area ...... 27 Figure 29: TVET park area ...... 27 Figure 30: TVET park area ...... 27 Figure 31:Current class room ...... 27 Figure 32: Example of building with open ground floor (recommended by environmental authorities as “environmentally friendly”) ...... 28 Figure 33: Improved solid waste management needed everywhere ...... 28 Figure 34: Overview of campus area ...... 28 Figure 35: Main pond needing improvement (cleaning, embankment etc.) ...... 28 Figure 36: Current state of waste management...... 29 Figure 37: Main pond needing improvement ...... 29

Figure 38: Current state of waste management...... 29 Figure 39: “Overgrown” pond on the compound of PPI, at the location of new industry building (residential areas in the background are outside campus) ...... 29 Figure 40: Location map of ITC, Phnom Penh – with proposed new buildings ...... 30 Figure 41: Master Plan of ITC – with new proposed buildings ...... 31 Figure 42 : New building is proposed to be built in this location, in which case one or two big old trees need to be cut ...... 31 Figure 43: Current building with open ground floor ...... 31 Figure 44: Planning meeting with ICT management ...... 32 Figure 45: This building is proposed to be renovated; the middle part to be demolished and rebuilt (that kind of structure has proved to become excessively hot in Cambodian conditions) 32 Figure 46: Annual Rainfall (mm) in Svay Rieng, 2016 ...... 34 Figure 47: Average annual rainfall (mm) in Battambang, 2016 ...... 37 Figure 48: Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in Siem Reap, 2016 ...... 39 Figure 49: Annual rainfall (mm) in Phnom Penh, 2016 ...... 41 Figure 50: Grievance Redress Mechanism Process ...... 57

Annexes:

Annex 1: Attendance lists for consultation meetings

A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This document is an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) prepared for the Skills for Competitiveness Project. The structure and contents of this document are based on Asian Development Bank’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS).1

2. The proposed Skills for Competitiveness project will support the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) policy of higher-level skills development in order to respond to labor force demands of the industrial development. The outputs of the project will be i) Quality and relevance of post-secondary technical education improved; ii) Work Based Learning (WBL) with industry partnerships promoted; and iii) Innovative Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) financing mechanisms expanded.

3. In particular, the project will enhance the skills and competitiveness of the labor force in Cambodia’s industrial sector. Besides upgrading the relevance and quality of existing TVET programs, the proposed project will support priority domestic and export industries to meet the identified skills gap and develop vocational and technical education through increased public- private partnerships. In particular, Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones that that have been established to attract foreign investments will be target areas of the new project.

4. The project is aligned with the following impact: Cambodia’s industrial structure is modernized and transformed from labor-intensive to skills-driven by 2025. The project will have the following outcome: skills and competitiveness of men and women in the industrial labor force improved.

5. The proposed Skills for Competitiveness project will strengthen cooperation between educational institutions and industries. The project will focus on four priority industrial sectors: Construction, Electronics, Electrics and Manufacturing.

6. The following institutes have been selected and approved by ADB to be targeted by the project: (i) National Technical Training Institute (NTTI) for TVET Park, (ii) Regional Polytechnic Institute Techo Sen Svay Rieng (RPITSSR), (iii) Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT), (iv) National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor (NPIA), and (v) Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC).

7. Each technical training institute (TTI) identified priority sectors for diploma programs to be delivered based on local market needs. The project will help transform selected TTIs into leading centers to produce high quality technicians with advanced industry- relevant skills who are responsive to changing needs in industry.

8. The Skills for Competitiveness Project will focus on enhancement of post-secondary, diploma level (technician) training, highlighting important linkages with key selected industries in the selected institutions. The expected outcome of the Project will be improved skills and competitiveness of men and women in the industrial labor force.

1 ADB Safeguards Policy Statement 2009. 2

9. The outputs of the project will be:

Output 1: Quality and relevance of post-secondary technical vocational education and training improved. Output 2: WBL with industry partnerships promoted. Output 3: Innovative TVET financing mechanisms expanded.

10. Project Civil Works. Project supported civil works will take place under Output 1, which will improve access, quality, and industry relevance of five selected TTIs by (i) upgrading 16 new training facilities (workshops, laboratories, classrooms, and dormitories) within five TTI campuses with gender sensitive and universal access design (separate dormitory floors and toilets for women and men; accessible design features for disabled students); (ii) providing advanced, industry-grade training equipment; (iii) upgrading diploma level competency-based curriculum and trainers capacity in partnership with industry; and (iv) providing merit-based stipend to selected diploma students. The five TTIs as change agents, were selected through series of consultation with industries and the government considering priority regions (economic corridor) and capacity assessment of TTIs. Each selected TTI has identified its priority programs based on current and future local market needs and committed to achieve agreed key performance indicators at institute level to sustain the project outputs.

11. In all of the institutes, the major physical works will include construction of new buildings or renovating existing buildings for classroom purposes, workshops for training purposes (e.g., electricity or construction workshops), or accommodation purposes (dormitories for both male and female students as well as teachers). The proposed improvements also include arranging/improving some drainage and sewerage, as well as other improvements such as pavements, tree planting, and solid waste management associated with the new buildings. All the construction will take place within the Institutes’ compounds on government-owned land, owned either by Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training (MLVT) or of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS, for the ITC).

12. Environmental requirements. The project follows both RGC regulations and ADB policy. The national Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment (1999) states that when the height of building is higher than 12m or the building ground floor area is more than 8,000m2, there is a need to carry out an initial environmental assessment (IEIA). Consultations are being carried out with Ministry of Environment (MoE) to confirm approval requirements for each of the five institutes.

13. None of the buildings exceed ground floor area of 8000 m2. The heights of new buildings vary between 9 m and 30 m. In each institute some of the proposed new buildings exceed 12 m height: two buildings of regional training center (Svay Rieng), three buildings of BIT (Battambang), two buildings of NPIA (Siem Reap), three buildings of TVET park (Phnom Penh) and two buildings of ITC (Phnom Penh).

14. The project is classified as environment Category B in accordance with ADB SPS 2009, an IEE and EMP have been prepared covering civil works at TTIs proposed through Output 1. MLVT and ITC/MoEYS are coordinating with Ministry of Environment (MOE) to confirm approvals needed which will be integrated in procurement milestones.

15. The IEE has examined the potential adverse environmental impacts of proposed project outputs and identifies mitigation measures to minimise impacts to acceptable levels and maximize beneficial impacts to the extent possible.

16. The adverse environmental impacts of the project will mainly be temporary disturbance impacts (noise, air quality, access, additional traffic, community and occupational health and safety risks, solid waste and wastewater disposal) experienced by the students and staff of the institutes during construction. People living in the vicinity of the TTIs are also expected to experience impact from construction traffic, dust and noise unless effectively managed. Both the ITC and the TVET park are located in a densely populated and busy urban area of Phnom Penh, with ongoing construction activities. Transportation of construction materials to the TTI areas will take place along existing urban roads with heavy traffic and will have to be planned to avoid busiest periods. The selected TTI in Svay Rieng is also located in a busy urban area. The BIT in Battambang is located in a semi-urban area 0,5 km from a disused airport and along the National Highway 5. The NPIA in Siem Reap is planned to be relocated from its current location in the city into an area 7km outside the town which is already under development as part of the ADB TVET project. The neighboring area is allocated for residential development but is currently mainly used for agriculture or remains unused. There are currently no adjoining communities to be affected by any impacts from the campus construction and the location is not within the Angkor Protected Landscape–the area has been transferred from APSARA Authority to MLVT by a letter dated 17 August 2015. Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) clearance has already been obtained.

17. Anticipated impacts as identified in the IEE are mainly related to the demolition of old buildings as well as construction of classroom/workshop and dormitory buildings. They can be reduced to an acceptable level through effective implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures and good pre-construction and construction site management practices as identified in the EMP. MLVT confirmed that they will adopt MoEYS Quality Control Guidelines for School Building Construction (July 2012) wherever applicable, in particular Section II, environment and safety security and Section III, site preparation.

18. The IEE and EMP will be disclosed on ADB website prior to board approval and will be updated following detailed engineering design. The loan implementation consulting services will include recruitment of a national environment specialist who will monitor and report on compliance with ADB environmental requirements during implementation and provide technical support to the PMU. The PMU and PIUs will designate counterpart safeguards staff who will monitor compliance of the contractor with EMP, relevant regulations of the government, and ADB requirements policies.

19. After construction phase, beneficial impacts are expected as trainees will have better access to new equipment and facilities. 4

B. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

1. Cambodian Environmental Law and Sub-decree on EIA

20. The primary legislation for environmental assessment in Cambodia is the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (December 1996), further guidance is provided in the Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment.2

21. Article 6 of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management states that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) shall be prepared for every project and activity, private or public, and shall be reviewed and evaluated by the Ministry of Environment or its provincial departments before being submitted to the RGC for approval. General provisions for each EIA, the institutional responsibilities, and requirements for EIA procedures and conditions for approvals are covered in the Sub-decree. An Initial Environmental Impact Assessment (IEIA) is prepared for most projects. The IEIA may either suffice for environmental clearance or form the basis for a more substantial EIA. The required scope and format of the IEIA resembles that of the IEE required under ADB requirements.

22. Under the Sub-decree, the MoE is responsible for review of IEIAs and EIAs and to collaborate with the line ministries. The MoE has the authority to approve or reject a project. The Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC) has overall jurisdiction over projects and has the power to comment and require amendments or additions to IEIAs and EIAs. The MoE has further responsibility in the monitoring of project implementation. The MoE implements these responsibilities through its Department of Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring. Besides the MoE, other ministries with responsibility for the project have the right to examine and approve projects, following MoE review.

23. Article 1 of the Sub-decree states that public participation is to be encouraged in the implementation of the IEIA process so that the conceptual inputs and suggestions of the public are to be taken into account for consideration prior to the implementation of any project.

24. Sub-decree on EIA Processes3 lists what projects require an initial EIA (IEIA) or EIA submitted by public or private project owners to the MoE for review. Under the Sub-Decree on EIA (1999) is required when the height of building is higher than 12m or the area is more than 8,000m2, there is a need to carry out IEIA. MLVT have submitted drawings to MoE and will request confirmation if any of the project buildings are subject to MoE approvals.

2. Other Cambodian Environmental Regulations

a. Sub-Decree on Air Pollution and Noise Disturbance Control

25. The sub-decree on the Control of Air Pollution and Noise Disturbance4 aims to protect the environment quality and public health against air pollutants and noise pollution through monitoring, prevention and mitigation activities. For dust control, there should be no visible emissions from stockpiles of materials, crushers or batching plants. At sensitive receptors a

2 Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment No. 72.ANRK.BK of August 1999. 3 Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment, No. 72.ANRK.BK of August 1999, Government of Cambodia. 4 Sub-Decree on Control of Air Pollution and Noise Disturbance, N0 42 ANRK.BK, 10 July 2000.

5 standard of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) < 0.33 mg/m3 24-hour average should be met.5 All vehicles should be well maintained and comply with the air quality regulations.

26. The regulation stipulates maximum permitted noise levels in residential and public areas as following: 75 dB between 6 am and 6 pm, 70 dB between 6 pm and 10 pm and 50 dB between 10 pm and 6 am.6 This project adopts noise level standards as set out in World Health Organisation (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines (2005): one-hour noise at daytime <55 dBA and nighttime 45 dBA, which are more stringent than the national standards.

Table 1: Noise level guidelines of IFC

Source: IFC Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines, 2007 (from Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO)

27. For noise level standards relevant to this project are: one-hour noise at daytime < 55 dBA and nighttime 45 dBA.

28. There is no standard for vibration in Cambodia. The following standard is recommended: the vibration levels at any vibration sensitive property or location should be less than 1mm/second peak particle velocity (ppv). The level of 1mm/second ppv is derived from the US Bureau of Mines publications for avoidance of damage and the United Kingdom Greater London Council (GLC) standard for avoidance of nuisance. The General EHS Guidelines mentions but does not recommend a limit value for vibration.

b. Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control

29. The purpose of the sub-decree on water pollution control7 is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce the water pollution of public water bodies so that the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity can be ensured. It also applies to all sources of pollution and all activities causing pollution of public water areas. Additionally, also gives the pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas.

5 The World Health Organization guideline (2005) for 24 h is 50 µg/m3 for PM10 and 25 µg/m3 for PM2,5. 6 The IFC EHS guidelines give stricter noise level standards for community noise (at daytime < 55 dBA and nighttime 45 dBA). 7 Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control, No. 27 ANRK.BK issued 6 April 1999. 6

30. As a minimum, all discharges of liquid wastes from construction camps, work sites or operations, to streams or water courses should be: biological oxygen demand (BOD) < 50mg/L; Turbidity <5 NTU; SS <50 mg/L; Temperature <45°C; pH = 6-9; Oil & Grease <5 mg/L and Dissolved Oxygen >4 mg/L.

31. There is no legal standard for performance of septic tanks, but they should be checked for correct operation to avoid smell, overflowing and surface water logging.

c. Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management

32. Under the Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management,8 Article 7 “the disposal of waste in public sites or anywhere that is not allowed by authorities shall be strictly prohibited”. There are no quantitative parameters given but good sensible practice is expected. Such practices would include:

• All general waste and food waste should be removed to a government approved landfill. • All demolition waste must be removed to a government approved location. • All waste oils and greases should be removed by a registered subcontractor. The final destination should be established.

33. Failure to employ sensible precautions may cause sanitation problems to workers living in camps and may result in prosecution.

