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FOUR ARAB-ISRAELI WARS AND THE PEACE PROCESS Also by Sydney D. Bailey

BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY CEYLON THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE HOW WARS END (2 vols) THE MAKING OF RESOLUTION 242 NAISSANCE DE NOUVELLE DEMOCRATIES PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN SOUTHERN ASIA THE PROCEDURE OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRAINTS IN WAR THE SECRETARIAT OF THE UNITED NATIONS VOTING IN THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL ·THE UNITED NATIONS: A Short Political Guide ·WAR AND CONSCIENCE IN THE NUCLEAR AGE

Edited by Sydney D. Bailey

ASPECTS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENT THE BRITISH PARTY SYSTEM THE FUTURE OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS "HUMAN RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND: A Christian Perspective PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN THE COMMONWEALTH PROBLEMS OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN COLONIES

*Also published by Palgrave Macmillan Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process

Sydney D. Bailey

MACMILIAN © Sydney D. Bailey 1982, 1985, 1990

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published 1990 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN 978-0-333-48226-1 ISBN 978-1-349-20967-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20967-5

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 Contents

List of Maps Vlll Preface ix Abbreviations and Acronyms xi 1 1947-9 1 Prelude to armed conflict 1 The actors 4 The fighting and its aftermath 7 From the Security Council's first consideration of the question to the proclamation of the state of , 24 February-I4 May 1948 8 From the coming into existence of Israel to the first cease-fire, 15 May-11 June 1948 21 The first cease-fire, 11 June-9 July 1948 28 The lapse of the cease-fire and the first Israeli offensive, 9-18 July 1948 33 From the coming into force of the second cease-fire to the second Israeli offensive, 18 July-15 October 1948 36 From the second Israeli offensive to the Egyptian agreement to a new cease-fire and to enter into armistice negotiations, 15 October 1948-7 January 1949 45 From the Egyptian agreement to a new cease-fire and to enter into armistice negotiations to the Security Council's approval of the four Armistice Agreements, 7 January-11 August 1949 58 Appendices, 1947-9 71 2 1956-7 107 Prelude to armed conflict 107 The actors 140 The fighting and its aftermath 140 Israel's Operation Kadesh: Britain and

v vi Contents

begin to bomb , 29 October-5 November 1956 141 Britain and France land forces in Egypt, 5 and 6 November 1956 151 Cease-fire: Britain and France withdraw from Egypt, Israel begins to withdraw, 7 November-22 December 1956 155 Israel withdraws from most of Sinai, 23 December 1956-22 January 1957 163 Israel withdraws from Sharm El-Sheikh and the Gaza Strip, 22 January-8 March 1957 166 Appendices, 1956-7 174 3 1967 187 Prelude to armed conflict 187 The actors 221 The fighting and its aftermath 222 The June war, 5-10 222 Consolidating the cease-fire, 11-16 June 1967 244 Emergency special session of the General Assembly, including the Johnson-Kosygin meeting at Glassboro, 17 June-21 July 1967 248 Diplomatic skirmishing, 22 July-(j November 1967 263 Negotiating a peace formula, 7-22 November 1967 267 Appendices, 1967 279 4 1973 285 Prelude to armed conflict 285 The actors 305 The fighting and its aftermath 305 The October war, 6-26 October 1973 306 Convening the Geneva conference, 27 October 1973-14 January 1974 335 Disengagement agreements for Sinai and the Contents vii

Golan Heights, 15 January-31 May 1974 342 Second Sinai disengagement agreement, 1 June 1974-10 October 1975 345 Sadat's visit to Jerusalem, the Camp David conference, and the Egypt-Israel peace treaty, 11 October 1975-26 March 1979 349 Appendices, 1973 362 5 The Elusive Peace 394 1947-9 394 1956-7 402 1967 406 1973 415 Lessons of post-war mediation in the 420 Notes and References 426 1947-9 426 1956-7 440 1967 454 1973 473 The Elusive Peace 487 Select Bibliographies 1947-9 493 1956-7 495 1967 498 1973 501 The Elusive Peace 504 Index 506 List of Maps

