The Strategic Paradox of Truly Autonomous Weapons
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Highlights of Recent RAND Research on Counterinsurgency
Highlights of Recent RAND Research on Counterinsurgency For more information, contact Shirley Ruhe, Director of Congressional Relations, at 703-413-1100, x5632 or [email protected], or Kurt Card, National Security Legislative Analyst, at 703-413-1100 x5259 or [email protected] As the leading research authority on counterinsurgency, the RAND Corporation has developed a wide selection of materials for policy makers. With multiple insurgencies operating in several theaters this research was developed to provide a historical, geographical, and functional understanding of past and present insurgencies and counterinsurgency operations. Social Science for Counterterrorism Putting the Pieces Together Darcy Noricks et al., 2009 This report from an interdisciplinary project to survey and integrate the scholarly social- science literature relevant to counterterrorism answers questions related to why some individuals become terrorists, how terrorists generate public support, how terrorist organizations make decisions, and why individuals disengage. A Stability Police Force for the United States Justification and Options for Creating U.S. Capabilities Terrence K. Kelly et al., 2009 Establishing security is the sine qua non of stability operations, since it is a prerequisite for reconstruction and development. Security requires a mix of military and police forces to deal with a range of threats from insurgents to criminal organizations. This research examines the creation of a high-end police force, which the authors call a Stability Police Force. 1 Underkill Scalable Capabilities for Military Operations amid Populations David C. Gompert et al., 2009 The battle for Gaza revealed an extremist strategy: hiding in cities and provoking attack to cause civilian deaths that can be blamed on the attacking forces. -
Marie Von Clausewitz: the Omw an Behind the Making of on War, by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger John T
Naval War College Review Volume 69 Article 10 Number 3 Summer 2016 Marie von Clausewitz: The omW an behind the Making of On War, by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger John T. Kuehn Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Kuehn, John T. (2016) "Marie von Clausewitz: The omW an behind the Making of On War, by Vanya Eftimova Bellinger," Naval War College Review: Vol. 69 : No. 3 , Article 10. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol69/iss3/10 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 146 NAVALKuehn: WAR COLLEGEMarie von REVIEW Clausewitz: The Woman behind the Making of On War, by V challenges in the Gulf of Guinea� Indeed, international cooperation� (4) Prevailing the book may be viewed as a compen- regional cooperative processes lack coor- dium of the existing legal regimes in the dination and have suffered several set- Gulf of Guinea� This legal landscape is backs� (5) International support for mar- important to understand as efforts pro- itime security cooperation in the Gulf ceed to combat maritime insecurity and of Guinea is inadequate, uncoordinated, enhance maritime governance through and in some cases driven by national in- cooperation� The section on emerging terests that affect its overall -
Counterinsurgency Operations
The Basics of Counterinsurgency By R. Scott Moore1 Abstract The study examines the basic characteristics of insurgencies and counterinsurgency campaigns conducted over the past century, strip away many of the prevailing assumptions. Based on detailed analysis of nearly sixty counterinsurgency campaigns, successful and unsuccessful, as well as the lessons learned by American and Coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001, the conclusions offer a historically grounded framework for thinking about counterinsurgency. While every conflict exhibited its own unique causes and conditions requiring tailored solutions, as a whole the many counterinsurgency campaigns exhibited fundamental characteristics that remained constant. If there were no immutable laws or empirical formulas for counterinsurgency, there existed certain basic principles and traits that marked and will continue to mark successful, and unsuccessful, outcomes. Introduction Recent operations in Afghanistan and Iraq have forcibly highlighted the need to reexamine how we fight irregular conflicts, and especially insurgencies to find a strategy to address these emerging threats. Religious extremism, ethnic intolerance, and socio- economic imbalances have given birth to fanatical movements demanding radical change. Insurgencies, and the terrorism that accompanies them, pose complex challenges threatening political and social stability and defying military attempts to suppress or defeat them. Unfortunately, if the conceptual confusion emanating from the many debates over these conflicts is any indication, we seem to have forgotten the past while attempting to reinvent the future. The lack of an integrated and multi-dimensional approach to these new threats too often leads to confusion and disjointed responses and acrimonious debates not only over what needs to be done, but who- military or civilian- should do it. -
