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AU IUDEPEHDEUT JOURUAL OF PUBLIC AFF1\IRS

EDITOR: D. M. KULKARNI l·lAKE ENGliSH THE OF ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION Rs. 6.00

• Vol. XI No. 17 December 1, 1963 Page EDITOR/Ab:

Ag•·i(•ultuml Progress or 'Collecti"e' Chaos? 2

India And 5 By Ill, A. J'e11kata Rao -

What is Wrong with Groupism? 7 By Ill . •\', 1'/wlal

llELIJI LETTER:

Nehru's Coup D'Grace 9

Guided 11 R)' Slnimati J..,·ema X

Booi.-Rtwit>w 12

l11t.> !\lind of the Xation 13 Xews and \'iews u EDITORIAL Agricultural Progress or ''Collective" Chaos?

liE Congress debacle on the food front has was laid waste and presented a horried picture T evi<.lently upset and shaken the Congress of thousands of acres of agricultural lands bein" lea<.lers. They are now busy finding out scape­ inundated with sea-water, for want of proper r;_ goats for explaining their unpardonable failure in pairs to the old bunds and embankments. The this regard. The National Development Council, ce~ling placed on agricultural_ holdings, c

THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN 2 among agriculturists barracked into Soviet 'Col­ proach being made by this Gc.wenunt'nt to this lectives' or Chinese 'Communes.' problem of increasing a~ltural outpt~t. rommf"n· surate "ith the fast grO\nng populahon of tht> The Government's chief concern therefore &t country. It looks more likely that. with tht" ~t"llt"­ this critical juncture, should be to rehabilitate at ral elections coming near, his poweor-crazy Gover:n· least the much-maligned peasant-proprietor, if not ment \\ill, instead, offer to the ignorant and exctt· the socially useful 'Landlord', in the rural economy able multitude a veritable socialist circus of ron· of the country by gi\ing him an unqualified assur­ Eiscatory 'Land' Reforms'. which will inexh~r~blv ance that his peasant-proprietorship is safe and take the country towards the chaos of collectivtsed s<.-cure in its hands and no further inroads would agriculture and the complete effacement of the St"lf· be madt" on his ownership rights in the land and employing peasant class, the last surviving symbol he could safely invt"st his money into it so as to of decentralised political and economic democracv improve it and make it yield richer crops. The at the grass roots. hmd-system based on peasant-proprietorship has given better results in stepping up agricultural • .. • production in countries like U.S.A., Japan, France. CRISIS IN Canada and Australia. There is no reason whv it THE OF B.UTIUS~I TilE AR-\B should not prove successful in our country and "·hy LA...'!\"D. it should stand condemned in the eves of our rulers t>xcept for ideological reasons. - The B~athists of Iraq and Syrht, and Na.'>serian Arab Nationalists are both known to have placed It is reported that even Russia and China have before themselves the common ~oal of 'Socialism and been compE'lled by force of circumstanet>S to st"e Arab unity'. But the main difference between the the error of their ways in launching upon their two seems to be centred over the question of plans of wholesale agricultural collectives and com­ Nasser's monolithic leadership of the :\rah world. munes. Should India not take lessons at least from Moreover the Baathists claim that they are more de­ the bitter experiences of these communist coun­ mocratic than Nasserites and as such, they can tries passing now through acute food crisis? Must never accept the military dictatorship of Nasser our Government still in a fool-hardv manner allow 0\'er the Asian Arab counries. Ever !lmce the talks itself to be guided more by rhetoriCs than by real among the three , viz.. ~gypt. Syri~ ~nd economics in fom1ulating its a~icultural plans and Iraq, failed in April last. over the 1ssue of bnngm~ policies? In fact, agriculture has had already its the three countries together under an enlar~ed l'dl· sweet re,·enge on the Government for relegating tion of U.A.R., the Arab countries in \Vest Asia it to the secondary position and 'lnduly boostin~ the untenable claims of heavy industry at its l'Ost, forgettin~ tl1e patent fact that in a developing country like India with her limited resources, the THE INDIAN LIBERTARIAN heavv industries and e,·en consumers' industries Independent Journal Of Free Economy and haw· to feed themselves largely on the surplus in­ . Public ADairl come accruing to the countrv from agriculture Edited by: D. ).L Xulkami, B.A., U.B. which in more senses than one, is the 'basic' indu'>­ Publisl1ed On the In and 15th Of Each Monti& trv, albeit the massive aid flowing to Jndia from afflu('nt countries like U.S.A. Single Copy 25 Naye Paiae CHAOS OF COU..EID'IS~L Subscription Rate1 : Tht" Nehruviau Democratic Socialists too, if Annual Rs. 8; S $(U.S.A.); II S. (U.It.) they really dar('d to accept the challen?;e of their .-\DVERTISEMENT RATES critics, could still demonstrate the ,·iability and Full Page Rs. 100: Hall Pa~ Rs. 50: Quarter Page Rs. 25 1 ust>fulness of their pet plan of agricultural 'co-ope-­ One-eighth Page Rs.l5; One full rolunw of a Page R•. SO rati\'es', by first distributin~ about ten crores of BACI: COVER. • .. • .. .. • .. • • Rs. 150 Govemment "·aste lands availahlt> at prest>nt amma~ the landless probletarians in tht> rural area., and brin~­ SEC0:\'1> CO\'ER... . . • • Rs. 125 ing· them all into co-operatives. The ad,·antage of THIRD CO\'ER •••••. ~... IU. 125 sud1 a course of action would be. that if this ex­ • Articles from readen and contn"buton are acupted. periment succeeds in stepping up agricultural pro­ Articles meant for publication ~ould be typewritten unction per acre and improving the living stand­ and on one side of the paper only-. :mh of agriculturists. it will surely act as a lever • Publication of articles does DOt mean editorial for further implementation of the 'co-operatives' plan eodorsement since the Journal is aho a F,__Forwn. even amon~ the present peasant-proprietors; and en•n if it fails. it will do least hann to the present • Rejected articles •ill be Rtumed to the wrtten II , acrompanied •ith stamped addressed envelope. pt·a~;mtry-dominated land system in the country which had stood the test of time Cl\'er all these Write to tl1e Manager for Sample Cow · l'«'llturies. and gift.r to new Subscriber•. But ~lr. :'\ehru's recent speeches do not hold Arya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road. Bombay 4. clut anv such hopes of a pragmatic and rational a~

