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Expanded Number S-0861 -0004-01 -00001
Title items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Middle East - press clippings
Date Created 25/03/1966
Record Type Archival Item
Container s-0861-0004: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Middle East
Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit THEJ1EW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY JULY 20, «67 Mideast Mediator Odd Bull
T> ECENTLY Lieut Gen Odd •Cv Bull was asked to de- scribe bis concept. of the role: of a United Nations mediator ' He replied that "one should have the .same conception of him on both sides . of tl$e border" and that he should "be "equally ^ unpopular m both camps, but respected " The GO-yeariold Alan • Norwegian -officer in the has partly 11 . succeeded m his •News •' role as commander • . of the United Na- tions. ,:Tnice SupervisionJ.Or- ganizatiqn, ' which has ...the- neW'Vtask fit observing the Suez'--Can'al,:ceast.' Ine He is, respected oft both sides, but' he isJpQpular. "I. Want to-be strictly neu- tral," "lie explained "Nobody would like anything else fic-m rae." General Bull -has.,been.'abl'e to maintain his neutial posi- tion through a long, tense "A'slocwted Pie s period in .the Middle East: He commands respect, I The general, who-camft'to enjoys popularity. ' the region four years ago, is regarded by many as tlie -best lans in Van •agreement that of the United Nations ob- surprised many. •Israelis.-vThe servers. If there is any exchange came on'the heels criticism of him, it is that of a visit to Damascus by the he leans too heavily on general, and'it was the first advisers, some of whom have such in nearly three years. been- here for 19 years, since Born at .Bodo, in north the end of the first Arab-Is- . Norway,, on June 28, 1907, raeli war, and who are the General Bull was graduated butts of Israeli criticism from the Army School in Oslo aimed at the United Nations. in 1928 and two years later 'Vested Interest' Discerned became a military ' aviator. The criticism, which is During World "War II he never directed at the general served in: Britain, command- personally, is to the effect ing two Norwegian fighter 'that his advisers haye ac- squadrons, and in Canada, ;iqiiired "a vested interest in where he commanded a'train^ St-h'e-area." The Israeli officials ing camp for Norwegian; ?often speak bitterly, but only soldiers for a time. • , .- ^privately, of United Nations .After the war. General Bull1; .^observers who, they .believe, was appointed air commander/.' "are disinclined 'to charge in central Norway and then.:; nb.ordering Arab states with undertook two years of prs,4 •arontier violations because ganizational and staff workf j- the evidence would not be at air force headquarters dti'« .x sufficient in a court of law. Oslo. He became air ford.e:} ftU.O'dd Bull— his first name Chief of Staff in 1948, •Air,;. vmcans "point of a knife" in Commander.of northern'HO?-'' "Norwegian and Bull is an "way in 1953, with the rank faf-.y old Anglo-Saxon family name major general, and Air ConV/ /not uncommon in Norway — rnander of-Norway in 1956-i';'"!. Vis a tall, slender, blue-eyed, He traveled widely in'Eu-j "'"gVa^'ing man with a sgldier's rope and served, as Deputy.; .^caring. Quiet and with an Chief of Staff in the Atlantic,;' vappearance of being pleasant- Alliance's command " 'K'Kfc ' ly.^conf ident, he chats easily Northern Europe, a position;*: and is a good yn'ij.er although . that- gave him experience'dn;^ he rarely grants interviews. dealing with people of differ^, . The general is known as a ent nationalities and.tempj5r-r$ good: and firm leader of men arijents. ::• '•• • • "- •• ' "" who is quick to 'take the in-. : 'Something'Called Truth'"- itiative in new, situations. :. 'One of his "United Nations An outdoor type, he' is fond associates described'him as'a of skiing. . : •• ; man who is "quiet and cool," He lias a sense of humor . haiidly likely,to .leap to, sud-, I about his name, which at- den conclusions or be swayed' tracts attention when-"he is by emotional appeals. Ratherf. introduced. At a lawn party. he listens carefully and then at . the United States Con- goes out into the field to sulate in .Jerusalem; he was 'look. V •'•• ''•'' ••• , ' s '' ' once heard to say drily, "It's ' .General'Bull believes that not such an odd name where there "is something" called I come from." . the truth" and'that this truth, Went to Region in 1958 advance'! in good' conscience His first assignment in the by a neutral third party, Middle East was as chief of should be recognized as truth the United Nations observer by both sides in a dispute. corps in Lebanon in 1958 General Bull and his family after the withdrawal of forces. livfe in Government House, sent by the United States to which, until . 1948, when, counteract threats to the re- the British left Palestine, wa's publican regime. His job was the residence of the British to insure against the illegal Governor • General or High passage of arms and men Commissioner. The stately across the Lebanese frontiers, structure, in placid solitude at that time a pioneering in the former" no man's land United Nations venture. . between Jordan and Israel, | "I remember the first time commands much of Jerusalem. in Lebanon as a confus- The area has been known j ing one, bvifc conditions since Biblical times as the ; straightened out there Hill of Evil Counsel. quickly and in six months The closest the family il w;is till over." lie recalled, came to danger during Gen- adding with a smile: "It was eral Bull's years of border | unr of 1h'' few U.N. laslis mediation was on June 5, the ! which were completed." day the brief Arab-Israeli war He \vas chosen by Dag broke out, when a Jordanian Hammerskjold, who was Sec- force took the house and retary General at the time, then lost it to a fierce Israeli "simply because he is a very attack/ good and experienced mili- " With him were his wife, tary man." Inga-Lisa, and his 12-year-old A job' such as General son, Odd Jr., and an Arctic Bull's is often measured in dog, Kim, a Samoyed, trained such little victories. Last for herding reindeer and pull- August, for example, four Is- ing sleds. It is; expected that raelis who had been in Syrian in about two weeks Kim -will prisons for up. to 12 years be back home,"in what i> no were exchanged for six Syr- . longer no man's land. NEW YORK Vims, Wednesday, 26 July r?uly 171967: High Point of Goldbergs 2 would push its advantage too toward the establishment of the in accord with this approach, i By DREW MIDDLETON bly and has -held 735 confer- far. They were anxious lest the rule of law. his delegation is composed of ences witlr threads of other •;•• Special to The New York Times Russians, after their diplomatic Two years' dealings with 121 diplomats of great experience ^UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., delegations.and members of the defeat over the Middle East, nations have convinced him and industry. Secretariat. July 25—Arthur J. Goldberg felt it necessary to make trou- that, under present circum- His own industry is reflected ' Whs appointed United States ble elsewhere to recoup their stances, the United Nations can in the record of two years' . The.,,.--•-• social side-o•f his worlf representative at the United prestige. not substitute for the foireigi n stewardship. He has made 36lnas '"eluded 1^4; events, from Nations two years ago toraor- But Mr. Goldberg showed policy of a great power but policy statements that have|breakfast meetings .to cruises,' riSw. It is unlikely that his as- that it "has an impact" on signment has given him a more goodwill, the diplomats say. that been repeated in the weekly involving ll,'71ojguests. Moreover, the Russians' initia- policy. His attitude, he con- Department of State 'Bulletin. ^—•••*Despite- ^the.'iudps-
' ' The New York Times Arthur J. Goldberg '^resolution that would bring' [Mbut the withdrawal of 'Hie ** li forces but that, at tifcl _ time, would offer the fe-1 !ii an end to the statt ctf .hgerence maintained ri>y ,£Seir Aiab enemies... ~i| ^'•lApplause for Restraint •.;, * , Wo other diplomats the i So', ^jet approach amounted to 3/i #bknow]edgement of the AITT 3)£ssaaoi's abilities, as a Jicg'ou raitor and compromiser behind jt|a 'scenes—abilities .that most agree outshine his oratory Mr.. Goldberg's willingness to help the Soviet delegation won the applause of some of the United Nation's .most experi- eiiced diplomats. It demon- strated, they thought, a restraint on the. part of the American delegation -that reflected some- thing of their own flexible ap- proach to East-West relations. They had feared that the United States delegation, see- ing a considerable diplomatic triumph in the malting as a result of the Soviet reverses, HEW YORK TIMES, Saturday, SO September 1967
Mahmoud Riad •• . UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., Sept: 29—The United Arab R public accused the United Status today of having rcnegedl, •,, .-'-,-i.-t- ' " : : cn prewar promises to uphold the political ^^P^^^^^jj^^^^ |and territorial iniesrit/of all|^ ^ ^TT^^^^^^l? NATIONS, N.Y., tlement rest on a similarity* of if Sept 29—The voice of [Middle Eastern nations. approach by. Washington and Cairo'heard here today was Mahmoud Riad, the ""Moscow on certain essential in the familiar, soft-spoken Minister, followed uiis accusa- points. These points include a delivery of Mahmoud Riad,' - tion wiiii LI c&tegcuical rejection recognition of Israel's existence the Foreign Minister of the of Israeli proposals for direct: as a state; an end of the state of belligerency that has existed United Arab Republic. negotiations, the core of . the since 1948 between the Arabs It was familiar to diplo- Israeli diplomatic position on and Israel; acceptance of the mats, because he has been peacemaking. right of innocent passage coming to United Nations • IU1UUL Ol^liilJ Ul<_.Jk, talksbM^ikj,, !vlr.lii.. througLlllUUglih. international_llt.i~£.li.ui.iuiiv.li water,.».. s meetings since ' ;Riad said, to free herself from; and a settlement of the refugee Man 1950. According previous eommi tin cots, to ic- problem. to diplomats Who In the followed the For- • ;Em,nauZf bcr quests and to ^tf*^^ OfS, News eign Minister's proceed io Liilfill nor territorial Dean Ru^1(. and Forelgn Mjn. speech today in ' ambitions. ister Andrei A. Grotnyko in Arabic, it was typical-Riad: The Egyptian's aLLack on the their meetings here tin's week, slow—seven minutes to a., United States provoked a sharu! L4ic; American sources said. The expectation is that they page of text—deliberate and " retort from Arthur J. tloldberi;, will be the subject of private lacking in firebrand oratory. l!i2 chief United States repre- consultations between Ambas- Even in closed-door strat- sentative. He called Mr. Riad's sador Goldberg and Nikolai T. egy sessions, friends say, account of American efforts to Fedorcnko, the chief Soviet Mahmoud Riad (pronounced prevent war "distoitcd and in- representative, when the Secu- mah-MOOD ree-AHD) never "" United Press 1 n I cr national 1 rity Council reopens its discus- complete. ' . raises his voice. They say S/ow, deliberate and sion of the Middle East situa- this with some emphasis be- no firebrand Respect for Aii Is Urged tion. A meeting is expected cause the private, tactical (Mr, KUd yesterday) next month. sessions of various blocs in • I-Ic said the nations of the The United States, these .Middle East, "in fidelity to the sreat llberati jources said, prefers action in iy Decume Liuuui^i.