Applying Irregular Warfare Principles to Cyber Warfare
Soldier from 3/187th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, sets up SATCOM to communicate further with key rear elements as part of search and attack mission in area of Narizah, Afghanistan, July 23, 2002 (U.S. Army/Todd M. Roy) Applying Irregular Warfare Principles to Cyber Warfare By Frank C. Sanchez, Weilun Lin, and Kent Korunka he cyberspace threat exists in a cyberspace and cyberspace threats that and can foresee, rapidly respond to, realm that does not conform to are initiated by faceless, borderless, and and counter cyberspace threats, the T the physical limits of land, sea, sometimes nationless enemies. These U.S. military’s strategy and approach to air, and space. Unlike these traditional enemies manifest in a domain neither cyberspace must adapt and incorporate domains, cyberspace fosters an unpre- confined nor governed by the tradi- unconventional approaches and hybrid dictable threat that can adjust, morph, tional norms and rules of war, which warfare into its operational capability. and reproduce without a national the broader military has no experience Despite its importance, the Nation’s identity or face.1 The challenge of the undertaking. To ensure the United leaders, strategists, and military planners military is to posture its approach to States maintains cyberspace dominance struggle to understand how cyberspace operations (CO) fit into national security as an instrument of national policy. A Commander Frank C. Sanchez, USN, is an Action Officer on the Joint Staff J32, Intelligence, significant shortcoming is due to the Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations. Major Weilun Lin, USAF, is Chief of the Central and leaders’ lack of experience and basic South Asia Branch, Joint Cyberspace Center, U.S. -
The Public Morality of Carl Von Clausewitz
DRAFT The Public Morality of Carl von Clausewitz A Paper for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association 24-27 March 2002 Suzanne C. Nielsen Assistant Professor Department of Social Sciences West Point, NY 10996 [email protected] The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Department of the Army, the U.S. Military Academy, or any other U.S. government agency. Please do not cite or reproduce without permission from the author. DRAFT “Nowadays, anyone reflecting on war and strategy raises a barrier between his intelligence and his humanity.” - Raymond Aron Clausewitz, Philosopher of War (1976) Introduction The ideas of Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian soldier and scholar, have been the subject of endless controversy since the posthumous publication of his great work, On War , in 1832. Did he produce a timebound and even faulty analysis of the wars of his age, or a classic that provides timeless insights? Was he an objective analyst of the complex nature of war, or an advocate of absolute wars of annihilation? Characterizations of Clausewitz and his writings vary tremendously. In the wake of the First World War, Liddell Hart attributed at least indirect responsibility for its destructiveness to Clausewitz. To Hart, Clausewitz was the “evil genius of military thought” and the “apostle of total war” who advocated mass and offensive above all else. 1[1] Bernard Brodie gave a quite different interpretation in the 1970s. He emphasized Clausewitz’s denial that war could be waged according to a list of axioms, and his belief that even valuable generalizations admit exceptions. -
An Actor-Centric Theory Of
he United States, the most power- Soldiers and Afghan National Police coordinate ful nation in the world, is reas- security for Afghan national election, September 2010 sessing its approach to war. With TAmerica entering the 10th year of what was originally called the global war on terror, the Nation finds itself engaged in con- flicts in Central Asia and the Middle East that challenge decades of planning, training, and doctrine. Although collectively this series of campaigns recently crossed the marker-point for America’s longest combat engagement ever, arguments persist—even in the pages of this publication—as to whether we have the correct approach.1 This debate is, for the most part, limited in scope.2 In general, it can be summarized as revolving around one contentious point: whether one agrees with the idea that the United States must redefine its fighting capacity based upon irregular threats—such as insurgency—or not. On the one hand, we have the proponents of a counterinsurgency, or COIN, approach often associated with U.S. Army (Chris G. Neeley) one of Washington’s newest think tanks, the Center for a New American Security, and its energetic president, retired U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel John Nagl.3 In brief, the An Actor-centric argument on this side of the current debate is that the U.S. Army (note, not the U.S. Marine Corps) deliberately shunned irregular warfare, and counterinsurgency in particular, Theory of War after it was “not allowed” (politically) to win the Vietnam war.4 Only when faced 30 years later in Iraq with an insurgency that seemed Understanding the Difference to be winning did the uniformed establish- ment return to the library of irregular warfare Between COIN and Counterinsurgency and, under the leadership of General David Petraeus, rewrite and embrace this form of war in the shape of revised Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency.5 This doctrinal By SEBASTIAN L.v . -
