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Home , Apache, Apache Wars, Comanche, Jumanos, Kiowa, Plains Indians

Indians: and Plains Cultures

The Jumanoes and Tiguas

The Jumanoes and Tiguas are the Tigua used irrigation to located in the southwestern part cultivate small farms in the El of the state around the El Paso Paso region. As a friendly Indian region. The Jumanoes are they were used as scouts largely an unknown tribe as little by the Texas Rangers and the remains to document their U.S. Cavalry against the existence. The Spaniards who and . The met the Jumanoes called them tribe lost most of its land to the striped people because of Anglo settlers and had virtually the pattern of horizontal lines ceased to exist by the 1920s. they painted or tattooed on their In 1967 the state of Texas faces. recognized the Ysleta Indian community, and placed it under The Tiguas were encountered by the jurisdiction of the the Coronado expedition as Commission of Indian Affairs. residents of the encountered by the expedition The Jumanoes and Tiguas lived near the in what is in pueblo buildings made of now New . Later Spanish adobe bricks. It is thought they expeditions built upon this maintained some form of contact, and the Tiguas were agriculture and possible used conquered by the Spanish in irrigation. However, other than 1601 and a colony was a few pictograms left on the established in Santa Fe. The bluffs of Concho, Pecos, and Rio Tiguas of Grande Rivers little remains of the Tiguas and of the . are descendants of refugees from the Río Grande . Tiguas converted to Catholicism The Indians built a church at after contact with the Spanish Tigua, dedicated to St. Anthony and their patron saint is in 1682. The accompanied the Anthony. A small number Spanish under Antonio de retained their traditional religion Otermín, when he reconquered which revered awelo, or the pueblos in 1692. At some grandfather, who watches over point around 1751, they all. received a land grant from the king of . For the next two hundred years, Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures

The

The name is a Waco word The Tonkawa were longtime that means "they all stay together." enemies of the , especially The Tonkawas originally lived in after they chased the Tonkawas Central Texas, where they had from their traditional hunting developed a reputation as fierce grounds. When the Comanche and warriors and skilled hunters. The Wichitas arrived and began warring Tonkawa had early contacts with with the Apache the Tonkawa sided Spanish explorers probably with the and Wichitas. meeting Cabeza de Vaca in the Later the Tonkawa changed their 1530s and Coronado in the 1540s. allegiance and joined the northern The Tonkawas acquired horses on their raids against the from the Spanish or other Indians. San Sabá Mission. They changed The Tonkawas had a plains Indian loyalties again in the early culture, and hunted buffalo and nineteenth century becoming small game. When the Apaches enemies of the Comanche and forced them from their hunting allies of the Apache. grounds, they suffered hardship An Apache taken as prisoner and lived off what food they could became a powerful chief among find. They even attempted to the Tonkawa. Called El Mocho by establish agriculture and farms, the Spanish, his dream was to without apparent success in the unite the Apache and Tonkawa. In late eighteenth century. 1782 he organized a great council Little is known about Tonkawa attended by a great number of social practices, though each band Indians from both tribes. He elected a chief to lead them. If a wanted to unite against the woman’s husband died, then his Spanish but the tribes were unable brother would marry her. If no to put aside old grudges and the brother was available, then the son Spanish later captured and of a sister could marry the woman. executed him. When a baby was born, a piece of By 1855 the Tonkawa had been Tonkawa Warrior wood was tied to the baby's head assigned two small reservations on to flatten it. the . They were Tribe members wore little clothing, eventually relocated to the Washita and children often went nude. River in . They also Men wore a long breechcloth which served as scouts with the Texas is a rectangular piece of cloth or Rangers against the Comanche, soft leather worn between the legs and also for the Confederates and tucked over a belt which held during the Civil War. it in place. In colder weather, they would also wear , leggings, and fur robes. Women wore short leather skirts. Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures

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The Apaches

Throughout most of their launch raids without his permission. history, the Apache raided others The Apache believed in many tribes for food and loot. The Zuni supernatural entities, with Shamans tribe gave them the name apache, presided over religious . For meaning “enemy.” The Apache religious festivals men dressed in stubbornly and violently resisted elaborate costumes to imitate the Spanish, Mexican and American Gans, Mountain Spirits, the expansion into their territory. The headdresses of the dancers showed Chief , 1899. Courtesy of the Clay Apache were known as consummate four colors symbolizing the Gans: the Historical Society horsemen and raiders. white of pollen, the black of eagle feathers, the yellow of deerskin, and The Apache are classified as the blue of . Southwest Indians. Numerous Apache tribes roamed throughout this During the late 1500s Apaches in the region, which included much of New southwest launched sustained raids on Mexico, , , Spanish settlements forcing the Texas, Southern , Spanish to establish a string of western , and southern Presidios(forts) to try to protect their . The various Apache peoples settlements. Apache raids continued migrated to the Southwest later than throughout the -1800s and other Indians, and migrated Spanish and later Mexican efforts southward between 850 and 1400. failed to halt the raids. The Comanche were able to hold their own against the The Apache were primarily nomadic Apaches. After the treaty of Guadalupe hunters and gathers, tracking game, Hidalgo in 1848 the Apache became a and various wild plants, especially problem for the . Major cactus and mesquite seeds. Through conflicts did occur, and in the 1860s hit and run raids on the Spanish and escalated. The U.S. doggedly pursued Pueblo Indians, they acquired horses the Apache in many battles. in the late 1600s. After acquiring horses the Apache became the finest Over the decades the Apaches were horsemen in . Apaches eventually defeated and forced onto Ohah, Apache , c. 1890. Courtesy of the were skilled basket makers, crafting reservations. The last Apache Clay County Historical Society them in various shapes with intricate resistance lead by Geronimo was detailing. They acquired cotton and forced back onto the reservation in wool clothing through trade or raiding. 1884. He revolted again and was They traditionally wore mainly forced back onto the reservation in deerskin clothing. 1886. He escaped and was captured for the final time in Skeleton Canyon in Apache bands had a loose social and 1886 where the began political organization. Each band was 25 years earlier. made up of extended families, lead by a chief or headman. The chief was chosen for his leadership and military abilities, but groups of warriors could Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures

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The Comanches

The Comanche migrated southward confederacy with the southern from along the eastern branches of and . side of the With greater Mexican and sometime in the 1600s. By the late Anglo-American settlement in Texas, 1600s the Comanche acquired horses probably through raids on the conflict increased in 1821. Under Pueblo Indians. They eventually the , Comanche settled in an area that included raids were difficult to stop despite territory in modern day Kansas, several battles with the Texas Comanche , from ’s eastern , western Rangers. North American Indians. Oklahoma, southwestern Kansas, New southeastern Colorado, Texas, and leadership northern Mexico. Other Indian tribes under could not check these devastating Ranger warriors, and not even the fearsome Captain Apache could force them out of their John territory. Walker The Comanche were skilled Hays horse breeders and trainers, brought maintaining massive herds, more some than other Indian tribe. Comanche victories. children began learning how to ride , courtesy of around four or five years old, and Tarrant County College NE they were known as the most accomplished horsemen of any After Texas joined the United States, Indian tribe. Horses allowed the the Federal government attempted to nomadic Comanche to easily travel negotiated a peace treaty, and great distances in pursuit of buffalo establish a reservation for the herds. The Comanche lived in buffalo Comanche, but this failed. Several -hide , establishing temporary offensives were launched by the Bert Seahmer, and children, Treetop, c. camps as they followed the buffalo Texas Rangers in the late 1850s, 1900. Courtesy of the Clay County Historical herds. assisted by the U.S. Army. During the , the only offensive Spanish settlements were was conducted by “Kit” Carson, at hard hit by Comanche raiding the battle of Adobe Falls. In the Post parties, attacked for horses, slaves, Civil War period, new offenses were and other loot. They prevented the Spanish from developing their launched. By the 1870s the last frontier and even forced them to Comanche and uprising, lead withdraw in many areas. In 1790 by Quanah Parker was ended by the they allied with the Kiowa who had of 1874-75. In 1875, settled to the north of them. Around the Comanches began reservation 1840, they united in a lose life in Oklahoma. Texas Indians: Pueblo and Plains Cultures

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The

The name Kiowa means the “main While their Comanche neighbors people” in their language. The first initially proved hostile, by 1790 they known homeland of the Kiowa was in had formed an alliance and were also western . Sometime around on friendly term with the Apache, the early 1700s, they migrated eventually allying with them as well. eastward across the Rocky Mountains Like their Comanche and to settle in the . During this Apache allies the Kiowa were known as period, they acquired horses from trade with the tribes. With excellent fighters, skilled at hit and run Kiowa & Comanche Camp near Ft. Sill in the increased mobility that horses raids. The Kiowa and their allies Indian Territory (Oklahoma), c. 1890. granted, they adopted behavior fought together against the American Courtesy of the Clay County Historical Society typical of . They began settlers. In addition, they produced to follow buffalo herds and live in several important Indian military tipis. leaders, such as White Bear (), , and Sky Walker. Men and women wore animal skin The Kiowa like their allies were known garments, moccasins, leggings, and for their depredations in Mexico and fur robes in the winter. Jewelry was Texas. The Kiowa refused to go also worn and many prized pieces reservations until they were militarily were fashioned from Mexican silver conquered. coins. As a nomadic tribe, the Kiowas were always ready to move. Their encampments could be taken down and ready to move in as little as thirty minutes. Despite their plains Indian characteristics, they had several Mesoamerican customs similar to the Aztecs. They drew a pictographic calendar to records tribal records and worshiped a stone idol they called a taimay which represented the sun Kiowa Woman and papoose, c. 1890. boy, a central mythical figure. The Courtesy of the Clay County Historical Society served as both religious and social cohesion of the tribe, and they believed it served to recreate the buffalo and to rededicate their beliefs and traditions. It lasted for ten days. Towards the end of the 1700s, the Kiowa migrated again, probably because of pressure from Ponto and Lone Bear, c. 1890. Courtesy the . They migrated toward of the Clay County Historical Society then settled in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma.