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GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxxxix 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index

Abolizione dello 258 n. Alliance () 296, 303, 304, 305, above the line vote () 41, 93 n. 309 Abramson, P. 190 Alliance of Free (SZDSZ) accountability () 232, 244, 246, 248, 249, 251 of 172, 310, 343, 400 alliances between parties 20, 548 of individual MPs 304, 310, 366, 369–71, Australia 81, 89 400, 431, 557–9, 571, 573 Belgium 425, 429, 551 Ackaert, J. 430 Chile 440–1, 446–8 ACT (New Zealand) 303, 304, 305 Finland 481–2, 483 Adams, J. Q. 200 France 125–8, 129–30 Adams, P. 295 Germany 222–4 175, 631; see Hungary 244, 246 also mixed systems 143, 153–4 advance 479–80 Ireland 522 affirmative viii 261–9 Africa 28; see also South Africa Japan 286–7 African National Congress (ANC) 354–71 UK 159 ‘against all’ option 318, 320–1 Almunia, J. 386, 387 AGALEV (Belgium) 418, 422 n., 425, 430 alternative block vote 596; see also Agrarian Alliance (ASZ) (Hungary) 244 n. alternative vote in multimember Agrarian (Denmark) 454, 456, 543 constituencies Aguilera de Prat, C. 390 alternative vote (AV) Aish, A. M. 430 Australia 79–97 Akaka, D. K. 195 basic features of 5–19, 38, 39, 40, 84–7, A˚ land 476, 610 n. 580–1, 631 Alarco´n, C. 391 Canada 80, 102, 103, 114 Alaska 197 n. and divided societies 357 Albania 543 evaluation of 26, 568, 571–5 Alberta 100, 103, 111, 112 Ireland 80, 514, 520 Aldrich, J. 186, 190 in multimember constituencies 84, 357, Aldrich, J. 602 596 Algeria 74, 120, 121, 127 UK 80, 159, 178 Alianza Popular (AP) (Spain) 383, 390–1 USA 80, 202 Alianza por Chile 435, 438, 448 A´ lvarez-Rivera, M. 360 n., 623 Alleanza Lombarda Autonoma (ALA) Ames, B. 49 (Italy) 261, 268 Amorim Neto, O. 30 Alleanza Nazionale (AN) (Italy) 254, 265, Amy, D. J. 26, 630 269, 272 Anderton, J. 303, 305 Allende, S. 434 Andeweg, R. 44, 491, 498, 503, 505, 506 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxl 6.7.2005 3:05pm

640 Index

Andrae, C. 82 n. in 18, 42–3, 71 n., 74, Anduiza Perea, E. 574 397–416 Anglo–Irish Treaty 513 Aylwin, P. 435 Anguita, J. 386 Aznar, J. 390 apartheid 353 apparentement 338 n., 496, 497, 504, 589, Bagehot, W. 172, 173 631 Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) (India) 142, apportionment 631; see also 143, 152 re-apportionment Baker, D. 170, 171 79 n., 631 Balinski, M. L. 589 Arab minority in 335, 341, 345 Balkanende, J. P. 507 Argentina 33 nn., 38, 443 access 3 Arian, A. 341, 348 Australia 88 n. Arizona 197 n. France 121, 123–4 Arkansas 197 n. Hungary 238, 240 Arter, D. 474 Netherlands 499 Asher, H. 196 New Zealand 298 Ashworth, H. P. C. 83 n. Russia 317, 320, 322–3 Ashworth, T. R. 83 n. South Africa 360 n. Asia 29; see also specific countries UK 60 Asmal, K. 358 USA 188, 192, 194, 198, 202, 547–8 Asom Gana Parishad 143 ballot structure 7–10, 19, 281, 298, 318, Assam 143 516–17, 631 assembly size 32, 70, 88, 100, 212, 249, 310, Banks, J. 516 378, 391, 500, 609–16 Barak, E. 344 n. at-large , 593, 631; see also Barber, K. 202 block vote Barber, K. L. 26 Austen-Smith, D. 516 Barker, F. 35 Australia Barrionuevo, J. 386 assembly size 70, 88 Bartels, L. 191 basic features of 5–19, Barthelemy, J. 419 n. 84–7 Bartolini, S. 123, 127, 261, 266 93–5 Basque nationalist parties 383, 385, 390 origins of electoral system 82–4, 539 Baur, M. 36, 48, 220 party system 80–1, 88–91 Bavaria (Bayern) 212 n., 214, 611 political consequences 88–93, 559 Bawn, K. 49, 211, 220–1, 557 political system 80–1 Behnke, J. 214, 217 Senate 41, 79, 81, 86 n., 89, 93 Belarus 313 81 Belgium Austria basic features of electoral system 5–19, basic features of electoral system 5–19, 420–3, 573 n. 401–5, 590 election of upper house 421, 422 district magnitude 17, 408, 616–19 electoral reform 429–30, 541 election of upper house 398 n. origins of electoral system 419–20, 535–8 electoral reform 399–400, 412–14, 541 party system 20, 423–5, 521, 551 origins of electoral system 399–400 political consequences 423–9, 559 party system 405–8, 551 preferential voting in 11, 18, 42, 43, 71, political consequences 405–12, 559 74, 417–32 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxli 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 641

Ben-Gurion, D. 335 Buchanan, P. 198, 199 Benoit, K. 30, 232, 234, 238, 244 n., 407 Budge, I. 242 Bentham, J. 95 Bulgaria 235 211 n., 214 n. Burden, B. 198 Berlusconi, S. 254, 265, 266, 273–4 Burnham, W. D. 189 Beslan siege 327 Burr, A. 200 best electoral system viii–ix, 12, 566–75 Busch, A. 191 Best, H. 271 Bush, G. W. 199–201 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) (India) 138–9, business interests 297, 304 142–7, 152–4, 563 Buthelezi, M. 355, 368 Biancofiore 268 Butler, D. vii, viii, 89, 150, 158, 175 n., 196 Bibby, J. 199 by-elections 80, 83, 113, 278, 290–1, 300, Bickers, K. 196, 197 464, 497, 512, 520 Biger, G. 334 Birch, S. 316, 541 n., 545, 548, 552, 570 n. Cadart, J. vii, viii Blair, T. 4, 100, 174, 177, 179, 182 Cain, B. 46, 48, 170, 189, 195, 196 Blais, A. 9, 58, 68, 102 169 n., 238, 240 n., Cairns, A. C. 107 406, 454, 538, 568, 574 Calgary 103 Blaise, P. 421 n. Cals–Donner committee 505, 507 Blake, D. E. 103, 104 Calvo, E. 33 n. Blau, A. 570 n. Campbell, B. N. 195 Bloc Que´be´cois 101, 104, 106–7, 110, 547 Canada block vote 38, 39, 82, 83, 103, 140, 158, alternative vote in 80, 102, 103, 114 186, 419–20, 593, 631 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Bogdanor, V. vii, viii, 158, 159, 160, 174, 26, 104 559–62 electoral reform 112–15 Boix, C. 51, 58, 68, 386, 564 malapportionment 9, 14, 99–100, 103–4 Boland, J. 526 n. origins of electoral system 102–3, 538–9 Boldiston, C. 92 party system 20, 100–2, 104–8, 547, 551 Bolivia 38, 74 political consequences 104–12, 557 Boothroyd, D. 630 political system 99–102 Borisyuk, G. 602 Senate 99, 112 Borrell, J. 387 Canadian Alliance 101, 102, 105, Bossi, U. 254 107, 114 Boston, J. 308 candidate, voter choice of 8, 10–11, 18, 19, Boucek, F. 599, 600 589–90; see also preferential lists Bouchard, L. 101 candidate selection 11, 21, 553–5, 573, 589 Bowler, S. 26, 29, 46, 88 n., 90, 92, 189, Australia 92 194, 196, 199, 201, 202, 516, 568 Austria 408–10 Brams, S. 79 n. Belgium 423, 425–6, 431 Brazil 42, 44 n., 444 Canada 108, 109 212 Chile 441–2, 553 Brichta, A. 335, 341 Finland 476, 477–9, 483–5, 487, 553 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, France 130, 131 112, 113–14, 115 Germany 211–12, 218–19 Broder, D. 190 Hungary 246–7, 553 Bronn, C. 366 n. India 152 Brown, D. D. 45 Ireland 524 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