^. " °" Charter of the world organiza- the Security Council to debate Egyptian friends go fur- in the General Assembly. Any- Armistice Commission, set up tion," needed to respect each ther. Recalling his early ca- under United Nations aus- othois' rights to live in peace thing approved in the council, reer, as an army officer who it was pointed out, represents fought in the 1948 Palestine piceP.'cess t™o hel"eJPp preserv1"«<='«•e= 'peacH=»"e and security. a consensus by the major pow- war, they describe him as a alD"S the demarcation lines, "LJV3 and let live is the pre- ers while in the General Assem- "nonmilitant military man." .uM^D^StS scription for peace in the Mid- bly measures may be adopted Fortunes Linked With Nasser's Arab• Affair•- • s -in Z~the *?—:Foreig«n die East," Ambassador Gold- 'iy majorities that have no Ministry and then was ap- berg said. lope of enforcement. Almost from his youth, Mr. pointed as Ambassador to Hostility to Arabs Charged Riad's political fortunes have Although moderate in its been linked with those of Syria. He played a role in phrasing, the Foreign Minister's Mr. Riad's attack on the President Gamal Abdel Nas- bringing about the union of speech, which lasted an hour United States centered on the ser, who is a year younger. Syria -and Egypt into the charge that the Jphnson Ad- The two were instructors United Arab Republic in and 2d minutes, r.ppcared to ministration had "adopted a 1958. Syria broke away in provida little hope for early together at the Egyptian Mil- position of alignment with itary Academy. Later, Colo- 1961. progress toward direct nego- Israel and hostility toward the nel Riad was one of the mem- Mr. Riad was appointed as tiations between Israel and her Arab people." bers of the young officers' Cairo's chief representative Arab neighbors. This position, he said, is in- group organized by Colonel at the United .Nations in 1962 consistent with both United Nasser to help him take over and served in the post until Diplomats thought Cairo was States commitments to the he became Foreign Minister adopting a policy of sitting the Government in 1952. United Nations Charter and to The relationship has re- in March, 1964. ti^ht, blaming Israel for the other commitments "strongly mained close, with the For- Predecessor Better Known emphasized in its own state- war jnd relying for diplomatic, eign. Minister accompanying Mahmoud Fawzi, a career miiiUuy ti'.ld military assistance ments prior to June 5,'-' —'— the President to all major the war began. diplomat who was his pred- honl the fjoviet Union. The So- meetings of Arab and African ecessor, was better known Mr. Riad said that the United leaders held in recent years. viet Union, Mr.' Riad noted, States "on many occasions" be- perhaps in the international Before coming here for the diplomatic community, but "ha:; stoad^closely by our sidej fore that date had "affirmed its General Assembly session, he in difficult' times.11 s'ipport of the political inde- Mr. Riad, as Deputy Foreign undertook a diplomatic mis- Minister, wielded consider- In the view of Uniteci stales i (pendenc• e and' territoria' -- •'-l• integint - sion to Moscow and Belgrade. 1 Middle able influence. His close ties souourcvsr , sr.ch Slopes „•; there ij ','^,of the states in the Mid The visit to Yugoslavia was with President Nasser's inner Ea viewed by diplomatic observ- arre fur pi-caress tovvaui u setM [i As.-evidence*"^;dEnc^, hhee sai(saidI thatliatt on, circle. and his military back- 1 ers as part of the Egyptian ground were considered cru- • May; 23, Richard H. Nolte, the1 effort to join with Yugo- limited States Anibassador-des- slavia and India in a common cial factors. ,Vfy:-^ '•' " •'••••. : 'ignate, handed him an official There are no "obvious. ,re/; ' front on political' issues to minders of vthe'army past in- memorandum, asserting that be debated here in coming 'the United Arab Republic and the minister;"who. today sat jollier Arab Governments could months1 There. were reoorts in the at ease after his speech, hold- 'rely on America's "firm opposi- Middte'East tnlP°slmmef^ ^ «"«f convention with tion toward aggression in the they were never confirmed- °Ule,r diplomats. Hetaen t for- area in any form." tha,.....„t the Foreigignn . MMinister ™earnestlyOCM", asII. Susual , 'imalmosSt Refers to Johnson Speech had helped convince Presi- whispering. , On the same day, Mr. Riad dent Nasser to accept a Mr. Riad's taste runs to said, President Johnson, speak- cease-fire after the six-day well-cut business suits and ing in Baltimore, declared "that war with Israel. conservative monotone ties. the Administration was "firmly Sei'ved on Armistice Panel He and his wife, Sawsan, committed to the support of the 1 have three teen-age sons. political independence and terri-; Mahmoud Riad was born When the military diplomat tonal integrity of all nations of Jan. 8, ]917, in Cairo, and is at home in Egypt and can the area." was educated at the Egyp- get away for a day, he likes Strict adherence to this posi- tian Military Academy and to go fishing in the Red Sea. tion, the Foreign Minister con- the General Staff College. = ;ended. would have led to After the 1948 war, he i American condemnation of Is- served for three years as his •aeli aggression. He charged Government's representative tliat the "negative position" on the Egyptian-Israeli Mixed I taken by tho United States dele- Cation, was a "major cause" of regard the Albanian delegation ho Ciena-Hi Assembly's failure as the spokesman for Commu- it emergency sessinn to adopt nist China in the Assembly. L resolution I'm- the immediate Mr. Eudo, underlining hi ^nd unconditional withdrawal country's hostility to "revision of the Israeli forces from cap- ist" Communism, did not ad "ured areas. dress Corneliu Manescu "of Ru AJbaniau Assails Soviet mania, the Assembly President The role of the Soviet Union as "Comrade President" a; was portrayed in far different othe•' r •Communis- -:~'t ,- speaker'—! terms from Mr. Riad's in a have, but as "Mr. President." speech by Hallm. Budo, Deputy Soviet Motives Questioned Foreign Minister of Albania. He depicted the Americans and the The Russians, Mr. Budc Russians as plotting together charged, do not want South against both the .Vietnamese jVietnam liberated and united and the Ararabb peoplepeoples.s . with North Vietnam. On the The Sov'iei t Union and the contrary, "The Soviet revision- United States were described ists want to lielp'American im- jas engaged "in feverish activity perialism, want it to remain in [in order to constrain the Arab.,Vietna- m —so that i-t may„ _b_e countries to abandon their just transformed into a bridgehead struggle and accept a so-called, against the People's Republic political settlement... dictated of China and the other peace- by Tel Aviv." loving countries of the area." Mr. Budo's description of .The Albanian declared, "The Soviet policy toward Vietnam courageous revolt of the black aroused considerablconsiaeraoiee mteresLinteresti populatiopupuiaLLunu ouif thmec Unitevjtn,~d« MV«^StatesU jamong other diplomats, wholagainstr racial terror is also K1W YORK TIMES, Thursday, 19 October 1967
Middle !ar% ago the United/NationsMefyef, Wotks 'AW^for.Palestine Refugl^ 'in thY Near1 East (U N.R."JV A.) was established as a "temporary" nonpohtical organ of the General Assembly to care 1 for approximately 700,000 Palestinian Arabsv'who fled their homes during the 1948-49 Arab-Israeli war It was'to'be supported by voluntary contributions from governments, private organizations and individuals Before the fresh' outbreak of fighting last June, U N'R W A. was still struggling to maintain an expand- ing refugee population of L3 million on a scandalously sparseibudget of $39 3 million, the bulk of which was supplied by the United States ^Government Because of'aJag"m contributions, the agency was $35 million t in the red at midyear. / Today,, as! -;t&e result of the latest AraJj-Israeh con-( : .fIict'M^NiR?'^ &'i^i,asrbeeri confronted ^' - thAe* fesk'olp^&- o vising* ,— emergenc ~— y^ cai—e for Arabs, plus 100,000iof refugees, whaled their old camps. °'v>v These : wretched people are at once a principal cause and 'the pathetic victims of persisting Arab- Israeli hostility. No peace settlemenbcan be regarded as complete which does>not provide for their rehabili- tation and permanent resettlement It is past time U.N.R.W A. was phased out> of business. Right now, however, the agency is all that stands between 1.5 million displaced persons and utter destitution. To help meet this human crisis and to demonstrate the concern of this country for all who Buffer in the Middle East(, regardless of religion or politics, 52 promi- nent Americans have launched a drive to collect dona- fyoh^ for^U.N.R.W.A. from individuals ^and business concerns. Their new organization, Near East Emerr gency Donations— NEED— is accepting contributions hei|parters, 610 Fifth Avenue, yew York, N, Y. rieed is pressing. 1 NEW YORK TIMES, Friday, 20 October
; said;: adding;