1 Jerusalem, 1949 57 2 Israel and its Arab neighbours, 1949 68 3 The Negev and the Sinai Peninsula 142 4 The 317

viii Preface

Hostility between the and Israel has repeatedly led to acts of terror• ism, counter-terrorism, aggression, retaliation, and inter-state armed con• flict. I have focussed in this book on four major wars, in two of which the first shots were fired by Arabs and in two by Israelis. All four ended in agreed cease-fires, truces, or armistices, with partial or total withdrawals of forces in two cases. My main concern, however, is not with the fighting but with the external efforts after each war to help the parties to move towards true peace. My account of each war follows the same format: the prelude to the fighting, a description of the main actors, the fighting and its aftermath, extracts from key documents, and a select bibliography which includes all items cited three or more times in the notes. Chapter 5 comprises a critical analysis of the post-hostilities peace efforts, with special attention to those aspects which appear to challenge or contradict the conventional wisdom about the art and science of mediation. I should like to thank the Clarendon Press for permission to reproduce updated accounts of the 1948 and 1956 wars from volume 2 of How Wars End (1983). My account of the 1967 war is based in part on The Making of Resolution 242 which was published in 1985, and I would like to thank Nijhoff of the Netherlands for permission to draw on this material. I have greatly benefitted from conversation or correspondence with some of those involved in UN decision-making in 1967: Chief S. O. Adebo, Lt-General Odd Bull, Lord Caradon, Arthur Goldberg, George Ignatieff, Major-General Indar Jit Rikhye, and Hans Tabor; and Gunnar Jarring has been gracious and meticulous in answering my questions about his mission. Some of those I have consulted about other aspects still hold official positions and may not be mentioned by name, but I thank them neverthe• less. I am also grateful to the following who expressed to me their views or supplied me with information not on the public record: Samir Ahmed, Nissim Bar-Yaacov, Sir Harold Beeley, Yoav Biran, Sir Colin Crowe, Walter Eytan, Sir James Fawcett, the Hon. David Gore-Booth, Arthur Lall, Sir Donald Maitland, Sir Anthony Nutting, Sir Anthony Parsons, John Reedman, Sir David Roberts, Shabtai Rosenne, Robert Rosenstock, Eugene V. Rostow, Dean Rusk, Peter Sallah, Oscar Schachter, Lt-General , Lord Thomson of Monifieth, and Sir Brian Urquhart; and also the following who have died since I started this project: Major-General E. L. M. Burns, Benjamin V. Cohen, Sir Leslie Glass, Lt-General Sir John Glubb (Glubb Pasha), Judge Philip Jessup, Robert A. Lovett, Lord Trevel• yan, and Charles Yost. Needless to say, any factual errors or defective judgments are mine alone. I am indebted to the helpful staff of several libraries, including that at the

ix x Preface

Royal Institute of International Affairs, and especially to Elisabeth Parcell; and that at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and especially to Susan Baker; and to Erik Jensen and his colleagues at the UN Information Centre in London. Diane Jumet in the office of the UN Secretary-General has kept me supplied with UN documents. I have drawn extensively on UN records for the diplomacy during and following the four wars. For the first three wars, English-language sources are plentiful from Israeli or independent points of view, but English• language material from an Arab standpoint is meagre and mainly polemical. For the 1973 war and its aftermath, however, there is a considerable amount of English-language material by Israelis, Arabs, and Americans, though Sadat deals with the second Egypt-Israel disengagement agreement in a perfunctory half page, and Kissinger ends the second volume of his memoirs with Nixon's resignation in 1974. There are copious English-language sources from differing standpoints for the Camp David meetings in 1978 and the Egypt-Israel peace treaty in 1979. In a few places, I have used documentary material released at my request under the US Freedom of Information Act, as amended. Egypt and united to form the United Arab Republic in 1958. They separated into two states in 1961, but Egypt continued to be known as the United Arab Republic until 1971, when its name was changed to the Arab Republic of Egypt. For the sake of simplicity, I have referred to the state as Egypt.

15 March 1989 SYDNEY D. BAILEY Abbreviations and Acronyms

Add. Addendum (addition to text of main UN document) ADL Armistice Demarcation Line CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US) Corr. Corrigendum (to correct errors, revise wording, or re-organize text of UN document) FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States GAOR General Assembly Official Records GA res. General Assembly resolution IC] International Court of Justice ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross MAC Mixed Armistice Commission OAU Organization of African Unity OP Observation Post PCC Palestine Conciliation Commission PLO Palestine Liberation Organization POW Prisoner of war Rev. Revision (new text replacing a previously issued UN document) SAM surface-to-air missile SCOR Security Council Official Records SC res. Security Council resolution SCUA Suez Canal User's Association TCOR Trusteeship Council Official Records UNDOF UN Disengagement Observer Force UNEF UN Emergency Force UNIFIL UN Interim Force in UNRWA UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTSO UN Truce Supervision Organization

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