642 Index

candidate selection (continued) political consequences 438–48 Israel 340, 343–4, 553, 559, 562 preferential voting in 11, 18, 42, 43, Italy 269–70 433–52 Japan 288–9 Chirac, J. 64 Netherlands 501–2 Chiriyankandath, J. 140 New Zealand 298–300, 305–7 choice voting 79 n., 631; see also single Russia 324, 328 transferable vote South Africa 366, 553 Choy, C.-K. 573 Spain 386–7, 388 Chre´tien, J. 100, 108 UK 170–1 Christensen, R. 278 USA 188–90, 199–200 Christian Coalition (New Zealand) 304 Cap, J. 412. Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) Cappoccia, G. 214 (Netherlands) 491, 500, 501, 505, Carey, J. M. 21, 28, 46, 49, 202, 279, 506, 507 443, 447 Christian Democratic People’s Party Carstairs, A. M. 58, 63, 158, 420 n. (KDNP) (Hungary) 244, 246 Carter, E. 412 Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Carter, J. 191 (Germany) 209, 218, 219, Carty, R. K. 103, 240 n., 295, 406, 221–5, 563 526 n., 574 Christian Democrats (France) 127 Casa della liberta` (CDL) (Italy) 258 n., 265, Christian Democrats (Italy), see Democrazia 266, 268, 270, 274 Cristiana casework, see members of parliament Christian Democrats (KD) (Finland) 482, Catalan nationalist parties 381, 383, 384, 483, 485 n. 385, 389, 390 Christian Democrats (PDC) (Chile) 434, categorical 7, 8, 631 435, 446 Ceaser, J. 190 Christian League (SKL) (Finland) 611 (Hungary) 242 Christian Social Union (CSU) Centre Party (KESK) (Finland) 474, 478, (Germany) 209, 214, 219, 221–5, 563, 479, 481–2, 483, 486 611, 613 Centro Democra´tico y Social (CDS) Christian Union (Netherlands) 496 (Spain) 383, 384 Chubb, B. 67, 514 Chamberlain, J. 158 Clark, I. 83 Chang, E. 49 Clarke, H. 169 n. Chernomyrdin, V. 326 clientelism 255, 385–6, 387, 430, 559 Chhibber, P. K. 148 Clinton, W. J. 100, 199–200 Chiaramonte, A. 260 closed lists ix, 5, 6, 11, 37–8, 43, 46, 48, 49, Childs, R. J. 385 553, 589, 631 Chile Chile 434 basic features of electoral system 5–19, evaluation of 568, 571–5 437–8 France 119, 120, 132 election of upper house 437–8 Germany 211–25 electoral reform 448–50 Hungary 239 evaluation of electoral system ix Israel 333–51, 553 malapportionment 9, 14 Italy 256 origins of electoral system 436–7, 539 Japan 282 party system 438–41, 447–8, 545, 548, New Zealand 298 551, 552 South Africa 353–73, 553 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxliii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 643

Spain 375–94 Congress of South African Trade Unions UK 157 (COSATU) 365 co-existence 103, 631 Congress Party (INC) (India) 138–55, 562, Coakley, J. 512 563 coalition consensus democracy 61, 157, 491, 492 Austria 411–12 Conservative Party (Britain) 4, 159–67, 169, Belgium 429 171–5, 177, 179–82, 547, 564 Canada 110, 112 Conservative Party (Canada) 101, 110 Chile 434, 445–6 Conservative Party (Japan) 278, 286 Denmark 453, 469 Conservative Party (New Zealand) 308 evaluation 574 Conservatives (KF) (Denmark) 454, 455, Finland 486–7 460, 462, 464 France 132–3, 135 consociationalism 155, 157, 368, 398 Germany 179, 221–2 Constitution Review Group (Ireland) 527 Hungary 248–9 Constitutional Council (France) 120 India 153 constructive motion of no confidence 232, Ireland 179, 526–7 389, 426 Israel 341–2, 347 contamination Italy 253–4, 272–3 cross-level 267, 440, 441, 446, 552 Japan 280, 290 cross-tier 36, 242, 243, 549–50 Netherlands 491, 504 coordination 31 New Zealand 308–9, 310 Coppedge, M. 440, 441, 551 South Africa 368 Copps, S. 108 UK 173, 175–7, 180 Cornwall 512, 579, 580 Collins, H. 95 corruption 48, 49, 69, 74, 137, 154, 158, Colombia 44 189, 254, 255, 277, 278, 279, 281, 289, Colomer, J. M. vii, viii, 27, 29, 43, 566 328, 386, 387, 566 Colorado 197 n. Cotta, M. 271 Colton, T. J. 322 Council of Ministers 632 Communist Party (KPO¨ ) (Austria) 397 Courtney, J. C. 99–100, 104, 108 Communist Party (PC) (Chile) 440, 441 Courtney, L. 512 Communist Party (PCF) (France) 125–6, courts, role of 134 Austria 413 Communist Party (Italy), see Partito Belgium 419 Comunista Italiano Canada 104, 115 Communist Party (Russia) 323 Germany 212, 217, 225 Communist Party of India (CPI) 142–6, 153 Ireland 511 Communist Party of India (Marxist) Italy 254 (CPM) 142–6, 153 Netherlands 492 Communist Party of South Africa 365 Russia 316 Communist Party of the Soviet Union South Africa 364 (CPSU) 314, 322 USA 65, 188, 197, 202 complex districting 397, 537, 590, 631 Cowley, P. 171 n. complexity of electoral systems ix, 12, 541–2 Cox, G. W. 9, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35 n., 40, 41, 71, 84–7, 92, 93–4, 401, 169–70, 221, 240, 242, 283, 302, 400, 420 n., 430, 493, 504, 580 406, 441, 535, 547, 548 Concertacio´n (Chile) 435, 437, 438, 440, Cox, K. E. 267 n., 284, 549 448, 449, 450 Crewe, I. 170 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxliv 6.7.2005 3:05pm

644 Index

Crisp, B. F. 48 Democrats ’66 (D66) (Netherlands) 493, criteria for assessing electoral systems ix, 502, 505 177, 368, 568–71 Democrazia Cristiana (DC) (Italy) 253, 254, Crossman, R. 171 255, 256, 387 crucial experiments 34–6 Democrazia Europea (DE) (Italy) 261, 268 cube law 172 n. Dempsey, N. 528 202, 590, 632 Denemark, D. 65, 306 Curtice, J. 161–4, 169, 173 n. Denmark Curtis, G. L. 278, 279, 284 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Cyprus 12, 13, 635 457–64, 541, 543, 590 Czech Republic 13, 42 district magnitude 17, 460, 616–19 electoral reform 469–70, 541 n. Daalder, H. 506 evaluation of electoral system ix, 568 Dahlerup, D. 367 origins of electoral system 453–6 D’Alimonte, R. 261, 266, 273 n., 551, party system 20, 464–6 552 political consequences 465–9, 502 Dalton, R. J. 92 preferential voting in 18, 455–70 Damgaard, E. 453 STV in 82 n. Daniel, C. 602 De Pauw, S. 426 Danish divisor sequence 462, 586, 589 deposits, see ballot access Danish People’s Party 468 depressed classes (India) 138, 139–40, 141 Darcy, R. 45 Deutsche Partei 218 data availability 29, 36, 40, 49, 50 de Valera, E. 514 Davenport, T. R. H. 353 n. De Winter, L. 43, 417, 418, 423, 425, 426, Davidson, C. 195 427, 429, 430 Davies, R. 175 D’Hondt, V. 420, 632 Debre´, M. 119–20 D’Hondt method 3, 70, 211, 239, 260, 282, Deetman committee 507 334, 337, 378, 383, 402, 407, 408, 420, defection of MPs, see party-hopping 438, 454, 457, 474, 482, 483, 496, 500, De Gaulle, C. 64, 119, 127 539, 585–6, 588, 589, 632 De Klerk, F. W. 354, 355 Di Palma, G. 253 Delhi 138, 141 Di Virgilio, A. 267, 271, 273 Democratic Alliance (South Africa) 360 n., Diamond, L. viii, 345 364, 365 n., 368 diffusion 80 Democratici di Sinistra (DS) (Italy) 254, Diskin, A. 336, 346 n., 348 267, 269, 271, 272 Diskin, H. 336, 346 n. Democratic Labor Party (Australia) 81, 89 disproportionality Democratic Movement for Change Australia 88–9, 441 (Israel) 342 n. Austria 408 Democratic Party (DP) (South Africa) 357, Belgium 425, 431 367, 368, 370; see also Democratic Canada 104 Alliance Chile 441 Democratic Party (New Zealand) 296 Denmark 465 Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) 278, and district magnitude 12, 16, 546, 590 283–7, 292 Finland 483, 611–15 democratic values 69, 74–5, 155 France 132–3 democratisation 27, 36, 60, 570 n. Germany 611–15 Democrats (USA) 71 how measured 21, 602–5 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlv 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 645