lieve • .-that--'fie;' ;cbu'ld "helpfully comment" on them beyond the phrase, "whatever the reason may be and wherever the re-! sponsibility may lie." jbe.rg conferred this morning. "However, from personal i'lsrap''^ position continues to observation, he and his staff jbe that, while the dispatch of a (in Amman are able to record," (special representative to the -jthe report continued, "that the '[Middle East might be useful, an Jordanian authorities did all : enduring peace can be built that was humanly possible to only on direct talks between insure that those whose ap-, Israel and the Arab Govern- plications to return were ap- Says Only 'Small Fraction' ments. proved were promptly informed A spokesman for the Israeli and were given every assist-j Have Been Readmitted by mission took issue with a quo- ance in recrossing the river." ! tation in a United Nations press The Israeli spokesman's state-' Israel to West Bank release that "only a small frac- ment pointed out that, on Sept.! tion of the total number of 11, Israel's permanent repre- persons who applied to return, sentative, in a letter to Secre- By DREW MIDDLETON under rules established by the tary General Thant, said that Special to The New Yori Times Government of Israel, had so "from the outset the Govern-1 UNITED NATIONS. N. Y., jfar been permitted to do so." Associated Press ment of Jordan created arti- Oct. 19—A United Nations re- This, the spokesman said, ISSUES REPORT: Laurence ficial obstacles by insisting on does not conform with the V. Michelmore, head of U.N. port said today that only "a; facts and that paragraph of the specious formalities." small fraction" of the refugees agency that reported on the The statement also said that press release should be read plight of persons displaced it was surprising that, accord- applying to return to the west in the light of the text of the following Middle East war. ing to the report,' "3,000 orj bank of the Jordan River had (report, which contains the 4,000 young male Palestine) been permitted to do so. [phrases, "whatever the reason [refugees now in the United Laurence V. Michelmore, com- may be and wherever the re-jof Dersons. applying to returnJAr'alf Republic wh'o have been missioner of the United Nations sponsibility may lie. have SQ far been. permitted to forced to leave the Gaza Strip" Press Release Supported do so;" ' had been gr.u d aid by the Relief and Works Agency for The report also said that the United Nation agency, Palestine Refugees, said in an Mr. Michelmore, when ques- tioned, said that the authorita- number of refugees registered These your.j: men, the- state- official report that the process with .the agency who had been tive text was the report itself, permitted to return "is reported™ent,contended, were soldiers' of rehabilitating the refugees hut that the much briefer press • f 5e had been reversed as a result about 3,000 of the9 M Palestine Liberation) iHiff rS entWaS "Ot SUbStant'ally!93,OOeo who cros7ed"'to"the"eastArmyiofAhmedShukairy,'which,' of the six-day war in June be- : P P " The f nil rpnort rprords thP bank before. Julv 4 and who formed an integral part, "indeed! tween Israel and the Arab i development of the refuse were th"erefore Prima facie elj-the spearhead," of the "offcn- states. Idexelopment ot the rehi ee tQ return jn accordancesive forces of the U.A.R. Army w The Michelmore report was fii,-,Stt issueS d apaDDl'iccat S ith the conditions stipulated who had been permitted to re- L' Jf. _ ^ r' '°"lbv the Government ooff Israel."turn WIth other prisoners of issued while Arthur J. Gold- forms for return to the west It is clear from these figures, war to Egypt." berg, the United States repre- :t le le rt; sa sentative, indicated that enough Since then, the report said ' P° 'd. that there had" the Jordanian Covernment has been no realization of "the | had emerged from his talks reported that 40,000 forms have hopes which were generated at i with the Arab and Israeli dele- been completed, representing the beginning of' July, "when gations to encourage further the Israeli Government an- 150,000 of the 200,000 people nounCed it was prepared to al- discussion. who were reported to have flee low the,: refugees to return. , "Be of good cheer,"'Mr. Gold- td -the east bank during anc The 'rfea^qns '(Sgr the fruStra/. berg said at a news conference. after the war. Applications were..-submitted by heads of "I am." families.- He added that .an agreement .; Israel,;* the report said,, has on the basic principles govern- stated." tr/atv the number of ap- ing a settlement in the Middle plicatiqris;: factually ,Gideon Rafael, the 'Israel: 'and permits issued, representative", and Mii_GoV to Tord?n was 5 122; JrOKU ">• — IS 936 ppople The figii cs are 5 797 and
said? that the -number, who-;actu-; ally'.':cfoss'ed>.tn.ei;'Jordarfe .River by -.AjJig." 3:}-:was, reported'.by the."Jordaniani-- ijdverhment '.to ; be ]i4;i50 and- by- ;the .Israelis to,be-14,056;,..'£-;. . -Wftt^iigpr'-evid^nf'^. J.^H|"""'" llfiSI NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 22 October 196?
PDfATyiELION ''' U.N. Relief Unit Stretches Funds to Provide Care
. -Special to THe New York Times : UNITED, NATIONS-, :N. Y., Oct. 21—There; are now one and a half million, refugees in the Middle E.ast and only three staff-.members'in the New York ;liaison office: of the United Na- 'tions Relief and Works Agency •for Palestine Refugees to help them. ; ' .' ;',:•::;'-'";• .'•. : . .This ,week,r the Commissioner General of 'the United Nations agency, Laurence V.Michelmore, submitted his annual report to. the - General Assembly.. The main theme :was .an appeal for ! money. Already operating at. a 'huge deficit,.the =agency, formed in 1950,: is 'responsible for •-the welfare ;:6f. 1:3 .million : "old? refugees and'their children, and 200,000 "new" refugees— those rendered, homeless in the Arab- Jsraeli' war: .in June., ' . ' • : The liaison - office can only .continue td-^prbyide relief'ori a temporary basis to the 200,000 additional men, women , and. children' until: the General As:, sembly's special political com^ mittee makes a financial decS^ : sion on its future scope of-op-i - Right'now alF th'e'^a; erations. late next month. : given to the new .refugees''''® The General Assembly is ex-, teTO'p'orarSr^The^-'-Ne'ar-- East' pected to .debate tihe political Emergency Donations, Inc., or aspects 'of the Middle Eastern NEED, a private group spon- conflict; But until the; Special sored by American business- Committee. meets, the. likison men, has contributed ^-mil- office will continue to operate lion, but will disband in De- only emergency, hand-to-mouth cember. . . aid programs. The existing budget can 'It Gets Cold in the Desert' scarcely meet the needs of all "Our immediate concern is the "old" refugees, made home- to provide adequate shelter and less by the Arab-Israeli conflict food for the people throughout of 1948, who. continue to in- the winter," Mrs. Aniie Ka- crease at a rate of 3 per cent lessis, chief of the liaison of- a year. fice, said. "We just want to getj The agency has attempted to the rpofs tied dowii over their| economize and as a result there heads bec'ause it gets very cold are fewer than 100 persons and windy in the desert." staffing the Beirut headquar- "Everything depends on the ters and field operations. There decision's made by the General were 126 such staffers in 1965. Assembly," she continued. "If Mrs. Kalessis said that her they extend our authority over office could look only a few the new refugees permanently, months ahead. It hopes to meet we can look for new, expanded refugee needs with eight addi- ways of meeting the problems." tional tent camps, free meals, An underlying goal of the donated medicine and appeals agency, which considers , itself for more help, she said. Gov- purely humanitarian and^jjo'Jjitjl ernments provide the bulk of ical,Ms, to educalej'iihjj'' rfeEtig^esJ donations, but the "crisis"., at- so; vthat' ultimately;, they ;wil;l .be. mosphere cannot^ last-vifprfcyerj b.; fend for ffiemself es/-T£:4 she said. -• %.^a'||| By Robert H, Estabrook Thant must continue to East—Thant appears to be Washington For,t. Foreign Service News Analysis report to the Security Coun- leaning more on the tech- UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., niques of his predecessor, Nov. 4 — Secretary General cil on what he is doing, and the late Dag Hammarskjold. U Thant is taking. an in- ultimately must request It is not yet clear whether, creasingly independent role Secretary General V Thant money from the General As- by playing things more dul- in the limited U.N. peace- sembly, although there is is becoming more independ- cetly, he can get away with keeping operation in the enough in the contingency what Hammarslijold could Middle East crisis. ent in his moves in the as- fund to finance current ac- not. For the most part he is tivities. He cannot in any not asking for Egyptian or sumption bis authority is event make peace, which re- Israeli consent to steps he quires political negotiations. intends to take. He is telling based on consensus, and in All he can do is help create them, finessing the question this respect appears to be a climate for peace. of explicit authority and re- But in his general ap- lying on Security Council leaning more on the tech- proach—in his assumption support. niques of his predecessor, that he has the authority he This is in contrast to what A&soci&ted Pi'EBK United Press International needs based on consensus, some regarded as his over- the late Dag- Hanunarskjold. and even in his reported in hasty yielding to the Egyp- DAG HAMMAHSKJOLD U THANT tention to designate Swedish tian demand for withdrawal diplomat Gwnnar V. Jar- of the U.N. Emergency But he also is taking ac- of an Oct. 2 Council resolu- that the Arabs now find ring as the U.N. special rep- Force last May. Thaut ob- tions that may be unpalata- tion which "demands" that: •-UJJT.SO in their interest, resentative in the Middle viously smarted from the ble to one or the other of both parties cooperate with/,' criticism at that time. the parties, on the theory UNTSO. But more than this, There is some difference that under tacit pressure he is relying on a tacit ac- of principle as well as size, from the bis powers they knowledgement that he can to be sure, between the will swallow wb & Lever reme- do what he thinks necessary present small U.N. operation dies may br necessary for a to squeeze concessions from j and the 300-man UNEF. balanced approach. both sides as long as there Since Israel had refused to Thus '.['[KHIL li:ts rcporLofl i.s no ypccilic Council objec- allow UNEF on its soil, the Ui the Security Council that tion. I force patrolled exclusively he intends to operate a fleet The United States has on the Egyptian side of the of four patrol boats in the long supported the exercise border. Today U.W. observa- Suez Canal, to provide U.N. of such prerogatives by the tion posts are on both sides observers with four helicop- Secretary General. Now of the temporary frontier. ters and to establish direct Thant has had some signifi- Thant has consulted with communications between ob- cant, if indirect, encourage- Israel and Egypt on the lo- server posts and in commu- ment from the Soviets. cation of observation posts nications in code with the In listing items to which and about the nationalities headquarters of the U.N. they objected in the U.N. of the 43 observers drawn Truce Supervision Organiza- budget, the Soviets did not from Burma, Finland,,. -,tion in Jerusalem. mention UNTSO. Diplomats France and Sweden :- :He is relying on the effect here regard this as an indi- cation that Moscow now may favor UNTSO, despite past criticism of U.N. peace- keeping activities. One of the .reasons*' for this mny be MEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 5 November 196?