Prospect Theory and the Defence in Clausewitz's on War Paper
Prospect theory and the defence in Clausewitz’s On War Paper presented to the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, 16 March 2016, Atlanta, Georgia. Kenneth Payne, KCL It is quite clear how greatly the objective nature of war makes it a matter of assessing probabilities.1 Carl von Clausewitz, somewhat cryptically, argued that defence in war was stronger than attack. This seems to jar with much military writing then and now which praises the dynamism of the offensive and advocates using surprise as a means of overcoming an adversary’s strengths. Seizing the initiative, particularly when done by bold, visionary generalship, is the way to win victory in battle. By contrast, the defence seems reactive and passive, not commonly traits praised in military commanders or strategists. Waiting, Clausewitz averred, is the ‘leading feature’ of the defence.2 Passivity in the face of enemy hostility is not commonly remarked upon as a feature of martial prowess. Even when an attack was underway, the defensive force would remain on the back foot, reacting to events, rather than shaping them decisively; passively enduring the blows of the assaulting armies. As Clausewitz saw it, ‘prudence is the true spirit of defence, courage and confidence the true spirit of the attack’.3 How then could defence be the stronger of the two forces in war? Nonetheless, I argue here that Clausewitz was essentially correct, and for reasons that modern psychology would recognize. Specifically, I claim that the defence is stronger because we have an innate aversion to losing possessions, and this causes us both to fight more tenaciously to hold on to what we have, and to risk more to secure it. -
Counterinsurgency Law: New Directions in Asymmetric Warfare Edited by William A
International Review of the Red Cross (2013), 95 (891/892), 763–767. Multinational operations and the law doi:10.1017/S1816383114000149 BOOK REVIEW Counterinsurgency Law: New Directions in Asymmetric Warfare Edited by William A. Banks* Book review by R. James Orr, Dean of the School of Criminal Justice and Social Sciences of Tiffin University. Dean Orr is a retired US Navy judge advocate specialising in international and operational law and served as deputy legal adviser to NATO Headquarters, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation from 2004 to 2008. As the active engagement of US and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) troops in the conflict in Afghanistan winds down, the challenges of that conflict, and the legacy of challenges of the conflict in Iraq, continue to resonate in the policy discussions within governments and in academic literature. Throughout the first decade of the twenty-first century, legal literature has reflected an effort to adapt to what has often been characterised as a new era of conflict.1 Counterinsurgency Law: New Directions in Asymmetric Warfare, edited by Professor William Banks, is but one of the latest contributions to this literature. The second publication of collected essays produced under the aegis of Syracuse University’s Institute for National Security and Counter-Terrorism,2 the book provides a collection of well-researched and well-supported papers that serve the legal community. Both publications propose practical analytic approaches intended to help decision-makers and practitioners, as well as scholars, deal with an extremely * Published by Oxford University Press USA, 2013. The views expressed here are those of the book reviewer alone and not of the International Committee of the Red Cross. -
How and Why Did Changes in Warfare Affect Diplomacy, the European
How and why did changes in warfare affect diplomacy, the European state system, and the balance of power? AP European History Lesson Plan Seven “Cs” Analysis STATES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF POWER “Clausewitz wants us to accept the practical reality that these dynamic forces are ever-present and constantly interacting in the everyday world… " Ellen Resnek Downingtown East High School FPRI Conference Why Does America Go To War? Lesson Plan Objectives: Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics, and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power. Analyze the role of warfare in remaking the political map of Europe and in shifting the global balance of power in the 19th and 20th centuries. Assess the impact of war, diplomacy, and overseas exploration and colonization on European diplomacy and balance of power until 1789. Explain how the French Revolution and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars shifted the European balance of power and encouraged the creation of a new diplomatic framework. Explain the role of nationalism in altering the European balance of power, and explain attempts made to limit nationalism as a means to ensure continental stability. Evaluate how overseas competition and changes in the alliance system upset the Concert of Europe and set the stage for World War I. Explain the ways in which the Common Market and collapse of the Soviet Empire changed the political balance of power, the status of the nation- state, and global political alliances. NCSS Standard VI. Power, Authority, and Governance. -