Hungary 235, 241–2 Dupriez, L. 420 n. impact of electoral systems on vii, 34, 35, Duverger, M. 27, 28, 30, 31, 35, 45, 57, 120, 50–1, 546, 548, 549, 564, 571, 590, 148, 202, 266, 302, 321–2, 406, 436, 610–15 440, 497, 520–1, 545, 620 India 145, 147, 546 Duvergerian equilibrium 240–2 Ireland 515, 521–2 Duverger’s law(s) 27, 30–2, 35, 67, 148–9, Israel 338 202, 266, 283–4, 321–2, 436–7, 440, Italy 261, 268 497, 520–1, 545–8, 551 Japan 34, 35, 441 Netherlands 500 Eckstein, H. 5, 584 New Zealand 35, 301–2 ECOLO (Belgium) 418, 422 n., 425 Russia 316 Edmonton 103 South Africa 361 effective magnitude 14, 19, 607–20 Spain 379–83 effective number of parties 21, 546–9, UK 161 n., 168, 177, 178, 180, 181, 611 598–602, 613–15, 632 USA 201, 546 in specific countries 90–1, 123, 147–9, values of 621 167, 180, 217–18, 240–2, 268–9, 301–2, distributive vote 140 342, 346, 348, 382–3, 423–4, 434, districting 632; see also re-districting 438–40, 482–3, 497, 521 district magnitude 6–7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15–17, effective threshold 14, 167, 356–7, 361 n., 19, 30, 31, 45–6, 47, 48, 64, 238, 334–6, 406, 421 n., 438, 523, 591, 607–20, 632 361, 376–7, 379–81, 408, 440–1, 445, 25 n., 181 497, 517, 522, 525, 549, 571, 573, Electoral Studies 25, 29 607–20, 632; see also effective Electoral Task Team (ETT) (South magnitude Africa) 364, 368–71 divided government 201 electoral bias 161–4, 180–1, 200 divided societies viii, 356–7 electoral reform 33–6, 57–76, 563–6 dividual ballots 8, 10, 632 Australia 93–5 Dobrzynska, A. 58, 68, 538 Austria 399–400, 412–14, 541 Dolez, B. 134 Belgium 429–30, 541 Dolezal, M. 410, 411 Canada 112–15, 566 Dominican Republic 557 Chile 448–50 Donnelly, S. 627 Denmark 469–70, 541 n. Donovan, T. 189, 194, 196, 199, 201, 202 Finland 487, 541 n. Doron, G. 66, 334 France 59, 63–4, 68, 69, 74, 120, 133–5, double candidacies in mixed and multi-tier 541, 566 systems 218–19, 239, 247, 257–8, 282, Germany 224–5, 564 290, 300, 316, 404–5, 409, 508 Hungary 249–50, 564 Dow, J. 447 India 154–5 Downs, A. 447 Ireland 67, 71, 527–9 39, 587, 588, 594, 632 Israel 66, 69, 70, 73, 336, 348–9, 564 Dublin 72–3 Italy 34–5, 58–9, 63–5, 67, 68, 69, 70–1, Duhamel, O. 126 74, 273–4, 541, 566 Dummett, M. 516 Japan 34–5, 58–9, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, Dumont, P. 423, 426 n., 427 n., 429, 430 71, 74, 279–81, 290–2, 541, 566 Dunleavy, P. 161 n., 173, 174 n., 175, 177, Netherlands 70, 504–9, 566 178, 599, 600 New Zealand 34–5, 58, 65, 66–7, 69, 74, Du Plessis, N. 370 n. 296–7, 309–10, 541, 566 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlvi 6.7.2005 3:05pm

646 Index

electoral reform (continued) Fenno, R. 196 public attitudes 179 n., 182, 369–70, 449, Ferrara, F. 267 n. 487, 528–9, 564 Fianna Fa´il 67, 73, 512, 513, 514, 520, 522, Russia 326–7 524, 527, 528, 563 South Africa 368–71 (Hungary) 244–6, 249, 251 Spain 390–1 Fiers, S. 428 UK 159, 174–80, 181–2, 564, 566 finance of candidates USA 26, 201–2 Finland 484 electoral regulations, 3, 318, 632 USA 194, 197, 199, 200 electoral systems see also political parties defined 3, 632 Fine Gael 67, 72, 512, 520, 522, 524, dimensions of 5–17 525 mechanics 579–97 Finland origins 5, 34, 51, 57–8, 68, 535–41 basic features of electoral system 5–19, as political issue 21, 563–6 476–82 see also impact of electoral systems, electoral reform 487, 541 n. specific countries origins of electoral system 474–6, 539 143, 281, 423, 493–4, 517, party system 434, 482–3, 521 520 political consequences 482–87, 562 Elgie, R. 122, 127, 129 preferential voting in 11, 18, 42, 43, Elklit, J. ix, 32, 33, 360, 361 n., 370 n., 453, 480, 484 454, 456, 458, 462, 465, 469 Fiorina, M. 185, 194, 196, 198 England 547 Fischer, H. 399 Ersson, S. 388 Fishburn, P. 79 n. Esaiasson, P. 485, 503 FitzGerald, G. 526, 528 Estonia 42, 43, 511, 515–16 Flather, P. 151, 152 ethnic heterogeneity 30 Flemish Christian Democrats (CD&V, European Journal of Political Research 29 CVP) 425 46, 59–60, 131, 157, Flemish (VLD) 425 n., 430 175, 176, 178, 209 n., 525, 552, 559, Flemish Socialist Party (SPA) 425 632 flexible lists 5, 10, 11, 42–4, 47 n. Evans, E. 185 floating threshold 316–17 Evans, G. 169 floor-crossing, see party-hopping extreme electoral systems 58 Flores, N. 185 Florida 200, 201 factionalism 92, 150–1, 153–4, 287–8, Forrest, M. 83 304–5, 386, 407 (FI) 254, 258, 265, 267, 269, Faeroe Islands 453, 455, 456, 457 272 fake lists 257 n., 258–60, 542, 543 fractionalization, see effective number of Farmers’ Party (Netherlands) 493 parties Farrell, D. M. 4 n., 9, 28, 46, 82, 84, 86 n., Fraga, M. 376 88, 93 n., 160 n., 174 n., 179 n., 209, France 325, 514, 516, 520, 559, 568, 574 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Fatherland–All Russia 323 121–2 Faucheux, R. 194 electoral reform 59, 63–4, 68, 69, 74, 120, Faundez, J. 434 133–5, 541 Faure, M. 369 malapportionment 9, 14 Favier, P. 120 origins of electoral system 119–21, 541 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlvii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 647

party system 123–8, 546, 548, 552 party system 20, 209–10, 217–18, 545, political consequences 123–33, 559 548 Senate 135 political consequences 217–24, 549, 555, franchise extension 57, 68, 158, 419–20, 559 474, 493 vote-splitting in 10, 211, 220–1, 222–4 Franco, F. 375, 376 Gerry, E. 633 Frears, J. R. 123 n. gerrymandering 14 n., 60, 65, 71, 72–3, 120, Free Democratic Party (FDP) 632–3 (Germany) 13, 209, 219, 221–4, 287, Gibson, R. 81 563 Gil, F. 433 Freedom Party (FPO¨ ) (Austria) 397–9, 404, Giliomee, H. 353 n. 405, 406, 407, 408 Gillespie, G. 174 n. Frei, E. 435 Giordano, A. A. 602 Frognier, A. P. 430 Girasole 268 Front De´mocratique des Francophones Giscard d’Estaing, V. 126, 130 (FDF) (Belgium) 417 Golden, M. A. 49 Front National (FN) (Belgium) 425, 429 Gonza´lez, F. 386 Front National (FN) (France) 120, 127, Google 602 128, 129, 132, 552 Goot, M. 94 fused vote 34 Gorbachev, M. 313 Gore, A. 199–201 Galanter, M. 140 Gouws, A. 366 n., 367 Galicia 385, 387 government formation 13, 21, 35, 561–3 Gallagher, M. 35, 36, 88, 132, 145, 168, Australia 93, 562, 574 179 n., 180, 222, 268, 379, 382, 383, Austria 411–12 407, 408, 425, 441, 465, 483, 500, Belgium 429 512, 516, 517, 524, 525, 526, 545, Canada 110–12, 562 546, 589, 602, 604 Chile 445–8 Galligan, Y. 524, 525 Denmark 469, 563 Gandhi, I. 137, 138, 141, 150 Finland 474, 486–7 Gandhi, M. 139, 140 France 131–33, 562 Gandhi, R. 562 Germany 215–17, 221–4, 563 Garner, J. 102 Hungary 248–9 Garvin, T. 517 India 152–4, 562–3, 574 Gaullists (France) 63 Ireland 526–7, 563 Gauss, J. C. F. 602 Israel 341–2, 347 Geiert, C. 214 Italy 272–3 gender quotas 45–6, 367, 428, 445, 632 Japan 290, 563 Georgia 541 n. Netherlands 504 Gerber, E. 195 New Zealand 308–9, 563 Germany ix Russia 326 basic features of electoral system 5–19, South Africa 367–8, 563 212–17, 542–3 Spain 389–90 behaviour of MPs 36, 48, 219–20 UK 172–4, 562 district magnitude 15, 17, 616–19 12, 13, 388, 441, 635 electoral reform 224–5 Green, A. 87 levels of seat allocation 12 Greenberg, J. 235 origins of electoral system 210–12, 541 Greenland 453, 456, 457 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlviii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