:J 01.'<-emher 1. 1003 l;ave Leen split all 0\·er, between these two power· organisation, of free anJ self-governi.a1~ regional foal camps of ~asserites and Baathists. communities and compact social groups in a spirit . The Baathist movement which made its debut of mutual aid and co-operation. m 19-10 under the leadership o( Michel Aflak and * * * ~alah AI Ditar, first attracted world-wide attention WELL nom:, AUGARH UNIVERSITY l •'} ~arly 1?6''3. when the Baathists overthrew leftist Ka~.•m re~a'!le in Iraq and seized power for them­ The Aligarh University was born essentially of ~t>h es. 1 ha~ was followed within a few days by a the spirit of Renaissance which ruled over the ~acct>ssful roup staged by the Syrian Baathists in minds of leaders of Muslim community who Daruacus. These two Baathist-dominated Govem­ founded it. Though this University has remained, mmts _of Iraq and S}Tia have naturally roused broadly speaking, even to this day, a seat of Muslim muc·h ne and opposition from the ambitious Nasser culture and learning, it has had to throw its portals and his followers. wide and open to other communities as well, in keeping with the spirit of its basic ideals. E:o<:l, University could not long remain unaffected by the ha\e 110 cultural or socaal links with Egyptian spirit of the new awakening. The rec~nt resolution . But Nasser wants to impose his 0\\,1 brand it has passed enabling its institutions to switch over of Arah. n;ationalism on Iraq, Syrh, Jordan and to English from Urdu as the medium of instruction uther Asaan Arab countries. It is evident that under particularly at the college level, will come as il tl1e lt>ad~~hip of the Baathists, these different Arab pleasant surprise to those lovers I)( learning and commumta('s are fighting back Nas'>er's political knowledge in our country. who are not a little a11

TilE l~DIA~ LIBERTARIAN 4 INDIA AND CHINA By M. A. VENKATA RAO China ~Y an unsatisfied . Its goal is pl1ysical possession of tlw .u:~a.ltll of South .4.sia-India, Malaz a, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Bun~, Vietnam, !he Plnllrpmcs, ~ornco, Formo~a, redru;ng Japan to a subordinate status along U)1th South.ern Asza as _vart of tl1_e Clun.cse Co-r~:~spcnf!J Emprre. India, therefore, needs an inu~ediate re-o~ientatwn of her d1plomacy, •f she rs to surt:rtc the JJrcscnt periloos crisis and meet the Chmese menace.

T HE Jaipur meeting of the All, Imlia Congres.s ha: and \Vashin

5 December I, 196.'1 .. A decade of this process will root out all possi­ oia, Hungary, Albania, Austria with Greece and I>!IIty of revolt from ethnic diversity and alienation Turk-y added with hegemony over Persia, Afganistan flf S!(l(.J,;! and the Persian Gulf and with dominance over the Indian ocean'. Only_ a mthless totalitarian regime can do this job compressmg c£·nturies of social process into decades! The resources, human and natural, of this rich ami vast area will support the Power system of the The ccn_trc o~ ~avity of Chinese national society new Chinese empire. and power 1s sh1ftmg from the coastal cities to the n·ntrc--more to the northern land-mass abutting the ·\Vhat is India's part in this vision-that of humble Russian Siberian territory. hewers of wood and drawers of water for their yellow masters! Also, as soldiers to fight the Yellow man's Russ_ians are apprehending conflicts along this wars with the Russian and \Vestern national alliances long ancient frontier and are reinforcing their border and empires or groups! troops at strategic frontier posts! If India does not change her effete and suicidal . Thousands of _Russian technicians are leaving policy be times, this or something like it will be her Chma but the Chmese are proceeding with their fate in the years to come. To be aware of the Peril p~ogra~me of_ self-sufficiency in defence and power is to be prepared against it - in the patriot's book, potential! The1r self-confidence seems to be immense. in the statesman's book. This book has other pages . 'f?eir Great ~ap of 1957-58 failed disastrously than the one monotonous mantra of nonalignment. m agnculture and mdustry. Their targets had to be It has the main motive of national defence carried abandoned. They had to import food from capitalist out by preparedness to the limit of free economy. muntries and machinery as well from outside com­ Free economy is to be supplemented by the military munist muntries such as Britain. But they are con­ and economic aid of friendly foreign nations who fident of carrying out their plans with or without have aims similar to ours- whose diplomacy and na­ dependence on Russia and other communist countries. tional aims include our national independence. The cold fact is that the natJ'onal aims of Russia They are competing with Russia as the home of and China as communist nations are "international" t ommunist leadership and source of communist ideo­ in the perverted sense of being identical with world logy and example of ~larxist-Leninist Progress to the conquest or world hegemony or world empire, what­ Clas~less Heaven. They claim to be better guides ever the phraseology in which it may be couched. to the strategy of world conflict for world conquest This is the meaning of international proletarianism. inasmuch as ~lao and other Chinese leaders are They claim to be the natural leaders and protectors older than Khmshchov in communist revolutionary of the working classes of every nation over the heads cxP<'rience and statesmanship. They made their re­ of their own elected governments! This is an imper­ volution entirely independently of Moscow and in tinence and intervention that should never be count- flat contradiction to Stalin's advice. They came to enanced. . power not on the official orthodox basis of city, in­ dustrial proletariat but on the support of the pea­ It requires the legal banning of the communist santry. Mao built a great army out of peasants and parties in every free country, particularly in India. fed and trained it out of his own mother-wit and For democracy cannot be interpreted to be a suicide genius-not with the help of the bookish maxims of pact! It is entitled to and is required by the necessi­ ~farx and Lenin at alii ties of the case to protect its people by immobilising the communist parties in its midst as treacherous Even today, the Chinese ideologists who insist groups with extra-tenitorial loyalties. on using war when opportunity occurs to further world conquest, as Stalin did in Korea and Vietnam, India needs an immediate re-orientation of dip­ command a majority among communist nations. lomacy if she is to survive in the present perilous crisis and meet the Chinese menace. But Khrushchov is more kenly aware of the dan­ ger of nuclear war and is not willing to risk it. He is She should immobilise the CPI whether of the aware of the Russian people's hunger for peace and Russian brand or pro-Chinese brand immediately. industria] prosperity. His regime will crack if he leads India should comb out the Lal Sena groups of his nation to war rashly. It is another thing if the guerilla bands under camouflage in Assam and Tri­ \\'est or China attacks Russia, when defence will lead pura and other border areas thoroughly, village by the Russians to enthusiastic and sacrificial defence village. Villager- recruited police constables will not heroism. be able to do this job. Educated young men £red But China is an unsatisfied nation. It wants em­ with patriotic zeal should be recruited for the nation- pire: Its goal is physical possession of the wealth of al defence for this purpose. · South Asia-India, Malaya, Burma, Indonesia, Thai­ Land hungry farmers should be settled along land, the \'ietnams, (South and North,) the Philip­ the borders from Ladakh to Assam and Burma each pint'S, Borneo Formosa-reducing Japan to a subor­ with sufficient land for the support of a family and dinate status along with southern India as part of the equipped with draft cattle, small tractors, fertiliser Chinese co-prosperity empire: Tht analogy is supplies, clothes for the mountain climate, rifles and Hussia with the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuani•l, Poland, Czechosloval.:ia, Bulgaria, Ruma- (Continued on Page 8)

Till:: I~DIAN LIBEnTARIAN 6 Wl1at Is W rottg Witl1 Groti}Jistll ·~•

By M. N. Tholal Groups based on affinity of ideas, are inherent in a libertarian society. But in India, Congressmen including their great leader, Mr. Nehru, swear by democracy and by the dignity of the individual and yet are almo~t unanimously out to kill groupism. The real trouble in our country is that difference; are not debated to make the people realise that they are ov~r. Democracy can ill flourish in countries u:l1crc the people clo not have the courage to speak out their minds. '

