American Indians in Texas: Conflict and Survival Texas: American Indians in AMERICAN INDIANS IN TEXAS Conflict and Survival Phan Sandy Phan AMERICAN INDIANS IN TEXAS Conflict and Survival Sandy Phan Consultant Devia Cearlock K–12 Social Studies Specialist Amarillo Independent School District Table of Contents Publishing Credits Dona Herweck Rice, Editor-in-Chief Lee Aucoin, Creative Director American Indians in Texas ........................................... 4–5 Marcus McArthur, Ph.D., Associate Education Editor Neri Garcia, Senior Designer Stephanie Reid, Photo Editor The First People in Texas ............................................6–11 Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed., Publisher Contact with Europeans ...........................................12–15 Image Credits Westward Expansion ................................................16–19 Cover LOC[LC–USZ62–98166] & The Granger Collection; p.1 Library of Congress; pp.2–3, 4, 5 Northwind Picture Archives; p.6 Getty Images; p.7 (top) Thinkstock; p.7 (bottom) Alamy; p.8 Photo Removal and Resistance ...........................................20–23 Researchers Inc.; p.9 (top) National Geographic Stock; p.9 (bottom) The Granger Collection; p.11 (top left) Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit Inc.; p.11 (top right) Calhoun County Museum; pp.12–13 The Granger Breaking Up Tribal Land ..........................................24–25 Collection; p.13 (sidebar) Library of Congress; p.14 akg-images/Newscom; p.15 Getty Images; p.16 Bridgeman Art Library; p.17 Library of Congress, (sidebar) Associated Press; p.18 Bridgeman Art Library; American Indians in Texas Today .............................26–29 p.19 The Granger Collection; p.19 (sidebar) Bridgeman Art Library; p.20 Library of Congress; p.21 Getty Images; p.22 Northwind Picture Archives; p.23 LOC [LC-USZ62–98166]; p.23 (sidebar) Nativestock Pictures; Glossary......................................................................... 30 p.23 LOC[LC–USZ62–97948]; p.24 Getty Images; p.25 National Archives; p.26 Nativestock Pictures; p.27 (top) LOC [LC–DIG–ppmsca–05081]; p.27 (bottom) Alamy; p.28 Nativestock Pictures; p.29 LOC Index .............................................................................. 31 [LC-USZ62-95480]; All other images Shutterstock. Your Turn! ..................................................................... 32 Teacher Created Materials 5301 Oceanus Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92649-1030 http://www.tcmpub.com ISBN 978-1-4333-5040-5 © 2013 Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 3 American Indians meet American Indians in Texas with European settlers. They wore animal skins. They chased giant animals off cliffs and killed them with spears. These early American Indians were probably Mistaken Identity the first people to live in North America more than 11,000 years ago. Christopher Columbus Over time, these ancient people created different American Indian was the first person to tribes with their own cultures. Some tribes lived in the area now known call the indigenous as Texas. Around AD 1500, Europeans came to Texas, too. Europeans (in‑DIJ‑uh‑nuhs) people in the Americas “Indians.” He brought weapons and new diseases that killed many American Indians. thought he had sailed to The Europeans also took over the land and started wars. India. Today, we still call the descendants of these people “American Indians.” This Land Is Our Land American Indians believed In the 1800s, many Americans and everyone had a right to new American Indian groups came west use the land, plants, and to Texas and pushed Texas Indians off animals in nature. At first, the land. American Indian tribes in they thought Europeans Texas also fought with Mexicans. When only wanted to use the land. They were happy to Texas became a state in 1845, the United share nature’s gifts. But States took control of the American American Indians quickly Indians living in Texas and made laws to learned that Europeans move them to special areas of land called had very different ideas reservations (rez-er-VEY-shuhnz). about land. Europeans believed a person could By 1875, all of the original American own land. Indian tribes in Texas had been killed or forced out of the state. Today, only three American Indian tribes remain in Texas. Columbus lands in the New World. 