would Be atf-the best fruitiest, - Mideast and at the worst.a-Difetat. _ .;";'i^w"^-rj..' 'wr'.''*..1 ,v-'.'. -.' To the-Editor:?; • . ; If the U.N., or the United In two recent editorials (Oct. States, or the Israelis them- 16 and Nov. 1) ydu have de- selves want the Arabs to nego- fined with admirable clarity the tiate-directly with Israel, the terms of a solution for the crisis ' Arabs must know what Israel in the Middle East as well as a ! is: where does it begin' and strategy for achieving it. That where does it end? What are-its solution can only be a U.N. one, frontiers? Who are its legiti- and the role of the proposed mate population? All these ques- mediator not that of a messen- tions have remained unan- ger boy or a telephone booth* swered ior twenty years. but that of a high-powered em- There are only two ways of issary of .the U.N.r armed with answering them: the one is the instructions based not only way of force — to determine upon the broad principles of frontiers by armed conflict, and the Charter but also upon reso- to bring in and drive out civil- lutions and recommendations ian populations behind guns and adopted by different .organs1 of tanks. The other is for the U.N. the international organization to complete the responsibility since November, 1947. which it took upon itself in The only point in your edi- 1947 when it created a Jewish torial of Nov. 1 which needs state in 'Palestine, and to pro- clarification is the reason for vide the juridical and territor- which the Arabs at this point ial, framework "within which a reject direct negotiation as an modus Vivendi between Arabs alternative to a settlement based and Jews may eventually be upon substantive decisions of found.. the U.N. relative to the-creation • Real Alternatives of a Jewish state in Palestine. .The Arabs do not refuse to The alternatives which now enter into direct negotiations present themselves are not a with the Israelis because, as you U.N. solution or direct negotia- suggest, they cannot control tions: to present the matter in their emotions, or because they this way is simply to justify refuse to look facts in the face; in advance the .retention of ter- after all, they have been sitting ritories seized by force. The and arguing with the Israelis real alternatives are a U.N. sol- for nearly twenty years across ution or an indefinite prolon- the same hypothetical table at gation of war and instability. the U.N. and in the Armistice But a U.N. solution implies Commissions. Their refusal of more than sending a mediator direct negotiations springs not. to conduct an indirect negotia- from passion or pride but from tion: it implies arming him with sc realistic appraisal of the pos- precise instructions, and it sibilities of reaching an agree- means that the U.N. is not will- ment. ing to abdicate its role as the parent of Israel, responsible for To sit down with the Israelis its existence and its behavior. to discuss the implementation And in a- more general ,way it of U.N. resolutions about fron- means that the U.N. has not tiers, refugees, respect for ter- abandoned its own principles ritorial integrity, etc. would be and Charter, and still gives a one 'thing: to sit down with', meaning to territorial integrity. them without any framework of= The Arabs now accept a solu- reference, any .juridical or his- tion of the problem of Palestine toric / or internationally ap- within -a U.N. context. If the prove'i basis for' discussion Israelis and their supporters do thej same, the way to peace will '• be open. - .CECIL HOURANI New York, Nov. 1, 1967 The writer is a free-lance Anglo- Lebanese journalist who, has NEW YORK TIMES, Sunday, 12 November
To ..the. Editor.- . . "•.,•' •(' • The proposal. of Cecil Hou- rani, in -his Nov. 5 letter for a U.Nv solution- of the s Middle East crisis, as the only real al- ternative to-direct negotiations between the .Israelis and' the Arabs, is premised on a .juridi- cal fallacy regarding the re- lationship of the U.N. to a sovereign state of the interna- tional1 community., "A U.N; solution," he states, "implies more than sending a, mediator to conduct an 'indirect negotiation; it. implies arming him with : precise instructions, and it means that, the U.N. is not willing to abdicate its role as the parent of Israel, respon- sible for its existence and its •behavior." ; • . •• "l Even i if. we would assume — which -at best would be most difficult—that the : U.N. is re- sponsible for the existence of -Israel, can international law ac- cept as a principle that a new state is to :; be considered hay- ing limited sovereignty; that its exercise, is subject to direction or/jControl of. its "parent," the ,. U.N.,. which- acquires the status in the international community of a "juridical parent";- and is responsible for^ the behavior of .-that -state?.. • i -. \ . , - .• - A moment's reflection should suffice to indicate that any such principle of international ,law would destroy the juridical basis of , the', equality . of each .state, and suggests all sorts of secbnd-and , third-class citizen- ship status for different states in the international community. It also suggests an authority for the U.N. which it.does not have and which it specifically disclaimed; when it withdrew its .troops. at Nasser's unilateral insistence. ....'.,. Somehow, the Middle East crisis will ..have to be, solved within . the : framework of the existirjg juridical, order. ,A pa- ternalistic .legalism. which is embodied in Mr. Hourani's pro- posal as well as that of other Arab ajdpaers is patently un- soifrfoi'a'nd unrealistic; ? MORRIS AMCHAN Former Deputy Chief Counsel . for War Crimes, Nuremberg Arlington, Va., Nov. 6, NEW Y0?r TIMES, Friday, 2k November 1967
Johnson's Envoy Gains Time hi the Cyprus Crisis After Conferring in Ankara
U.S. OFFICE IS STONED
Foreign Minister of Greece Summons 3 Ambassadors , in Bid io Avoid Clash -•- By SYDNEY GRUSON" special to The New York.TImM~ - ANKARA, Turkey, Nov.. ,23 |—Cyrus R. Vance, President ohnson's special envoy, con- erred with Turkish leadership- 'ay for more than three hours .nd was reported to have I ;ained breathing space for | in check pending at leasR.the Vmerican and United Nations' {outcome of bis talks in Athens. [•Foreign Minister Ihsan Sabri;wbu?d be nljxnvcd a'srnall in-lpositions that may be described!! ifforts to avoid a Turkish-Greek! i Mr. Vance's plane was di- tCaglayangil and then, for 80|crease in theisize of'the au-!as no withdrawal without dis- onflict over Cyprus. 'rpinu'tes, with Premier Demirel.i., :Z M„ , contmconijnc.ent>en tsi oonn Cvnvuluss |'-"ssions, on the Greek side, and verted to the military airport The President's envoy was ac-; " j? _ <->P -jno discussions without with- Tonight, eight hours after- nf Ankara after a few hundred companied by Ambassador drawal, on the Turkish side. arriving here, Mr. Vance students had gathered at the Parker T. Hart and the two Greek Summons 3 Envoys The Greek Government has flew to Athens for talks that c.ivil airport. Shouting anti- State Department officials on By: RICHARD EDER avoided any effort to stir up the mission, John M. Howison special to Tile New YorU Timc'fi public feeling here. On the con- Western diplomats believe American slogans, the students .and John P. Walsh. trary, it has warned against could decide the question of later marched down Ataturk The spark that set off the ATHENS, Nov. 23—Foreign what it termed "subversive ru- Iwar or peace between the two Boulevard to Lhe United States latest crisis over Cyprus was Minister Panayotis Pipinclis jinors,: that is, any attempt to allies in the North Atlantic .Information Service offices. bitter . fighting last week in summoned the ambassadors of build up jingoism among the Treaty Organization. ' Thev smashed a window which 25 to 30 persons, mostly the United States, Britain and public. [In Athens, the Greek For- ilicrf before the police .Crake Turkish Cypriotes, were killed. Canada today ;n an effort to The Soviet Ambassador, Niko- i Under pressure from an forestall the danger of war with lai I. Koryukhin, called on the eign Minister summoned .the - flamed public opinion, the Turkey. Foreign Minister today. His Ambassadors of the United Turkish Government sent what1 Mr. Pipinelis is reported to message, according to "a cor-' States, Britain and Canada in tice ' scattered them again a, amounted to an ultimatum to'be at least partly favorable respondent of Tass. Soviet press' little later after they had re- an effort to avoid conflict.] Athens, but without a doad-:toward a Canadian plan that agency, was that Greece should formed and broken another line. It demanded the removal'calls for strengthening the avoid risking any deterioration There seems to be no lessen window in the offices of Pan of the commander in chief of United Nations forces on Cyprus of the situation, this was some- ing of Turkey's declared inten- American Airways, about a the Greek Cypriote forces and and gradual withdrawal -of what milder than reported tion of landing forces on Cy- quarter mile down the broad the Greek forces on Cyprus. Greek and Turkish troops. ' 1 statements by Soviet diplomats prus unless Greece provides boulevard from the U.S.I.S. Gen. George Grivas, who has Cyrus R. Vance, President in Turkey which took a more quick assurances for the safe- building. since been recalled to Greece. Johnson's special envoy, ar- strongly anti-Greek and pro- There has been some anti- But the Turks have insisted j rived here tonight froni Ankara.Turkish line. ' "••''•' :y of the Turkish minority on American feeling in Turkey, on satisfaction of the other He said he intended to meet the island, about 40 miles from especially among students and p'oints in their ultimatum. with Greek leaders tomorrow. Cypriote Meets With THant [the Turkish cp^.ic. left-wing intellectuals, because Among these were withdrawal Greece has met some of the Special to The .New York Times* Greek Reply Received of their conviction that the of the division of regular Turkish .demands made after UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., United States prevented the Greek forces on Cyprus and the clash between Turkish and Nov. 23—Zenon Rossides, chief "Unless the threats to the Turks from invading Cyprus; the disarming of the Greek