II ERE has been so much condemnation of group­ shoe was hurled at the dais which grazed Surcndra­ T ism by Congressmen, following its condemna­ nath Bannerjea and hit Sir . The tion by the Prime Minister, that it is worth while ex­ trouble arose because Tilak was not allowed to ad­ amining what groupism is and whether it is essentially dress the delegates on the proposal of the election of bad. In all democratic countries groups exist, based the President for the session, after it had been duly doubtless on affinity of ideas, and no one has ever seconded. Tilak had a right to do so under the tried to condemn them, acknowledging that they are constitution, which gave the right to elect the Presi­ inherent in a society based on liberty. There are dent to the delegates. groups in Communist countries also, but they are not The Moderates organised a convention and fixed tolerated -- they live dangerously -- even as they were not tolerated in fascist Germany and Italy. The a constitution for the Congress which practically ex­ dictator is there to give to the people the direction cluded the Nationalists. In 1914 when there was an in which they ought to pull, and it is none of the attempt to reunite the two wings of the Congress, business of the people to think for themselves. But G_okh~le agreed first to such a reunion, but changed here in India Congressmen, including their great Ins mmd afterwards. And no wonder, for it was only leader, l\fr. Nehru, swear by democracy and by the after . the Surat split that Gokhale took a leading dignity of the individual, and yet are almost unanim­ part m the Congress. Every one would admit that ously out to kill groupism. Can anything be more both Gokhale and Tilak were patriots of tl1e highest order, and yet both were "guilty" of what is now absurd or hyprocritical? called "groupism". ·The truth would appear to be that an attempt is being made to enthrone in the Congress . himself belonged to a group in the name of democracy. tried m the late twenties, opposed to his own father. With to do the same, but was balked, first by Deshbandhu Srinivas Iyengar he stood for independence at a time Das and Pandit , and later by the when his father used to say, "If I begin standing for !alter's illustrious son, who is now our Prime Minister. independence today, Srinivas Iyengar would at once But today there seems no one in the Congress who b~gin supporting status." I myself heard can take up the gauntlet thrown by Jawaharlal Nehru. h1m say so. Later at the Calcutta Congress in 1928, There were great and far-seeing men in it but they 1\fr. Nehru had with Subhas Bose taken a stand ~ll have left it,-mostly for the reason that they found against his own father who presided at the session 1t hopeless to challenge Mr. Nehru successfully within and was threatening to resign if his stand was not the Congress, with the result that Mr. Nehru in the approved by the Congress. Through the efforts of Congress today is like a one-eyed man among the ~andhi a compromise was reached between the father blind, and thus their natural leader. Mr. Nehru does and the son, but when the com:::>romise resolution was not like able men who think for themselves and give taken up at the open Congress session, both Bose <·xpressio.n to their convictions. He likes the lap-dog and Jawaharlal Nehru opposed it. Gandhi later type wh_Ich l?oks up to the Master for everything, severely criticised Mr. Nehru openly for going back aml he 1s gomg to have it to the exclusion of other on the compromise. types. That is what the Kamaraj Plan, as amended GANGING UP by ~lr. Nehru, is intended for. What was it if not groupism-and unjustified at -Those conversant with the of the Con­ that-which made 1\fotilal Nehru ignore a llindu­ ~rcss know that there have always been groups in ~luslim settlement reached at the Madras Congress the Congress. The split in the Congress at Surat in m 1927 as a result of the exertions of Srinivas Iyengar. HJ07 was due to what is called groupism. Tilak was It was the greatest piece of work any Congress leader then describ~d as the arch-offender, who had brought ev~r d!d-for, .~s Jinnah used to say, .. Jiindu-1\fmlim about the rum of the Congress, built up in a quarter umty ~s -a~d yet it was undone by no Jess of_ a century. \Vhen the delegates arrived at Surat, a patno~ than Mobl~l Nehru. The Agreement had T1lak got together delegates of his way of thinking in been hmled by Pandtt Madan 1\fohan MaJaviya on a ~eparate camp. Attempts were made by Tilak to one side and Jinnah and 1\faulana Mohammad Ali on hnng about a compromise between the }.federates the other. \Vhat more c:ould a patriot want? And and the Nationalists, who were the Leftists of those yet it was brushed aside, almost treated as non-exist­ days_. but they failed. The session witnessed a melee. ent, and was followed by the , whic:h Chairs were thrown and sticks brandished. Even a proved to be an apple of disc:ord. Even Gandhi took • 7 December I, 19G.1 r1o intcre:.t in the matter for fear of Motilal Nehru because public· opinion is too enlightt'ncd to permit presumably-the latter was away in England but anti-national or anti-social courses of action. This l.;;mdhi was present at the ~ladras Congress. Obvi­ prevents careerism for personal gain ami we see a omlv, the ~lahatma should have thrown his whole man of the stature of Butler, losing the chance of weight on the side of the Agreement, but he did not. becoming prime minister twice, without refusing to serve the Government under a new-comt'r. We all know that it was groupism-again un- . ju!>tified-which led in 1937 to what the Muslim The examples of groupism given above are ex­ Leaguers with a great deal of justification, called treme examples. They are instances really of ganging "double-crossing", when a purely Congress ministry up against Tilak, against Srinivas Iyengar, against was formed in U.P., although before the general Subhas Bose, and ganging up, of course, should not be dl·ction, which was run jointly by the U .P. Congress tolerated within parties. There is no reason \vhy the and the U.P. ~luslim League, a coalition ministry leaders of groups within the party should not rt'main had been agreed upon. The default proved calamit­ the best of friends conceding honesty to each other. ous as it Jed to the Muslim League demand for Were not Gandhi and Srinivas Sastri the best of l'&tkistan. Even Maulana Abu) Kalam Azad, in his friends despite the great political gulf between them? bulia \\'ins Freedom blames Jawaharlal Nehru for The trouble in this country is that differences are not this blunder. Gandhi was again wrong in not putting debated to make the people realise what the differ­ his foot down on the attempt to by-pass the gentle­ ences are over. This is due to the fact that there is men's agreement between the Congress and the Lea­ too much fear of leaders who are cast in an undemo­ gue of U.P., which would easily have brought the cratic mould and resent criticism. Democracy can two together all over the country. ill Hourish in countries where the people do not have the courage to speak out their minds. · The triple crown placed on the head of J. M. Sengupta by Mahatma Gandhi-it consisted of the presidenbhip of the Bengal Provincial Congress Com­ mittee, the leadership of the Bengal Congress Legis­ (Continued from Page 6) lature Party and the Mayoralty of the Calcutta Cor­ poration-ignoring Subhas Bose altogether, was one ammunition for defence against wild animals and also of the worst examples of groupism. \Vas it groupism for use against fifth columns when called upon. Ex­ or anti-groupism that made Jawaharlal Nehru come soldiers and their families should have the preference out of the prison in September 1935 with "'Resist in this settlement programme. Volunteers from all \Vardha.. on his lips? Never were two words more areas, irrespective of stock, martial by inheritance or justified, but the fact remains . that groupism was otherwise should be entertained. Volunteering is being attempted. That master tactician, the Maha­ sufficient evidence of martial quality. Battalions as tma, foiled the attempt by whispering to people that units can be allotted land blocks, also, as an addition­ Jawaharlal was his "virtual successor", and the latter al plan. forgot all about resisting Wardha. 0 tempora, 0 mor<.·s! Prime Minister Nehru's attitude on the Fruit orchards as well as plantations can be en­ <.h;uges against Mr. Kairon is another glaring example couraged with suitable aid. of unjustified groupism. But that does not mean that groupism is always unjustified. Elements from Ladakh, Punjab, , North U.P., North Bihar, NEFA, North Assam, the Burma Groupism is bad if it is born of attachment or border such as the areas should have these animosity to personalities, good if it is born of attach­ settlements. nwnt to principles. No group is altogether bad and, ,·k-e versa, no group can be sa1d to be altogether Diplomacy should espouse the cause of Tibetan ~ood. If a group becomes altogether or almost al­ freedom in the UNO as a buffer. Russia and the USA togetlwr bad, it will tend in course of time to fall and Britain should all be won over to this idea. apart and dissolve. And it cannot be altogether good Russia can be won over since she will not want China lwcause it is not in human nature to be wholly per­ to be too powerful along her land frontier. India fect. Even attachment to personalities is generally should also recognise Formosa as the true China and horn of attachment to principles, when it is not due withdraw her Envoy from Peking and cut off diplo­ to the profit motive, as it can be said to be when a matic relations completely from China and declare person is all-powerful and has it in his power to make her to be an enemy country. She should have the men rich by the bestowal of jobs or licences or per­ courage to call a spade a spade. The present wishy­ mits. washy position is demoralising as it continues the "lThai Bhai" attitude in spite of the bloody aggression The Conservative Party of Britain, for example, in Ladakh and NEFA. India should try to occupy has its groups-the Butler group, the Hailsham grou?, the military vacuum in South Asia and undertake t•tc. -but they do not and cannot gang up against, to take her fair share in the defence of the Free one another, because the members of the group are World. This is the condition that will win adequalP too patriotic to pem1it unpatriotic action which will aid from the USA and the Commonwealth. rnlound to tht' discredit of the group, that again