34. There is no specific regulation for hazardous substances in Cambodia. This aspect is covered in the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control Annex 1 and Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, which give details of classifications of what are defined as hazardous substances. Any hazardous substances must be stored correctly and only disposed in a manner approved by the MoE.

d. Law on Protected Areas

35. Cambodia has a network of 12 national parks, 18 wildlife sanctuaries, 47 natural protected areas, and 3 biodiversity conservation corridors as well as multiple-use areas (such as Tonle Sap), that are protected and managed through the MoE and/or Forest Administration. Protected Areas are sites, which are protected by Royal Decrees, Laws and Regulations. Such mandatory stipulations are promulgated in Khmer language. When translated, the Khmer version takes precedence over the translated version.

36. The Protected Area Law9 defines the protected areas10 as:

8 Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, No. 36 ANRK.BK 1999. 9 Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007), 2008 10 National Parks (IUCN category II) – Natural and scenic area of significance for their scientific, educational and recreational values. Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN category IV) – Natural area where nationally significant species of flora or fauna, natural communities, or physical features require specific intervention for their perpetuation. Protected Landscapes (IUCN category V) – Nationally significant natural and semi-natural landscapes that must be maintained to provide opportunities for recreation. Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN category VIII) – Areas that provide for the sustainable use of water resources, timber, wildlife, fish, pasture, and recreation with the conservation of nature primarily oriented to support these economic

(i) national parks (ii) wildlife sanctuaries (iii) protected landscapes (iv) multiple use areas (v) Ramsar sites (vi) biosphere reserves (vii) natural heritage sites and (viii) marine parks

e. Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage

37. The purpose of the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage (1996) is to protect national cultural heritage and cultural property against illegal destruction, modification, alteration, excavation, alienation, exportation or importation. The national cultural heritage comprises cultural property created or discovered on national territory, and shall apply to movable and immovable cultural property, whether publicly or privately owned whose protection in the public interest.

38. Cultural property is considered to be any work produced by human agency and any natural phenomenon of a scientific, historic, artistic or religious nature which bears witness to a certain stage in the development of a civilization or of the natural world and whose protection is in the public interest. Protected sites containing archaeological reserves or other sites of archaeological, anthropological or historic interest may be established. APSARA is the National Authority for the protection of Angkor and Siem Reap. This authority is in charge of research, protection, and conservation of archaeological sites and urban and tourist development in Siem Reap. At NPIA site, the APSARA Authority has confirmed transferring of the land plot from APSARA Authority to MLVT (letter dated 17 August 2015).

f. Labour Law

39. Labour law governs relations between employers and workers resulting from employment contracts to be performed within Cambodia.11 The key sections relevant to this project include:

• Chapter VIII Health and Safety of Worker. The key provisions relate to the quality of the premises; cleaning and hygiene; lodging of personnel, if applicable (such as workers camp); ventilation and sanitation; individual protective instruments and work clothes; lighting and noise levels in the workplace. • Article 230: Work places must guarantee the safety of workers. However, the only specific occupational health and safety Prakas relates to the garment industry and brick manufacture, and Chapter IX work-related accidents Article 248: All occupational illness, as defined by law, shall be considered a work-related accident. The law sets out how accidents should be managed in terms of compensation.

activities. The Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area was nominated as Cambodia’s first Biosphere Reserve in 1997. The Boeung Chmar portion of Tonle Sap Multiple-Use Area (28,000 ha) is designated as a Ramsar site. Ramsar Sites – There are two sites in the IUCN categories IV and VIII above and one site in the middle stretches of the Mekong River between Stung Treng and the border with Laos. 11 Labour Law (1997) Decree No. CS/RKM/0397/01.

g. MoEYS Quality Control Guidelines for School Buildings

40. MoEYS has developed quality control guidelines12 for school building construction in order to provide guidance to the Ministry’s Construction Department, Municipal and Provincial Offices, school building contractors, engineers, school principals and school support committees for designing, planning, implementation and monitoring of school construction in Cambodia, and to make school facilities safe environments for learning and teaching.

41. The guidelines include aspects of environment and safety security as well as specification and performance requirements. The Skills for Competitiveness Project has agreed to follow the environment and safety guidance of the MoEYS Quality Control Guideline for School Building Construction (July, 2012), in relation to the following aspects:

• Protection of Environment, • labor standards, • Protection of Water Resources • Asbestos Management, • Noise and Dust • Disturbance, • Unexploded Ordnance (UXO), • Protection of Historical and Cultural Resource • Clean Water and Sanitation Facilities • Monitoring, Supervision and Reporting

3. ADB Environmental Assessment Requirements

42. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) is an operational policy which seeks to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts. Safeguard requirements for all projects funded by ADB are defined in SPS,13 which establishes a safeguards review process to ensure that projects undertaken as part of programs funded through ADB loans are environmentally sound; are designed to operate in compliance with applicable national and international regulatory requirements; and are not likely to cause significant environmental, health, or safety hazards. SPS is underpinned by the ADB Operations Manual for the Safeguards Policy Statement (OM Section F1/BP 1 October 2013).

43. The policy also promotes adoption of international good practice as reflected in the IFC EHS Guidelines (IFC is part of the World Bank Group)14.

44. All ADB-financed projects must undergo environmental assessment, with environmental management plans prepared to avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts when avoidance is not possible, and help borrowers/clients to manage environmental and social risks.

12 MoEYS Quality Control Guidelines for School Building Construction, 2012. 13 ADB Safeguards Policy Statement 2009. 14 IFC Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines, (World Bank Group, 2007). https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/sustainability-at-ifc/policies- standards/ehs-guidelines

45. All ADB projects are screened and classified. Projects are classified as environment Category A, if impacts are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented, a full EIA and EMP is required. Category B applies if environmental impacts are site specific, less adverse than those of Category A and an IEE and EMP is required. Category C applies to projects likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts, an EIA/IEE is not required, however, a review of environmental implications is required. As the sub-project locations involve existing facilities, the environmental assessment of the project needs to include the potential environmental risks to those. The proposed project is classified as Category B.

4. IFC Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines

46. The IFC EHS guidelines include relevant construction related guidance and standards for noise and vibration, soil erosion, air quality, solid waste, hazardous materials, wastewater discharges and contaminated land as well as occupational health and safety and general community site hazards and traffic safety. SPS requires that ADB projects apply pollution prevention measures and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practice, as reflected in the World Bank Group Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines, and that when regulation levels differ, which is more stringent will be adopted. The EHS Guidelines provided a framework for developing mitigation and monitoring measures in the EMPs.

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Overview

47. The Skills for Competitiveness Project will support the RGC policies of higher-level skills development in order to respond to labor force demands of the industrial development.

48. The proposed Skills for Competitiveness Project will strengthen cooperation between educational institutions and industries. The project will focus on four priority industrial sectors: a. Construction b. Electronics c. Electrics d. Manufacturing

49. The following institutes have been selected and approved by ADB to be targeted by the project: (i) National Technical Training Institute (NTTI) for TVET Park, (ii) Regional Polytechnic Institute Techo Sen Svay Rieng (RPITSSR), (iii) Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT), (iv) National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor (NPIA), and (v) Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC).

50. Each TTI identified priority sectors for diploma programs to be delivered based on local market needs. The project will help transform selected TTIs into leading centers to produce high quality technicians with advanced industry- relevant skills who are responsive to changing needs in industry.

51. The Skills for Competitiveness Project will focus on enhancement of post-secondary, diploma level (technician) training, highlighting important linkages with key selected industries in the selected institutions. The expected outcome of the Project will be improved skills and competitiveness of men and women in the industrial labor force.

52. The outputs of the project will be i) Quality and relevance of post-secondary technical education improved; ii) WBL with industry partnerships promoted; and iii) Innovative TVET financing mechanisms expanded.

53. Output 1: Quality and relevance of post-secondary technical vocational education and training improved. Industry-responsive skills development programs in post-secondary TVET level will be delivered by the five selected TTIs. The project will produce at least 18,000 qualified technicians (of which 28% women) with higher employability and advanced technical skills in four priority sectors—manufacturing (focusing on machining, mechatronics and agro- processing), construction, electricity, and electronics. The project will engage a regional education institute to provide technical assistance and expertise for establishing long-term institutional partnerships between regional education institute and MLVT and TTIs. Output 1 will improve access, quality, and industry relevance of five selected TTIs by (i) upgrading 16 new training facilities (workshops, laboratories, classrooms, and dormitories) with gender sensitive and energy saving design features (separate dormitory floors and toilets for women and men; accessible design features for disabled students); (ii) providing advanced, industry-grade training equipment; (iii) upgrading diploma level competency-based curriculum and trainers capacity in partnership with industry; and (iv) providing merit-based stipend to selected diploma students. The five TTIs 11 as change agents, were selected through series of consultation with industries and the government considering priority regions (economic corridor) and capacity assessment of TTIs. Each selected TTI has identified its priority programs based on current and future local market needs and committed to achieve agreed key performance indicators at institute level to sustain the project outputs. Graduates from these TTIs, who learn advanced and industry-relevant skills, are expected to play important roles for increasing labor productivity and its competitiveness. The environmental assessment is in relation to the civil works proposed to upgrade facilities at selected TTIs.

54. Output 2: WBL with industry partnership promoted. Output 2 will provide upskilling and reskilling opportunities for the current workforce to address skills gaps and skills shortage in industries. It will promote WBL programs by developing the capacity of the selected five TTIs to liaise with industries to provide training opportunities for existing workers. The project will help identify training needs, develop needs responsive training, and deliver skills upgrading programs effectively. WBL programs will also meet a continuing demand from industries to train workers’ soft-skills such as team work and communication. At least 100 TTI staff (30% female) from the selected TTIs will be trained to implement at least 18 WBL programs in partnership with industries and develop at least 20 WBL proposals to enable access to SDF (Output 3). ADB, through Agence Française de Développement (AFD) cofinancing, will engage the Cambodian Federation of Employers and Business Association (CAMFEBA) to operationalize SSC and strengthen industry participation in the project, which includes providing advice to MLVT, MEF, and TTIs on future industry and market trend and technical expertise to MEF to evaluate proposals submitted to SDF.

55. Output 3: Innovative TVET financing mechanisms expanded. Output 3 will expand the SDF, which is currently piloted by Department of Macroeconomicy and Fiscal Policy (DMFP)/MEF. The government has allocated $5 million from national budget to pilot the SDF with ADB’s technical assistance on establishing the governance structure and operational mechanism, and financial management. The SDF pilot mechanism is summarized in the Project Administration Manual (PAM) and SDF financial management manual. The project will provide capacity building to DMFP/MEF to manage SDF mechanism effectively and to produce several knowledge products, which include policy recommendations on establishment of sustainable SDF agency and value chain studies, by mobilizing additional consultants. ADB will provide funds to the DMFP/MEF in the amount of $7 million to be added to the pilot SDF which is expected to be turned into a permanent SDF once the SDF is duly established by the relevant regulations (decrees or sub-decrees) promulgated by the government in 2024 or afterwards. It will add value to build credibility of the pilot SDF and convince industry about the benefits and effectiveness of innovative financing model. Such funding will provide training opportunities to at least 3,500 persons in the labor force (of which at least 25% are female).

2. Project Civil Works

56. Project supported civil works will take place under Output 1. The TTIs have identified requirements for upgrading or establishment of additional facilities in accordance to the preferred priority sectors. These include laboratories, workshops and classrooms, administrative offices, common institutional facilities, and dormitories for men, women and teachers as means to attract and/or retain trainees and staff. Civil works requirements per TTI in terms of classrooms, laboratories, workshops, administrative and management space and dormitories are listed in Table 2 and described in more detail below. The civil works assessment has confirmed that the buildings to be demolished do not have asbestos containing materials.

57. In all of the institutes, the major physical works will include construction of new buildings or renovating existing buildings for classroom purposes, workshops for training purposes (e.g., electricity or construction workshops), or accommodation purposes (dormitories for both male and female students as well as teachers).

58. The proposed improvements also include infrastructure associated with each building, mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems including septic tank. Soft and hard landscaping and security lighting associated with each building will be improved. The project National Environment Specialist will support TTIs to improve waste management strategies. Security lighting with solar panel has been recommended. Each building will allocate a space for storage and segregation of solid waste.

59. All the construction will take place within the Institutes’ current compounds on Government-owned land, owned either by MLVT or MoEYS (for the ITC).

Table 2: Summary of civil works in the five TTIs (TBC)

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

RPITSSR New 5-storey classroom New 2-story New 5-story dormitory Mechanical, (RTC), Svay building (45m x 10m), workshop building building (32m x 16m), electrical and Rieng approximate height 23 for manufacturing, appr. height 23 m plumbing (MEP) m electrics and System including electronics (38m x septic tank 16m), height 11,8 m Rehabilitation of 1-storey school admin building (46m*10m), approximate height 9 m

BIT, Two new 4-story Rehabilitation of New 4-story dormitory MEP system Battambang classroom buildings workshop for building (56m x 10m), including septic (45m x 10m each), construction, approximate height 19 tank approximate height 19 approximate height m m 9 m

Rehabilitation of workshop for electricity, appr. height 9 m

NPIA, Siem New 3-story classroom New mezzanine New 3-story male MEP System Reap building (47m x 14m), story workshop dormitory (28/27m x including septic approximate height 19 (16m x 20m) for 10m), approximate tank m construction, height 17 m approximate height 3-story classroom 13 m building (54/28m x 19m)

NTTI/TVET Two new 4-story Two new New 3-story dormitory MEP system Park, Phnom classroom buildings workshops (16m x (90m x 12m), including septic Penh (80m x 12m), tank 13

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

approximate height 20 35m), approximate approximate height 20 m height 9 m m

ITC, Phnom New 7-story knowledge New 3-story Renovation of Penh community center for workshop for glass cladding electricity and construction (28m x auditorium hall manufacturing (48m x 14m), approximate (21m*20m), 21m), approximate height 20 m approximate height 30 m height 25 m

MEP System including septic tank

Source: CAM9423 TRTA Civil Works Assessment Dec. 2018.

b. RPITSTSR (RTC) subproject, Svay Rieng

60. The Regional Polytechnic Institute Techo Sen of Takeo of Svay Rieng (RPITSTSR or RTC) is centrally located in Svay Rieng town. The institute is proposed for ‘electricity & electronics’ and ‘manufacturing’ sector improvements and has requested the project for new/renovated buildings for these two sectors.