Cyp- Greek Cypriotes a week ago. delegate of Cyprus, Conferred Turkish population are removed in 1964. riote National Guard of 10.000 The big issue that remains is for an hour today wtih Secre- there is nothing to talk about," Time was what the diplomats to 12.000. Turkey's insistence that Greece tary General Thant. a Government spokesman said were seeking, time in which Under the agreement worked I remove the army division she Mr. Rossides said that in ipassions cbuld cool and in, out when Britain granted Cy-[has quietly introduced into view of the dispatch of special in commenting on a reply from which perhaps some formula prus independence in I960,[Cyprus since 1963. representatives by the United Athens last night to Turkey's could be reached to satisfy the| Greece was permuted to sta-l The Greeks have indicated Nations and the United States, demand. The Greek reply, sug- meeds of both parties. tion 950 soldiers on the islandltheir willingness to discuss this, he had not asked for a. meet- gesting renewed talks between ! JosS Rolz-Eennett of Guale- and Turkey 65Q. A division oflbut they have said at the same ing of the Security Council. the two countries, was said to imala, who is the representative about 7,000 Greek regulars was time that they will not act Th Soviet Union issued a be "unsatisfactory." jof Secretary General Thant, infiltrated after the agreement'under threat. The Turks insist statement .assailing "the pup- (arrived tonight to add the and its presence hasVhad a [hat unless the troops are with- pet of the Greek reactionary The spokesman said the crisis weight of the United Nations poisoning effect nn relations drawn there is nothing to dis-^militarist circles, General "has reached the point where to President Johnson's effort. between Greece and Turkey. cuss, and they have let it be Grivas," certain North Atlantic [discussions cannot be tol- 'Mr. Rolz-Bennett conferred with The United States i« 1i"li<-ved known that, they may'not wait Treaty Organization circles, erated." 'Premie1 r Suleyman Demir'el. to be seeking ag'vi nit-nt '•:> a beyorrl !!:.-• nid ni' this week.[and "United States circles." In Nevertheless, IVlr. Vance is Mr. V'jnce" conferred with| formula.. un
Special to The New York TlmeB Say Arab Masses Reject NITED NATIONS, N. Y., U.N. Council Resolution U Nov. 28—Gunnar Jarring is a Swedish diplomat who has long had a reputation By THOMAS F. BRADY among . his colleagues for Special to Thg New York Times good luck. Now the United Nations' BEIRUT, Lebanon, Nov. 28— hopes are riding on that rep- Syria predicted today through utation as he prepares for a 'the newspaper of the ruling special mission to the Middle Baath (Socialist) party that the East to work for peace mission of Gunnar Jar- „ peace between ring, the new envoy of the .ma" Israel and the United Nations to the Middle in the Arabs. He talked East, would fail. News for 40 minutes An editorial in the newspa- this morning with per Al Baath said the mission Gideon Rafael, the outgoing was doomed because the Se- chief Israeli delegate. Mr. curity Council resolution under Rafael had delayed his de- which the Swedish diplomat parture to be able to see Mr. will be working "has been firm- Jarring. ly rejected by the Arab masses and progressive forces." When Secretary General The editorial also said that Thant selected Mr. Jarring lie resolution "embodies Israe- as his special representative i3i demands alone and none of in peace-making, the Swed- the Arab demands" and that' ish Government gave him a 'Arabs cannot bargain over any leave of absence from his of their legitimate rights." duties as Ambassador to A good storyteller in Syria has rejected the call Moscow. many languages. of President Gamal Abdel Nas- At the age of 60 he has ser of the United Arab Repub- been Minister in India, Cey- lon, Iran, Iraq and Pakistan; daughter aged 17. From 1933 lic for a meeting of Arab lead- to 1940 he was an assistant ers, although most of the other head of the Political Depart- ment in the Foreign Ministry professor of Turkish at Lund. Arab countries have agreed to His friends say that Mr. the meeting. These include in Stockholm; delegate to the United Nations and, from Jarring, a six-footer with blue Iraq, which Syria has recently eyes and black hair, is "no included among "progressive" 1958 to 1964, Ambassador to the United States. man of the barricades." He Arab countries, and Yemen, has succeeded because of his also generally classed as be- This is not Mr. Jarrlng's wits, his special skills, his longing to the Arab left. Al- first peace mission for tne United Nations. In 1957, meticulous attention to de- geria, the only other fully tail, a discreet reticence that "progressive" Arab nation, in when he was President of borders on secretiveness— the Syrian view, has main- the Security Council, he was and the luck that has shaped tained silence. sent to talk with the Indian and Pakistani Governments his career. Isolation Is Shown about the intractable situa- He insists upon reports The isolation of Syria has tion in Kashmir. that are drafted with preci- been shown in recent days by Gunnar Valfrid Jarring, sion and thoroughness, and indirect criticism of her extrem- the son of a farmer, was he reads every word of them, ist regime in a speech by born Oct. 12, 1907, in Skane, How he finds time to do it President Nasser last Thursday the southernmost province is. puzzling, but lie does—and and in comments yesterday by of Sweden. he also finds time_ -for wide- the Soviet newspaper Pravda., One of his four brothers rangftig • reading' fii history, Mr. Nasser pointedly alluded, still runs the family farm; he literature -and tmcuistics. to countries tint "talk about has three sisters. fighting but are unable to fight 1 A Change of Name and, indeed have no intention of fighting." The family name was This was seen as an allusion Johnsson. Because Johns- to Syria's demand for a "war sons are as usual in Sweden of popular liberation" and the as Smiths in the United rejection of a "political solu- States, he changed his name tion" of the Arab-Israeli dif- —he says he chose Jarring, ferences, which Mr. Nasser has pronounced YAH-ring, at indicated could be acceptable random—midway in his aca- under certain conditions. It demic career. was also regarded as a com- Like most Swedish school- ment on Syria's policy during boys, he studied English, the six-day war with Israel in German and French before June to avoid committing her going to the University of best army divisions to the brief Lund, but he found Latin i battle in southern Syria. The and Greek fairly rough going. Pravda comment was that "in Then he fell in with -Prof. some,-Arab...capitals there are Gustaf Raquette;*:..who:. had. hotheads iaffip'testy statements been a LutheranvrnissioiMiry by newspapers" that serve only in Chinese Turke'stan,; a'-}d. Western •-'srititArab propaganda then became a professor of and'play:into the hands of the Turkic languages. Tel Aviv extremists." The story is told that the Soviet Is Criticized university was about to withdraw the professorship At the same time Al Baath because there were no stu- indirectly criticized the Soviet dents until Mr. Jarring hap- Union, saying yesterday" that pened along. A kind of those 'who once backed the mutual dependence and ad- Arab demand for unconditional miration grew between the Israeli withdrawal from Arab two men, and the relation- territory captured in June, ship shaped the course of the 'coupled with condemnation of younger man's life. Now he "aggression" and compensation speaks and reads more lan- to Arabs, have now "finally ac- guages than he can count, cepted what the aggressors including just about every- originally wanted to impose on thing in Europe, plus most of the Arabs." the Turkic dialects that The latter statement alluded spread across Central Asia to the Soviet vote for the most from Istanbul to Sinkiang. recent Security Council resolu- tion, which' Syria has rejected. Assigned to Istanbul The Damascus radio an- When he was called up nounced tonight that Premier for military service after Yussef Zayen would leave to- having received his master's morrow at the head of an offi- degree, Mr. Jarring—because cial delegation for a four-day of his studies—was assigned visit to Moscow at the' invita- to Istanbul and spent his en- tion of Soviet leaders. The visit tire training period there. had not been previously sched- Then he devoted a year to uled. knocking around Chinese Syria has been waging a cam- Turkestan (Sinkiang) study- paign against the Security ing the dialects. Council resolution, which calls While browsing through for the withdrawal of Israeli an old bookshop in Kasli- troops from Arab territories, the gar, Sinkiang. he happened cessation of belligerency, the on a packet of ancient manu- recognition of the right of Mid- scripts. They led to a disser- dle Eastern nations to live in tation -on East Turkestan security, and the opening of phonetics .that won him his international waterways to all doctorate at the age of 25. nations. Because of his knowledge of far-away places and lan- Defense Leaders May Meet guages, Mr. Jarring became a Special to The New Vorl: Times frequent contributor to news- CAIRO, Nov. 28—Arab De- papers and magazines when fense Ministers and Chiefs of he resumed his graduate Staff are expected to meet next studies, acquiring a source of month in- an effort to coordi- ready cash that made him nate military planning for an the envy of his fellow stu- eventual "second round of dents and won him the nick- fighting with Israel, usually r name "Lucky Turk." 