THE I~DIAN LIBEHTAniAN 8 DELHI LETTER

r~ehru's Coup D' Grace

(From Our Correspondent)

Althou~h a paper on was cheers that nothing would be more idiotic and st·n­ approved for circulation among affiliated bodies, seless on the part of any Congressman than to mauy Congre~s leaders at the last AICC meeting harbour such a notion. \Vhy? Is ~lr. Nehru the re­ at Jaipur gave proof of the fact that they do not pository of all wisdom in the world? Why shoul~l understand what democracy is. Even the members not Congressmen, if they are democrats, have the of the Congress \Vorking Committee come under right to propagate the view tl1at Mr. Nehru should this category. For, an elaborate stat~ment on the be ousted from leadership, without being called Kamaraj Plan, prepared by the \Vorking Committee, idiots and senseless? He also said it was mischievous warned Congressmen that "fissiparous tendencies re­ to categorise Congressmen as Leftists and Rightist'>. vealing themselves in groupism and factionalism in for Congressmen were all Congressmen wedded to the organisation wo~1ld have to be put down promJ.l­ Congress policies. But, surely, even thus wedded tly and with a heavy hand". Every one kno\vs they can be Leftists and Rightists and that too lP­ whose heavy hand it is going to be that will promp­ gitimately. Mr. Desai also said that those who talk tly put down the fissiparous tendencies revealing of groups and Right and Left should be dealt with themselves in groupism and factionalism in the or­ a heavy hand. It certainly shows the way the wind ganisation. is blowing in the Congress.

It was not thought necess:1ry to leave it to ~lr. llarideo Joshi, the Rajasthan PCC Pre'>i­ sunnise. The \Vorking Committee's paper, ~fr. dent, went so far as to say that the K:unaraj Plan Desai said, suggested frequent consultations he­ had enthused the rank and file of Congressmen and tween the organisational and parliamentary wings workers and had proved thgishti\·e A'isemhlv ing <.'amp;lign that some leaders were conspiring to after gettin~ a Congress ti<-kf't. I am not aware that oust ~lr. ~ehru from leadersl1ip. He added amid Hitler or ~fussolini, e\·en in the herday of their

9 December 1, 196:1 clid.llor'il.ip, f'\f'r l•all tlwir domestic servant in the repel Chinese aggression. Rajasthan Chief 1\linis­ l.. :!;i\latnre<; of tl1cir lamk (:\lr. ~ehru's typist is a ter l\lohanlal Sukhallia, secomling the resolution, Con~ress :\I.P.) said that India could never tolerate aggression by either China or . One wonders whether he ;o.;t'H'fthdess there was some frank and out· knows that India has tolerated aggression by Pak­ spnlt·n criticism. :\lr. :\lahavir Tyagi considered it an "unprt·cellclltcll and unnatural step" taken by istan for fifteen years. A man who does not know that, or can forget it, can also vehemently defend tl•e High Command "to force the Chief Ministers of the policy of non-alignment. Stlnntly and saki that the High Command was and Pakistan on the basis of surrendering our fi,J.ing in trouhiC'd waters. He almost hinted that territory. But is not our offer of a no-war pact to when, he said l•e wanted the High Command to look Pakistan as good as negotiation on the basis of into things with an introspective eye and "see whe­ surrendering our territory? Mr. !\Ienon also said tlwr the fault did not lie with them". The motive that the policy of non-alignment had stood the test llt'l1iml the Kamaraj Plan was made almost obvious of both peace and wartime: It certainly has, if we by Seth Govind Das when he l:omplained that, forget the aggression by China, and 1\fr. l\fenon while dissidents were consulted by the Congress seems to have forgotten it or is prepared to forget Iligh Commaml in U.P. and Behar before the for­ it. mation of ministries there, the same principle was not applieu in the case of Madhya Pradesh. What Mr. Raghunath Singh of U.P., moving an then happened in C.P. to the principle enunciated amendment, wanted the resolution to protest hy :\lr. Nehru at Jaipur in his declaration that the strongly against the repression of Buddhists in South Congress High Comand had to intervene in the Viet-nam. Mr. Nehru described the amendment as formation of ministries because it was anxious that "irresponsible" in the present context of a coup the complexion of the entire party was reflected in there and said it was highly improper to move such the ministry and the right people were included in an amendment. But where lay the irresponsibility it on the basis of merit. and not on the basis of per­ or the high impropriety? If the repression or sup­ sonal allegiance to a person or group? pression of Buddhists is condemnable, it should he condemned - at any rate any attempt to do so The Urdu verse 1\lr. Tyagi recited was a tell­ should not be termed irresponsible or highly im­ ing piece, the most appropriate line in it being, proper unless the Congress has decided to say ''Yaron ke sar kata diye Sardar bangaye". (Became god-bye to ethics. As for the qualification "in the the leader by cutting off colleagues' heads.) But context of the coup", which was obviously pro­ steps to dictatorship are always taken on the bodies Buddhist, as it should have been under the situation, of colleagues. Mahatma Gandhi acknowledged the amendment by implication approved the policies Gokhale as his master but the first thing that he did of the Government, which had already released on hccoming a Congress leader was to drive away Buddhists, and there was nothing ·offensive in the Gokhale's disciples from the Congress and even amendment against the regime, while the old regime make it impossible for them to return to the Con­ had already been condemned with Mr. Nehru's ap­ gn·ss! (That is why this correspondent has been say­ proval by the Congress Parliamentary Party's ex­ ing that 1\lr. Nehru is a true disciple of 1\lahatma ecutive. Mr. Nehru's high-handed intervention in Gamlhi.) Prime 1\linister Bakhshi's was the most the debate only shows the irresponsible manner l'autlid comment on the Kamaraj Plan when, plead­ in which he sometimes intervenes in debates. inp; for more people retiring under the Plan, he The resolution referred to the recent historic quoted an Urdu poet to say, "Ham to doobey hain, march of U.S. Negroes in their struggle for equality. Sanam, tujhko hhi le doobeyge". ("We have sunk Was that march more historic than the burning of but we shall take you down with us.") At least their live bodies by Buddhist monks? Mr. Subra­ one of the retiring Chief 1\linisters has had the manian, who moved the resolution, naturally could courage to equate retirement from office with not, after ~fr. Nehru's vehement intervention, accept "sinking" and to give expression to his natural in­ Mr. Raghunath Singh's amendment. He put down teutions thereafter. But it was left to Mr. Amar­ his refusal to the "fast-changing situation there". nath Vidyalankar to put his finger on the ailin!:', But the debate took place on November 4 and the spot when he accused the Congress High Command coup was over on November .2. Where then was of lending ears to backbiting which, he said, had the "fast-changing situation"? This is another t'Hl·ouraged group and faction mongers in the party. example of how Mr. Nehru carries the day with his I le also exposed the Plan saying that, although 12 high-handedness, and yet there is 110 one in the top men had left their posts, thought had not yet world who condemns fear more than Mr. Nehru. been gin·n to the work they were to do! Does he think the manner in which he sometimes intervenes in debates is not calculated to excite I~TERNATIONAL SITUATION fear? Or does he condemn fear so often because Tht' .\ICC also adopted a resolution on il\ter­ he exploits the cowardice of Congressmen? n.ttioual affairs alfirming India's finn resolve to

