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Malta and the Battle of Lepanto- October 7, 1571

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Malta and the Battle of Lepanto- October 7, 1571 __________ .,. :.ct-- """- HISTORY Henceforth, sail and broadside fire The Battle of Lepanto. were to replace oar and head-on assault. Lepanto was, in fact, the ·Malta last of the great galley battles even and the Battle of though oared warships remained in use for a further two centuries. The Order 's galleys played a heroic part in the battle, which was certainly not cheaply won. Lepanto- October 7, 1571 Giustiniani's flagship was locked in battle with ships of the Turkish and divisions that existed among centre when, to their right, a gap the Christian nations. The Cyprus opened up in the Christian ranks crisis changed this mood and King since the galleys commanded by Philip II of Spain agreed. imme­ Gianandrea Doria ran southwards JOSEPH diately to the formation of a Chris­ to a:void being outflanked by the F. GRIMA tian ~lliance. But negotiations took warships of Uluch Ali. The latter their time. proved to be a better tactician than Doria by leading his galleys into the gap thus created. The Saint Clement The result was that the Order's on September 16, 1571, a com- disaster Capitana was surrounded, rammed bined Christian fleet sailed from and boarded. Its heroic defence Messina in Sicily to seek out its In 1570, the Order of StJohn's was to no avail and the crew, with Muslim counterpart. Prayers were galley squadron consisted of four the exception of three knights, died offered by people who feared their elements under the command of fighting to the end. The Turks then culture, religion and perhaps their Captain-General Fra Fran~ois de attacked other galleys but the very lives depended on the fleet's Saint Clement. Because of the Chri~ti an reserve line closed the success. The Christian fleet also impending Turkish menace to gap. By this time, the Ottoman cen­ included galleys of the Order of St Cyprus, on June 26, the Order's tre and left flank had been broken, John, then ruling Malta, which galleys were sent to Sicily to help so Uluch Ali fled with a number of were to prove their mettle and in any relief expedition that galleys to fight another day. worth in the ensuing maritime · might materialise. However, battle of Lepanto, fought out on when the galleys arrived in October 7,1571. Palermo, Gianandrea Doria had "The Order's The Ottoman (Tur.kish) danger already departed for Sardinia to Western Europe was serious. It with 31 galleys. While waiting for galleys played had been amply demonstrated on Doria~s return, Saint Clement was a heroic part in a number of occasions, including requested to escort a Sicilian con­ at Prevesa in 1538 and Djerba in voy to the small island of Maret­ the battle" 1560. The Turkish defeat in Malta timo. On his return to Licata via in 1565 was an important check Trapani, Saint Clement learnt of MeanwhHe, the other galleys of but it did not really impair Turkish the demise of one of his galley the Order recaptured their flag­ naval strength in the Mediter­ captains. He resolved to return ship from the enemy. By the end of ranean.. In February 1570, the to Malta. the battle, the Turks had lost some Turkish demand on Venice to cede 30,000 men, 8,000 prisoners and Cyprus was turned down, so the their fleet, with the exception of Muslims invaded that island in "It demonstrated Uluch Ali's 30 or 40 galleys. The July. The Venetians appealed for Holy League suffered about 8,000 help from Pope Pius V, who set to one and all that casualties and 12 ships but freed about forming a Holy League the Turk was not about 15,000 Christian slaves. against the Ottoman Empire. Was the battle important? The saintly Pius V had long·cher ­ invincible - not Unfortunately, the victory did ished the idea of rekindling a cru­ not bring the Christian States any sading spirit against the Ottomans, even at sea" Order's squadron encountered the However, the Knights set about whose flagship was now the Santa His second-in-command was tactics that had basically remained closer to each other and, after the but when he first mooted the idea, Muslim fleet and three galleys to reconstitute their squadron with Maria della Vittoria. Marcantonio Colonna, the Papal unchanged since classical times. To death of Pope Pius V in 1572, the The stern. of a full-sized 1971 reconstruction of Don John of Austria's there had been little enthusiasm The Captain-,General was were lost. Only the Santa Maria the help of the King of Spain who Captain-GeneraL all intents and purposes, battles at League disintegrated. Venice, in flagship,. known as the Reale, at the Maritime Museum of Barcelona. because of the rivalries, jealousies