'liable sources reported today. One of those students was The military meeting is ex- Agnes Charlier, daughter of pected to take place in Rabat, a well-known astronomer at ;oy newspapers -tnat serve only in Chinese Turkestan,;, -and,' Western''a'riti-Arab propaganda then became a 'professor'dl. |and'plky'-1nto':*he hands of the Turkic languages. Tel Aviv extremists." The story is told that the Soviet Is Criticized university was about to withdraw the professorship At the same time Al Baath because there were no stu- indirectly criticized the Soviet dents until Mr. Jarring hap- Union, saying yesterday that pened 'along. A kind of those who once backed the mutual dependence and ad- Arab demand for unconditional miration grew between the Israeli withdrawal from Arab two men, and the relation- territory captured in June, ship shaped the course of the coupled with condemnation of younger man's life. Now he "aggression" and compensation speaks and reads more lan- to Arabs, have now "finally ac- guages than he can count, cepted what the aggressors ; including just about every- originally wanted to impose on thing in Europe, plus most of the Arabs." the Turkic dialects that i The latter statement alluded spread across Central Asia to the Soviet vote for the most from Istanbul to Sinkiang. recent Security Council resolu- tion, which Syria has rejected. Assigned to Istanbul The Damascus radio an- When he was called up nounced tonight that Premier for military service after Yussef Zayen would leave to- having received his master's morrow at the head of an offi- degree, Mr. Jarring—because cial delegation for a four-day of his studies—was assigned visit to Moscow at the 'invita- to Istanbul and spent his en- tion of Soviet leaders. The visit tire training period there. had not been previously sched- Then he devoted a year to uled. knocking around Chinese Syria has been waging a cam Turkestan (Sinkiang) study- paign. against the Security ing the dialects. Council resolution, which, calls While browsing through for the withdrawal of Israeli an old bookshop in Kash- 'troops from Arab territories, the gar, Sinkiang, he happened cessation of belligerency, the on a packet of ancient manu- recognition of the right of Mid- scripts. They led to a disser- dle Eastern nations to live in tation on East Turkestan security, and the opening, of phonetics that won him his international waterways to all doctorate at the age of 25. nations. Because of his knowledge of far-away places and lan- Defense Leaders May Meet guages, Mr. Jarring became a Special [o The Ne\v York Tunes frequent contributor to news- CAIRO, Nov. 28—Arab De- papers and magazines when fense Ministers and Chiefs of he resumed his graduate Staff are expected to meet next studies, acquiring a source of month in an effort to coordi- ready cash that made him nate military planning for an the envy of his fellow stu- eventual "second round of dents and won him the nick- lighting with Israel, usually re- name "Lucky Turk." .liable sources reported today. One of those students was ; The military meeting is ex- Agnes Charlier, daughter of pected to take place in Rabat a well-known astronomer at Morocco, or in Cairo along with Lund, whom he wooed and the conference of Arab heads wed in 1932. They have a of state, which is being planned for early December. The sources added that King Hussein and the Jordanian mili- tary leaders were expected to press for a revival of the Unified Arab Military Command, an or- gan of the 13-nation Arab League. The command had been hampered before the June war by friction between conserva- tive and radical Arab Govern- ments. The talk of trying to improve Arab military coordi- nation against Israel reflects a climate of relative inter-Arab harmony that emerged from last summer's conference in Khartoum, the Sudan, which was not accompanied by sepa- rate military planning sessions. NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, 10 January 1968
aulle's Answer to Let
PARfS, Jan. 9 (Reuters)— place—that in order to just- only be achieved on the basis people was able to survive Following, ire unofficial transla- ify the task thus undertaken of the conquests made, and and to remain itself after 19 tion, is the text of President de as it was proceeding and to not on the condition that centuries spent under un- Gaulle's letter replying to for- insure its future, Israel had these be evacuated, Israel is credible conditions. mer Premier David Ben-Gurion: to exert strict moderation in overstepping the bounds of And now? Israel, instead of her relations with her neigh- necessary moderation. continuing her moving, 2,000- It was with great interest bors and in her territorial I regret it all the more year-old exile throughout the | that I read your letter of ambitions. since, provided Israel with- world, has become a real | ; Dec. 6. Indeed, the vast sub- This is all the more so drew her forces, it appears state, whose existence and I ject of the renascence and since the lands initially rec- that it would be possible to survival depend on the poli- I destiny of the State of Israel ognized by the world powers reach a solution within the cies she follows, as is the cannot fail, as you know, to as those of your state are framework of the United Na- case for all others. These pol- attract and move me. All the considered as their own tions. This solution/ could in- icies are only valid if they more so since the conflict property by the Arabs; that clude the recognition of your are adapted to reality, as so that has started again in the the latter, among whom Israel state by its neighbors; securi- many peoples have experi- Middle East has important was settling, are for their ty guarantees on either side enced in turn. consequences that closely part proud and respectable; of the frontiers, which could I beg you to accept, with concern France for all the that France feels an old and be defined by international my sincere wishes for the political economic, moral, natural friendship for them, arbitration; the assurance of New Year, the expression of religious and historic reasons and that they, too, deserve a dignified and fair future for my high regard and kind re- you know. to develop despite all the the refugees and minorities, '•'membrance. Finally, you are aware that obstacles placed in their way and free navigation for all in I have high esteem for your- by nature, the serious the Gulf of Aqaba and the self and that I keep a warm and humiliating and back- Suez Canal. memory of our personal re- wardness they often suffered France Ready to Help lations in the last 10 years. over centurie_s because of This is why the eloquence their successive occupants, As is known, France Is of your reasoning has not and finally their own disunity. ready to contribute if need be surprised me in any way. I Of course I do not in any to such a solution, not only know how much faith, bold- 'on the political plane but also ness and difficulties were in- way contest that the unfortu- nate blockade of the Gulf of in the field. volved in Israel's restoration I know that this outcome, in Palestine, such as you de- Aqaba was unilaterally dam- scribe it after playing an aging to your country, and I which would restore peace to l eminent part in it, and how am not unaware of the fact the Middle East, smooth the that your country had reason way to universal understand- praiseworthy was the devel- ing, and, in my opinion, serve opment of semidesert regions to feel itself threatened, in view of the tension prevailing the interests of the peoples .by the new state thanks to involved, including your own, the massive arrival of so in the Palestine area follow- many Jews from everywhere ing' the flood of abuse lav- would not satisfy all the de- and to the help of so many ished on Israel as well as the sires of Israel. of their communities through- pitiful condition of the Arabs Even if I doubted it, I out the world. who had sought refuge in would have had the proof in Jordan or were, relegated to your letter and what you 'Proud and Respectable' Gaza. write about what Canaan, on You quite rightly recall But I remain convinced both banks of the Jordan, that from the start my coun- that, by ignoring the warning represents for many Jews of try and I have not spared given in good time to your times past and of today. our sympathy toward this Government by the French The same can be said national construction, and Government, by taking pos- for the emotion apparently you cannot doubt that, if session of Jerusalem and of aroused among certain of need be, we would have op- many Jordanian, Egyptian and them by the fact that I posed its destruction. This Syrian territories by force of described their people as "an was guaranteed by our offi- arms, by exercising repres- elite, sure of themselves and cial talks not so long ago sion and expulsions there— domineering." \ and by the fact that I had which are the unavoidable Some people claim to see •publicly described Israel as consequences of an occupa- this assessment as derogate-.' "a friendly and allied state." tion which has all the aspects ry, whereas in fact there can- But these are precisely the of annexation—by affirming not be anything disparaging reasons why I always said— to the world that a settle- in underlining the character ment- of itha -conflict-.-. could... ;•'• the erriotiori'apparently ai'ousedjty, the Israeli state warliic|,ar, among certain of them by the'bent on expansion,' Note to Ben-Gurion Explains fact that I described their peo- those who wanted to exploit^ Much-Criticized Remark ple .as an elite, sure of them- closing of the Strait of Tirari;! ';', selves and domineering. Some "It is not through strength, •'people claim to see this as- i not simply through money, and', '';-:•; Old Ties of friendship ';.- sessment as derogatory, where- ertainly not through conquests,' as'in fact there cannot be any- Text of de Gaulle's letter t .>*Miv Beti-Gurion's- letter was 'a but through our pioneering cre- thing disparaging in underlin- is printed on Page 14. 