4 5 Ice Age Animals Giant mammals lived The First People in Texas during the Ice Age. Early American Indians Mammals are warm‑blooded animals American Indians first came to North America 13,000 to 40,000 with hair. They feed years ago during the Ice Age. Glaciers, or thick layers of ice, covered their babies milk. Ice the northern parts of Asia and North America. The oceans were Age mammals in Texas included mammoths lower because most of Earth’s water was frozen. People from Asia (MAM‑uhths), or large, crossed a land bridge to Alaska called the Bering (BAIR-ing) Strait. hairy elephants. There The early American Indians followed giant animals south to Texas were also long‑horned and other parts of North America. They hunted with a special stick, bison, or American buffalo. called an atlatl (AHT-laht-l). It helped them throw spears faster and Bison are large animals with shaggy brown hair farther. Hunters placed points made out of stone at the tips of their and long tails. Only spears. They also made tools out of wood, bones, and antlers. Ice Age long-horned bison, bison with short horns or American buffalo exist today. Indigenous hunters About 8,000 years ago, the giant Ice Cave Paintings attack a mammoth. Age animals died out. American Indians Some early American began to hunt smaller animals, like deer Indians in the Lower Pecos (PEY‑kohs) area of and rabbits, and ate wild plants. The Southwest Texas lived in women used plant fibers to make baskets, caves. They drew colorful sandals, and sleeping mats. Around pictures of animals and AD 500, American Indians began making people on the cave walls. bows and arrows. They also made pottery Many people believe the cave art was part of to cook and store their food. Some their religion. people lived in villages and grew plants to eat. These early American Indians turned into the tribes that lived in Texas when the Europeans arrived. American Indians attached arrowheads to the end of spears to hunt. 6 7 Village Life Caddo grass houses The American Indian tribes living in Texas in 1500 fell into two groups. One group was nomadic, moving often to hunt and gather food. The other group lived in villages and farmed. The Jumano (hoo-MAH-noh) and Caddo (KAHD-doh) were farming tribes. Jumano Tools The Jumano lived in Southwest Texas in pueblos, or adobe houses The Jumano used farming that were half underground and half aboveground. In the winter, tools made out of sticks they farmed land in the Rio Grande River Valley and planted beans, and animal bones. The men hunted with squash, corn, and tobacco. In the summer, they hunted bison on the bows and arrows. The plains. The Jumano wore coral and turquoise (TUR-koiz) jewelry in bowstrings were made their ears and noses and painted striped tattoos on their faces and The Caddo lived in the pine forests from animal sinew (SIN‑yoo), or tendons. bodies. The women farmed, cooked, and took care of the children. of East Texas and built tall, cone-shaped The Jumano men worked in the fields, hunted, and fought enemies grass houses. Like the Jumano, the Caddo Caddo Clothing with wooden clubs. farmed and hunted food. Caddo women made The women gathered wild clothing for their families. plants, like acorns, berries, They tanned deer and bison and roots. They also made elk hides. Then, they beautiful pottery with colored the hides with engraved designs. mineral and plant dyes. Finally, they sewed the Caddo men hunted hides together with bone and fished. Some needles and sinew thread men wore their to make breechcloths, hair in a long strip shirts, leggings, dresses, down the center and robes. of their heads, called a mohawk. Caddo engraved pottery 8 9 Hunting and Gathering Tribes The nomadic American Indians in Texas included the Lipan Karankawa fishhook Six Seasons Apache (li-PAHN uh-PAH-chee), Karankawa (kuh-RANG- The Apache had six kuh-wah), Tonkawa (TONG-kuh-wah), and Coahuiltecans seasons: Little Eagles (KWA-heel-tek-kans). (early spring); Many Leaves (late spring and The Lipan Apache called themselves the “people of the forest.” early summer); Large They hunted bison on the plains of Northwest Texas. They lived in Leaves (midsummer); camps with family groups and built tepees (TEE-peez). Tepees were Thick with Fruit (late movable homes made of wooden poles and animal hides. Lipan boys summer and early fall); learned how to hunt and become warriors. Girls learned how to Earth Reddish Brown (late fall); and Ghost Face cook, gather food, weave baskets, and guard the camp. (winter). Each season The Karankawa lived in Southeast Texas along the Gulf Coast. was good for gathering They used canoes, shot alligators with bows and arrows, and caught different plants. fish and oysters in the bay. In the summer, when the fish moved back Karankawa family into deep water, the Karankawa hunted animals on land and looked and a canoe Cannibals for plants. Some people believed the Karankawa were map of American Indian tribes cannibals. Cannibals in Texas around AD 1500 are people who eat the Central Texas was home to the meat of other humans. Tonkawa, who got along well with most The Karankawa and of the tribes around them. The Tonkawa other Indian warriors camped with the Karankawa, hunted sometimes ate their enemies. They did this to bison, and traded with the Caddo, take what they thought prickly pear Jumano, and Coahuiltecans. The Spanish cactus was the magic power of used the word Coahuiltecans for hundreds the dead warrior. They of small American Indian tribes in did not eat humans South Texas. The Coahuiltecans hunted, for food. gathered plants, and harvested prickly pear, which is a kind of cactus fruit.