648 Index

Green League (Finland) 482, 483, 486, 614 Hasen, R. 187 Green (Netherlands) 496 Haspel, M. 36, 326 (Germany) 13, 209 n., 210, Hawaii 197 n., 200 214, 218, 219, 221–6, 563, 611 Hawke, R. 93 Green Party (Ireland) 512 Hazan, R. Y. 21, 67, 333, 339, 342, 345, Green Party (New Zealand) 296, 302, 303, 347, 348 305 Heath, A. 149, 167 Green Party (USA) 198 Heath, O. 139, 148, 152 Greens (Australia) 81 Heidar, K. 485 Greens (Austria) 397, 398, 399, 405, 406, Helander, V. 478 407, 408, 412, 413 Henig, R. 45 Greens (Canada) 102, 106, 110 Henig, S. 45 Greens (France) 127, 134 Hermann, T. 345 Greens (Italy) 265 Hermens, F. A. 26, 517 Greens () 177 Herrero de Min˜on, M. 377 Gregory method 520, 596 Herrnson, P. 185, 194 Griffith, A. 512, 513 Herron, E. S. 36, 242, 243, 250, 284, 550 Griggs, S. 129 Hetherington, M. 197 Grofman, B. vii, viii, 15, 29, 30, 36, 47, 49, Hicken, A. 511 51, 71, 161 n., 162, 195, 516, 551–2, highest average formulae 584–6, 633 602 Hillebrand, R. 501 Grotz, F. 29, 214 Hirczy de Min˜o, W. 65 Grumm, J. 57 Hitler, A. 26 Gudgin, G. 173 n. Hoag, C. G. 26 Guerra, A. 386 Hofstadter, R. 189 Gundle, S. 254 Hogan, J. 517 Gunther, R. 382, 383, 385, 386, 391 Hong Kong 573 Gusenbauer, A. 412 Hopkin, J. 171, 383, 384, 386, 387 Gustafson, B. 306 Horowitz, D. L. 334, 347, 356–7, 568 Guzma´n, E. 447 Hosokawa, M. 281 Hough, J. F. 322 Hacker, A. 190, 199 (Italy), see Casa della Hadley, C. 191 liberta` Hagenbach–Bischoff formula 70, 587, 633 Hsu, F. M. 602 Hallett, G. H. 26 Hu¨bner, E. 212 n. Hanby, V. J. 483, 602 Hughes, C. 83 Hancock, W. K. 95 Humphries, D. 87 Hanson, P. 81, 87, 89 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) 234, Hardarson, O. Th. 501 244, 246, 251 Hare, T. 25, 26, 159 Hungarian Democratic People’s Party Hare–Clark 79 n., 82 (MDNP) 242 402, 587, 633 Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) 232, 233, Harmsen, R. A. 120 238, 244, 246, 248, 249, 251 Harper, S. 101 Hungary Harris, M. 66 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Harrison, S. S. 155 74, 235–9, 541 Hart, J. 82, 158, 512, 513 complexity of electoral system 12, Hartmann, C. 29 231, 541 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcxlix 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 649

district magnitude 19, 616–19 instant run-off 79 n., 633; see also electoral reform 249–50 alternative vote evaluation of electoral system ix interest groups 49, 297 origins of electoral system 232–5, 541 internet 622–30 party system 240–3, 543, 551 intraparty competition 467, 484, 501, 506, political consequences 240–49, 549 523–5, 557–9 Hunt, G. 302 160 n. Hussey, G. 525 Iowa 190 Hutcheson, D. S. 323 Iraq 4 Huyse, L. 428 Ireland basic features of electoral system 5–19, Iceland 502 25, 514–20, 541 Idaho 197 n. electoral reform 67, 71, 527–9 identifiability of governments 21, origins of electoral system 82, 512–14, 272–3, 469, 486, 504, 526–7, 539 561–3, 571, 574 party system 20, 512, 520–3, 551 Ilonski, G. 247, 248 political consequences 520–7 impact of electoral systems 4, 20–1, 543–63; presidential elections 80, 520 see also disproportionality; effective redistricting 72–3 number of parties; party systems Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) 512, 513 Imperiali method 586, 589, 633 Irwin, G. A. 491, 498 incumbency; see turnover of MPs Ishibashi, M, 288 independent candidates and MPs 170 n., Ishiyama, J. T. 511 n. 198, 243, 247, 283, 289, 300, 320, 323, Islam 501 325, 435, 523, 543, 545, 609 Israel Independent Commission on PR basic features of electoral system 5–19, (UK) 175 n., 180 n., 570 334–8, 608 Independent Democratic Union (UDI) direct election of prime minister 59, 67, (Chile) 435, 446, 450 68, 73, 274 n., 338 n., 344–8, 505 Independent (France) 126 electoral reform 66, 69, 70, 73, 336, Independents (DU) (Austria) 408 348–9 Independent Smallholders (FKGP) origins of electoral system 334–6, 539 (Hungary) 234, 244, 246 party system 338–40, 551 India political consequences 338–42, 559, 562 basic features of electoral system 5–19, issue dimensions 30 26, 141–5 Istanbul 255 electoral reform 154–5 Italy malapportionment 9, 14, 141 basic features of electoral system 5–19, origins of electoral system 139–41 256–61, 541, 543 party system 20, 138–9, 145–9, 546–7, district magnitude 17, 19, 616–18 551 electoral reform 34–5, 58–9, 63–5, 67, 68, political consequences 145–55 69, 70–1, 74, 273–4, 541 presidentialism 154 evaluation of electoral system ix Indridason, I. H. 538 government formation 253–4, 255, 486 initiative 202 origins of electoral system 254–6 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) 355, 365, party system 20, 35, 36, 253–4, 261–9, 368, 370 544–5, 548, 551, 552 Inouye, D. K. 195 political consequences 261–73, 549, 559 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcl 6.7.2005 3:05pm

650 Index

Italy (continued) Jones, L. 108 pre-1993 electoral system 42, 254–5 Jones, M. P. 28 preferential voting in 11, 70–1, 255, 559 Jospin, L. 128 Senate elections 254–5, 260–1 Journal of Democracy 25, 29 Izquierda Unida (IU) (Spain) 381, 384, Juan Carlos, King 375 385, 386 Justice and Life Party (MIE´ P) (Hungary) 251 Jackman, S. 93 Jackson, A. 200 Kaifu, T. 66 Jackson, J. 199 Kaneshiro, K. 166 Jackson, K. 66 Karp, J. 304 Jackson, W. K. 296 Kashmir 137, 153, 154 Jacobsen, G. 197 Kasuya, Y. 511 Jaffrelot, C. 154 Katz, R. S. viii, 14, 22, 28, 35, 40, 108, 255, Jammu 137 256 n., 538, 564, 569, 570 n. Janata Dal (India) 138 Kawato, S. 281 Janata Party (India) 138, 150 Kekkonen, U. 473 Jansen, H. 103 Kenig, O. 346, 348 Japan Kerala 143, 153 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Kernell, S. 197 281–2 Kimball, D. 185, 198 district magnitude 17, 616–18 Kimber, R. 622 election of upper house 279, 284–5 Kimberling, W. 186 electoral reform 34–5, 58–9, 64, 65, 66, King, A. 173 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 279–81, 290–2, 541 Kjærsgaard, P. 468 evaluation of electoral system ix Klingemann, H. D. 218–21 M þ 1 rule 31 Knapp, A. 120 origins of electoral system 279–81 Koene, M. 103 party system 20, 35, 283–7, 292, 545, 548 Kohl, H. 225 political consequences 282–90, 549 Koizumi, J. 284–5, 286, 288 quasi-primaries 10 n., 283 Kollman, K. 148 vote-splitting 36, 222 Komito, L. 524 Japan Communist Party (JCP) 280, 281, Koole, R. A. 501 283, 286, 287, 291 Korte, K. R. 209 n. Japan Socialist Party (JSP) 67–8, 277, 278 Kostadinova, T. 574 Jefferson, T. 200 Kothari, R. 138, 150, 154 Jefferson method 585; see also D’Hondt Kotze, H. 368 method Koumei 278, 286, 287, 291 Jenkins, R. 177–8 Krennerich, M. vii, 29 Jenkins Commission 161, 177–8, 569, 570 Kuitunen, S. 476, 477, 478 n., 479, Jenny, M. 410, 411 484, 485 Jensen, T. K. 485 Kummeling, H. 507 Jesse, E. 209, 212, 217, 218, 220, 222, 224, Kunicova, J. 49 225, 226 Kuusela, K. 477, 481, 483, 487 Jharkand Mukti Morcha 143 Johnson, S. 278 Laakso, M. 497, 632 Johnston, J. P. 103 Labor Party (ALP) (Australia) 80–93, 539 Johnston, R. 161, 162–3 Labor Party (Israel) 343, 344 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcli 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 651