'saddened and moving reaction. ativity that we transformed a General de Gaulle, 77 years old, ing the chaiacter thanks to which this strong people was poor and arid land into fertile and Mr. Ben-Gurion, 81, had J i J 1 ! By HENRY TANNER been linked by a special re- able to survive and to remain"soi"l an-"d create" d *~—»-townships- — , Special to The New York Times lationship of mutual respect itself after 19 centuries spent towns and villages on desertlike PARIS, Jan. 9—The French and even friendship. As Pre- under uncredible conditions. and abandoned terrain," the mier Mr. Ben-Gurion visited A State Among Others letter said. Government published today a the general several times. statement by President de The President added that Mr. Ben-Gurion maintained The letter, which in French Israel, instead of perpetuat- Gaulle asserting that he meant translation filled 15 single- that if the Arab countries had ing its exile, had become aiacted in conformjty with United to compliment the Jews when spaced pages, recalled the suf- state among others subject toi he called them an "elite people, fering of the Jews through his- the same laws and, thereforeNation, s resolutions and the sure of themselves and domi- tory. duty-bound to adapt its poli- Charter, "there would have neering." Mr. Ben-Gurion wrote that cies to the realities of the j been neither war nor quarrels Palestine always comprised world. between ourselves and the The President's statement both banks of the Jordan River was contained in a letter ad- President de Gaulle's initial Arabs to this day.' The Israeli until Winston Churchill ex- statement about the character frontiers, he said, "are enough dressed to former Premier cluded Trans-Jordan from it in of the Jewish people had been for us as long as the Arabs are David Ben-Gurion of Israel 1922. He described how he made in the context of a dis-|willing to sign a peace treaty and dated Dec. 30. Mr. Ben- negotiated with Arab leaders cussion of the role of- Israejiwith us on the basis of the for many years in the hope of during the Middle Eastern con-jstatus quo." Gurion had written General de creating a mixed Semitic state Gaulle Dec. 6 that he was flict last year. The President, uniting Jews and Arabs within had also said that while the "saddened and disturbed" by the boundaries of the old Pal-Jews had "provoked, more pre-- the general's remarks. estine. He rejected Israeli respon- cisely aroused," antagon- The two letters were made sibility for the Arab refugees, ism through the centuries in public simultaneously by Pres- various countries, they had also maintaining that they fled dur- received much sympathy for ident de Gaulle's office and ing the 1948 fighting with thetheir suffering. by Mr. Ben-Gurion. British and not after the estab- lishment of Israel. The remarks caused an emo- This was the second time He added that "the Jewish tion-charged controversy in • that the. French leader had people is equal in its right and which leading editorialists and sought to correct the impres- Jewish writers accused the duties to all the other peoples, President of anti-Semitism v sion .created by the definition not more but not less." while others accused his de- of the Jewish people that he In his reply General de By John K. Cooley cial loans to the United Arab Republic by Staff correspondent of the Chase Manhattan Bank, and he often The Christian Science Monitor came to the Middle East during his past term as World Bank president. Cairo From Cairo he flew to Jordan to see King Hussein. He then goes to Israel at the "The United States," says Eugene R. invitation of Premier Levi Eshkol. Black, former president of the World Bank, With former President Eisenhower, David "is in real trouble in the Arab world." Mr. Rockefeller, and James A. Linen, president Black had just returned from a private of Time, Mr. Black was a cofounder of Near meeting with President Nasser in Aswan. Mr. Nasser also conferred there Feb. 5 and East Emergency Donations (NEED). Bv Norman Matheny. staff photographer "We set out to collect $10 million to help 6 with President Tito of Yugoslavia. the Arab refugees, and we have done that," "The Arab elite, the educated people, are Eugene R. Black he said. deeply resentful of the United States," Mr. ,,. says United States is neglecting Arabs i Mr. Black said he had seen Gunnar Jar- Black added in an interview here. j; ring, U Thant's Mideast peace envoy, and "Of course there is nothing new about I was "terribly worried" about the apparent their resentment of American aid to Israel. bassador to Cairo, saw the Egyptian Presi- 'failure of Mr. Jarrihg's mission. What really disturbs me is that leaders of dent late last year. Arab opinion feel that we are really the Last week President Nasser granted an in- j:New session? friends of the Israelis and unfriendly to terview, the first to an American publication Mr. Jarring was due here Feb. 6 for a new the Arabs. since June, to William Attwood, chief editor of Look magazine. visit. Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud "The Arab world is far too important for Some diplomats here believe there is a Riyad said this was "the most important the United States to neglect." Mr. Black good chance that American-Egyptian diplo- Biphase" of the UN representative's mission. said Soviet and French influence is growing matic relations may be resumed before $ The Cairo newspaper Al Ahram reporting "by leaps and fast, partly because of Ameri- the er.d of this year. |Mr. Riyad's remarks added that Mr. Jarring can neglect." British-Egyptian ambassadorial relations, iwould probably soon have to report his fail- broken in 1965 over the Rhodesian question, lure to U Thant. Washington report due were renewed last November. I Official sources here have hinted that the Mr. Black is an adviser on Southeast Asian Mr. Black conferred with Sheik Sabah "United Arab Republic might ask for a new economic development to President John- Al-Salim Al-Sabah, the ruler of Kuwait, and session of the United Nations Security Coun- son. He stressed that his current Middle King Faisal of Saudi Arabia before flying cil. The Council's resolution of Nov. 22 gave East trip is not official. But he would be here. Mr. Jarring the mandate for his present giving his "impressions" about it to Wash- He said he found the Arabs believe the efforts. ington, he added. United States was "too preoccupied with Egypt has suspended all survey work Mr. Black was the fourth private Ameri- the Far East crises to do anything con- aimed at freeing 15 ships trapped in the can visitor known to have seen President structive about the Middle East." Suez Canal since the June war. The suspen- Nasser since Egypt bi'oke diplomatic rela- Mr. Black is a financial adviser to the sion was ordered after Israeli artillery fired tions with the United States during last ruler of Kuwait and normally visits him on Egyptian survey boats Jan. 29. June's Arab-Israeli war. each year. He has been a regular visitor to Israel has insisted on direct peace talks. Former Treasury Secretary Robert B. Egypt and has known President Nasser The Arab leadership prefers to talk through Anderson and Dr. John S. Badeau of Colum- since the Egyptian revolution of 1952. Mr. Jarring and demands Israeli withdrawal bia University, a former United States Am- Mr. Black has helped negotiate commeE- from occupied territory. l!nd Cl Post !M a.t Boston. COPYKIGirr © 136B.THE DKBISTIAJ M^s., and a'dfi'L offices February^, 1968 ,,.: AH rlj-llt* ) NEW YORK POST, Wednesday, Ik February 1968 t-'^steSSSf *ZM v.-.*-": 9H Defends Thant?i- :----- * Agree;,:With -Bdstpvv But;"-'seyerai Western •' deleg,:- On Sinai Troop teflon tions'-represented'"in these con- 1 : , fererices contend now, as they By Hill MJU|»*"ffT 'Tri I I ~ did then, that they were not -j^siSgtKf^iantroversy over the UN role in the preliminaries", to, : i really "consulted" at all on the last June's Arab-Israeli war erupted again today with the revela- I UNEF withdrawal — they were tion of an exchange between UN Under Secretary Bunche and i1 "informed" that the Secretary- U; S;Under Secretaryyef State Rostow. •';' >' .' General already had decided to "^"""'t •• •V'*r''*'•':'-" ..jj.- 3> The dispute involves the witJfc. (pull back the 3,400-man buffer • ' dr'awal of 'the UN Emergenj%. j force. In this they agree with j Foroe froini the Sinai peninusla Rostow's interpretation. 1 last May, which allowed Egyp- The UNEF had been com- tian troops to occupy positions posed of troop contingents from blocking the "Gulf of Aqaba, Is- India, Yugoslavia, Brazil, rael's onily sea route to th eastl Canada, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. It has been reported Rostow, in a Dec. 8 speech at; that Thant's hand had been the University of Mississippi* forced- iwlren the Indians and iLaw School, said that when Pres- •)''-•••!:indent Nasser of Egypt "asked Yugoslavs, who manned the UNEF posts along the Sinai -;';;; She' UN to remove the forces;, border with Israsl, informed the ^.-Ifltiat had patroled the borderljiP- : : Secretary General _ that they v;: : ..|tw.een Israel and Egypt siticei; would withdraw upon Egyptian .''-;11957, the Secretary General'''^ request even without authoriza- ^itehant] responded at once, wit'|i«;J tion from the UN. t. going through the type ''&£. In the face of this political nsudtatipns his predecessor?: .reality, supporters of Thant con- fig late Dag Ha'min'arskjoldT* tend, there was no effective f $ indicated 'he wpulti .undfi.ri^ alternative • course open to tflie -vBtakb' -before , withdrawing Secretory-General at that time. :;Jr||rciops."'... ijmyVjb'0' - " . ' ••'•-'..'•• ' . ";r." •j' He has been chastized, however, r>Sihis. speech recently vca'me id^ for not attempting a "delaying ^i^'atteritipn iof^BuBche, tii^ action" that would have allowed 1 1 UN's. ' top, .Middle "East expert^ time for diplomatic efforts to who wrote to Rost6w-&st Thufs-J prevent UNEF withdrawal—per- day in or^ef.to corr.e'cftwhal: lie haps a public appeal that might called "certain'inaccuracies." a:o- have stopped the Egyptians, cording to.a UN Indians ,and Yugoslavs in their Bunohe, 'in,"'his leiterr'-- tracks. that Hammarskjold. haa* unui The text of Bundle's letter taken to consult botlf; :the'^ was held by the UN release tions supplying troop con later today, pending notification gents to' the UNEF -and 'fra«J that Rostow had in faot received larger. Advisory Committeevp^i it. A Rostow aide at the State UNEF" -before making .a majjgiv Dept. said yesterday he was due decision.- regarding th'e force^ back in Washington last night Bunche contends that Thant -f'pKf after a two-week absence. The lowed this procedure—consult- assistant, .said, however, that ing both groups before ordering Bj^fcIi'eV'3et'terr^-aad:,!,:np.t,.;ba^n. ; the UNEFj, ;withdraWal';. Jfle'^pn - '^yetf;iii^tJief off ice 'as yet. 7. : l the lafferiiohiJJisT'lvroTr i b. -i-nw'f Jt^i. ,.i.'Ji:^*£juLr-j.'.£aL.'-' _'.—"•-ii.--i----/.'.-v-^> >.j.