THE I~DIA~ LIBERTARIAN 10 GUIDED DEl\IOCR_ACY

By SHRIMATI PREUA NANDAKUMAR 'Guided Democracy'; 'National Fron(; '' - many of these words liaee a farm­ liar ring. 'Newspeak', 'double-think' are alarming forces in the modem u:orld. w·orcls can be misusccl and reiterated often enough tiU the less appears the better reason, and Big Brotl1cr beams like Bcneco­ lence, and Dictator dons the great democrat's cap. As for 'Socialism', the Na::.is tcere Socialists, aJUl the Communists are Sociali.sts too; so u:hy should not Indonesians also be Socialists if tl1cy u:ant P As Dr. sees it, Socialism is simply the extension of the •family sy9fem'; "the whole nation becomes a family.

B URSTING with good intentions, the UNESCO Anwar Sani's second lecture, the subject of which have started the "Major Project on Mutual Ap­ was the political situation in Indonesia. Dr. Sani was preciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values"; speaking, he said, in his individual capacity and not and as a part of this major project, the 'Orient-Occi­ as the official representative of Indonesia; but there dent Week' was celebrated (presumably with subsi­ was no doubt he was speaking with knowledge and dies from the UNESCO) in all the major (for only authority. The upshot of the speech was tl;at Dr. 'major' can respond to 'major') Indian Universities Sukamo was, is, and must be the life, mind, heart towards the end of September. · The celebrations and soul of Indonesia. In June 1945, Dr. Sukarno en­ took the form of India-Indonesia Mutual Apprecia­ unciated the "five principles" that should ~ide the tion in Waltair, and no less a person than Dr. Ch. future Indonesian State: 1. Nationalism rather than Anwar Sani of the Indonesian Embassy was present the narrower localism); 2. Internalionalism (rather to highlight the exercise in Mutual Appreciation. than the chauvinistic brand of nationalism); 3. De­ There were lectures, film shows, music concerts, and mocracy (of the traditional type: i.e., governed, not a symposium, an exhibition, a catechism, and even by majority decisions, but by unanimous decisions); a quiz. Indeed, a tight programme for a full week. 4. (in other words, a broadl:)' egali­ Waltair Uplands must have been overflowing with tarian order); and 5. Belief in one Supreme God. the milk and honey of orient-occident mutual appre­ These 'principles' underwent some processing before ciation. The programme ended with a lucid lecture they were embodied in the Jakarta Charter of 22 on the Gandhian Ethic by Prof. M. V. Moorthy and June 1945 as belief in the one God, just and civilised a spate of Indonesian music. humanity, Indonesian Unity, democracy, and social justice. After the capitulation of Japan, there fol­ Which of the two participating countries (India lowed the declaration of Indonesian Inde;:>endence; and Indonesia) was occident, and which orient P Or and the preamble to the Constitution of the Repub­ since both India and Indonesia are blissfully non~ lic more or Jess reiterated the 'principles' enunciated aligned in the Nehru-Menon way, are the terms in the Jakarta Charter. It was stressed that the 'five 'occident' and 'orient' strictly irrelevant ? Or might it principles' were really of an interlocking character, !lot he that ~hen the hectic pairing was done at. a~d the real task then was to reach a final agreement headquarters, the occident-orient couples were all With the Dutch authorities. Holland 'recognised' the exhausted, and the two oriental countries - India Republic in 1949, and next year the 'United States of and Indonesia -- were left to conduct some sort of Indonesia' were replaced by United Indonesia; Even dialogue (or two independent parallel monologues) . so, the importation of the \Vestern parliamentary ?n hospitable Waltair? Perhaps we are too curious system of 'government by political parties' led to fre­ m th~se matters; perhaps the meaning of terms quent changes in government, chronic uncertainty doesn t matter at all, so long as some idle chatter of in the political landscape, and the growth of fissi­ a transcendental kind can ensue and inundate the parous tendencies. The idea of 'guided democracy' hearers. mooted first by Dr. Sukarno in 1956, did not then prove acceptable to the political parties; but, after F~om reports and from my own experience of nttcndmg some of the lectures, I have the uncom­ the abortive rebellion in Sumatra and elsewhere in fortable feeling that the 'celebrations' did't exactly 1958, 'guided democracy' was again offered as the promote mutual appreciation. On the very first day, panacea, and the presidential decree of July 1959 there was some misunderstanding as to whether the took the country back - so to say - to 18 August vast sheet of water traditionally known as the Indian 1945 and the Five Principles and Dr. Sukarno's su­ Ocean ~houldn't more appropriately be called the preme and permanent overlordship. And Indonesia Indonesian Ocean. There were subdued murmurs of has been enjoying the blessings of 'guided demo­ dissmt in the excellent discourse on 'The Cultural cracy' during the last 4 or 5 years. ~Tnity of South East Asia' by Dr. 0. Ramachandra­ Jya. The Principal made an odd (though casual) Dr. Sani did his best to explain the concept of refl'rence to Indonesia's 'militant' attitude. All the Indonesian 'guided democracy'. Is 'guided demo­ sam.e, considering the explosive material for dissent cracy' but veiled dictatorship? No. Is 'guided demo­ av:ulahle, the 1)roceedings were tolerant enough. cracy' a new universal solvent of all political ills ? No again: "guided democraey is not for export". I must, however, refer more in detail to Dr. Ch. \\11at, then, is the raison cf ctrc for 'guided demo-