warn.ed of the presence of a 20- della Vittoria escaped. The loss of donated three galleys for this pur­ The Holy League The Order and Malta were repre­ sea were like land battles but fought fact, concluded peace with Turkey strong Muslim fleet under Uluch three galleys with their full com­ pose. The Order could, therefore, sented by the only three available on water. The Battle of Lepanto was in March 1573. Lepanto did not Ali (or Lucciali).in the vicinity but, plements of rowers, sailors and offer only three galleys to the Holy In spite of the seriousness of the galleys, namely, the Santa Mana della to be significantly different. break the back of Ottoman naval not heeding the advice of his cap­ fighting men (including knights) League that was in the process of situation, the would-be allies of the Vittoria, San Giovanni and San Pietro. August 1571 witnessed the fall of power, more so since there was no . tains, he still persisted with his · was a calamity that the Order formation. The n ew Captain­ League brought in old animosities Lack of manpower, after the Saint Famagusta, the last Venet ian military follow-up. Morally, how­ ~~~~ General was Fra Pietro Giustiniani in their treaty negotiations, includ­ Clement debacle, had prevented the ., ' ·(. ;.(: '' plans. Some miles off Gozo, the could ill-afford. stronghold in Cyprus. This month ever, it was a decisive victory . ing the composition of the joint fitting-out of a fourth unit. However, also saw a number of Turkish flotil­ because it lifted the pall of terror .• !···· fleet, rewards and spoils, the nomi­ all three galleys were heavily armed las ravaging the Adriatic coast, now that had existed since the fall of ~ . ,~d ...... f ..... ::t·,~ ~><:· - ' ;.. nation of the commander-in-chief, and literally bristled with fighting shorn of protection since the Vene­ Constantinople into Turkish hands • l..~"';: ......... .,.. ..,J ·:r .... l - and even the reasons for the for­ men on board. It has been noted by tian naval forces had joined the in 1453. It demonstrated to one and '"':: .... " ~ : ~- ·~~~ , . 'f Jt>-' "~ ''""'t • mation of the League itself. For the modern maritime historian John Holy League, now mustering at all that the Turk was not invincible Venetians, the alliance was a device Francis Guilmartin that Maltese Messina. The Turks then withdrew -not even at sea- and that West­ to regain Cyprus; for Spain, it was galleys "carried a higher proportion south but not before ravaging ern Europe would not fall into a means to recover lost North of armoured fighting men; men who Corfu. By October, the Muslims had Muslim hands. The Order of St African possessions. were also more heavily armed and concentrated about 250 galleys in John and Malta had played an Six months of bitter wrangling armoured than their adversaries, the Bay of Lepanto, in the channel important part in this memorable and haggling were to pass before than any others." between the Gulf of Patras and the victory, which the famous writer terms were agreed and the treaty It has been recorded that, at Lep­ Gulf of Corinth. It was here that Don Miguel de Cervantes, who was was fmally ratified on May 14, 1571. anto, the three Maltese galleys car­ battle was fought on October 7, 1571. present in the battle, dubbed as It provided for a fleet of about 200 ried 600 soldiers (mostly Maltese) Two innovative decisions in this "the noblest occasion that past or galleys and 100 other vessels (includ­ between them. Compare this figure battle were important. Don John present ages have seen, or future ing transports), together with with those of other States, namely: of Austria ordered the removal of ones may hope to see". 50,000 soldiers and 4,500 cavalry. Venice - 11,500 men on 105 galleys, all metal beaks fitted to the galleys Pope Pius V saw the victory as The force was to be assembled every 10 ships and six galeasses; the Papal and he placed his six galleasses - having been won through divine year by the beginning of April. Costs squadron - 2,200 men on 12 galleys; with their superior firepower- in intercession and he commemo­ were to be borne thus: one-sixth by Savoy - 500 men on three galleys; pairs ahead of his line to break up rated the victory, at least for the Pope, one-third by Venice and Genoa - 500 men on three galleys; the Turkish attack. These two dis­ Catholic Christians, by adding a one-half by Spain. The latter was to Sicily - 400 men on four galleys. positions show his determination new invocation in the litany of the choose the commande r- in~chie f. to rely more on firepower rather Holy Rosary: aux:ilium Christiano­ Philip's choice fell on his impetuous The battle than on the old methods of ram­ rum - help of Christians.
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