Labour Party (Britain) 4, 159–67, 169, Liberal Democratic Party (Russia) 322, 323 171–82, 547, 564 Liberal Democrats (Britain) 4, 158–60, Labour Party (Ireland) 67, 73, 512, 527, 528, 164–5, 168–9, 173–5, 178, 180–2 563 (LF) (Austria) 397, 398, 405, Labour Party () 65, 68 406, 407, 408 Labour Party (PvdA) (Netherlands) 491, Liberal Party (Australia) 80–94 493, 500, 501, 502, 505 Liberal Party (Britain) 164 n.; see also Labour Party (New Zealand) 65, 66, 182, Liberal Democrats 296, 297, 302–9 Liberal Party (Canada) 100–15, 547 Lagos, R. 435, 449, 450 Liberal Party (Denmark) 468 Lahiri, A. 147, 150 Liberal Party (Japan) 278, 286 Lakeman, E. 26, 568 Liberal Party (New Zealand) 296, 297 Lakshadweep 141 Liberals (VVD) (Netherlands) 491 Lamare, J. W. 302 Lijphart, A. vii, viii, 9, 14, 15, 17, 25, 28, 29, Lambert, J. D. 26 30, 31, 35, 36, 50, 51, 59 n., 60, 69, 82, Lancaster, T. 220 88, 90, 104, 132, 140, 155, 157, 242 n., Lanctoˆt, G. 102 295, 333, 338, 342, 356–7, 377, 376, Lane, J. C. 65 385, 386, 406, 407, 428, 465, 491, 492, Lane, J.-E. 388 497–9, 500, 508–9, 511, 522, 531, 546, Lange, D. 66 549, 552, 564–6, 568, 570 n., 574, 599, Lange, E. H. M. 210 602, 604, 605, 607, 608, 611 Lanza, O. 270 339, 343, 348 largest remainders methods 212, 238, 254, limited vote 38, 39, 158, 159, 377, 593, 633 256, 321, 334, 337, 360, 460, 500, Lincoln, A. 200 586–9, 633 linkage latent lists 42, 43, 44, 47 n., 633 between constituencies 283, 547 Latin America 28, 48, 433, 435, 443, 444, between tiers 17, 240, 284 446, 551; see also specific countries Linz, J. 382 Latvia 13, 585 Lipset, S. M. 571 Laver, M. 221, 347 n., 382, 383, 522, 528, Lipset–Rokkan framework 551 546 Lipson, L. 81 Lavı´n, J. 450 Lissak, M. 334, 347 Layton, J. 101 Lista Di Pietro (LDP) (Italy) 261, 268 least squares index 21, 602–5; see also list systems, basic features of 5–19, 37, disproportionality 584–91, 633 Le Pen, J.–M. 127, 128, 130 Lithuania 11, 235, 327, 573 n. Lees, C. 221, 224 Liveable Netherlands 499 Left Alliance (Finland) 482, 485 n., 486 Llera, F. 377, 390, 391 (LN) (Italy) 254, 256 n., 265, Lodge, T. 361, 364, 368, 369 270, 272 London 59, 80, 157, 174–80 legitimacy 72, 226 Longley, L. 191 Leijenaar, M. 501 Loosemore, J. 483, 602 Leithner, C. 301 Loosemore–Hanby index 602 levels of seat allocation 9, 11–13, 19, 32–3; Loots, J. 492 see also tiers Lo´pez Pintor, R. 376, 377 Lewis, W. A. 356 Lo¨sche, P. 210 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Louisiana 186 (Japan) 10 n., 35, 64, 66, 68, 277–91 Loveday, P. 80 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

652 Index

Lovenduski, J. 170–2 Manitoba 103, 112 Lovink, J. A. A. 108 Manning, P. 101 Lowenstein, D. 187 Manor, J. 150 Lublin, D. 195 manufactured 35, 111, 172–4, Luxembourg 10, 42 n., 590 180, 199, 200, 272, 307 Maor, M. 334 M þ 1 rule 31, 242, 441 Maori 295, 300, 307 Ma, N. 573 (Israel) 70 n., 337 n., 338–9, 343 McAllister, I. 84, 86, 92, 93 n., 94, 317, 514, Margetts, H. 174 n., 175, 177, 178 517 Margherita (Italy) 267, 269, 271 McCain, J. 199 Marsh, M. 21, 40, 42, 524, 599 McDonald, R. 159, 198 Martin, P. 100, 106, 108 MacEntee, S. 64 Martin-Roland, M. 120 McGovern, G. 199 Martı´nez Cuadrado, M. 391 Mackenzie, W. J. M. 569 Massicotte, L. 9, 102, 104, 107, 169 n., 238, Mackerras, M. 92, 94, 514, 517 454, 568 Mackie, T. T. 29 Mateo Diaz, M. 428 McKinney, C. 201 Matland, R. E. 45, 367, 388, 526, 557 Mackinnon, P. 104 Mattes, R. 357–8, 366, 369 McLeay, E. 35 Matthew effect 499 McMillan, A. 140, 142, 152, 153 Mattila, M. 474, 483, 486 McMullin, R. 80 Mayer, W. 199 McRobie, A. 296 Mayhew, D. 170, 444 Magar, E. 447 Mbeki, T. 368 Magleby, D. 189, 194 mechanical effect of electoral systems 30, magnitude variation 7, 32–3 31, 240–1, 321–2, 620 Maharashtra 153 Medding, P. Y. 335, 339 Maine 192 n. Me´decins sans Frontie`res 501 Mainwaring, S. 433, 442, 446 Meech Lake Accord 101 Mair, P. 72, 250, 382, 383, 522, 527, 546 members of parliaments (MPs) Maisel, S. 197 backgrounds of 45–6, 92, 151, 171–2, Major, J. 173 n. 195, 219, 272, 288–9, 307, 341, 367, –minority districts 195 410, 428, 445, 485, 502–3, 525 malapportionment 9, 14–15, 33, 71 n., 634 behaviour in parliament 36, 48, 92, in specific countries 99–100, 103–4, 111, 219–20, 248, 326, 443–4, 485, 525–6 121, 141, 158, 162, 163, 164, 378, 391, contact with voters 14, 21, 36, 46–8, 49, 401, 514 n. 92, 109, 131, 170, 196, 219, 233, 248, Maley, M. 86–7 270, 279, 290, 304, 369, 386–7, 411, Mali 38 427–8, 443–4, 454, 484–5, 503, 506, Malta 6, 20, 29, 59, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 508, 524, 526, 528, 529, 557–62 79, 82, 160 n., 511, 520, 521, 525 n., local birth 48, 525 526, 551, 596 local elective background 48, 131, 270, Maltese Labour Party (MLP) 521 272, 428, 485, 525 Mana Motuhake 296 personal vote for 36, 46–50, 109, 170, Mandal commission 140 220, 270, 279, 443–4, 523 Mandela, N. 354, 355 Menzies, R. 93 manipulation of electoral systems 178 n., Meredith, J. C. 513, 515, 516, 523 260, 542–3; see also fake lists Mershon, C. 272 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcliii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 653

Mexico 38, 40 n., 274 n., 443 modified Sainte-Lague¨ 456, 458, 585–6, Miki, T. 66 589, 634 Mill, J. S. 25, 26, 82, 95 monotonicity 516 Millard, F. 316, 570 n. Monroe, B. L. 7, 32, 33, 51 n. Miller, R. 306 Montana 197 n. Miller, W. 196 Montero, J. R. 377, 379, 382, 383, 385, 386, minority government 110–12, 133, 139, 390, 391 180, 309, 310, 389–90, 412, 453, 469, Montes, E. 433 486, 526 Montreal 103 minority representation viii, 513 Morgan, R. 195 Mintzel, A. 210 Morgenstern, S. 443 Missouri 197 n. Mori, H. 284 Mitchell, H. L. 602 Morlino, L. 254 Mitchell, P. 174 n., 512, 522, 523, 526 Morris-Jones, W. H. 150 Mitterrand, F. 120, 126, 128 Moser, R. G. 36, 316, 322, 324, 55 mixed compensatory systems Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI) 253, 254, basic features of 5–19, 34, 591–2, 631 265 Denmark 454 Mu¨ller, W. C. 43, 398, 399, 400, 406 n., evaluation of 568, 571–5 409, 410, 411, 413 Germany 209–29, 507, 508, 549, 550 Mullin, M. 189 Netherlands 506–8 Mulroney, B. 101, 108 New Zealand 295–312, 507, 508, 549 Munro, N. 13, 325, 511 n. mixed parallel systems Murillo, M. V. 33 n. Austria 412 n. basic features of 5–19, 34, 35, 591–2, 634 Nachmias, D. 347 evaluation of 568, 571–5 Nader, R. 198 Japan 277–93, 549, 550 Nanson, E. 83 Russia 313–30, 549 Narud, H. M. 502 mixed partly compensatory systems 13, National Coalition (KOK) (Finland) 474, 238–9, 256 n., 591–2 476, 478, 479, 481, 482, 483, 486 Hungary 231–52, 549, 550 Nationaldemokratische Partie Deutschlands Italy 255–74, 549 (NPD) (Germany) 218, 226 mixed systems National Front (India) 138 appeal of 74, 209, 568, 571–5 Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Austria 400 (India) 142 basic features of 5–19, 33, 35–6, 58, Nationalist Party (PN) (Malta) 65, 68, 521 591–2, 634 National Party (Australia) 80–94 Canada 112, 113, 114 National Party (New Zealand) 65, 66, 296, consequences 548, 549 297, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 563 France 134 National Party (NP) (South Africa) 354, Ireland 527–8 355, 357, 368 Spain 391 National Renewal (RN) (Chile) 435, 450 UK 157, 175–8 Navia, P. 434, 444, 445 see also mixed compensatory systems, Nebraska 192 n. mixed parallel systems, specific Nehru, B. K. 140 countries Nehru, J. 150 Miyazawa, K. 66 Neisser, H. 399, 412 Mizusaki, T. 284 Nepal 511 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dcliv 6.7.2005 3:05pm