11 December I, 196:3 u.1cv'? Dr. S.mi said that sin... --e democrac·v without .tble busint'SS .. dis.lrmingly, and added: "I don't know whether it Indonesia is running: downhill a\ a terrifyin~ spt'('<.l will Le good for others". Of course, we see 'guided .. The black market , ..1lue. of the ruri.lh is now 1.000 (or basic) democracy' in action. not only in Indo­ to the pound, against .1n official rate of 1:!5 .... The ncsi.l, but also in Ghana, the Cnited Arab Republic, \\Tit of the gowmment is no knger effectiw outside Pd'kistan, and many other Afro-Asian countries. In the capital (and not always within it) . . the coun­ India we ha\·e so far reached only the Kamaraj stage try's eight year plan, in:roduced in 1961. which is of g11ided rt>signations and guided 'unanimous elec­ based on a calculation of export t>arnings. bears no tiom'. Luclily we are so much preoccupied with relation to what is actually happening .. it is point­ tlaca practice of the Yoga of :\on-Alignment to haw less to enter into the bb\Tinth of Indont>Sian stiltb­ t·ithcr the time or the inclination to e~-periment with tics, many of which exist·only in the minds of those ·~uidro democracy'. who compile them. Certainly they cause no loss of sleep to Prt>Sident Sukarno ...... Tht>re is, then, the phenomenon of Indonesian Sodalism adjusted to the ethos of "guided demo­ Happy Sukarno! Be the conditions what they crac\··. Didn't dear old Stanlev Baldwin sav, "We may, he has built (with a so,iet loan) the l.ugest are all socialists now-a-da\·s ?" The Nazis we;e natio­ Asian Stadium complex (where bst year's Asi.m nal socialists, and the Communists are socialists too; Games were held) ar.d a sl..-yscraper hotel ( compty; and fourthly, a sense of togetherness in ety ( Regnef}', $-1.9.5, translated by Po1trick ~I. work and dh·ision of results. Dr. Sani, however, ad­ Boarman). mittro that 'nice' though these principles may be, there is still the paramount need to reckon with hu­ Re\;ewed By J. Chamberlain man nature. During 1950-57 (the years of party de­ Released for German readers after the war, Eco­ mocracy) corruption had made rapid progress and nomics of tl1e Free Society presumably pbyed some se<•pecently, and es­ part in guiding Roepke"s disciple, the Bonn govern­ pecially after the expropriation of Dutch interests, ment's ~linister of Economics Dr. Lud\\ig Erhard, Indonesian economy has been sho"ing signs of re­ in the sparking of what has been called the "German co\'erv. Dr. Sani seemed to think that the extension miracle." Dr. Erhard has praised Roepke as "a great of statism, radical , the education of the witness to the truth... This truth, as Erhard sees it, people in skills and attitudes (especially indepen consists of a doctrine that calls for "freedom in the dent attitudes) and the mobilisation of a 'national realm of of goods, discipline in the realm front' should help Indonesia to achieve in •5 or 10 of money: The quotation is from Economics years· the blessings of socialistic prosperity. Ha,·e of the Free Society, but · the identical bit of we the nt'eded resources? Yes. Have we the nt'ed­ \\isdom. phrased in various ways, is to be found ed man power? Yes. But what fs lacking, then? The in all of Roepke's hooks. "Free goods," of course, right mental attitude and the development of the refers to free choice in the market, not to any giw­ requisite inner discipline - these are yet to emerge aways. firmly. ~leanwhile steady 'indoctrination' (the word i!> Dr. Sani's. and he rt>peated it with emphasis more Building on the "free goods, disciplined money" than once) is going on. And what the shape of the idea, the "'est German government made it possible future is going to be - •1 don't know·. -in a few years for a war-devastated rump state, swollen with refugees, whose cities had been destroy­ 'Guided democracy'; 'fh·e principles'; •statism'; ed to the extent of 50 per cent and more, to develop 'national front'; "economic democrat'\·'; 'indoctrina­ a 'hard,' fully convertible currency, to become the tion'; 'right attitude'; 'inner discipllii'e' .... many of chief creditor of Europe, and finally, t>ven to be found th(•se words ha\·e a familiar ring. 'Xewspeak'. worthy of helping the leading power of the free 'doublethink' and 'wordfact' are alarming forces in world, the l'nited States, out of its balance of pay­ the modem world. \\'ords can be misused and re­ ments difficulties \\ith credits of one kind or another. it<-rated often t>nough till the less appears as the bet­ German foreign trade, after h~\'ing fallen to zero ter reason, and Big Brother beams like Bent'\·olence, during and after the war, expanded within a decade and Dictator dons the grt>at democrat's c-o1p. For to the point where Germany assumed the number another ,·iew of contemporary Indonesia, I may two position in world trade (after the l'.S.). L'ltl?r,