61. The land of the institute is owned by MLVT and all improvements will take place within the compound of the institute.

62. It is proposed to replace and renovate existing buildings. As the institute is currently not able to provide accommodation for female students and teachers, a new dormitory building is proposed with different sections for male students, female students and teachers. Figure 1 shows the proposed sites for the new/renovated buildings.

Figure 1: Location map of RPITSTSR (RTC of Svay Rieng)

Figure 2: Existing master plan of RTC Svay Rieng

Workshop

A BuildingB

WorkshopC

Building D

Figure 3: Proposed master plan for RTC Svay Rieng

Figure 4: Current state of Workshop A (right) and Building D (left)

Figure 5: Workshop C that will be Figure 6: Open-air auto mechanics shop demolished and replaced by new 5 story (front) and Building B (behind) dormitory building

Figure 7: Campus ground needs Figure 8: Electricity class going on in improved pavement and more greenery current Workshop C

63. According to the civil works assessment15, the structural condition of workshop A is sound but workshop C is severely deteriorated. Structural condition of building B is still sound, however, the rehabilitation work is required to extend the lifespan of the structure. The most recently built structure is a multi-story building D with two floors of classrooms topped by a floor of separate men’s and women’s dormitories. The structural condition of this building is sound and extensible to two more stories.

64. Summary of the proposed improvements of Svay Rieng is given below:

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

RPITSSR New 5-storey New 2-story New 5-story dormitory Mechanical, (RTC), Svay classroom building workshop building building (32m x 16m), electrical and Rieng (45m x 10m), for manufacturing, appr. height 23 m plumbing (MEP) approximate height 23 electrics and system including m electronics (38m x septic tank 16m), height 11,8 m Rehabilitation of 1- storey school admin building (46m*10m), approximate height 9 m

b. BIT subproject, Battambang

65. The Battambang Institute of Technology is located in Ramchek village, Sangkat Ratanak in Battambang town. The institute is proposed for ‘construction’ and ‘electricity’ sector improvements and has requested the project for new buildings for these two sectors. As the institute is currently providing accommodation for male students only, a female dormitory building is also proposed (see figure 9 for the proposed sites). To attract more female students, the institute shall have a female dormitory, toilets in all buildings (separate female/male) with landscaped area for amenity use.

66. There is plenty of land in the compound – there is a rice field (in small scale use by students and staff), which the institute staff thought could also be used for buildings (later), but as that north-west area of the compound is close (about 0,5 km) to a disused airport, there is a limitation to maximum 1-storey building. The airport has not been used since before the civil war.

67. The new female dormitory is at proposed the northern end of the compound, where there is a pond which will be infilled.

15 Civil Works Assessment Report - Draft, January 2019.

Figure 9: Location map of Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT), with proposed new buildings

Figure 10: Entrance of BIT, Battambang Figure 11: Planning meeting at BIT

Figure 12: Old rain water harvesting Figure 13: Current male dormitory. systems that are not in use.

Figure 14: Solar panel for nighttime Figure 15: Spacious area with proposed lighting locations of electricity and construction workshop on right

Figure 16: Master plan of Battambang Institute of Technology (BIT) – with proposed new buildings

W W or or

Con st Elec t.

68. As a summary, the proposed civil works in BIT, Battambang, are two new classroom buildings, two renovated workshops and a new building for female dormitory.

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

BIT, Two new 4-story Rehabilitation of New 4-story dormitory Mechanical, electrical Battambang classroom buildings workshop for building (56m x 10m), and plumbing (MEP) (45m x 10m each), construction, approximate height System including approximate height 19 approximate 19 m septic tank m height 9 m

Rehabilitation of workshop for electricity, appr. height 9 m 19

69. Old rainwater collection systems that are not in use, shall be demolished (or taken into proper use) to avoid creating breeding places for mosquitos. More nighttime lights with solar panel is recommended for consideration in detailed design stage. Drainage upgrades will also be needed.

c. NPIA subproject, Siem Reap

70. The National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor (NPIA) is currently operating from temporarily rented premises in Siem Reap town but will shift its activities in a new area 7 km from town to a new compound. The new location is in Preak Kouy Village, Ampil Commune, Prasat Bakoung District, Siem Reap Province, and the land area is owned by MLVT. The area surrounding the compound is government property belonging to APSARA Authority and is currently not used for any purpose. The NPIA compound area has been transferred from APSARA Authority to MLVT by a letter dated 17 August 2015. The UXO clearance has already been undertaken.

71. Due to the nature of the area (‘tourism zone’, but not ASPARA zone), no buildings higher than four floors shall be constructed in the location. The NPIA compound is already under construction, a 3-floor classroom building is being built by the government, a Center of Excellence building, automotive workshop building, 2 floor classroom building, 2 floor dormitory and women’s mentoring center is being built under ADB-financed TVET sector development program.,

72. The new buildings under Skills for Competitiveness Project will be for Construction and Electricity sector as well as for a male dormitory (see figure 17 and 19 for the sites).

Figure 17: Location map of NPIA, with proposed new buildings by S4C

Figure 18: Master Plan of NPIA

1. Exhibited by student 2. Workshop for Automotive maintenance 3. Administration and Office building 4. Training Building 5. Training Building 6. Field for respecting the flag 7. Training Building 8. Female Dormitory 9. Male Dormitory 10. Workshop for construction 11. Workshop for electricity and electronic 12. Field for Agronomy practices 13. Field for construction practices 14. Sport training building 15. Football Field 16. Basketball Field 22

Figure 19: Architecture Plan of National Polytechnic Institute of Angkor (NPIA) (The large blue arrows are pointing out proposed S4C buildings; smaller arrow is pointing out the female dormitory, which is already under construction)

Figure 20: Current NPIA Premises Figure 21: TRTA and NPIA team at NPIA Premises

Figure 22: Current NPIA Premises Figure 23: Current NPIA Premises

Figure 24: New location of NPIA Figure 25: New location of NPIA

73. The proposed Skills for Competitiveness Project work at NPIA compound is summarized in the following table:

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

NPIA, Siem New 3-story New mezzanine New 3-story male Mechanical, Reap classroom building story workshop dormitory (28/27m x electrical and (47m x 14m), (16m x 20m) for 10m), approximate plumbing (MEP) approximate height 19 construction, height 17 m system including m approximate septic tank height 13 m 3-story classroom building (54/28m x 19m)

74. The institute is connected to the municipal water supply system (Anchor line) and will be connected to the waste water system.

d. TVET Park subproject, Phnom Penh

75. The TVET park is located in Phnom Penh within densely populated city area (see figure 26). TVET park consists of four technical institutes:

• National Technical Training Institute, (NTTI) • Industrial Technical Institute (ITI) • Cambodia-India Entrepreneurship Development Institute (CIEDI) • Presh Kossomak Polytechnic Institute (PPI)

76. All of the four institutes were contacted during the environmental assessment process and they all separately expressed their priorities. One common request by all institutes was the dormitories, as currently none of them could provide accommodation for the students.

Figure 26: Location map of TVET Park, Phnom Penh, with new proposed buildings

Figure 27: Master plan of TVET Park – with new proposed buildings (white blocks)

77. The proposed civil works of the TVET park are summarized in the following table:

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

NTTI/TVET Two new 4-story Two new New 4-story dormitory Mechanical, electrical Park, Phnom classroom buildings workshops (16m x building (56m x 10m), and plumbing (MEP) Penh (80m x 12m), 35m), approximate height system including approximate height 20 approximate 19 m septic tank m height 9 m

Figure 28: TVET park area Figure 29: TVET park area

Figure 30: TVET park area Figure 31:Current class room

Figure 32: Example of building with open Figure 33: Improved solid waste ground floor (recommended by management needed everywhere environmental authorities as “environmentally friendly”)

Figure 34: Overview of campus area Figure 35: Main pond needing improvement (cleaning, embankment etc.)

Figure 36: Current state of waste Figure 37: Main pond needing management improvement

Figure 38: Current state of waste Figure 39: “Overgrown” pond on the management compound of PPI, at the location of new industry building (residential areas in the background are outside campus)

e. ITC Subproject, Phnom Penh

78. The Institute of Technology Cambodia is located within Phnom Penh city area, in a densely populated area. There will be two new buildings to be constructed and one existing building to be renovated. The building to be renovated has glass cladding (see figure 45) which will be demolished and rebuilt (the glass structure makes the building too warm).

79. The campus has landscaped areas of amenity value with mature trees. At the location that is proposed for the new 7-storey knowledge community center for construction and manufacturing building (K center), two mature trees need to be cut, which cannot be avoided; choosing other locations would require more tree cutting. As a conservation measure, new trees shall be planted.

80. In addition to the K center, the proposed improvements include construction of a 3-storey construction workshop and renovation of the glass cladding auditorium halls (round) at the existing 4-storey building.

Figure 40: Location map of ITC, Phnom Penh – with proposed new buildings

Figure 41: Master Plan of ITC – with new proposed buildings

Figure 42 : New building is proposed to Figure 43: Current building with open be built in this location, in which case ground floor one or two big old trees need to be cut

Figure 44: Planning meeting with ICT Figure 45: This building is proposed to management be renovated; the middle part to be demolished and rebuilt (that kind of structure has proved to become excessively hot in Cambodian conditions)

81. The proposed civil works include two new buildings and renovation of the auditorium:

Location Classrooms Workshop and Dormitories Other Laboratory

ITC, Phnom New 7-story New 3-story Renovation of glass Penh knowledge community workshop for cladding auditorium center for electricity construction (28m hall (21m*20m), and manufacturing x 14m), approximate height (48m x 21m), approximate 25 m approximate height 30 height 20 m m Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) system including septic tank

82. The project area is within the ITC compound only in Phnom Penh, outside the compound areas mostly residential areas and institutions.

D. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT––PHYSICAL AND ECOLOGICAL

83. The following chapters describe the physical and ecological environment in the five project locations (five TTIs), where civil works will take place.

84. The locations include RPITSTSR campus in Svay Rieng, BIT campus in Battambang, NPIA campus in Siem Reap, TVET Park in Phnom Penh and ITC campus in Phnom Penh.

1. Environment of RPITSTSR subproject, Svay Rieng

c. Description of the area

85. The Regional Polytechnic Institute Techo Sen of Takeo of Svay Rieng (RPITSTSR or RTC) is centrally located in Svay Rieng town. There are no residential houses in the same block with the campus, but the closest ones across the nearby streets are approximately 50 m away from the proposed new buildings.

d. Geography/topography

86. The local geology of project area consists of sedimentary layers of recent origin and shallow depressions that hold swamps or wetlands. Cross-bedded alternate layers of sand, fine sand and silt are typical. Sandy soils tend to predominate and increase as one moves northward through the province.

87. The RPITSSVR compound is located in Mephleung Village, Sangkat Svay Rieng, Svay Rieng Town, Svay Rieng Province. The southern area of Svay Rieng province is located with little elevation differential from that of the lower Mekong delta. Surface elevation in the area of Svay Rieng town is about 8 meters above sea level (masl). Groundwater elevation could be expected to be high in the area, and responsible for generally waterlogged conditions found in otherwise sandy and porous soils. There are no natural hazards such as steep slopes and unstable soils within the confines of the TTI property or along distribution line routes that would affect success of the project.

88. The RPITSSVR compound has not experienced flooding in the past, but the drainage system is old and the climate change predictions forecast more intense flooding for all provinces in Cambodia.

e. Air quality and noise in Svay Rieng

89. Based on the field visit of environmental safeguards team, the air quality is good and noise level low; the project area has no industrial/commercial noise sources.

90. Air quality within the RPTISSVR compound and nearby areas seems good. The potential sources of air pollution are dust generation from unpaved roads, construction works and exhaust pollution from traffic, in particular from vehicle emissions and trucks transporting material to the city. Dust problem occurs especially during the dry season.

f. Surface water quality

91. RPTISSVR is located in Svay Rieng town about 500 m east of Waiko River. The Waiko River courses through Svay Rieng town, which is dammed to form broad and shallow lakes within 34 the town area. Naturally flooded wetlands are found downstream of the main weir. Flooding occurs during wet periods on rice fields adjacent to drainage channels due to flat drainage gradients found in the area. River water is used for irrigation.

g. Current climate and climate change projections in Svay Rieng

92. Cambodia, has a tropical monsoon climate characterized by two major seasons. This two seasons are wet and dry season. The monsoon (wet season) occurs from May to October with heavy rains, strong wind and moisture that accounts for anywhere between 80 – 90% of the annual precipitation of country. From November to April is the dry season with cooler temperatures, particularly between November to January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country and are highest (26–40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins.

93. Total annual rainfall in Svay Rieng province in year 2016 is highest in the month of July and lowest from August to December. Table 3 indicates the total annual rainfall in 2016 for Svay Rieng station located in front of the TTI compound (at the Provincial Department of the Water Resources and Meteorology.

