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IJSECT September 2015 CHAPTER- IX »'.... It is possible to observe or 'rescue' the stratification from half-a-dozen or so sites, and even if this only establishes relationships between a few of the cultures it must be remembered that this method is basic, and any discrepancies in the stylistic system must be rigorously checked against the stratigraphic evidence. This stylistic method, the comparison of significant types and styles of ornament between the cultures is the second stage and one which is of considerable importance in this particular inquiry owing to the scanty evidence from ex­ cavation, and the correlation of the evidence from these two methods should give a working sequence within the Indian culture province. This sequence can then be checked by the third method, comparison and equation between the Indian cultures and those of Iran and Iraq, where a mass of detail­ ed stratigraphical and chronological evidence exists. The final summing-up from all the three lines of enquiry should give us the best picture available of the Indian culture- sequence in the present imperfect state of knowledge". (Stuart Piggott, 1946:9). 276 THE TRIAL DIG AT BINJOR 1 A small trial dig was carried out at Binjor 1 in March 1970, The objective of this limited dig was to obtain a stratigraphical framework for the western part of the Sarasvatl-Ghaggar valley which could be used for assigning the material from surface sites. For the eastern part of the valley an excellent framework already existed from the site of Kalibangan. The Binjor evidence would also confirm this in a very limited manner as to how far the culture sequence in the western part of the valley tallied with that in the eastern pert, I did not have adequate resources for a large excavation nor the official sanction for such an undertaking. The present digging was absolutely of a trial nature having the limited objective of finding out the cultural sequence of the site. The excavation was carried out on a very small scale. In all, three trenches named A, B and C were laid. The largest of these, A, measured 3 meters in length by 2 meters in breadth, whilst the other two, B and C, were 2 meters by 1 meter each. With a view to obtaining the maximum information from the small area which I decided to dig, excavation was done in step trenches on the eastern slope of the mound. In this way, a complete sequence of cultural periods was gained from the highest point of the mound down to virgin soil. 277 Although the results were very encouraging, due to the restricted size of the dig*the conclusions drawn can only be of a tentative nature and will need to be further confirmed by a larger horizontal excavation, A cultural sequence of three periods ranging from 2400 B.C. to £00 A.D. was obtained, the relative datings being based on a comparative study of pottery and other finds, from sites in Sind , Punjab and Raj as than. The earliest culture, Period I was found in the lowest layer in Trench B and in all the layers of Trench C. Its pottery bears close resemblance to wares from pre-Iiarappan Kot-Diji as well as those of Kalibangan I; Period II, found in Trench A and in the three top most layers of Trench B, belongs to the Harappa culture which is provided with a C-14 dating of 2090 +. 125 B.C. also from Kalibangan Period II. Period III belongs to the Rangmahal culture which is dated to the Kushana Period. Evidence of this cultural period was found only on the surface of the mound. No habitational levels of this period were found in the excavations. Probably the river was by now completely dried up. Numismatic evidence from the excavations at Rangmahal date this period from 200 A.D. to 600 A.D. (Rydh, 1959: 196-200). (A) THE LOCATION OF BINJOR 1 Second Binjor 1 Is the highest and best preserved mound 278 in the western area of Anupgarh Tehsil and was therefore selected for the trial excavation. It is situated in Chak No. 4 MM, (the alphabetical letters MM standing for Mansoor- wala Minor Canal) 6 kilometers to the north-east of Anupgarh. It is surrounded on all sides by tilled fields and during the sowing season is used as a parking ground for idle tractors. The site is flanked by the Gang Branch Canal 4-5 kilometers to its north-east and by the Mansoorwala Minor Canal, a subsidiary of the Anupgarh Branch which in turn is a distributary of the Raj asthan Canal, 2 kilometers to its south-east side. The