Reflections Upon a Paradigm of Military Strategy Within the European Common Security and Defense Policy (ESDP)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2001-06 Clausewitz and the theory of military strategy in Europe : reflections upon a paradigm of military strategy within the European Common Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) Hartmann, Uwe. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2213 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS CLAUSEWITZ AND THE THEORY OF MILITARY STRATEGY IN EUROPE – REFLECTIONS UPON A PARADIGM OF MILITARY STRATEGY WITHIN THE EUROPEAN COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY (ESDP) by Uwe Hartmann June 2001 Thesis Advisor: Donald Abenheim Co-Advisor: Daniel Moran Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2001 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: Title (Mix case letters) 5. -
War by Other Means: the Problem of Population and the Civilianisation of Coalition Interventions
War by Other Means: The Problem of Population and the Civilianisation of Coalition Interventions Colleen Bell University of Bristol © 2009 Colleen Bell School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies, University of Bristol Working Paper No 02-09 Dr Colleen Bell is a visiting fellow at the Centre of Criminology at the University of Toronto and a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Politics at the University of Bristol. The driving focus of her work concerns how freedom is shaped by liberal strategies of security. Currently, she is conducting a project on the re-emergence of counterinsurgency doctrine in Coalition interventions, exploring how counterinsurgency represents a remedial movement to win ‘hearts and minds’ among occupied populations by strategizing culture within the schema of war. She is co-editor and contributor of a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding on the topic of post-interventionary societies. She is also in the process of publishing a book which addresses how freedom has been re-shaped by Canada’s ‘war on terror.’ Other published work can be found in Security Dialogue and the Canadian Journal of Law and Society. War by Other Means: The Problem of Population and the Civilianisation of Coalition Interventions Abstract: This paper examines the re-emergence of counterinsurgency doctrine in Coalition interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq. While counterterrorism has tended to emphasize the detection and elimination of known or suspected assailants, the paper considers how counterinsurgency operates at the level of the population by strategizing culture within the schema of war. The paper first contextualizes counterinsurgency as a stratagem of war that elides the Clausewitzean dictum that war is simply the continuation of policy by others means. -
How Organized Crime Appropriates Counterinsurgency Violence by Philip Luke Johnson
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 13, Issue 6 The Crime and State Terrorism Nexus: How Organized Crime Appropriates Counterinsurgency Violence by Philip Luke Johnson Abstract Studies on the connections between organized crime and terrorism tend to focus on non-state armed groups, and on the convergence of violent tactics. This article demonstrates that such a focus can overlook well- documented connections between state terrorism and organized crime. Particularly in post-Cold War Latin America, criminal groups recruit violence specialists from military and paramilitary units with histories of using indiscriminate violence and other forms of terrorism during counterinsurgency campaigns. Through this recruitment process, tactics of state terrorism are appropriated into the repertoires of criminal groups. This article demonstrates this process with a case study of the Zetas in Mexico, which was the first group in the country to actively recruit soldiers with counterinsurgency training. By doing so, the group caused a paradigm shift in criminal operations in the country, leading to the widespread adoption of terrorist tactics. This case study highlights the need for scholars of terrorism and organized crime to bring state terrorism back in, and to more thoroughly examine the points of contact between state and non-state terrorism. Keywords: Organized Crime, State Terrorism, Counterinsurgency, Terrorist Tactics, Mexico, Zetas Introduction In 2010, the bodies of 72 men and women were found on an isolated property in San Fernando, Mexico. All had been executed. The massacre was perpetrated by the Zetas, a criminal organization with a strong local presence and a reputation for using indiscriminate violence. This massacre provoked widespread outrage, as the victims were migrants from Central America, passing through the area on their way north.