Table 3: Annual rainfall (mm) in Svay Rieng, 2016

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Total 6.0 15.2 0.0 33.7 46.7 126.3 204.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Max 6.0 15.2 0.0 22.5 30.2 53.2 38.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 No. of Raining 1 1 0 5 5 10 17 0 0 0 0 0 days Source: MOWRAM, 2016

Figure 46: Annual Rainfall (mm) in Svay Rieng, 2016

Annual Rainfall in Svay Rieng, 2016

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0 Total Max No. of Raining days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 35

Climate change projections in Svay Rieng

94. The main and most relevant climate related risk in Svay Rieng, as in all Cambodia, is the flood risk due to increased frequency of extreme rain, appropriate drainage provision is needed.

95. Also, other extreme weather conditions can be expected. Mean annual temperatures are expected to rise across the country by 0.7–2.7 0C by the year 2060 and 1.4–4.3 0C by the year 2090.16

h. Ground water quality

96. Based on a survey on ground water in Svay Rieng province17, in addition to iron and manganese being commonly present, presence of arsenic above WHO limits was detected in 11% of collected well samples in 2012. These are likely shallow wells used for household water supply, but not in the tap water used in the institute.

i. Ecological and cultural environment and protected areas

97. In the past, numerous mammal species could be found in Svay Rieng, but there are not any more terrestrial wildlife species in the area. Some protected areas such as community forests exist in the north part of Svay Rieng province, but no protected areas or species of conservation significance are found within the vicinity of the project area or in Svay Rieng town. No physical cultural resources were identified.

2. Environment of BIT subproject, Battambang

a. Description of the area

98. The BIT is located in Ramchek village, Sangkat Ratanak in Battambang town. The campus area is mainly surrounded by fields and other non-residential areas, except for south-eastern corner, where there is a housing area near the location where the new workshops and classroom buildings are proposed. The north-west area of the compound is close to a disused airport (about 0.5 km distance).

b. Geology/topography

99. Battambang area is dominated by Tonle Sap Lake and brown hydromorphic soil that is associated with prolonged water saturation from the ground water. The geology within the project area is most likely consisting of andesite type and Cambrian-upper Silurian quartzite type.

c. Air Quality

100. Based on the field observations of the environmental safeguards team, the air quality in the BIT compound and its vicinity is good; the project areas are located in areas without significant industrial/commercial zones to cause air quality degradation. The data available about air quality is limited, but the table 4 below gives an indication of the air quality within the Battambang town.

16 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 17 Resource Development International, January 2012. 36

Table 4: Air quality, Battambang town

No Parameter Unit National Standards Result

1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 N <20 (8 hours) 1.85 2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) mg/m3 N <0.1 (24 hours) 0.019 3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) mg/m3 N <0.3 (24 hours) 0.013 4 Total Suspended Particles (TSP) mg/m3 N <0.33 (24 hours) 0.282 Monitored by MoE laboratory in Beung Raing Village, Omal Commune, Battambang Town, near NR-57 in duration 24 hours from 10:00am to 10:00am next day Source: MoE, 2017.

101. The air quality is within standard limits even when compared with WHO air quality standards which are tighter than Cambodian National Standards.

d. Current climate and climate change projections in Battambang

102. The monsoon (wet season) occurs from May to October with heavy rains, strong wind and moisture that accounts for anywhere between 80–0% of the annual precipitation of country. From November to April is the dry season with cooler temperatures, particularly between November to January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country and are highest (26– 40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins.

103. The average annual rainfall in year 2016 in Battambang station is seen to be high in the month of September and October and lowest in February and March. Table 5 below indicates the annual rainfall (as per in the year 2016).

Table 5: Average Annual (mm) Rainfall in Battambang, 2016

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Total: 11.7 1.0 1.2 17.4 115.0 100.4 157.6 95.9 197.0 177.2 65.2 14.6 Max.: 9.5 1.0 1.2 8.4 38.4 51.0 31.0 26.0 71.1 44.5 32.0 6.2 Avg.: 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.7 3.3 5.1 3.1 6.6 5.7 2.2 0.5 Min.: 1 1 1.2 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 #RD.: 3 1 1 3 11 9 17 16 21 17 7 6 37

Source: MoWRAM.

Figure 47: Average annual rainfall (mm) in Battambang, 2016

Average Annual Rainfall in Battambang, 2016 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total: Max.: Avg.: Min.: #RD.:

Climate change projections of Battambang province

104. The main and most relevant climate related risk in Battambang is the flood risk due to the predicted increase of heavy rains, appropriate drainage provision is needed.

105. Also, other extreme weather conditions can be expected. Mean annual temperatures are expected to raise across the country by 0.7–2.7 0C by the year 2060 and 1.4–4.3 0C by the year 2090.

106. According to the director and staff of the institute the compound area has never flooded even during heavy rains, since the institute has an effective drainage system.

e. Ecological and cultural environment and protected areas

107. Based on a field visit to the project site, there are no commercial forests, protected areas or species of conservation significance identified in or near BIT compound. The site is surrounded by private land and cultivation areas, there are no physical cultural resources.

3. Environment of NPIA Subproject, Siem Reap province

a. Description of the area

108. The new location of the NPIA is in Preak Kouy Village, Ampil Commune, Prasat Bakoung District, Siem Reap Province, and the land is owned by MLVT. The area outside the compound is government owned ASPARA land, which is currently not is use.

109. The environmental team visited the area after heavy rains. It was obvious that drainage improvements are needed. 38

b. Geology/topography

110. The Siem Reap province lies within the large flat plain between the Kulen Mountains about 50km to the north-east and the Tonle Sap lake about 20km south. The plain was originally formed from deposits of the Tonle Sap and Rolous rivers and average gradient is about 1:1000. The area is dominated by Tonle Sap Lake and brown hydromorphic soil which is associated with prolonged water saturation from the ground water.

111. According to the geology formation map below, the soil type within the project area is occurred Basalt, Andisite, Cambrian-Upper Silurian quartzite and Devono-Carbonferous SS.

c. Air Quality

112. Based on the field visit of environmental safeguards team, the air quality in the project location is good. The only foreseen problem may be dust generation in dry season from unpaved roads, construction works and vehicle emissions.

d. Current climate and climate change projections of Siem Riep province

113. The average annual rainfall in year 2016 in Siem Reap station is highest in the month of June, and lowest in February and March. Table 6 below indicates the rainfall for the year 2016.

Table 6: Average Annual Rainfall in Siem Reap, 2016

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Total: 19.9 N/A N/A 10.5 64.8 399.0 262.3 216.2 313.5 252.2 99.9 57.2 Max.: 19.9 N/A N/A 10.5 21.2 202.0 49.1 28.4 75.5 35.8 38.8 23.7 Avg.: 0.6 N/A N/A 0.4 2.1 13.3 8.5 7.0 10.5 8.1 3.3 1.8 Min.: 19.9 N/A N/A 10.5 1 2.3 1.3 2.4 2.5 0.2 1.6 4.3 #RD.: 1 0 0 1 7 16 15 18 18 20 9 5 Source: MoWRAM, 2016.

Figure 48: Average Annual Rainfall (mm) in Siem Reap, 2016

Average Annual Rainfall in Siem Reap, 2016 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total: Max.: Avg.: Min.: #RD.:

Climate change projections of Siem Riep province

114. The main climate related risk in Siem Reap is the flood risk due to increase of heavy rains.

115. Also, other extreme weather conditions can be expected. Mean annual temperatures are expected to raise across the country by 0.7–2.7 0C by the year 2060 and 1.4–4.3 0C by the year 2090.

e. Ecological and cultural environment and protected areas

116. Based on field visits to the project site, there are no forests, protected areas or species within NPIA compound of the immediate area. The closest forest areas are in Kulen Mountain (> 10 km distance).

117. The NPIA location was previously owned by ASPARA authority but was transferred to MLVT in 2015; the surrounding areas are still government ASPARA lands. APSARA has not specified any requirements for development of the site and have provided supporting documentation for land transfer. There are no other physical cultural resources in the subproject area.

4. Environment of TVET Park and ITC, Phnom Penh

118. Both the TVET Park and the ITC are located within Phnom Penh city area, in a densely populated area.

a. Air quality

119. For the project area (along Russian Federation Blvd), there is no air quality data available. Dust from road and building construction sites and emissions from vehicles are considered a problem in the dry season. 40

b. Current climate and climate change projections in Phnom Penh

120. The monsoon (wet season) occurs from May to October with heavy rains, strong wind and moisture that accounts for anywhere between 80–90% of the annual precipitation of country. From November to April is the dry season with cooler temperatures, particularly between November to January. Average temperatures are relatively uniform across the country and are highest (26- 40°C) in the early summer months before the rainy season begins.

Table 7: Annual Rainfall in Phnom Penh, 2016

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.6 35.6 242.9 285.3 105.0 356.8 465.3 201.2 173.5 Max 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.8 13.0 50.0 76.2 30.6 79.0 65.8 46.0 106.0 No. of Raining 0 1 0 2 12 21 20 19 23 24 12 12 days Source: MOWRAM, 2016.

Figure 49: Annual rainfall (mm) in Phnom Penh, 2016

Annual Rainfall in Phnom Penh, 2016 500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total Max No. of Raining days

Climate change projections of Phnom Penh

121. The main climate related risk in Phnom Penh is flood due to increased frequency of extreme rainfall events, appropriate drainage is needed.

122. The annual temperatures are expected to raise across the country by 0.7–2.7 0C by the year 2060 and 1.4–4.3 0C by the year 2090.

c. Ecological and cultural environment, protected areas

123. The sites are in an urban area, there are no protected areas or species in the vicinity of the campus area. The construction of the K centre at ITC will result in the loss of two mature trees, this should be compensated through planting of new trees.

124. There is one pagoda on the road leading from the main road (Russian Boulevard) to the TVET Park compound. Otherwise no major temples or hospitals are there, but mainly office and residential areas. ITC is located just next to the MLVT.

E. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

125. The importance of developing high quality and capable human resources to meet the immediate and long-term needs of Cambodia’s economic growth and competitiveness are emphasized in the different RGC policies and plans. The Government aim is to build a strong industrial base that can boost the economic development of the country. Diversification of Cambodia’s economy and improving productivity and competitiveness of the country are recognized as pillars of a strong and further industrialized economy. The role of TVET is expected to be important in responding to the needs of the job market and filling the skills gaps of the labor force.

126. Major recent achievements supporting the TVET sector include the introduction of the Cambodian Qualifications Framework (CQF), the National TVET Policy 2017–2025 in mid-2017 42 and the approval of the Competency based Training and Assessment Policy as well as the TVET Quality Assessment system in 2017.

127. The Project will target TTIs in Phnom Penh and in the three provinces of Battambang, Siem Reap and Svay Rieng. The recruitment base for the TTIs in Phnom Penh is country wide, while the TTIs in the three provinces in general recruit students regionally from the province area. In providing higher education and skills development, these institutes will potentially contribute to improved economic opportunities and poverty reduction in the province.

128. The total national population was estimated by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) at 15.8 million in 201618 with the annual population growth of 1.6%. The last formal census was carried out in 2008. The next is scheduled for 2019. The estimated population 2017 was 16.2 million.19 According to UNFPA, 65% of the population is in working age (15–64 years), and 31% are under 15 years of age.20 In the three project provinces comparing years 2014 and 2016, the population has increased, with the largest increase in Battambang province.

129. The strong economic development in Cambodia has contributed to a drastic decrease in the number of the poor in the country. Cambodia achieved the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving poverty already in 2009, and in 2014, the poverty rate was 14% compared to 53% in 200421 (implying the proportion of people who live in absolute poverty, on less than $1.15 per day). Approximately 78% of the total population lives in the rural areas, but 90% of the poor are rural. The vast majority of the people who escaped poverty were able to do so with a small margin: Around 4.5 million people still remain near-poor (living on less than $2.30 per person per day) and they are vulnerable to falling back into poverty by any economic or other external shocks.22

130. In Battambang, the household poverty rate appears highest at 31.3% which is almost double compared to Siem Reap at 16.3% and Svay Rieng at 16.6% household poverty rate.

131. The intention of the proposed project is to raise the technical educational level of men and women in key sectors with crucial industry linkages. Industry-relevant training will improve their competitiveness in the labor market, leading to better employability with higher salary than as low- skilled workers. The project support will increase the annual number of students in Higher Diploma courses in the selected TVET institutes leading to an increased number of men and women with improved skills and employment opportunities. The proposed project is accordingly expected to reduce poverty and economic vulnerability.

132. According to information from the selected TVET institutes, these TTIs have neither policy for students based on the wealth status of their families nor any scholarships for poor students. All students are allocated free tuition and free accommodation in the school dormitory. However, living costs during the studies appear to be an obstacle for many students, and a reason for student drop-outs in the course of the education. There seems to be a generally widespread lack of understanding of the importance of education for future employment and earnings among low-

18 United Nations Population Fund. http://www.unfpa.org/world-population-dashboard 19 According to https://www.indexmundi.com/cambodia/population.html 20 United Nations Population Fund, https://www.unfpa.org/data/KH 21 www.adb.org/countries/cambodia/poverty 22 WB Ibid.; Ministry of Planning, National Strategic Development Plan 2014–2018. 43 educated people; especially students from poorer families are expected to work and contribute to the family instead of studying. Moreover, the accommodation available for students is very basic, and the dormitories are crowded with 30 or more students sharing one room, which may be a further barrier to enrolment in studies.

133. The proposed project will support construction of dormitories with separate buildings or floors for male and female students. The project will also include a merit-based stipend scheme that is expected to decrease the number of students dropping out, often due to economic reasons, and to encourage students to finish their education.

F. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

134. The assessment of potential environmental impacts of the subproject covers design, pre- construction, construction and operation phases. The assessment of primary impact areas is confined within the TTI compounds while secondary impacts cover the communities outside the TTI compounds.

135. The Skills for Competitiveness Project—although under MLVT—will follow the environmental, labor and safety security guidance of the MoEYS Guidelines for School Building Construction (2012). The main principles of the guidelines are the following:

• Protection of Environment: The contractor shall ensure minimal damage to the environment, existing vegetation, existing structures and utilities as a result of undertaking the contracted works. • Labor Standards: The contractor shall ensure that certain labor provisions of Cambodian labor law and international labor conventions are compiled including no employment of underage children or children aged less than 18 in hazardous work, no workers are forced to work against their will, and no discrimination regarding recruitment, wage and compensation. • Protection of Water Resources: All existing stream courses and drains within, and adjacent to, the site will be kept safe and free from any debris and any excavated materials arising from the Works. Chemicals, sanitary wastewater, spoil, waste oil and concrete agitator washings will not be deposited in the watercourses. • Asbestos Management: The Contractor shall ensure that No Asbestos based materials may be used in the School construction. If Asbestos products such as roofing sheets are found on site or present in old structures that are to be demolished by the Contractor, they must be removed carefully from site. • Noise and Dust: The Contractor shall ensure that the construction does not create noise or dust hazards. • Disturbance: Nearby offices and residents can be disturbed by prolonged construction. • UXO: School principal is responsible for arranging any necessary clearance of UXO's from the construction site. For the sites included in this project, UXO clearance has already been obtained for all sites. • Protection of Historical and Cultural Resource: The contractor is required to protect sites of known antiquity, by placing barriers and fencing to prevent access or damage to the site. • Clean Water and Sanitation Facilities: The contractor shall provide at the site potable (safe from a health standpoint) drinking water for construction worker. 44

• Monitoring, Supervision and Reporting: The selected contractor(s) must submit their completed work plans to the project prior to initiating the civil works. The Contractor's workplan will incorporate an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

136. The TTIs are not located in environmentally sensitive areas, the planned civil works are within the existing campus premises and will not result in any impacts on historical or cultural areas or sensitive protected areas. The civil works will not require dislocation or involuntary resettlement or land acquisition. No significant flora or fauna will be affected by the project, and no trees of commercial or biodiversity conservation value will be affected during subproject development, except cutting of two mature trees in the ITC park premises.

137. The project will contribute positively to the local environment by developing a healthier TTI environment (with well-lit and well-ventilated classrooms, and safer, well-built structures that are more resilient to environmental extremes (like floods and storms) with improved drainage, solid waste and waste water (septic tank) management, improved sanitation facilities and water supply.

138. Construction activities may cause some minor site-specific adverse impacts which will be temporary and localized in nature (mainly during the pre-construction and construction stages) and can be readily addressed through mitigation measures. Potential environmental impacts are identified below and mitigation measures summarized in EMP matrix (Table 10).

a. Environmental impacts related to location and pre-construction phase

139. There will be new buildings constructed at all TTI compounds, this will involve some demolition and clearance of existing structures and refurbishment of others. UXO clearance has already been carried out for all sites.

140. Site preparation. Site preparation may result in fugitive dust emissions, soil erosion, and loss of topsoil. Disposal of spoils could block drainage in the area and cause localized ponding and/or muddy runoff. The extent of soil excavation will be limited, and any stripped topsoil will be stockpiled for later reuse. Earthworks will not be carried out during periods of heavy wind or rain. Temporary drainage and settlement ponds will be provided to minimize sediment-loaded runoff. All exposed areas will be stabilized and revegetated as soon as possible. The contractor will be required to minimize spoil disposal by balancing cut and fill and reusing spoil to reclaim land with proper landscaping and vegetation.

141. In Svay Rieng and at ICT in Phnom Penh, the pre-construction phase will include demolition of old buildings or parts of buildings. Demolition will cause environmental impacts such as dust, noise and waste generation. The absence of asbestos has already been confirmed during the design phase civil works assessment, but rechecking is recommended during pre-construction phase. Contractors will be required to develop an asbestos method statement and risk assessment based on MoEYs guidelines and best practices as set out in IFC General EHS Guidelines: Occupational health and safety (IFC, 2007). Other hazardous materials shall be checked and disposed in a safe manner if found present.23

23 UN data show that Cambodia has imported some 29 tonnes of fabricated asbestos fibres and mixtures with a basis of asbestos in 2015, while much more enters as part of pre-fabricated construction materials. 45

142. Each Contractor should appoint an environmental health and safety officer (EHS) and a Community Liaison Officer to implement GRM and co-ordinate with TTI management. Each Contractor should develop a site-specific Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) for each TTI setting out the contractor’s approach to implementing the EMP. The CEMP should include a demolition method statement, all building debris that cannot be reused or recycled should be disposed at a licensed dumpsite. Schedules for demolition shall be coordinated with the TTI management and neighbors.

b. Environmental impacts during the construction phase

143. Pollution. Air pollution will increase during this period due to increased levels of total suspended particulates coming from the construction activities, materials and from construction traffic. Whenever feasible, major dust-generating works should be done during off-study time. In Svay Rieng there is a primary school in the same block with the TTI, next to the location where new building will be constructed, on the other side of the fence of the institute.

144. Dust-generating works should be done during off-school time. Water sprinkling, water fogging, broom sweeping must be carried out in dust-prone locations, such as, earthworks, and stockpiles to minimize fugitive emissions. Vehicles carrying construction materials and supplies should be covered and secured to prevent loss or re-suspension of materials during travel. Construction materials should be stored in covered areas to ensure protection of surrounding areas from dust and emissions. Masks and personal protective equipment (PPE) must be provided to construction workers to minimize inhalation of suspended particulate matter. Open burning of solid waste will not be allowed. A regular maintenance and repair program will be implemented to minimize the impact of air pollutants coming from the operation of vehicles. Dust and noise problem needs to be taken into account with additional traffic due to transport of materials; eg. the road leading to TVET park from Russian Boulevard has a pagoda on the left side and residential areas on the right.

145. Noise. The contractor must ensure that construction equipment and machinery will be maintained properly at all times. Noise barriers will be installed between the work area and existing classrooms to lessen the level of noise received by students attending classes. The contractor must ensure that all equipment and vehicles are properly maintained, and silencers are used where possible. The planning of noisy activities should be carried out in co-ordination with the TTIs, specifically avoiding exam and other sensitive periods. Working between the hours of 19.00 and 07.00 should be avoided to minimize disturbance to communities in the vicinity of the TTIs. Protection devices such as ear plugs or ear muffs will be provided to workers during period of operating high noise generating machines.

146. Run-off and wastewater. As a result of construction activities, there is potential for waterlogging in areas of low elevation and alterations in local hydrology posing a risk of localized flooding, run-off and creating a breeding ground for disease causing vectors. Uncontrolled run-off to neighboring areas will be avoided through provision of appropriate drainage and treatment of sediment or pollutant loaded water prior to releases. Site landscaping and restoration will allow proper drainage of water, avoiding changes in local hydrological patterns. Appropriate temporary sanitation facilities should be provided for workers at all construction sites and camps.

147. Management of solid waste. Construction activities will produce waste materials and solid and liquid waste from construction camps. Solid waste generated during construction 46 activities and from construction workers’ camps will be collected, segregated, reused and recycled where possible or disposed at a licensed dumpsite.

148. Hazardous materials. Chemicals and liquid hazardous materials typically used on construction sites include fuel, engine lubricants, hydraulic oils, paints and solvents. Fuels and hazardous materials require appropriate transport, storage and use to minimize risks. Fuels and chemicals should be stored in designated areas on a bunded contained area to ensure containment of any spills. Access to stores and refueling areas should be restricted to contractor staff and should not be in areas accessible to the public. Refueling should be carried out in designated areas and any spills cleaned up. Workers will be trained on fuel/hazardous material handling, storage and clean up and provided appropriate personal protective equipment.

149. Community and occupational health and safety risks. Construction activities, in particular, open excavations, machinery operation and construction traffic present a risk to workers and TTI staff and students if not effectively managed. Access to the construction area should be restricted and controlled. Transportation of construction materials on local roads should be done during daylight hours; key arrival and leaving periods of students/teachers of TTIs need to be avoided. All vehicle movements should be restricted to the delineated construction zone, the existing road network, or previously disturbed areas. Construction vehicles and machinery should not enter fenced off areas or areas beyond the delineated construction zone.

150. It is expected that there will be direct hazards to machine/equipment operators, students, teachers, and workers during construction as well as neighbors of the TTIs. The contractor will be required to provide the workers and the TTI population (students, teachers, and non-teaching staff) with a safe environment, including (i) erecting warning signs and barriers around the work areas; (ii) prohibiting drugs and alcohol on site; controlling noise and dust; (iii) providing workers with safety equipment appropriate for the task in which they are assigned, such as helmets, footwear, masks and high-visibility vests; and (iv) providing workers with potable water, toilet, washing and showering facilities, and appropriate living and working conditions.

151. There will also be risks of accident among workers and students attending classes because of increase in vehicular traffic. Students could be more prone to accidents involving trucks and other vehicles delivering construction supplies to the site. Contractors’ bidding documents will require the contractors to maintain their trucks and vehicles in a safe operating condition, all loads to be secured, and all their drivers and machinery operators to act responsibly. Barriers will also be installed in the construction site perimeter to prevent people from entering the ongoing construction.

152. Unrestricted access to the work sites and contractor’s facilities may present security concerns. There will be increased risk of accidents as a result of unhampered access of unauthorized persons, especially students, into the work areas and facilities. Access to the contractor’s facilities shall be controlled, a security fence will be installed around the facilities. Visitors will be required to report to a check point before being allowed to enter the site. Work areas will be demarcated by barrier tape and signs erected as required to warn people that there is no right of entry to these areas.

153. Fire risk management measures and emergency response plans should be incorporated into the Contractor’s EMP and health and safety plan (see EMP matrix, Table 10).

154. The contractor will be required to have a full time Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Officer who will be responsible for developing a comprehensive Contractor EMP and health and safety plan in line with national regulations, the project IEE and EMP, ADB SPS 2009 and IFC General EHS Guidelines for 4.0 Construction and Decommissioning.

155. The EHS Officer will orientate first time workers on site hazards and safety procedures and carry out daily checks to ensure that hazards are managed appropriately. The EHS Officer will carry out tool box talks for workers and develop and implement additional control measures, as needed. The EHS Officer will also be responsible for coordinating, monitoring and reporting on the project grievance redress mechanism (GRM), this will involve coordinating with TTI staff and neighboring communities on project activities and ensuring that issues are identified and resolved. Medical and first aid facilities will also be provided. Qualified first-aid personnel will be assigned for each site.

156. The contact details for the project GRM will be displayed at contractor work areas and camps and distributed to affected communities in the TTI neighborhoods and on project/government websites. The EHS Officer will regularly liaise with TTI management and neighboring communities to ensure a proactive approach to addressing grievances and construction-related issues.

c. Operation Phase

157. The TTI must have a maintenance program in place to keep the facilities in good condition. The program should include solid waste management and wastewater management. The Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) terms of reference for the National Environment Specialist, National Civil Works Supervisor Engineer and the National Site Supervising Engineers includes provision of advice to TTIs on campus drainage planning and solid waste management.

d. Analysis of alternatives

158. The Zero Alternative (No Build) alternative in the present case would mean there would be shortage of classrooms and housing for students and teachers in the TTIs. The potential socioeconomic benefits of implementation of the subproject outweigh the adverse environmental impacts, all of which can be controlled and minimized to an acceptable level through implementation of appropriate environmental mitigation and monitoring.

159. As all construction will take place within existing campus areas (apart from Siem Reap), the comparison of alternatives means alternative sites within each compound, including aspects such as minimizing damage to vegetation and requirements for drainage (in flood prone area), as well as design alternatives such as material and technology selection. A master plan had been prepared for NPIA in Siem Reap before S4C started, and the project selected three building locations that existed in the master plan.

160. The key principles for the selection of the locations for the buildings in all TTIs have included the following: • orientation of facilities along the sun path • space between facilities will be enough for natural ventilation and planting trees (if the distance is >10m) and/or garden (if the distance is <10m) • possibility to maintain separate system for sewage and drainage systems

161. When it is unavoidable for the facilities to face the sun path - as is the case for two classroom buildings in TVET park, two buildings in Svay Rieng and the dormitory in Battambang - shading, suitable building design (eg. orientate corridors to face west) and suitable materials will be provided. Open light roofs are provided for flat terraces to reduce heat, increase space and mitigate leakage.

162. The locations, designs, technologies and designs and working methods will ensure minimum impact for existing facilities.

e. Cumulative impacts

163. In some TTIs, there are other construction projects implemented at the same time – currently eg. in TVET Park, BIT and NPIA. Emphasis shall be given to avoid cumulative impacts of simultaneous construction programs.

f. Climate risk and vulnerability

164. In Cambodia, the climate change related risks are classified as medium in all project provinces. The risk of flooding is high in all provinces. due to increased risk of extreme rains. The design integrates drainage and soft landscaping. During the environmental assessment field visits, flooding was observed in NPIA compound in Siem Reap and ITC compound in Phnom Penh. The PIC will provide advice to TTIs on drainage planning for the campuses.

165. Temperature increase is considered a medium level risk and will cause extended dry periods and problems in water availability. Natural ventilation shall be emphasized in the building designs (e.g. in buildings with open area on the bottom floor) and in the future, there may be increased MEP loads.

G. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

166. Public consultation is a means of involving all stakeholders in decision-making to solicit their concerns, improve the design of the project, and to inform the public about the benefits of the proposed subproject. Public consultation, if conducted in a participatory and objective manner, is a means of enhancing project sustainability.