654 Index

Netherlands nominal ballots 7, 8, 37, 39 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Nordic countries viii, 29; see also specific 493–7, 608 countries consociationalism 155, 491, 492 Nordrhein-Westfahlen 212 direct election of prime minister 505 Norris, P. 27, 28, 45, 52, 58, 92,169, 170, election of upper house 491–2 171–2, 195, 410, 555, 557 electoral reform 70, 504–8 North Dakota 200 origins of electoral system 492–3, 538 157, 164, 174 n., 179, 511, political consequences 497–504, 555 513, 596 preferential voting in 11, 18, 42, 43, 44, Norton, P. 170, 171 494 Norway 43 n., 502 New Brunswick 99, 102, 104, 110, 112, 114 Nousiainen, J. 474, 486 New Democratic Party (NDP) Nova Scotia 100, 102, 107, 112 (Canada) 101, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, number of constituencies 7, 610–15 113, 547 number of parties, see party systems; Newell, J. L. 254 effective number of parties Newfoundland 100 number of votes per voter 7, 8 New Frontier Party (NFP) (Japan) 278, 284, Nunavut 100 285, 287, 291 Nurmi, H. 483, 516 New Hampshire 190, 191 New Jersey 197 n., 201 Oberreuter, H. 210 NewLabour (New Zealand) 296, 297 Oceania 80 New Liberal Club (NLC) (Japan) 278 Ohio 197 n. New National Party (NNP) (South O’Leary, C. 158, 512, 513, 514, 517 Africa) 360 n., 364, 365 n., 367, 368 Party (Australia) 81, 87, 89 New South 82, 83, 86, 87 Ontario 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 111, 112, New York 201 114, 115 New Zealand ix, 79, 95 open lists ix, 5, 10, 42–4, 47, 48, 634; see basic features of electoral system 5–19, also preferential lists 297–301, 585 Orba´n, V. 246 district magnitude 17, 300, 616–19 Ordeshook, P. 30 electoral reform 34–5, 58, 65, 66–7, 69, ordinal ballots 7, 8, 10, 634 74, 296–7, 309–10, 541 Ortega, E. 433 government formation 35, 308–9 Ostrogorski, M. 571 origins of electoral system 296–7, 302 Other Backward Classes (OBCs) 140–1, 152 party system 301–4, 545, 548 Ottolenghi, E. 346 perverse outcomes 74, 182 Our Home is Russia 326 political consequences 301–9, 549, 555 Oversloot, H. 321, 322 vote-splitting in 10, 222, 298 Owens, C. 185 296, 297, 303–9, 563 New Zealand Party 302 Pade, A. B. 465 Niedermayer, O. 210 Paese Nuovo 258 n. Niemeyer quota 587 Pakistan 511 Niemi, R, 185, 202 Palestine 334 Niemo¨ller, K. 501 Palmer, G. 296 Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) 425, 429 Paloheimo, H. 474 Nishikawa, M. 36, 242, 250, 284 Pammett, J. H. 328 Nohlen, D. vii, 29, 58, 210, 214 10, 42 n., 590, 634 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclv 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 655

Panella, M. 68 party systems Paris 63 impact of electoral systems on vii, 13, Parker, S. 254 20–1, 27–8, 29–36, 50–1, 67, 68, parliament, representativeness of 21, 151, 543–52 172 in individual countries 82–4, 104–8, 123–8, parliamentary parties, cohesion of 553–5, 145–9, 164–9, 192–4, 209–10, 217–18, 562, 574 225, 240–3, 253–4, 261–9, 301–4, Australia 92 321–4, 338–40, 364–6, 382–5, 405–8, Austria 410 423–5, 438–41, 447–8, 465–6, 482–3, Belgium 426–7 497–500, 520–3 Canada 111 impact on choice of electoral Chile 443 system 57–8, 302, 334, 419–20, 455–6, Finland 484–5, 562 497, 504, 535–38 France 130 see also individual countries Germany 220 Pasis, H. E. 103 Hungary 246, 248 Pasquino, G. 387 Ireland 524 Patterson, W. D. 220 Israel 341, 344, 562 Patto per l’Italia 265 Japan 562 Pedersen, M. 342, 453, 465, 468 Netherlands 503, 562 Peele, G. 171, 172 n. Russia, 36, 326 Pelinka, A. 399 n. Spain 386–7, 562 Pennsylvania 197 n. UK 170–1 People’s Party (O¨ VP) (Austria) 397–400, USA 196, 562 404, 406 n., 407, 409, 413 Parodi, J. L. 123 Pe´rez-Dı´az, V. 387 particularism 49, 571 personal vote, see members of parliament Partido Popular (PP) (Spain) 385 Peru 42 Partido Socialista Obrero Espan˜ol perverse outcomes 74, 88, 104, 111, 158, (PSOE) 383, 385, 389, 391 173, 182, 250, 296, 355 parties, see political parties Pesonen, P. 484 Parti Que´be´cois 113 Peters, R. 186 partisan bias, see electoral bias Peters, W. 296, 305 Parti Socialiste (PS) (Belgium) 425 Petersson, O. 11 Parti Socialiste (PS) (France) 64, 129, 134 Pettitt, R. T. 568 Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI) 253, 254, Philipp, W. 410, 411 255, 265 Philippines 37 n. Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (PRC) Piazza, G. 270 (Italy) 254, 265, 268, 269, 272 Pierce, N. 191 Partito della Sinistra Democratica (PDS) Pin˜era, S. 450 (Italy) 254, 255, 256, 265 Pinochet Ugarte, A. 434–5, 436–7, 438, 446, Partito Popolare Italiano (PPI) 265, 270–1 447, 448, 449 Party for Democracy (PPD) (Chile) 435 Plaid Cymru 547 party-hopping 304, 325, 361–4, 366, 368 n. Plant committee 174–5 Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) Plant, R. 174 (Germany) 210, 214, 218, 225, 226, plumping 87 563, 613 systems viii, 26 Party Politics 25 basic features of 5–19, 37–8 party symbols 142–3 see also single-member plurality GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclvi 6.7.2005 3:05pm

