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Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures

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Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures The Jumanoes and Tiguas The Jumanoes and Tiguas are the Tigua used irrigation to located in the southwestern part cultivate small farms in the El of the state around the El Paso Paso region. As a friendly Indian region. The Jumanoes are tribe they were used as scouts largely an unknown tribe as little by the Texas Rangers and the remains to document their U.S. Cavalry against the existence. The Spaniards who Comanche and Apache. The met the Jumanoes called them tribe lost most of its land to the striped people because of Anglo settlers and had virtually the pattern of horizontal lines ceased to exist by the 1920s. they painted or tattooed on their In 1967 the state of Texas faces. recognized the Ysleta Indian community, and placed it under The Tiguas were encountered by the jurisdiction of the the Coronado expedition as Commission of Indian Affairs. residents of the villages encountered by the expedition The Jumanoes and Tiguas lived near the Rio Grande in what is in pueblo buildings made of now New Mexico. Later Spanish adobe bricks. It is thought they expeditions built upon this maintained some form of contact, and the Tiguas were agriculture and possible used conquered by the Spanish in irrigation. However, other than 1601 and a colony was a few pictograms left on the established in Santa Fe. The bluffs of Concho, Pecos, and Rio Tiguas of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Grande Rivers little remains of the Tiguas and of the Jumanos. are descendants of refugees from the Río Grande pueblos. Tiguas converted to Catholicism The Indians built a church at after contact with the Spanish Tigua, dedicated to St. Anthony and their patron saint is in 1682. The accompanied the Anthony. A small number Spanish under Antonio de retained their traditional religion Otermín, when he reconquered which revered awelo, or the pueblos in 1692. At some grandfather, who watches over point around 1751, they all. received a land grant from the king of Spain. For the next two hundred years, Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures The Tonkawas The name Tonkawa is a Waco word The Tonkawa were longtime that means "they all stay together." enemies of the Apaches, especially The Tonkawas originally lived in after they chased the Tonkawas Central Texas, where they had from their traditional hunting developed a reputation as fierce grounds. When the Comanche and warriors and skilled hunters. The Wichitas arrived and began warring Tonkawa had early contacts with with the Apache the Tonkawa sided Spanish explorers probably with the Comanches and Wichitas. meeting Cabeza de Vaca in the Later the Tonkawa changed their 1530s and Coronado in the 1540s. allegiance and joined the northern The Tonkawas acquired horses tribes on their raids against the from the Spanish or other Indians. San Sabá Mission. They changed The Tonkawas had a plains Indian loyalties again in the early culture, and hunted buffalo and nineteenth century becoming small game. When the Apaches enemies of the Comanche and forced them from their hunting allies of the Apache. grounds, they suffered hardship An Apache taken as prisoner and lived off what food they could became a powerful chief among find. They even attempted to the Tonkawa. Called El Mocho by establish agriculture and farms, the Spanish, his dream was to without apparent success in the unite the Apache and Tonkawa. In late eighteenth century. 1782 he organized a great council Little is known about Tonkawa attended by a great number of social practices, though each band Indians from both tribes. He elected a chief to lead them. If a wanted to unite against the woman’s husband died, then his Spanish but the tribes were unable brother would marry her. If no to put aside old grudges and the brother was available, then the son Spanish later captured and of a sister could marry the woman. executed him. When a baby was born, a piece of By 1855 the Tonkawa had been Tonkawa Warrior wood was tied to the baby's head assigned two small reservations on to flatten it. the Brazos River. They were Tribe members wore little clothing, eventually relocated to the Washita and children often went nude. River in Indian Territory. They also Men wore a long breechcloth which served as scouts with the Texas is a rectangular piece of cloth or Rangers against the Comanche, soft leather worn between the legs and also for the Confederates and tucked over a belt which held during the Civil War. it in place. In colder weather, they would also wear moccasins, leggings, and fur robes. Women wore short leather skirts. Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures Special points of interest: • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. The Apaches Throughout most of their launch raids without his permission. history, the Apache raided others The Apache believed in many tribes for food and loot. The Zuni supernatural entities, with Shamans tribe gave them the name apache, presided over religious rituals. For meaning “enemy.” The Apache religious festivals men dressed in stubbornly and violently resisted elaborate costumes to imitate the Spanish, Mexican and American Gans, Mountain Spirits, the expansion into their territory. The headdresses of the dancers showed Chief Geronimo, 1899. Courtesy of the Clay Apache were known as consummate four colors symbolizing the Gans: the County Historical Society horsemen and raiders. white of pollen, the black of eagle feathers, the yellow of deerskin, and The Apache are classified as the blue of turquoise. Southwest Indians. Numerous Apache tribes roamed throughout this During the late 1500s Apaches in the region, which included much of New southwest launched sustained raids on Mexico, Arizona, Northern Mexico, Spanish settlements forcing the Western Texas, Southern Colorado, Spanish to establish a string of western Oklahoma, and southern Presidios(forts) to try to protect their Kansas. The various Apache peoples settlements. Apache raids continued migrated to the Southwest later than throughout the 1700s-1800s and other Indians, and migrated Spanish and later Mexican efforts southward between 850 and 1400. failed to halt the raids. The Comanche were able to hold their own against the The Apache were primarily nomadic Apaches. After the treaty of Guadalupe hunters and gathers, tracking game, Hidalgo in 1848 the Apache became a and various wild plants, especially problem for the United States. Major cactus and mesquite seeds. Through conflicts did occur, and in the 1860s hit and run raids on the Spanish and escalated. The U.S. doggedly pursued Pueblo Indians, they acquired horses the Apache in many battles. in the late 1600s. After acquiring horses the Apache became the finest Over the decades the Apaches were horsemen in North America. Apaches eventually defeated and forced onto Ohah, Apache girl, c. 1890. Courtesy of the were skilled basket makers, crafting reservations. The last Apache Clay County Historical Society them in various shapes with intricate resistance lead by Geronimo was detailing. They acquired cotton and forced back onto the reservation in wool clothing through trade or raiding. 1884. He revolted again and was They traditionally wore mainly forced back onto the reservation in deerskin clothing. 1886. He escaped and was captured for the final time in Skeleton Canyon in Apache bands had a loose social and 1886 where the Apache wars began political organization. Each band was 25 years earlier. made up of extended families, lead by a chief or headman. The chief was chosen for his leadership and military abilities, but groups of warriors could Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures Special points of interest: • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. The Comanches The Comanche migrated southward confederacy with the southern from Wyoming along the eastern branches of Cheyenne and Arapaho. side of the Rocky Mountains With greater Mexican and sometime in the 1600s. By the late Anglo-American settlement in Texas, 1600s the Comanche acquired horses probably through raids on the conflict increased in 1821. Under Pueblo Indians. They eventually the Republic of Texas, Comanche settled in an area that included raids were difficult to stop despite territory in modern day Kansas, several battles with the Texas Comanche Village, from George Catlin’s eastern New Mexico, western Rangers. North American Indians. Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, New southeastern Colorado, Texas, and leadership northern Mexico. Other Indian tribes under could not check these devastating Ranger warriors, and not even the fearsome Captain Apache could force them out of their John territory. Walker The Comanche were skilled Hays horse breeders and trainers, brought maintaining massive herds, more some than other Indian tribe. Comanche victories. children began learning how to ride Quanah Parker, courtesy of around four or five years old, and Tarrant County College NE they were known as the most accomplished horsemen of any After Texas joined the United States, Indian tribe. Horses allowed the the Federal government attempted to nomadic Comanche to easily travel negotiated a peace treaty, and great distances in pursuit of buffalo establish a reservation for the herds. The Comanche lived in buffalo Comanche, but this failed. Several -hide tipis, establishing temporary offensives were launched by the Bert Seahmer, Utah and children, Treetop, c. camps as they followed the buffalo Texas Rangers in the late 1850s, 1900. Courtesy of the Clay County Historical herds. assisted by the U.S. Army. During the American Civil War, the only offensive Spanish settlements were was conducted by “Kit” Carson, at hard hit by Comanche raiding the battle of Adobe Falls.
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