167. During the preparation of IEE for Skills for Competitiveness Project, a series of consultation meetings were held with TTIs by the TRTA team together with PIU teams. Some of the information was collected using questionnaires, consultation meeting participants including directors, deputy directors, teachers, students and administration staff of the TTIs, civil works experts and construction teachers were asked to respond. Consultation meetings were held in late 2018, from 3-4 October at BIT, 5-6 October at NPIA, 11 October at RPTSSVR, 12 October at ITC and 17 October at TVET Park. Another set of meetings were held 11-13 December 2018, attended by lecturers, students of the institute as well as residents of neighboring houses. Altogether 29 teachers/administrative TTI staff, 15 students and 5 residents attended the December meetings (attendance lists are presented in Annex 1.)

168. All participating staff and students were entirely positive to the proposed civil works and construction activities. They appreciated improved facilities which are expected to enhance studying, teaching and students’ living circumstances. They did not foresee negative impacts from the construction except for temporary noise and dust, and they suggested that, if possible, main 49 construction activities should take the place during the vacations, and that construction activities should be avoided during night time.

169. Students considered important to have separated dormitories for male and female students either on different floors or in different buildings. They suggested safety measures like surveillance cameras, lockable doors and security guards at night time.

170. Participating representatives from the communities neighboring the TTIs did not expect negative construction impacts apart from noise and dust, because all the construction works are planned to take place within the boundaries of the TTI compounds.

171. With respect to environmental impacts during construction, many of respondents identified solid waste, liquid waste and noise as possible concerns resulting from the movement of equipment and construction activities as well as due to construction workers.

172. Regarding the structural integrity of the existing buildings to carry the load of the additional floors, there seems to be consensus that those buildings for which additional floors are to be built, are strong enough.

173. Some environment related replies to consultation questions are summarized in Table 8, including waste management and impacts of construction. The institutes have challenges in disposing certain types of wastes such as lamps, electronic waste, lubricants etc. 50

Table 8: Some environment related issues brought up in consultation meetings

Respondents and recommendation raised from TTIs Project Response Question to Issues BIT, BB NPIA, SR RPITSSVR (RTC), SVR TVET Park, PP ITC, PP

October meetings

Improved waste management will be part of the development. What Construction waste Plastic waste, Solid waste, wastewater Construction waste, plastic, N/A Project shall provide type of waste is produced in the (cement, brick), construction waste, and electricity waste paper, bottle, lubricant, tire, facilities for sorting institute? electronic waste. electricity waste metal debris from lathe, and recycling of (lamps, rope...), composting waste from waste.

batteries, compost restaurant, electronic and waste, paper waste. electricity waste, PIC to provide sewerage, advice on waste management, including hazardous and electrical waste. Is there any specific waste that has been challenging to dispose Electricity waste, Construction waste, Lamps waste, batteries Batteries waste, N/A As above. (solid/liquid/hazardous waste; plastic and bottle solid waste, e-waste, used, electricity waste, wastewater and solid busted lamps, used batteries, waste, construction electric waste, electronic waste, waste, lamps waste, other electronic wastes...)? waste (aggregate, batteries waste, lubricant oil waste, electricity and electronic wood) and machinery electricity waste plastic waste waste, plastic waste, tire waste, (lamps, rope...), waste, waste from lathe, What kind of improvements should Storage in proper There is a need to Need to have waste Chemical waste, plastic be done? place and ask private have enough trash storage and keep in waste, drainage and N/A As above. company to transport cans to keep waste. properly and in safe sewerage system out. Store waste in trash manner. improving, construction can or in container. Incineration waste, waste, electrify and Build an incinerator for digging a whole and put electronic waste. burnable waste. Liaise waste and covered by with private company soil. Prepare electricity system. who are responsible for collecting and transport waste. Does the institute have a waste management plan? Yes, the institute has Yes, the institute has Intending to prepare a The institute has waste N/A PIC to provide a waste management waste management waste management management plan. advice to TTIs to plan plan (solid waste and plan. 51

What kind of awareness wastewater), and also Separation of waste into 3 improve solid waste raising/instruction has taken place have trash cans within types: paper, plastic and management. and how are they planning institute, and also compost waste. digging awareness raising in the future? have plan for and dump waste, separate separating the waste waste, storage and keep it (hazardous waste). safe place.

What kind of impact do they expect There will be negative There will be negative Noise and dust The negative impacts will N/A To avoid/minimize from the proposed civil works? impacts: noise, impacts of noise, disturbance resulting be the noise, vibration, negative What kind of negative impacts and smoke and vibration vibration and dust from construction dust, traffic congestion, environmental disturbance do is expected from from foundation (from cement and soil) activities, accident workers, construct impacts EMP to be the construction? construction from the construction hazard. foundation, transportation, followed. (machine), heavy activities (engine, warehouse. transportation. motor), movement of Effective monitoring construction and by the project to transportation ensure proactive management of equipment, construction of impacts. foundation, some Effective project existing infrastructure GRM to ensure will be damaged issues are raised (roads, water supply and addressed system). quickly. How the negative impacts could be minimized? The schedule of Building net-fencing Using good quality N/A Effective co- construction have to around the construction equipment and technical ordination with TTI be identified, site; limited working standard, identify the management and classification the type hours. schedule working, strictly neighboring of construction, store management during communities on and keep the waste by construction period and construction activity type of waste, Identify site, building fence, scheduling to the place for dumping transport construction minimize or incineration waste materials should be at night disturbance and in sustainable time, reduce speed. disruption. manner, the construction have to Effective GRM be followed with the technical and standard, have to be used the public electricity, the construction places is required to use the net to protecting dust, cooperation between contractor and local resident, need to have 52

the construction regulation, must be used the new construction equipment, provide the awareness on negative impacts to the construction workers, construct foundation should be done in weekend and nighttime. What considerations do students, teachers and other staff have The schedule of The construction Identify the working Identify the working N/A As above. concerning the construction construction have to schedule is required schedule (7:00am– schedule based on local schedule (time of the year) and be identified clearly to limited very clearly 11:00am, and 1:30pm– condition. timing (hours of the day)? Are there base on local as: day time from 4:30pm, and nigh time any specific times of the year or condition. 7:30am–11:30am and from 5:00pm–9:00pm). hours of the day that should be 1:00pm–5:00pm, and avoided (e.g.n during exams, night nigh time should be: time, etc.)? 5:30pm–10:00pm.

Is there any risk that a new It will be impacted, but Access road to be New access road need Traffic signs needed. Restoration of any construction road needs to be not much, and after enlarged it within the to be either constructed Access road enlarging damage to at least built/existing road widened for the construction the institute based on the or existing rehabilitated. needed. It is possible to pre-project construction material existing road shall be existing master plan. have another access road condition. transportations that might have repaired. Traffic will be (use separate road). After any impact on the area outside the congested, and it will completed construction compound? have impacts on the need to repair or environment inside rehabilitate properly, also and outside institute. have to be careful with Maintenance needed drainage system. to the access road inside institute. Does the institute currently have any guidelines/measures for Currently, the institute Currently, the institute Currently, the institute Currently, the institute have N/A Ensuring during have have have guideline/measure guideline/measure for: monitoring that the • Earthquake risk, guideline/measure guideline/measure for: for: fire safety and • Fire safety and for: 1. Fire safety, evacuation • Evacuation or assembly 1. Fire safety, 1. Fire safety, measures are in areas? 1. Fire safety, 2. Evacuation/ assembly 2. Evacuation/ 2. Evacuation/ place. Awareness • Is there any awareness 2. Evacuation/ assembly assembly raising. raising/instructions for assembly students and staff? 53

At the BIT site in Battambang, the institute is quite close to the airport There is not N/A N/A N/A N/A runway. Are there concerns about concerning about noise nuisance to the TTI from the noise nuisance as this operation of the airport? If yes, the airport is disused. project may need to introduce measures for noise reduction. Is the rice field in the compound cultivated (if yes, by whom)? Who The rice field was N/A N/A N/A N/A is cultivating and under what kind cultivated by teachers of land lease/agreement? In the and students within google earth image it also looks institute only for the like there is a plantation/orchard purpose of within the TTI area, likewise who is demonstration, and cultivating that and under what kind not have any of land lease/agreement? agreement.

December meetings

List all comments on the Like to have buildings N/A All participants found Positive idea to have No major comment Ensure adequate construction plan with few stories. the construction of separate dormitory building on the new dormitory space; • positive dormitory for students for boys and girls; prefer to construction, only provide separate • negative For dormitories positive. separate buildings have about 5 stories in the want well- dormitories for men needed for female Due to limited land, dormitory building. constructed and women. buildings. and male suggest to have 4- In order to have female storey dormitory students we definitely need Prefer to have the Although BIT has building (top storey for to have dorm for them, as renovation done large compound girls) to replace the needs to think of other existing old workshop safe one so that their during vacation. building in the future. families are confident to (too old), the plan to move the workshop to send their daughter to the the top roof of another institute. This also adds to existing building. the image of the institutes. The dorm is the most important for the RTC – with separate floors for teachers (separate areas for male and female), male students and female students (top floor for girls). 54

Considerations on: Not much concern. If N/A The land for having this There are land for new We hope to have Project will establish • potential negative impacts we have more new construction is building construction of standard security cameras, • potential risks construction next to the path. dormitory and/or construction so especially near • proposed mitigation/ (buildings), BIT would classroom. there will be no female dormitories. management measures There is no potential suggest to have more need to complaint. problem for When we have more Good drainage stories in buildings. construction, but there buildings, we have to think systems during is a suggestion to have of operating cost, security construction. good construction with is the most important for Effective GRM drainage system. dormitory especially the girl dormitory. To avoid/minimize Equip with security negative Camera in the building. environmental Security is very impacts EMP to be important to have at the followed. building. Effective monitoring by the project. TTI neighborhood As a neighborhood, N/A I like to see a school The neighbor who attended We have no The project shall • potential construction impacts we have no concern with good building and the meeting said that they problem as long as provide good and risks at all. The school has good drainage system have no problem, but the there is not much buildings with good • concerns large area (campus.) also. institute shall manage the disturbance by the drainage systems. • proposed mitigation measures construction properly, not construction to our The institute is not only to make much noise during houses. for youth in Svay Rieng the construction and during but also from other Please do not make the operation. During the provinces in Cambodia. too much noise and operation manage the dust. trash by the building users. Ensure the good construction with good management in drainage system. 55

Preferences, suggestions N/A N/A Suggest to think about We hope if there is no N/A Separate dorm concerning complains: one building for dorm problem about noise, trash buildings for female • where prefer to complain students (boy and girl) and drainage system. But if and male. • how to complain but difference stories, there are any issues • assistance needed Noise control; waste at the floor for boy shall related, we will report to management and have doors. local authority and MLVT. drainage systems. We will report to the MLVT and maybe donor for coordination and solve the problem. 56

174. To ensure greater transparency and accountability among stakeholders and pursuant to ADB Access to information Policy (2018), the IEE (at least the EMP part) will be made available to stakeholders, in written and verbal forms and in Khmer language. The IEE will be disclosed on the ADB website and will be made available via the PIU offices. Safeguards monitoring reports will also be disclosed on ADB website.

H. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

175. Public participation, consultation and information disclosure have been undertaken as part of the IEE process. As these consultations have been preliminary ones, TTI authorities will be consulted on a continuing basis regarding environmental matters during different phases. Major issues of grievance are not expected. However, unforeseen issues may occur and for those cases there shall be an easy mechanism for people to address their concerns. Most people prefer to be able to talk with somebody. Therefore, options for both expressing issues and concerns by phone, a possibility for person-to-person communication as well as web system (email) shall be established. Concerns and issues can be displayed at entrance to TTI and at construction site/facilities.

176. To settle such issues effectively, an effective and transparent channel for lodging complaints and grievances will be established. The grievance redress mechanism should be scaled to the risks and foreseen impacts of the project. It should address affected people’s concerns and complaints promptly, using an understandable and transparent process. It should also be readily accessible to all stakeholders in the community.

177. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) and procedures will be setup to provide opportunity for affected persons to settle their complaints and grievances amicably. The GRM allows facilitating quick settlement of issues between parties. The subproject shall set-up a grievance redress committee that will address any complaints during both the construction and operation phases of the subproject. The contacts for the GRM committee will be included in a public information booklet to be distributed to residential and business communities in the neighborhood of the TTIs. The contact details will also be provided on TTI, construction site and camp noticeboards.

178. The parties to be represented in the GRM committee include the PIU representative (eg. PD), PIC representative (eg. TL, NES, and social safeguards person) and Contractor (EHS officer). PIU/PIC will report on GRM implementation in every quarterly project progress report and semi-annual integrated safeguards monitoring reports.

179. The GRM procedures should be transparent, easy to understand and translated into Khmer language. The response time between receipt of a complaint and implementing a corrective action or providing a response should be as short as possible, a maximum of 5 days.

180. The GRM process is shown in Figure 50. The mechanism will be implemented during both construction and operation phases of the project to ensure that all complaints from affected communities are addressed, with corresponding corrective actions being implemented, and the complainant being informed of the outcome.

181. GRM shall be available to students and staff members of TTIs, neighbors of TTIs, construction workers and all others affected by project activities.

Figure 50: Grievance Redress Mechanism Process

182. If there is a concern or grievance from an affected person concerning environment or other matters that negatively affect the affected person’s livelihood or well-being, the first step is to lodge the complaint to the GRM Committee, which is composed of TTI administration and the affected community. The complainant will fill-up the Grievance Form (Table 9) and file with the GRM Committee. Other methods to lodge a complaint include meeting with the affected person, written or verbal complaint, suggestion box, or phone call. It is important to ensure confidentiality for complainant.