TilE I~DIAX LIBERTARIAX 12 ' Japan - ming the same reci~s- achieved similar to mitigate the sensitivity and instability- of our ma..-.s :results.~ . ~ society "through , de-prol~arianiLl· tion, the anchoring of men in their own resources, en­ Aside from its verbal felicity, Economics of tlie couragement to small farmers and small business. in­ Free SociehJ differs from other basic ta-ts in its in­ creased property ownership, and the strengthening sistence that economic activity always takes place in of the middle classes." Dell, Roepke is right in fear­ a moral and legal context. To have a functioning ing •proletarianization... and ·centralization... But do free international system, nations must subscribe to his fears apply in countries that have passed through common legal, monetary, and moral values. H such values exist and have wide acceptance_, a UN wilf the earlier phases of mass- production? work. But, by the same token, a VN in such circum­ Meanwhile, in spite. ·.of" centralizing; , stances would be largely superfluous. On the other other individuals in America fight to be themselws. hand, a UN whose members do not accept congenial Freed br automation from production line •serfdom... ideas about legality, morality, or monetary standards the tme individual becomes a hotel kE'E'per, a garagt> and practices will be a place of bickering and at­ proprietor, a true surgeon. He buys a boat, hl' tempted bullying. In short, it will be a place of joins a bowling league, he takes up camping or fish­ battle-short-of-war. Part of Roepke's life crusade for ing or skating or skiing or· curling. He becomes a the truth has been the effort to reconstitute the fabric leisure-time student, one of the twenty-fi,·e million of international society that existed in the \Vest be­ Americans who, according to a survey made rt"Cf'ntly fore the two world wars of the twentieth centurv. He by the National Opinion Research Center of thl' is tired of a perpetual battle-short-of-war. • l'niversity of Chicago,· are taking adult t"conomic theory, and John ~faynard misplaced. One wishes he would have a second go at Keynes. Smith, at the dawn of the modem era his section on what he calls .. the third road." · · viewed economics as an organic part .. of the large; -Condensed from •TIJ~ Frcemo~a· whole of the intellectual, moral, and historical life of society." Kf.>ynes, coming in the twilight of the humanistic age when a "mathematical-mechanical The Mind of the Nation uni\:erse" was being substituted for Smith's "'living order" under an "invisible hand," was a ·representa­ TilE TlllRD ALTER~ATIYE ~ive of the ge01~etric spirit." Where Smith thought It is necessary to examine the implications o( m terms of freemg men, Keynes thought in terms of Earl Russell's hrpothetical question, Tht- question manipulating them as one would manipulate statis­ pre~upposes that the frf"e world bas to c·hoose bet· tics to make a de.sired opoint. . . wt>en being red and being dead, and that the for· \Vhere Smith's values result in a society in which mer is a lesser evil since in the course of time thf. ~nterprisers try to combine the factors of production col~ur is bound to fade away and tum into pink. Ill the most efficient - i.e., economical - manner Inc•dentally, thf.>re is a secondary presupposition in Keynes's values lead directly· to arbitrary selectio~ this reasoning whkh needs being explic·itly sh1ted. It and the rule of force. Roepke does not deny that is to the f"ffect tl1at being red first and then· turniul! force can accomplish things. But it does so wastt>­ pink o\·er a period of a century is preft>rable ·also ti1 fuHy, and with terrible frictions. MEquilibrium· is not turning red at all. In other words, a 'temporar~ • esta~li.shed in "comniand societies" br such things rommunization of the world is bettt•r than its slow as k11lmg off kulaks, or putting old-fashioned liberals e\·olution !nto a of tlw type tlut into concentration camps, or building walls and strin­ distinguishe!\ the Scandinavian countries or tht- tT.II:. ging up barbed wire to keep a slave labor force from It is on the ba'>is of somt" suc·h reasoning, nen·r esc~pil~g. ·command societies" can put sputnib into stated dearly, that Earl Russell iml•1lg~s in an •m• seeml~· attac·k on ~fr ..~forarji D<>sai. · . orb1t, JUst as they can employ armit>s of human ants . . . to build pyramids, but while the sputniks spin aloft, To come back to the major prc.,uppositinn nf 50 per cent of the "commanded" population will be Earl Russell's ad\-iCt", how far is it tme that free standing in the furrows of inefficit•nt l'Ollective farms mf"n · have no t:hoi''t'. ·beside~ lx-ing rf"d or being to watl·h the passage of one or two favoured birdmen dead? I£ tht"- eltt'l'rience of tl1e b'it twf'he years is Dl)t through the skies. The Mcommand sod<•tv• does taken into. al""COUnt if becomes dear that aggn~sin· lmow how to combine factors of production into a is neither in\"incible nor inc-apahle fl[ hannoniously functioning whole, for it has no rational l'Ontainment - provided the free world is firm aut! methods of calculation at its disposal. united in its determination to remain free. Jn otl,f·r . \\1wn Roc:pke was writing Economics of the Frr~ words. beside" the two altemati\·es fonnulat('() b,· ~OCI~ty, ~he \\'orld was worried about the '"deadening· Earl Russell there also is a third practicable alterna­ ~mphc.ahons of 1~1~ss production. And, quite in leep­ tin• as shown by the example of \\.estern Europ(•. mg w1th tht splllt of the nineteen thirties this book the U.S. and even tiny , tht> Malarsia. IE ludia rl'l..l_ins its author's old fears of a Mproletarianized, cen­ has had a different experienCt", thaf wa$ hec·ause 1.f'r tr~~IZt'<-1, mass-type socit>ty." \\'e Jnust, he sa\"S., han~ leaders were incapable of dear thin~ in~ and· un­ a polky-go~ng beyond cyclical policy-whic·h sf"eks inhibited ac·tion. \lr. Xehru wa~ newr reputc·d _for

13 lwiug a lo~ic:ian, nor {lid l1e evt>r claim tl1at honour. neglected. The freedom of a country will be basically But surely ~ne like Earl Russell ought to have assured by what is done within that country to make thou~ht of tillS third alternative before ordinary men freedom meaningful to all the people." and women adopted it almost instinctively in many A Warning part~ of the non-communist world. In any case, he· 'll.ould be ab1t> to st>e it now. He warned, however, that freedom cannot always be be achieved or preserved by hard work and good will -----11le Radical Humanist alone, Sometimes it must be fought for. • • • News & Viewa MAO & CHOU EFFIGIES BUR.'IT IN PAK· OCCUPIED KASHl\UR FREE WORLD SECURITY IS U.S. SPACE AI~i SRINAGAR: In Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, . President Kennedy again has made clear that the effigies of Mao Tse-Tung, Chou-En-Lai and some objective of the United States space programme is Pakistani leaders have been burned several times the !ecurlty of the free world, and not just getting following reports that Chinese Communists have a man to the moon and back ahead of the Soviet loosened a reign of terror in Muslim-populated Sin­ Union. kiang. The U. S. space effort. the President said at a The . movement against Pakistan's collaboration recent press conference, is not determined by a so­ With China has been organised by leading Muslim called moon race with the Soviets. It Is rather a ques­ Ulemas not only in occupied-Kashmir but in West tion of acquiring the technical competence to devel­ Pakistan as well. op the pt'aceful uses of outer spact and prevent Reports reaching here say that several Muslim anyone from using it for military purposes. religious organizations in occupied Kashmir have · This has been a major objective of the Kennedy sent protests to President , for collaborat­ Administration for some time. Last year, for instance, ing with Chinese Communists who have given a blood­ the President pointed out that "space science like bath to the Muslim province of Sinkiang•·. nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience These protest notes have sarcastically asked, "Is of its own. Whether it will become a force for good this the way the world's buggest Muslim country, or 111 depends on man, Only 1f the U.S. occupies a Pakistan, is serving ?" position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether Posters have condemned Chinese Communists for this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a terrifying destroying mosques and shrines in Sinkiang. theatre of war." · · These organisations have used posters and • .. ' • pamphlets which have poured ridicule on Foreign RED ClllNESE TROOPS REVOLT Minister Bhutto who early this year went to Peking to sign the hated agreement to delimit the borders of TAIPEH: stationed in Haifeng Communist~soldier~ Pat-occupied Kashmir and China. .vUla~e ln the mainland province of Kwantung, killed Bhutto has been asked to resign because he 20 otncers and fellow soldiers in a revolt In July last, wants Pakistan to be friendly with godless China, the otnclal Central News Agency reported. which is repugnant to Islam. _ According to the report, the revolt was provoked Reports say that the Pakistan army is guarding by punishment of soldier who had expressed discon­ mosques in occupied territory because memas (theolo­ tent ·wlth the communist regime in letters to their .famlUes. gists) . speak from pulpits condemning Pakistan for collaborating with Communits, the "main enemiea of .The soldiers, the report· said, first raised a false Islam." alarm of air raid at about midnight. on July 27 and Pakistan is also reported to have arrested several as men. came running out of their quarters, opened Ulemas for the "seditious" activity of condemning up on them with machine guns, killing 20 officers and soldier and wounding scores more. China and the Sino-Pakistan border agreement. Apart from the Ulemas, political workers including The report did not give the number involved in students and servicemen have been arrested. tht> revolt. It said that the rebels had later joined the guerillas with their weapons. · · • • 0 • • • ALIGARH TO TEACH IN ENGLISH 'FREEDO~I MUST BE DEFENDED - BOWLES ALIGARH: Aligarh Muslim University has decid­ "Freedom will remain a myth unless we are always ed to make English the medium of instruction. prepared to defend it." emphasised U.S. Ambassador More than 80 per cent of the students in the in . "My country took University are science or engineering students. mo~ than a century and a halt to learn this lesson; The Academic Council has decided that the the Chinese made lt clear to India last fall." papers set for the University examinations will have Mr. Bowles made these remarks while addre!sing to be answered in English. a gathering of prominent citizens, educators and stu­ During the 1963-64, however, Part I and Part II dents at an Educational and CUltural Week held at students of the three-year degree Course have been Pa.njab University. permitted to answer sessional and other· examination "You a~ wise•, noted Ambassador Bowles,· "noi papers in Hindi, Urdu or English. It will, however, to become so preoccupied with military strength that be incumbent on all students to answer at least 25 the job of building a new and prosperous India ls per cent of· all papers at the sessionals in English.