656 Index

Poier, K. 401, 406 n., 413 Italy 254–5, 387 Poland 13, 42, 552, 585 Lithuania 11, 327, 573 n. political parties Netherlands 491–510 financing 71, 194, 279, 288, 289, 327, New Zealand 310 328, 385, 483, 499 and ordinal ballots 40, 79 n. internal life of 21, 36–8, 306, 552, 553–5, popularity of 74 571 Russia 327 see also candidate selection Spain 391 Political Reformed Party (SGP) variants of 41–4 (Netherlands) 496 Preisl-Westphal, S. 410, 411 political scientists and electoral presidents systems 346 n., 356–7, 429–30, 568 Chile 434, 446 Polo del Buon Governo (PBG) (Italy) 265 election of 582 Polo delle Liberta` (PDL) (Italy) 265 Finland 59, 68, 74, 473 Polsby, N. 189, 190, 191, 199 France 59, 64, 74, 121, 122, 124–5, 126, Polyashova, I. S. 328 128, 129, 130, 552 Pondicherry 138 Hungary 232 pooling vote 41, 445 Ireland 80, 520, 521, 580–1 Poona Pact 139, 140 Italy 253 Popescu, M. 316, 570 n. Russia 317, 320, 321, 323 Popkin, S. 198 South Africa 354 n. pork-barrel 48, 49, 50, 279, 443, 523 Sri Lanka 80 Portugal 388 USA 190–2, 198–201 postcommunist electoral systems 13, 36, 62, primaries 10 n., 37 n., 139, 170 n., 188–91, 545, 552, 555, 574; see also specific 194, 195, 199 countries Prince Edward Island 100, 103, 111, 112, Postnikov, A. E. 316 114, 115 Powell, G. B. 21, 28, 35, 198, 527, 562, 563, principal–agent model 11, 484 570, 574 prisoner’s dilemma 66, 224–5, 336, 564 Powell, L. 202 private member’s bills 341, 344, 559 Pozsgay, I. 247 Prodi, R. 271, 273 Pradera, J. 386 Progressisti (Italy) 265, 273 preference votes, impact of 10–11, 41–4, Progressive Coalition (New Zealand) 303 409, 421–2, 431, 463–4, 466–8, 481, Progressive Conservatives (Canada) 101, 494, 500, 504, 506, 508, 573 102, 105, 107, 108, 114, 547 preferential block voting system; see Progressive Democrats (PDs) (Ireland) 512, alternative vote in multimember 522, 528 constituencies Progressive Party (Israel) 337 n. preferential lists 5, 6, 10–11, 36–51, 589–90, Progressives (Canada) 103, 106, 107 634 proportionality 9, 13–15, 31; see also Austria 397–416 disproportionality Belgium 11, 18, 42, 43, 71, 74, 417–32 proportional representation 4, 26, 634 Chile 433–52 and democratic government 26, 68–9, Denmark 455–70 297, 514, 517 evaluation of 568, 571–5 see also closed lists, mixed systems, open Finland 473–89 lists, preferential lists, single Germany 212 n., 225 transferable vote Israel 335 proportional tenure of government 180 n. GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclvii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 657 psychological effect of electoral systems 30, UK 175–7, 178 n., 566 31, 240, 241, 243, 322, 383, 406–7, 620 Reform Party (Canada) 101, 107, 547 Pukelsheim, F. 624 Reform Party (USA) 198 Pulzer, P. 210 Reid, G. S. 83 Putin, V. 314, 327 Reid, N. 305 Reilly, B. 27, 80, 83 n., 86–7, 91, 568, quasi-list PR 42, 43, 44, 47 570 n. Que´bec 100, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 110, reinforced PR 12, 635 111, 112, 113, 115, 547 Remington, T. F. 316, 324 Queensland 79, 81, 82, 86, 92 Re´mond, R. 129 Representation 25, 29 Rabkin, R. 447 Representation of the People Act (UK) 72 (PR) (Chile) 435 representative government 3 Radicals (Chile) 434 Republicans (USA) 71, 101 Radical Social Democratic Party (PRSD) research on electoral systems vii–viii, 25–52 (Chile) 440 reserved seats, India viii, 138, 139–40, Rae, D. W. viii, 7, 9, 10, 15, 17, 39 n., 57, 141–2, 151–2, 635 89, 499, 598, 631, 632 Reynolds, A. 27, 28, 80, 81, 236, 355, 357, Rahat, G. 67, 70 n., 334, 342, 344–5, 347 367, 380, 568, 570 n., 622 Rallings, C. 602 Richardson, D. 515 n. Ramı´rez Gonza´lez, V. 391 Riddell, P. 175 n. Ramseyer, J. M. 49 Rihoux, B. 71, 417 Ranney, A. 571 Riker, W. H. 28, 57, 520–1, 546 Rasmussen, F. 468 Roberts, G. K. 220 Rassemblement Wallon (RW) 417 Roberts, N. S. 32, 33, 360, 361 n., 465 rational choice paradigm 62, 68, 538 Rohde, K. 190 Raunio, T. 474, 483 Rokkan, S. vii, 57, 58, 538 Razmustov, V. 316 Rose, A. G. 7, 32, 33, 51 n. re-apportionment 59, 65, 71, 100, 103–4, Rose, R. 13, 29, 325, 511 n. 121–2, 158, 195–6, 238, 401, 420, 456, Rose-Ackerman, S. 49 457, 477 Rosenblum, M. 447 Recruit scandal 278 Rosenbluth, F. M. 49 redistricting 29, 59, 71, 72, 73, 141, 154, Rosetta stone 27 163, 195–7, 202, 218, 238, 453, 454, Rossiter, D. 161, 162 n. 470, 634 Roy, P. 150, 152 Reed, S. R. 31, 35, 49, 66, 68, 266, 278, 284, Royal Commission on the Electoral System 288, 289, 441 (New Zealand) 296–7, 569 Reeves, K. 195 Rudelle, O. 121 Rule, W. 45, 195 Canada 114, 115 runoff systems 39, 122, 186, 202, 235–8, Chile 435, 437 635 France 64 Ruostetsaari, I. 485 Ireland 64, 65, 67, 513, 514, 527 Rural Party (Finland) 483 Italy 64, 65, 74, 115, 254, 255, 273 Rusk, J. 185–6, 198 Netherlands 506 Russia New Zealand 65, 66–7, 115, 295 n., 297, basic features of electoral system 5–19, 309, 310 74, 235, 313–14, 318–21 Schleswig 455 district magnitude 17, 616–18 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclviii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

658 Index

Russia (continued) scorporo 257, 258, 260, 261, 541, 617 electoral reform 326–7 Scotland 59, 157, 161, 163, 164, 167 n., evaluation of electoral system ix 174–80, 547 origins of electoral system 314–17, 541 (SNP) 177, 547 party system 36, 247, 321–4, 545, 552 Scottish Socialist Party 177 political consequences 321–6, 549, 559 Scully, R. 559 Russian empire 475 Scully, T. 433, 434 Rydon, J. 89, 91 Secker, I. 503 Seekings, J. 353 Saalfeld, T. 171, 210, 219, 220, 221, 224 Segni, M. 265 211 n. Sened, I. 347 Sagar, S. 334 Seyd, P. 170 Saga´s, E. 557 Seymour, C. 25 Sainte-Lague¨, A. 635 Shabad, G. 385, 386 Sainte-Lague¨ method 3, 297, 462, 487, Shamir, M. 348 585–6, 588, 589, 635 Sharman, C. 88, 91 St James (Canada) 103 Sharon, A. 348 Samsi, R. M. 332 Shepsle, K. 235, 347 n. Samuels, D. 14, 33, 44 n., 49, 51 n., 443, Sher-Hadar, N. 344 444, 447 Sheriff of Nottingham 499 Sandoval, J. M. 434 342 n. Sani, G. 385, 386 Shiv Sena (India) 143, 153 Santamarı´a, J. 391 Shugart, M. S. vii, viii, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, Sartori, G. 11, 57, 128, 148 n., 242, 365, 20 n., 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 408, 411, 434, 531, 543, 544, 546–7, 35, 36, 43, 46, 49, 51, 58, 74, 209, 256, 568, 569 274 n., 279, 334, 342, 400, 442, 443, Saskatchewan 104, 112 454, 462, 465, 500, 508, 517, 546, 548, Sawer, M. 79 549, 566, 568, 570, 571, 587, 607 Scandinavia 555, 585; see also individual Shvetsova, O. 30, 324 countries Siavelis, P. M. 435, 440, 441, 444 Scanlan, T. 513 Sikkim Sangram Parishad 143 Scarrow, S. E. 209, 210, 211–12, 218 Singh, V. B. 152 scheduled castes 138, 140, 141–2, 143, single-member plurality (SMP) 151–2 Australia 79–83, 539 scheduled tribes 138, 140, 141–2, 151–2 Austria 399 Scheucher, C. 400, 409, 410 basic features of 5–19, 579–80, 635 Schiemann, J. W. 232, 234, 238 Canada 99–118 Schindler, P. 224 Denmark 453–4 Schlemmer, L. 353 n. disproportionality of 16, 546 Schleswig 455, 456 evaluation of 26, 568, 571–5 Schmidt, M. G. 210 France 120 Schmidt, O. 71 Hungary 233–4, 249 Schmitt-Beck, R. 220 India 137–56, 546–7 Schoen, H. 220, 226 Ireland 512–13, 514 Schofield, N. 221 Israel 335 Schoppa, L. J. 267 n., 284, 549 Italy 256–74 Schro¨der, G. 225 Japan 281–92 Schu¨ssel, W. 397 New Zealand 296–7, 545 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclix 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 659

South Africa 355–8 Socialist Party (SPD) (Germany) 209–10, 157–84 219, 221–5, 553, 611, 613 USA 185–205 Socialist Party (SPO¨ ) (Austria) 397–400, single non-transferable vote (SNTV) 29, 35, 404, 406 n., 409, 412, 413 38, 40, 44, 47–8, 279, 507–8, 524, Social Liberals (Denmark) 454, 455 592–3, 635 Somit, A. 341 Australia 79–95, 511 Sone, Y. 376, 377 basic features of 5–19, 38, 39, 593–6, 635 Soriano, R. 391 Canada 102, 103, 114 South Africa countries in which used 79, 511 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Denmark 82 n. 358–64, 573 n. divided societies 357 elections to provincial assemblies 358 Estonia 511, 515–16 electoral reform 368–71 evaluation of 26, 568, 571–5 origins of electoral system 60, 355–8, evaluation of 568, 571–5 539, 541 India 82, 137–8, 160 n., 511 political consequences 364–8, 549, 557 Ireland 79, 160 n., 511–32 and PR-STV 511, 516 n. origins 26, 82–3 Southall, R. 369 (PR-STV) 29, 59 79, 82 South Africa 511, 516 n. Spain UK 157, 158, 159, 511, 512 basic features of electoral system 5–19, USA 202 377–81 Sinn Fe´in 512, 513 election of upper house 376–7 Sinnott, R. 515, 517, 521, 523, 524, 526 n. electoral reform 390–1 Sisk, T. D. 354, 355, 570 n. malapportionment 9, 14, 376, 378, 391 Skach, C. 446 origins of electoral system 376–7, 539, Skjæveland, A. 453 541 Sligo 513 party system 382–5, 545 Slovakia 6, 13, 584 political consequences 382–90, 557, 562 Smith, D. E. 104 Spence, C. H. 83 Smith, E. 194 Sprinzak, E. 345 Smith, G. 221 Sridharan, E. 148, 153 Smith, S. S. 316, 324 Sri Lanka 42, 80, 511 Snyder, R. 14, 33, 51 n. Stanley, H. 191 Social Credit (Canada) 106 Steed, M. 161, 169, 173 n. Social Credit Party (New Zealand) 296, 301, Stein, R. 196, 197 302 Steininger, B. 409, 410, 411 Social Democratic Party (SD) (Chile) 435 Stengers, J. 418 Social Democratic Party (Hungary) 234 Stepan, A. 446 Social Democratic Party of Japan Stokes, D. 196 (SDP) 278, 286 Stone, W. 197 Social Democrats (Denmark) 453, 455, 464 strategic voting, see Social Democrats (SDP) (Finland) 474, 476, Stratmann, T. 36, 48, 220 477, 478, 479, 481, 482, 483, 486 Strøm, K. 62, 272 Socialisti Democratici Italiani (SDI) 271 Stuart, M. 171 n. Socialist Party (Netherlands) 496 Studlar, D. T. 45, 388, 526, 557 Socialist Party (PS) (Chile) 435 Stu¨rzenbecher, K. 412 n. Socialist Party (PSI) (Italy) 253, 254 Sua´rez, A. 375, 376 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclx 6.7.2005 3:05pm