Table 9: Grievance form

Grievance redress mechanism form

Name:

Contact Details Address:

Contact Number:

Email: 58

Phone:

How can we contact you? Email:

Personal: What is the nature of your grievance (State the problem, when it happened, who was involved, and other relevant details)? What is your suggestion to resolve the grievance

Signature

Date

183. The GRM Committee will meet, agree a corrective action or response and inform the affected person of the results within 5 working days of the complaint being lodged. If the complainant thinks that his/her concern complaint has been addressed, the resolution will be recorded in the GRM logbook with the complainant’s signature.

184. If the complainant thinks that his/her concern was not addressed, the Committee will propose long term corrective action plan to the complainant. If the complainant is satisfied with the proposal, the case will be recorded in the logbook. The proposed long-term corrective action plan will be implemented by the responsible party. During construction phase, most of the responsibility lies on the contractor. The TTI administration is responsible for implementing the EMP during operation phase.

185. If he/she is satisfied with the implementation of corrective action plan, the outcome will be recorded in the GRM logbook with the complainant’s signature.

186. If after the implementation of a corrective action the complainant is still not satisfied, the aggrieved party has the right to appeal for additional actions or report to ADB South-East Department or Cambodia Resident Mission to elevate the issue. If resolution cannot be agreed through ADB, the AP has the right to seek redress through ADB accountability mechanism.

187. The GRC Committee will arrange regular meetings with the Contractor to review implementation of corrective actions and will check with APs if issues are resolved to their satisfaction.

188. All meetings with the affected person shall be recorded and copy of minutes, including resolution of issues, shall be provided to the affected person. Copy of the minutes shall also be provided to relevant institutions, including ADB, via the quarterly project progress reports and semi-annual integrated safeguards monitoring reports.

I. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

189. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a tool setting out measures to address identified environmental issues during pre-construction, construction, and operation phases. Following the requirements of SPS 2009, the EMP has the following components (i) institutional 59 arrangements for the implementation of the environmental safeguards requirements; (ii) environmental monitoring requirements; and (iii) mitigation measures (EMP matrix) required to address the impacts of the project.

a. Institutional Arrangements

190. The MLVT is the executing agency, and the DGTVET; Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS); and Department of Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy (DMFP) of Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) are the implementing agencies. The executing agency will be responsible for overall supervision, monitoring, and timely reporting on all project activities and ensure that the project is implemented in accordance with the Loan Agreement. The implementing agencies are responsible for implementation of investment activities under the project, including ensuring the compliance of the environmental and social safeguards measures.

191. A Project Management Unit (PMU) is established by the executing agency and is responsible for management of project activities and coordination with implementing agencies. To strength synergies between the TVET Sector Development Program (TVET SDP) and the Skills for Competitiveness Project, the project director and deputy director of TVET SDP will lead and manage the Skills for Competitive Project. The Project Director will be assisted by Deputy Project Director (Undersecretary of State, MLVT), Project Manager and Deputy Project Manager. The PMU will assign one staff to manage safeguards issues during implementation. Annex 6 of the PAM includes the terms of reference for government counterpart staff.

192. Each implementing agency will establish a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) and is responsible for implementation of project activities and coordination with the PMU. The DGTVET (implementing agency) will be coordinated by a coordinator. The implementing agency will assign 50 qualified-counterpart staff for supporting the PMU work and the overall project coordination and administration services. The staff will be responsible for finance, procurement, the project technical intervention areas, environment and social safeguards including gender and maintaining all project documents and submitting the compiled project progress reports, annual audit reports, financial statements, and the environment and social safeguards of the project as per agreed frequency and in proper format to MEF and ADB. The ITC (implementing agency) will be coordinated by a PIU coordinator and supported by 16 qualified-counterpart staff responsible for management and monitoring of the project interventions under the ITC, and finance and procurement, technical services, environment and social safeguards, including gender. Similarly, DMFP of MEF (implementing agency) will be coordinated by a PIU coordinator and supported by 10 qualified-counterpart staff responsible for management and monitoring of the project interventions under the DMFP (Output 3), and finance and technical services. The Project Implementation Consulting (PIC) firm, individual consultants and contracting firms will be recruited to provider technical support and guidance to the executing agency and IAs. The PIC includes 12-person months of a National Safeguards Specialist to support implementation of safeguards and GRM requirements, monitoring and reporting (PAM Table 21 include Terms of Reference).

193. The contractor will be responsible to take all the necessary measures to implement the EMP during construction period and will develop a site-specific Construction EMP. The contractor will appoint an EHS Officer and a Community Liaison Officer, who will be directly responsible for implementing the EMP and GRM. This will be done in close coordination with the PIUs and TTI management.

b. Environmental Management Plan Matrix

Table 10: EMP Matrix

Potential Nature and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Adverse duration Impact

Impacts – design phase Delays Delay start of • MLVT to obtain letter from MLVT PMU awarding construction MOE confirming approval MOE contracts as of project. MOE approvals needed Overall • Ensure drainage provisions Design engineer Design environmental take account of potential and safety increase in extreme rainfall concerns and increased temperature • Provide space for waste collection and separation. • Provide security lighting for all new buildings, Contractor Contractor preferably solar powered.

• Make sure the MoEYS PIU/PIC guidelines are taken into PIU/PIC, use from the beginning of the project Contractor Fire risk All buildings • Buildings to follow Design Engineer Contractor Earthquake accessible to public internationally accepted fire risk have to comply with safety and seismic fire safety design standards. Earthquake risk is • Evacuation or assembly not high, but needs areas to be defined. to be taken into • Sprinkler systems/portable account in design of extinguishers designed. buildings. Impacts of the • Detailed design phase shall Design engineer Design Engineer location and ensure that the building Contractor designs of the locations take into account buildings on the distance to the existing Contractor + existing facilities in the compound PIU/PIC facilities (inside • Mature trees that will be and outside unavoidably removed the compound) should be compensated through additional planting of trees. • Consultations with TTI staff/students and nearby residents • ensure adequate areas for waste management (for segregation pins for different types of wastes) Flood Lack of planning of • PIC to provide advice to PIC PIC management campus TTIs on planning and impacts; infrastructure design for drainage, solid 66

Potential Nature and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Adverse duration Impact

drainage, waste and wastewater waste and management. waste water management

Impacts – pre-construction phase Understanding Construction • Preparation of contractor Contactor Contractor and EMP (CEMP) implementation • EMP training for of EMP contractors requirements Possible The impact may be • Final checking of potential Contractor Contractor hazardous significant, if such harmful/hazardous materials of old materials have been materials, such as buildings that used in the old asbestos (pre-checking are buildings. done during project demolished Both occupational preparation) and health and safety development of appropriate method statements for issue and waste handling and disposal to be management issue. developed in line with Temporary impact MoEYs Quality Control Guidelines for School Building Construction. • Safe handling and disposal of harmful/ hazardous materials. • Pre-identifying approved (by landowner) site for disposal of demolition wastes, including asbestos (licensed dumpsite or area for disposing crushed materials, eg. for landscaping or road construction). • Install fence and net around each building to be demolished to contain materials and dust and avoid access of the public. • Demolition method statement developed (ensuring all building debris that cannot be reused is disposed to licensed dumpsite) Site Temporary impact. • Limit the extent of soil Contractor Contractor preparation - excavation. soil erosion • Establish appropriate due to removal temporary drainage. of topsoil and • Stabilizing/revegetating cutting of afterwards. • Fencing of the work site; security checks 67

Potential Nature and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Adverse duration Impact trees. Dust emissions.

Increase in May occur because • Limiting the area where Contractor Contractor suspended of the increase in traffic takes place. particulate. human and • During transportation, Noise, SO2 vehicular traffic, and paying especial attention to and NO2 levels use of equipment near-by pagodas (TVET increased. during site park) and schools (Svay preparation. Rieng) and residential areas Temporary impact. • Keeping all equipment well maintained

• Establishment of GRM Contractor • Training on grievance PMU/PIC resolution, monitoring and reporting • Frequent monitoring needed re all impacts (see monitoring plan).

Impacts- construction phase Air pollution – From construction • Dust-generating works Contractor Contractor impacts to TTI activities and should be done during off- staff and vehicles. school time. students, Significant, but • Regularly water sprinkling, nearby temporary impact. water fogging, broom residents, sweeping must be carried pagodas and out in dust-prone locations, earthworks, and stockpiles. schools • Vehicles carrying construction materials and supplies should be covered. • Designated parking and movement areas for construction trucks and delivery vehicles in a way that harm to students and staff is avoided • Construction materials to be stored in covered areas. • Masks and personal protective equipment (PPE) must be provided to construction workers. • Open burning of solid waste shall not be allowed. Noise From construction • Limiting activities to certain Contractor Contractor activities and hours during the day (as vehicles. much as possible to be Significant, but done when not classroom temporary impact. activities take place) • Construction that takes 68

Potential Nature and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Adverse duration Impact

place close to residential areas, will have to minimize disturbance to residents • Proper maintenance of equipment and machinery, and if possible the contractor should use the new machine. • Ear plugs to workers. Soil erosion Temporary impact. • Limit the extent of soil Contractor Contractor due to removal excavation. of topsoil. • Schedule the works for dry season. • Establish temporary erosion controls. • Stabilizing/revegetating afterwards. Production of Temporary impact. • Proper Contractor Contractor waste management/disposal of Monitoring by materials – construction waste. NES/PIC solid and liquid • Provide awareness to the workers on how to keep waste in the safety manner • Provide temporary toilets to workers. Blockage of Significant, but • Minimize spoil disposal by Contractor Contractor drainage; temporary impact. balancing cut and fill. blocking of • Manage spoils to reclaim natural land with proper drainage flow landscaping and vegetation. • Inspect and check the drainage system in regularly (continuous monitoring). Water logging In the areas of low • Allow proper drainage of Contractor Contractor elevation, may water. cause mosquito breeding. Health, safety, Concerns workers, • Warning and safety signs Contractor Contractor accident students, teachers board, barriers. hazards and other staff of • Control of use of alcohol TTIs and drugs on site; controlling noise and dust. • Providing awareness on appropriate personal protective equipment to be used for different activities. • Providing workers with potable water, toilet and washing facilities. • Medical and first aid facilities. • Visitors to report at check point before allowed to 69

Potential Nature and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Cost Adverse duration Impact

enter the site. • Use of protective nets, scaffoldings and other measures to prevent falling debris from causing injury to passersby. • Should asbestos or other hazardous materials be identified during works, safe practices as defined in the agreed method statements in CEMP developed during pre- construction phase should be implemented. Climate Risk & Flood risk is high • Temporary drainage Contractor Contractor Vulnerability provisions, in particular during rainy season. • Frequent monitoring Contractor needed regarding all PMU/PIC impacts (see monitoring plan).

Impacts - operation Bad quality of Considers new • Proper segregation and PIC/TTI environment facilities and entire management of waste – due to poor waste management solid and liquid needed. maintenance, of TTIs - various • Segregation scheme or including bad types of wastes are hazardous wastes (busted waste produced in the batteries, lamps, electronic management. TTIs. wastes, used oil, etc.) Continuous impact. Support TTIs to develop PIU/PIC (NES) more effective waste minimisation and management strategies • Training in solid waste management (for teachers, students, admin staff of TTIs)

Earthquake, Fire risk is relevant. • Awareness raising to TTI fire risk Earthquake risk is students and TTI staff. not high, but needs • Evacuation or assembly to be taken into areas to be defined. account. • Sprinkler systems/portable extinguishers available. Climate Risk & Flooding of the • Regular maintenance of TTI Vulnerability compounds drainage systems • Provision of appropriate solid waste management facilities to minimise littering of drainage and blockages

c. Mitigation costs

194. The costs of mitigation measures including protective works during construction, landscaping after construction, flood protection etc. are calculated within the civil works budget of the project, and cost of national environmental specialist (NES) of PIC (12 months) is within the consulting budget. The job description for the NES is presented in table 11.

Table 11: Terms of Reference of the National Environmental Specialist

National Environment Specialist (NES) (12 pm)

At least a post-graduate degree in The NES will work closely with Civil Engineer specialist, Site environmental engineering, Supervising Specialists, and the assigned staff from PMU and PIU environmental sciences or (ITC) procurement teams to: equivalent discipline with a minimum of 7 years in i) provide technical support to ensure that all environmental environmental assessment and requirements of the Government and ADB including health and safety requirements are properly incorporated in the design management and monitoring and in and construction of the new and renovated buildings and in oversight of project implementation demolishing of old buildings in the five TTIs; and compliance. Strong knowledge ii) revise/update the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and of environmental regulations and prepare site-specific environmental management plan (EMP), requirements in Cambodia as well if needed; as the environmental requirements iii) ensure that the EMP is included in the bid documents and civil of ADB following the Safeguard works contracts; Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 will be iv) ensure that the design of the TTIs includes proper solid and mandatory, and very good English hazardous waste segregation and collection facilities, fire communication skills (oral and protection system, and climate-resilient measures to control written) and problem-solving skills. flooding; Experience in solid waste v) consult with stakeholders in the vicinity and relevant management. Government agencies such as Ministry of Environment (MoE), Council for the Development of Cambodia, airport authority in Battambang, and local authorities to discuss the Project, EMP, GRM, and other measures related to environment, health and safety prior to and during construction. vi) conduct regular site visits at construction sites to monitor compliance to EMP and occupational health and safety provisions and core labor standards; vii) organize an orientation workshop for relevant ministry staff, waste management coordinators of TTIs, PMU, PIU/ITC and representatives of the Contractor(s) on ADB Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, the Government environmental laws and regulations, implementation of waste management plan, grievance redress mechanism, and ADB environmental reporting. viii) assist in obtaining the required environmental clearances and permits for projects prior to start of construction works; ix) develop the environmental monitoring checklist to be completed by the contractor on a monthly basis; x) coordinate with environmental staff or consultant of Contractor, and the PMU and PIU/ITC on mitigation measures involving the community and affected persons and recommend corrective actions when necessary to ensure environmental impacts are adequately mitigated by concerned parties; xi) assist the PMU and PIU/ITC in reviewing compliance reports by contractors and submit regular environmental monitoring reports to the PMU and PIU/ITC or any other environmental compliance reports; 71

xii) monitor any grievances through the grievance redress mechanism and check if actions are implemented in a timely manner as per the IEEs, and report such grievances and actions implemented in the quarterly progress reports; xiii) coordinate with PMU and PIU/ITCF in preparing the semi- annual environmental monitoring reports to be submitted to ADB; and xiv) undertake any other relevant works that may be assigned by PMU and PIU/ITC, including training activities (ao. in waste management)

d. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting

195. The EMP is concerned with the implementation of the measures necessary to minimize and offset the adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. Unless the mitigation and enhancement measures are identified and fully implemented, the prime function of the IEE cannot be achieved.