mound is circular in shape. It is 5 meters high and is 150 meters in diameter. The surface is thickly littered with red pot sherds belonging to Harappa and Rang- mahal cultures. Almost in the centre, at the highest level is a small hut used temporarily by the watchman who guards the surrounding fields. From this point one can see dunes on the north-east which presumably mark one of the banks of the dried up Sarasvati-Ghaggar. (B) THE TRENCHES a. £tra,UKr»phy. of Kranch A Trench A, 3 m in length and 2 m in width with its longer axis running NE-SW was laid on the highest part of the mound. The trench yielded no evidence of Period III, its 279 top most layer beginning with Period II and its earliest ending with it. This trench was dug to a depth of 1.40 m below surface level. Layer I was 30 cm thick and was composed of habita- tional debris. A Harappan floor level was encountered at a depth of 20 cm below surface. In the north-east corner of the trench was a large, burnt patch ranging from 15 cm to 20 cm in thickness, showing streaks of ash and red, burnt plaster. Two thick streaks of charcoal, about 15 cm in length were found : these extend into the section and might be the remnants of wooden posts or roof supports which collapsed due to a conflagration. Even the Harappan pot­ sherds in the vicinity were charred black. When the floor level was excavated in its entirety, the burnt wood was found to be an infiltration from a later habitatlonal debris and a pit could be clearly distinguished in the section. The rest of the trench showed a house floor and two house walls constructed of irregularly sized mud bricks. These walls have been named Wall A and B. Wall A was 68 cm thick, whilst the complete measurement of Wall B was not available. Wall A (Fig. 108) ran diagonally across the trench and extended into the west south, south-west corner, whilst the other, Wall B, forms a right angle and extends towards the northern corner. The bricks were placed lengthwise in straight lines; it was very difficult to trace all of them. Bricks which could be clearly traced were alone plotted to scale. Brick (a) measured 21 cm and 18 cm x 20 cm x 19 cm; 280 brick (b) measured 31 cm x 18 cm and 20 cm; brick (c) measur­ ed 34 cm x 12 cm and 11 cm and were bonded together by thick layers of plaster. The house floor displayed evidences of disturbance. One oven baked, wedge shaped brick lay over a half crushed Harappan pot in a horizontal position, at a depth of 25 cm below surface, whilst another lay embedded in the debris. The bricks measured 28 cm in length, 15 and 9 cm in width respectively along the broader and narrower ends and were 4-5 cm in thickness. Underneath the debris, on the house floor, four circular outlines of plaster lined pits or un­ baked vessels, were traced (See Fig. 103). pit I with a dia­ meter of 42 cm was found to enclose a turtle shell, a burnt brick, a pot lid and a burnt triangular terracotta cake. Outside the pit, on one side lay a terracotta cake near a burnt plaster outline and a little, small S shaped Harappan tumbler with flaring rim and bulbous side (Pi. Vi:A). Pit II, having a diameter of 56 cm was found whilst clearing the debris and crushed pot fragments under the wedge-shaped brick. A large snail shell and a bi-valve shell (Fig. 100: A) were found under the pot, the latter having a smoothened edge, with a horizontal cut made on its bulbous side. Pits III and IV having diameters of 56 cm were traced near the wall in the north-north-west corner of the trench, ftearby a chank bangle fragment lay embedded in the 281 section. A copper bead (PI. i:9j Fig. 102IA) and a chert blade (PI. 1:6; Fig. 102:0 were found at a depth of 20 cm in the west-south corner and a cranelian bead was found from the same level amid the debris near the collapsed pot. One meter of the southern part of the trench was taken up for further digging; the rest was left undug. This was because hired labour was increasingly difficult to get due to the harvesting season which claimed all healthy males available in the area. Layer 2, also Harappan, extended from 31 cm to 80 cm. It consisted of hard, compact, light-brown coloured soil* A blotchy red ware and thin pottery with a deep pink slip were recovered. Layer 3, also Harappan, extended from 31 cm to 1.20 m. Here a platform constructed of vertically placed mud-bricks, measuring 33 cm x 13 cm x 3 cm was cleared.
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