660 Index

Sudtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) 268 France 122, 123, 133, 610, 635 Sundberg, J. 475, 482, 483, 484, 487 Germany 9, 13, 210 n., 211, 218, 225–6, Suominen, K. 48 549, 591, 617, 618–19 80, 175, 581, 635 Hungary 9, 238, 239, 244, 249, 617 Svensson, P. 465 Ireland 609 Swank, D. 297 Israel 334, 337, 591, 617 Sweden 11, 71 n., 74, 502 Italy 254, 256, 261, 617–18 Swedish People’s Party (SFP/RKP) Japan 617 (Finland) 476, 482, 486, 487 n., 611 Netherlands 497, 499, 505, 506, 617 swindle law (Italy) 59, 68–9 New Zealand 9, 297, 300, 303–4, 310, Switzerland 10, 42 n., 155, 434, 521, 590, 549, 617, 619 610 Poland 552 Szajkowski, B. 543 Russia 9, 13, 316, 321, 326–7, 545, 617 South Africa 364, 365 Taagepera, R. 6, 9, 14, 15, 27, 30, 32, 34, Spain 378, 609 35 n., 43, 334, 368, 406 n., 462, 465, UK 610 497, 500, 511 n., 515–16, 517, 546, see also effective threshold, floating 549, 568, 587, 598, 599, 600, 602, 604, threshold 605, 607, 609, 610, 613, 617, 619, 621, Tideman, N. 515 n. 632 tiers 12, 15–16, 590, 635; see also levels of tactical voting 163, 164, 168–9, 211, 220, seat allocation 222–4, 226, 261, 267–8, 300, 400, 516, Timmermans, A. 427 n. 592–3 Titus, Z. 370 n. tag-team system 283 Tlakula, P. 370 n. Taiwan 47 Toka, G. 244 n. Tamil Nadu 153 Took, C. 627 Taponen, H. 474 n. Toole, J. 251 Tarasti, L. 474 n. Torcal, M. 377, 390, 391 79, 82, 83, 520, 596 To¨rnudd, K. 474 n. Taylor, P. J. 173 n. Torres del Moral, I. 391 term limits 202 trade unions 297 Texas 71, 201 transferable vote 41; see also single Thames, F. C. 316, 326 transferable vote Thatcher, M. 4, 179 transfer window 364 Thibaut, B. vii, 29 Trudeau, P. 100 Thie´bault, J. L. 123, 133 True Finns (PS) 482, 483 Thies, M. F. 49, 66, 68, 557 Tsebelis, G. 296 Thrasher, M. 602 Tully, J. 72 n. threshold of exclusion 607–8, 609, 635 Tullymander 72–3 threshold of representation 607, 609, 635 Turner, J. 100 thresholds 9, 13–14, 536–7, 590–1, 607–20, turnout 163, 180, 190, 198, 235 n., 273, 306, 635 404 n., 466, 478, 493, 574 Austria 402, 404–8, 591, 617, 618, 619 turnover of MPs 21, 45, 557 Belgium 421, 424–5, 429, 551, 617 Belgium 428 Chile 434, 440, 446 Canada 109 Denmark 456, 459–60, 468, 469, 617, Chile 438, 444–5 618, 619 Denmark 468 Finland 477, 610 Finland 485 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclxi 6.7.2005 3:05pm

Index 661

Ireland 526 electoral reform 159, 174–80 Israel 341 impact of electoral system 4 Italy 269–70, 271 origins of electoral system 158–60, 538–9 Japan 289–90 party system 20, 160–1, 164–9, 547, 552 Netherlands 503 political consequences 4, 164–74, 557, New Zealand 307 558 South Africa 367 redistricting 72, 163 Spain 388 United Party (New Zealand) 303 UK 171 United States of America (USA) USA 197 basic features of electoral system 5–19, two-round system (2RS) 83 n., 242, 636 26, 186–92 basic features of 5–19, 38, 581–3 electoral college 38 Belgium 419 electoral reform 26, 201–2 evaluation of 568, 571–5 malapportionment 9, 14, 200–1 Finland 473 origins of electoral system 185–6, 538–9 France 119–36, 546, 548 party system 20, 192–4, 547–8 Hungary 231–52 political consequences 192–201, 557 Italy 255–6 redistricting 59, 71, 72, 196–7 Lithuania 235 Unwin, A. R. 517 Netherlands 492–3, 504 Uruguay 39–40 Russia 235, 321 Uttar Pradesh 138, 143 USA 202 Vajpayee, A. B. 154 u¨berhangmandate 12, 210 n., 211, 212, 214, Valdini, M. E. 48 215–17, 225, 226, 300, 461, 507, Valen, H. 501 525 n., 636 Valenzuela, A. 433, 434, 441, 443, 446 Ucakar, K. 399 Valle`e d’Aoste 268 Ukraine 243, 247, 313 Valle`s, J. 391 Ulivo (Italy) 258 n., 265, 266, 268, 274 Values Party 302 Unio´n de Centro Democra´tico (UCD) van Biezen, I. 383, 384 (Spain) 383, 385, 386, 389 Vancouver 103 Union for a Popular Majority (UMP) Van Schagen, J. A. 507 (France) 129, 133 van Zyl Slabbert, F. 369, 370 Union for French Democracy (UDF) 129, Vargas-Machuca, R. 385, 386, 391 130 Vedel, G. 121 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Venezuela 34, 74 (USSR) 313, 317 Venkatesan, V. 153 United Democratic Front (UDF) (South Venter, A. 369 Africa) 353 Verheul, R. 322 United Democratic Movement (UDM) Verhofstadt, G. 417, 429, 430 (South Africa) 364 Verzichelli, L. 270, 272 (New Zealand) 303 veto players 296, 309, 310 United Greens of Austria (VGO¨ ) 406, 407 79, 82, 83, 86 United Kingdom (UK) Vlaams Blok (VB) 418, 422 n., 430 alternative vote 80 volatility 218, 301–2, 342, 348, 367, 383, ballot access 60, 72 500 basic features of electoral system 5–19, Volksunie (VU) (Belgium) 417, 425 26, 160–4 Von Alemann, U. 210 GALLAGHER & MITCHELL: The Politics of Elecctoral Systems 29-Gallagher-index Page Proof page dclxii 6.7.2005 3:05pm

662 Index

Von Prittwitz, V. 224 Weyland, K. 441 Von Schwartzenberg, M. 214 White, S. 316, 317, 325 vote management 48, 158, 516 Whiteley, P. 170 vote-splitting 10, 36, 169–70, 185, 198, 211, Whyte, N. 630 220–1, 222–4, 225–6, 298 Wiberg, M. 485 260 n., 412, 413, 475, 504 Wildavsky, A. 199 Vowles, J. 66–7, 180 n., 301, 302, 303, 306 Wilde, A. 443 Voynet, D. 127–8 Williams, K. 316, 570 n. Wilson, H. 171 Waechter, A. 127 Wilson, W. 200 Wahl, N. 120 Winnipeg 103 Waisman, C. H. 570 n. Wolfsfeld, G. 343 n. Wales 59, 157, 161, 163, 164, 167 n., women in parliament 21, 45–6, 555–7, 174–80, 547 572–3 Wallace, G. 199 in specific countries 92, 109–10, 131, Ward, N. 99, 103 141, 151, 172, 195, 219, 247–8, 271–2, Ware, A. 192 289, 306–7, 325–6, 341, 367, 388, 410, Warhurst, J. 81 428, 445, 468, 485, 502, 525 Washington 197 n. Women of Russia 325 wasted votes 160, 220, 316, 379, 571, 593, Wood, G. A. 308 636 Wyoming 200 Wattenberg, M. P. vii, viii, 12, 13, 15, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36, 51, 194, 209, 256, Yadav, K. C. 140 n. 274 n., 454, 508, 548, 549, 568, 570 Yadav, Y. 138, 139, 149 Wauters, B. 422 Yeltsin, B. N. 313, 314, 317 Weaver, L. 202 Young, H. P. 589 Webb, P. 167, 173 Yukon 100 Webster method 585; see also Sainte-Lague¨ method Zagarri, R. 186 Weeks, L. 515, 517, 522, 527 Zapatero, J. 389, 390 Weimar Republic 26, 210, 221, 545 Zhirinovsky, V. 322, 324 Weisberg, H. 196 Zimmerman, J. 195 Wessels, B. 218–21 Zinov’ev, A. V. 328 West Bengal 143, 153 zombie Diet members 290 82, 87 Zucchini, F. 272 Westminster model 99, 137, 157, 295, Zvijezda, A. 166 511–12 Zyuganov, G. 314