THE lXDIAX LlBERTARlA:'{ DCITATORIAL WAY OF SOCIALISM NO GOOD further and thus to press ahead \\ith economic- devel­ -PATIL opment. Mr. s. K. Patil said in Bombay on Friday that "Many of these countries are obliged to devote only through eternal vigilance on the part of the a substantial proportion of current foreign exchange people could demo_!:racy. resist the imposition of all earnings to the services of foreign debt," it said. "limitations and regimentations." The communique sa:id agriculture appeared to be He was speaking on "How Democratic is our the "most sluggish and resistant and rapid growth'' in Democracy?" at a ·meeting held under the auspices of countries of the Colombo Plan region." . . the Indian Council of Work Affairs at the Tata Audi.: Although there had been a~ average ann~al in:­ torium, Bombay House. crease in production of about thret per cent over the An unprecedented. gathering which packed the past decade for the region, rising population had ab­ spacious hall to capacity and spilled into the adjoin­ sorbed two-thirds of this increase. ing corridors listened to Mr. Patil in alternating bouts BRIGHT PICTURE of pin-drop silence and deafening cheers. The communique gave a bright picture of the Mr. Patil said as a private citizen he would not industrial development of the Colombo Plan ter­ like for India the type of dictatorial socialism which ritories. flourished in Russia and China. "The industrial sector has shown considerable Russian socialism and. Chinese socialism might dynamism and continued to grow at a rate of about be all right for Russia and China, "but surely all of eight per cent per annum," it said. us should be allowed to choose our own form of demo­ The communique urged developing countries of cracy". the world to contribute to the expansion of trade He said it was not only what was enshrined in opportunities of. developing countries by reducing the Indian Constitution but also in an individual's various artificial restraints such as high tariffs, day-to-day life that democracy had to function un­ import quotas and high internal taxes. inhibited and untrammelled and anything or anybody These restraints in effect "restrict economic who sought to stand in the way of its unfettered growth opportunities in developing countries and are growth should be removed, he said amidst loud cheers. likely to result in wasteful allocation or under employ­ • • • ment of the resources available to a country," the WilY R.B.I. COLLECTS DATA ON BANK communique said. SHARES • • • .The Staff Correspondent of 'Current' writes:- THE UNCEASING FLIGHT FROM TilE SOVIET \Vhile Mr. Nehru, at his press confer­ ZONE ence, brushed aside Current's story on the possibility . Not A Day Passes Without a Defiance of Terrors of banks being nationalised with the remark: "Dont In spite of the Berlin Wall and the reinforcement believe what you read in Current", the Reserve Bank of the barricades and minefields ·along the zonal of India has sent a circular to scheduled banks, asking border between the Federal Republic of Germany and them to furnish information about the ownership of the Soviet Zone, the flight to freedom has not ceased. bank shares as on October 31, 1963. The reports that follow show that not a day passes According to a report in the "Financial Express" without an inhabitant of the Soviet Zone crossing over (Nov. 7)-a paper of Press lord Ramnath Goenka, a to West Berlin or to Federal territory or sacrificing close friend of the present Finance Minister, Mr. T. T. himself or herself in the attempt to escape: Krishnamachari-"Banks have been asked to e-ive Oct. 30: A woman was attempting to cross the data about the ownership of the bank shares held by zonal border and escape to the Federal Republic of banks, general insurance, investment and industrial Germany near Kassel in the State of Hesse. She companies and other companies and statutory cor­ struck a mine laid by the Soviet-Zone rulers and was porations, like the Life Insurance Corporation. severely wounded. A 22-year-old teacher and his "The data, which have to be supplied by the friend had better luck. middle of November, include the number and the paid Oct. 31: A 53-year-old East-Berliner escaped to up value of shares. West Berlin. "The Reserve Bank has not so far published any Nov. 1: Two teen-agers escaped in a small boat documents relating to the ownership of bank shares, across the Werra river which separates the Soviet and. tllis is tor the first time that RBI is collecting in­ _zone from the Federal Republic. On the same day, formation regarding corporate holding of bank a 17-year-old lad crossed over the border into Lower shares". Saxony. Strange coincidence, isn't it? · Nov. 2: Three young persons successfully crossed • • • the barbed wire barricade at a point on the zonal 'FOREIGN DEBT' BURDEN IIAl\IPERS border of east Bavaria. Two clerks of the East­ PROGRESS Berlin Transport Undertaking also succeeded ln BANGKOK: The economic development has been escaping to West Berlin. hampered by their growing burden of fereign debt". Nov. 4: A Soviet-Zone policeman murdered a according to a communique released at the end of the German while he was trying to escape to West Berlin Colombo Plan Minis!frial conference. by swimming across the river Spree. "Some developing contries have reached a Nov. 5: A 21-year-old soldier of the "People's stage at which the growing burden of foreign debt Army" succeeded in fleeing to Lower Saxony in the puts severe limitations on their capacity to borrow ·Federal Republic.

15 .. December 1, 196:3 Re,d. No. B 6520 December 1, 196:3 .. GIFT OF THE l\IONTH ANNOUNCEl\1ENT Choose your gift books from tne following list. Do not request more than 4 books. This offer is good We ha•e a few baclr. issues of ..Freeauua" a only for those new subscribers to THE INDIAN monthly journal published by the Fo-datioa LIBERTARIAN enlisting during December. for Ecoaomlc Educatioa. U.S.A. They are I. Stop Legal Stealing. John C. Lincoln. .available free oa request to us. Requests for 2. On Life and Deat~~;;.,P..eter Warbasse. copin ahould be accompanied with IS aP. l .'"':" ,. , .. ·,· •.. 3.· March of Conspira¢(•. Go~l,Mit'fit.i~ \ . ; ...... ·.. o).., ·.. 4. No Gold on m~ cli!i>veb•,J> lfi'n E~wards. 5. Dayanand His Life and Work.. Suraj Bhan. 6. Our Economic Problems. Unwin. Write: Desk K. R. 1. Explorations. Sibnarayan Ray. I st floor Arya BhuPan, 8. Will Dollars save the world. Ht;nry Hazlitt. Sandhurst Road West, . Bombay--f. 9. Conscience on the Battlefield. leornard Read.

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Telephone: 33llOS Telegram : LOTEW ALA ...... Editrd by D. M • .Kul}(!l"li, B.A., U.B., for the Libertarian P~blishers Private Ltd., Printed by G. N. Lawande, at States' People Press, J~nmabboomi Bhavan, Ghoga Street, Fort, Bombay-1, and published by him at the office of Tbe Libertarian Publbhers (Private) Ltd., First fl.oor, Azya Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road West, Bombay 4.