196. Continuous monitoring of the quality of the local environment, environment in the work- zone and the general impact zone will be performed. The monitoring is particularly important during the construction phase. The PMU safeguards focal person and NES are responsible for monitoring and reporting on implementation of EMP during construction. The contractors are responsible for mitigating all environmental impacts related with the construction activities. The management body of each TTIs will monitor the TTI environment during operational stage.

197. The environmental monitoring plan forms the basis for verifying the extent of compliance during the implementation stages of the project. The objectives of an environmental monitoring program are to (i) evaluate the performance of mitigation measures; (ii) provide information which could be used to verify predicted impacts and, thus, validate impact prediction techniques; (iii) suggest improvement in environmental mitigation measures, if required; and (iv) provide information on unanticipated adverse impacts or sudden change in impact trends.

198. At the start of the subproject and before monitoring begins, the PMU, with the assistance of the TTI management, will review the monitoring activities and update the monitoring requirements with the contractor.

199. The environmental monitoring requirements of the project are summarized in Table 12 below.

Table 12: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Requirements

Implementation Implementation No. Environmental Monitoring Tasks Responsibility Schedule

A. Design Phase

Audit project bidding documents to ensure that the IEE PMU (EO), PIC- Prior to issuance of and the EMP are included in bids and environmental 1. NES, and ADB bidding documents criteria are included in bid evaluation

B. Construction Phase 72

Beginning of the project; Train and brief PMU and PIU, TTIs’ management team, GRM contact points, NES 1. as well as contractor’s management and site prior to preparation of supervision team with regard to all EMP requirements PMU, PIC- contractor’s EMP and NES, and Contractor commencement of each contract and refresher courses at yearly intervals throughout construction period

Monitor the performance of environmental training by

contractor and briefings and of the environmental Ongoing, prior to, and awareness of contractor’s staff, toolbox, talks, and PMU, PIC- 2. during implementation of refresher courses. NES and Contractor works and operation Contractor to report on EMP implementation in Monthly Reports.

Monthly reporting by the contractor to PIU/PMU 3. Contractor Continuous throughout construction period

Regular reporting (quarterly) of progress and PMU with support 4, Continuous throughout complaints and semi-annual integrated of PIC-NES construction period safeguards monitoring reports for ADB

Monitor adjustments to the EMP for unexpected PMU and PIC-NES 5, During all phases of the impacts and the thorough implementation of detailed subproject EMP

C. Operation and Maintenance Phase

Training of TTIs’ facility management teams on waste 1. PIC-NES (and PMU Beginning of the operation management (separation, opportunities for recycling) focal point)

Observations during routine maintenance inspections of

facilities. Inspections will include monitoring 2. TTIs facility Continuous/monthly implementation of operational mitigation measures management (including waste management) versus environmental teams criteria specified in the EMP for operational impacts.

200. Monitoring will relate to compliance with construction contracts (including EMP measures and provisions), the state of the nearby environmental resources, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures and complaints. The PMU will monitor the contractor’s implementation of environmental management plan. The contractor will submit monthly monitoring reports, which will cover the progress of EMP implementation, issues, corrective actions and compliance (including general good practice). This will be based on the site diary maintained by the EHSO and compiled notes of daily and weekly inspections.

201. The following environmental monitoring reports will be prepared: (i) A monthly report will be prepared by the contractor and the PMU/PIC during 73

construction, reporting on progress of EMP activities, issues, and corrective actions. This will be based on the site diary maintained by the EHSO and compiled notes of daily and weekly inspections;

(ii) A quarterly progress report to be prepared by the PMU with support of PIC- NES will include a section on safeguards activities and EMP compliance for each subproject; and

(iii) A semi-annual safeguards monitoring report will be prepared by the PMU and PIC-NES and submitted to EA and ADB and disclosed; and

(iv) A project completion report, which will include a section on safeguards implementation and make recommendations, as required, for modifications to the processes set out in the EMP procedures based on the review undertaken at the end of the project. The safeguards section will be prepared by the EA/PMU and PIC three months prior to the end of the project.

202. During operation, monitoring will be carried out by the TTIs.

J. CONCLUSIONS

203. The proposed project will upgrade facilities of the selected TTIs through civil works construction. The facilities include classrooms, workshops and dormitories for male and female students and teachers. The works will include demolition, construction and renovation of buildings. All the land with planned construction activities is confirmed to be owned by the Government, and no new land acquisition will be required for any of the planned civil works. The civil works construction supported by the proposed project will consequently have no involuntary resettlement impacts.

204. The adverse environmental impacts of the project will mainly affect students and staff of the institutes, but also the people living in the vicinity of the TTIs are expected to experience temporary impact of the construction activities and transportation of construction materials. All of the TTIs are located in densely populated areas, apart from NPIA in Siem Reap. There are neighboring communities that may suffer from the noise, dust and other nuisance from the construction. These impacts will be kept to a minimum and mitigated as set out in the EMP.

205. The environmental examination of the proposed civil works–demolition of old buildings, construction of classroom/workshop and dormitory buildings–shows that the anticipated environmental impacts are mainly related to the pre-construction and construction phase of the subprojects. Civil works impacts include soil erosion, solid waste and wastewater generation from workers, dust, noise, traffic, occupational and community health and safety risks that can be reduced to an acceptable level through effective implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures and good construction site management. MLVT confirmed that they will adopt MoEYS Quality Control Guidelines for School Building Construction (July 2012) wherever applicable, in particular Section II, environment and safety security and Section III, site preparation, there is a loan covenant to this effect. Beneficial impacts are expected as trainees will have better access to new equipment and facilities following construction.

Annex 1: Attendance lists

List of participants for the Meeting with BIT Battambang on 03-04-October-18

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Sim Samnang M DDG DGTVET

2 Tann Sambath M Director of Department DGTVET

3 Perry Daroesman M Team Leader TRTA

4 Sok Chanrithy M Deputy Team Leader TRTA

5 Harry Wiebe M ADB/ FCA ADB

6 Lim Dalika M Civil Work TRTA

7 Mao Vanchann M Environmental Specialist TRTA

8 Tep Chinda F Office Manager FCG/TRTA

9 Ouk Davandy M Director of Institute BIT

10 Svay Chhamrith M Director of Institute BIT

11 Sok Bunchheang F Director of Institute BIT

12 Heng Ngounhort M Director of Institute BIT

13 Phan Pha M Director of Administration BIT

14 Ouch Daneth M Teacher BIT

15 Han Rattna M Director office of Services and Production DGTVET

16 Chhom Theavy F Deputy Director office of Vocational Training BIT

17 Kann Srun M Deputy Director office of Vocational Training DGTVET

18 Chhim Phinal M Director of Department of Electricity BIT

19 Keo Seyha M Teacher BIT

20 Sreu Prorpey M Deputy Director of Department of Construction BIT

21 Sorn Khon M Office Manager DGTVET

22 Tom Phallapirom M Deputy of Department BIT

23 Chan Pheakdey M Deputy of Department DGTVET

List of participants for the Meeting with NPIA Siem Reap on 05-6 October-18

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Sim Samnang M DDG DGTVET

2 Mob Sinuon M Director NPIA

3 Perry Daroesman M Team Leader TRTA

4 Sok Chanrithy M Deputy Team Leader TRTA

5 Harry Wiebe M Civil Work Sp. ADB

6 Mao Vanchann M Environment Sp. TRTA

7 Lim Dalika M Civil Work Sp TRTA

8 Tep Chinda F Office Manager/ Finance FCG/TRTA

9 Seng Kannica F Deputy Director NPIA

10 Rath Ratanak M Deputy Director NPIA

11 Moeun Thanak M Deputy Director NPIA

12 Phuoy Moneyroath F Director office of Administration and Finance NPIA

13 Sin Vith M Teacher NPIA

14 Lem Nam F Director office of Vocational Training and Planning NPIA

15 Sot Sameng M Teacher NPIA

16 Teng Nary M Director of Department of Mechanic NPIA

17 Hem Chamnan M Deputy Director of Department of Construction and Architecture NPIA

18 Chan Keara M Deputy of Department of Electricity and Electronic NPIA

19 Tep Soleakna F Teacher NPIA

20 Chhun Samnang M Teacher NPIA

21 Chea Vannak M Teacher NPIA

22 Chhong Deurn M Teacher NPIA

23 Sor Sophanna F Deputy of Administration NPIA

24 Kiev Mara M Deputy of Vocational Training NPIA

25 Em Oudorm M Teacher NPIA

26 Kosam Satavath M Teacher NPIA

27 Rith Kheareak M Deputy of Department of Mechanical NPIA

28 Kosom Sachakbuth M Director of Department of Mechanical NPIA

29 Bit Sopheak M Teacher NPIA

30 Gnim Kakada M Deputy of Department of Construction NPIA

31 Keal Sokchaiy M Teacher NPIA

32 Sum Chandina F Director of Department of Communication NPIA

33 Rin Thearith M Teacher NPIA

34 Chan Pheakdey M Deputy of Department DGTVET

List of participants for the Meeting with RPTSSVR/ Svay Rieng 11 October-18

1 Mut Chenda M Director, Svay Rieng RTC

2 Han Rithea M Deputy Director, Svay Rieng RTC

3 Preap Ravorn M Director RTC

4 Noun Sambor M Deputy Director RTC

5 Kim Samoun M Director of Deparment of Reserch and Communication RTC

6 Dok Phearen M Head of Academic Office RTC

7 Chan Samol M Staff RTC

8 Ny Seangleng M Director of Deparment RTC

9 Koh Ty M Director of Deparment of Automotive RTC

10 Bu Tola F Director of Veterinary Department RTC

11 Chork Lun M Staff RTC

12 Harry Wiebe M ADB/ FCA ADB

13 Lim Dalika M Civil Work TRTA

14 Mao Vanchann M Environmental Specialist TRTA

List of participants for the meeting with BIT on 11-December-18 ( By Ms. Sovannka)

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Chhim Phynal M Teacher BIT

2 Chhin Chunly M Teacher BIT

3 Chhum Theavy F Teacher BIT

4 Hy Bunly M Teacher BIT

5 Chambork Visal M Staff BIT

6 Khean Chanda M Staff BIT

7 Mel Pov F Deputy BIT

8 Chhim Sereyvuthana F Staff BIT

9 Sa Maly F Student BIT

10 Soung Rosa F Student BIT

11 Terng Kosal M Student BIT

12 Eng Tola M Student BIT

13 Ter Sek M Police man BTB

14 Keov Sokha F Trader BTB

List of participants for the meeting with NPIA on 11-December-18 ( By Ms. Ouk Sothira)

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Seng Kannica F Deputy Director NPIA NPIA

2 Lem Narm F Admin Chief office NPIA

3 Chheurn Rumpheary F Lecturer NPIA

4 Mob Sinoun M Director NPIA NPIA

5 Phang Puthy F Director RPITSR

6 Pov Vanvotey F Deputy Director RPITSR

7 Chea Ny M Deputy Chief Police / Slor Kram Siem Reap

List of participants for the meeting with RPTSSVR/ Svay Rieng on 12-December-18 ( By Ms. Ouk Sothira + Ms. Sovannka)

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Mut Chenda M Director RPTSSVR/ Svay Rieng RPTSSVR

2 Preab Ravan M Deputy Director RPTSSVR

3 Kung Srornos M TVET SDP Staff RPTSSVR

4 Phan Sambat M Admin RPTSSVR

5 Hang Sopheap M Admin RPTSSVR

6 Houn Sovicheka F Finance RPTSSVR

7 Chhum Sophany M Student RPTSSVR

8 Som Sun M Student RPTSSVR

9 Meas Tola F Student RPTSSVR

10 Song Chimee F Student

11 Mao Sothida F Resident Svay Rieng

List of participants for the meeting with TVET Park on 13-December-18 ( By Ms. Sovannka )

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Leang Kungmeng M CIEDI TVET Park

2 Pak Ravy F Deputy of Department TVET Park

3 Kang Kory M Student TVET Park

4 Chrea Sarsokuthydeth F Staff/ Lecturer TVET Park

5 Khen Sophors M Student TVET Park

6 Serng Proleng F Staff TVET Park

7 Pim Chanthyda F Student TVET Park

8 Prak Reaksmey F Lecturer TVET Park

9 XXX M Resident Phnom Penh

List of participants for the meeting with ITC on 13-December-18 ( By Ms. Sovannka+ Ouk Sothira)

No. Name Sex Position Institutions

1 Ny Ya M Student ITC

2 Him Sokim F Student ITC

3 Chong Maryta F Student ITC

4 Morm Vann M Student ITC

5 Bun Long M Lecturer ITC

6 Rath Sovannsathya F Lecturer ITC

7 Yin Molika F Lecturer ITC

8 In Sokneang F Lecturer ITC