-.. •— • '=••*' BOSTON GLOBE, Friday, l6 February 1968 By DARIUS S. JHABVALA causes that led to thOune 5 in Gaza and at Sharm-el- stationing a part of it either Arab'Israeli war, Rostow Sheik, which commands the in Gaza or at Sharm- Globe U.N. Bureau entry to the Gulf of Aqaba. UNITED NATIONS — Dr. suggested that Secretary ei Sheik. Ralph Bunche, U.N. Under- General Thant had not ful- Another point he made filled all necessary proc- was that the "Egyptian The Egyptian troops secretary in charge of special' troops promptly replaced1' political affairs, is a stickler esses for "consultations" moved alongside the U.N. for accuracy, and few, if with U.N. members before the U.N. forces as they with- forces thereby vitiating "the any, historical errors about ordering withdrawal of U.N. drew. buffer purposes of the U.N. emergency forces. Dr. Bunche, who has spe- force, and this was done be- the U.N. pass his eagle-eyed fore the withdrawal order scrutiny. Rostow's e^cact words cial responsibilities at the was sent. were: U.N. for the Middle East, has One State Department of- said several times in the past These facts Bunche as- ficial who recently got a "The secretary general re- that the three points ar; serted, were fully reported taste of Bunche's penchant is sponded at once (to the wide of the facts. Egene V. Rostow, undersec- by the secretary general in U.A.R. request to withdraw On Feb. 7, he decided to his statement to the Security retary of state for political the forces) without going Council and subsequently in affairs, arid the word around write to Rostow to again srt through the type of consul- the record straight. In a another U.N. document. the U.N. is that Dr. Bunche tations his predecessor has so far has the upper hand. three-page letter, Buncre indicated he would under- declared that: Rostow was not available It all started with a speech take before withdrawing the for comment. However, an —The secretary generd aide in his office claimed that Rostow made last Dec. 8 troops." indeed had exhaust?d a.l to the Lamar Society of the -that no letter from Bunche Again, Rostow suggested consultation processes befoie was received. Another U.S. University of Mississippi ordering the withdrawal (f Law School in Oxford, Miss. that while the forces could source in New York con- have been withdrawn from the forces. firmed receipt of the Bunche His topic ways.. "The Middle 1 Eas.t ^..Crisis., '"ij&R .-• Beyond." the border between Israel —Once the force was o - letter and pointed out that and Egypt in Sinai, they dered to withdraw, there r>- Rostow is planning to reply ri:-Ifi''idisc;us|in^j'|bme of the could have been maintained mained no question aboit to it. '•' NEW YORK TIMES, Wednesday, 28 February 1968 fJarring Will Return to 5 A her Seeing Thant at the By SAM POPE BREWER Special to The New York Times :- . UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., discussed issues face to face :Feb. 27'— Gunnar V. Jarring on Rhodes. But most of the time—the whole time, as far ^expects to return to the Middle as the Arab public knew— JEast as United Nations views were exchanged through ^mediator by the beginning of United Nations officials. That ;hext week after reporting to saved face for all concerned. -Secretary General Thant, The idea now is that the ^qualified diplomatic sources "Rhodes formula" might he- |said today. come a "Cyprus formula" under ': Mr. Jarring arrives tomor- which the..- two sides wouk row to report on the talks he send representatives to Mr shas held separately with Arab Jarring's headquarters in Ni- Israeli leaders since he cosia. ^assumed the task under a A spokesman of the United ^Security Council resolution States ; mission said a report .early in December. in The New York Times to- f Some sources have suggested day that Mr. Jarring had been ?ihat he was coming back to expected to show no results ^report failure. This was con- indicated a misunderstanding tradicted today by an 'in- He said the intended tenor formed diplomat, who said Mr. of American statements wai :: Jarring was returning only for that the Jarring mission was ^consultations and might return worthwhile even if it took a •by Saturday or Sunday to his year .to achieve any results ^headquarters in Nicosia, Mr* Jarring, who is Sweden's ^Cyprus. envoy to the Soviet Union There has been increasing was appointed by Mr. Thant "talk here of a "Rhodes for- under a resolution adopted -mula" to solve the question of Nov. 22, that called on the .peace talks supervised by Mr. TIsraeli~"""'"s to' evacuat"e" "—""""territorie"s r Jarring. 7 ' occupied in the June war anc C Talks held on the Greek is- asked the Arab countries to Hand of Rhodes in 1948 and accept "secure and recognizec ?.1949- produced armistice agree- boundaries" for Israel. •;-ments between Israel and her Israel has refused to •'Arab opponents at a time evacuate the occupied terri :-when, because of domestic poT tories until she is assured o: Uitical pressures on the Arabs, negotiation for fixed boun •the two sides could not meet daries. The Arab countries hav publicly in the 'same;:rQOiiv"^'F'''!rejfc^d;":tp>:'g1Oiito a cqhfeignce g&lji.. •Ux^^^a^^^^^Jj^^-f^^ ."•: I NEW YORK TIMES Saturday, 23 March , Israeli Voice in Uf. N. 1968 Ybs&Tekoah ''' -Special to The New York Times ' .'•... TTNITED NATIONS, N.-.Y., U March 22—Israel's chief delegate to the United \Na- tions, Yosef Tekoah,. was throwing :his adversaries off guard when he .told the Se- curity Council last.night that, it.-was his first' address to tjie- Council- arid-that h"e had" arrived .from .-Israeli only- !: ':':.:• .-, weeks; ago. Both statements', were true, but' '..'they ' ;:jnthe •concealed-'the" !;News fact-that, by'his- ;:: . •.••• . .own. '.reckoning, he ;had had probably -longer and more varied experience in, negotiating with" Arab representatives and" • Arab Governments than any other Israeli official: i He has also played an ac- tive role in the United :Na- t,ons. and has represented Is- v rael fpr 20 years' in various' ' -v, ' -' . .' The New-York Times capacities 'here' without'' ad- Couiteous,-but a fighter dressing the Council. ' • ;j He is polished arid courte-' Russian'•.andj' "a '• little Chi- pus, but a fighter. The late nese1." ''''.'';' Secretary General Dag Ham- ir marskjold. was . quoted' .as ' 'He wilL'riot -discuss the having said:. "I -'could rea- 'place/of his;'birth or the date, son with Ben-Gurion if it- except/that .it was; in 1925. jvere-'-riot for 'that:'fellow • According to.a Hebrew ency- Tekoah."' ". •/<••;"•• ••-••- — cl,opfdia,-'he was'born in Rus- i , Mr.,| Tekoah.: .ponfirmS",the., [ . remark, ..but adds: "It .was .a sia,^but-.np' other particulars joke, we were close friends. ''are given. < Closer?than' people knew." '; ., '.He grew up in. Shanghai, i He told the. Council tMt' where' his father was in bu'si- he came frpm a "country' - ness. He 'took his law degree !"still in' the .throes of .a"20-' at the University de 1'Aurore year-old, war-"" . '''.-".''M'"';" -in'; Shanghai in;. 1945, at the age of 20. I, Served in 1948 belegation - ' 'From Shanghai, he moved I: i He fserved with the • first- ; to- Harvard, where he took >a :Israeli:delegation to the Unit- •Master of Arts, degree-in ^in- Jed Nations, when the third ternational relations and IGeneral Assembly met in served in 1947 and 1948 as 'Paris in 1948. : "an instructor in that ^ub- " Since then; he has worked r jeqt. -'..-.. :on armistice negotiations • ; '.With the establishment of with Syria and Lebanon, on .; Israel, Mr. Tekoah felt that armistice affairs1 after those ••• he had-his own country at. agreements-were signed, on : last. From 1948 to 1953, he the Mixed Armistice Com- •was a deputy legal adviser in missions and on United Na- ;the Foreign Affairs Ministry tions affairs affecting .the .and .became head of its .Middle East. From 1958 .to : .-treaties section.... He a3so , 1960 he was deputy perma- served: as legal adviser 'on nent representative and .at •-.^armistice affairs-'tplthe-Israeli- :times acting chief of the ^defens^ forces ;arid|tiaisorivpf- Israel mission.hem :. jficer between the;.|6rces and He v rsvas: Ambassador to - 'the Foreign. .MinJstfsr.; . J- Brazil from 1960 to 1962. and - :.;Signerfi: Cbtntrferciai'; Accord i ;to'• the,rr Soviet. Union r.fr'pm.; 1962 to 1965, and;;Assistant^ r••:-• In''. 1952';,hefipplc: parttyn:'. 'Director- .General • of the- Min-.' -; negptiatihg ^a. ^m^rierce "arid';" •1965 he Headed ifsraej's delfe-i gation to the conference held j, -1958The id;r bn;...Jsrael-Arab ^.,^._.,,. Jhre.ctpjV'of Armis- ' SSffairs"J-in-''-the' Foreign -in.. Moscow -JMinistry. "•'• •''K>*s: •• • ••/,- - ^him "the .•[•j • He..:;was^ Israel's del ; ''It was not unfriendly,-' he .-.Security : • says, ."but that is what they from 1953 thought described me." . 1955 to 1957^'"t6cfk'::tf>arfi^n^ Hebrew 'Conies, First /talks with- Secretary General He; .is Ijtist 'abpve. :niedium;!) Hartimsrskjbld. ' - ''height,.,of .^dl'ujgi^tiiiiia'im.' ...;. I Frpjii'^QvembeHi 1958, to- 1 - u-J, £--. AT. -fg{|_ iMag;*;$9$9jj Jie^was Israel's, chief law-degree-at a'.'I versi^r'l;inVvgivangha^^Mr:: JIYmS -^ nl! ^f?61^0"1 TekoaH -\ By Charles W.Yost New York Few events of recent times have more justly stirred human indignation and com- passion than the outrageous massacres of Israeli athletes at Munich and of innocent bystanders at the Lod airport in Israel last summer. Over and above the inhumanity of those acts, they are politically senseless and counterproductive, both on the part of the organizations which perpetrate them and of the Arab governments which fail to condemn, or, if they have the opportunity, to punish them. The latter are inhibited from acting by reluctance to disavow the terrorists' goals, that is, the evacuation of Arab territory occupied by Israel in the six-day war and justice for the million or more Palestine refugees. This inhibition is, however, a serious miscalculation. History has shown that these Arab goals cannot be attained by Arabs alone. They can only be achieved if and when, first, the people of Israel are given a feeling of security which %vill induce them to accept a compromise settlement and, sec- ond, the rest of the world, particularly the United States and Western Europe, can be induced to work more persuasively for such a settlement. Yet acts of terror such as those at Munich and Lod have precisely the contrary effect in both respects. They sharpen Israeli fear and anger, and reinforce the so-called "siege mentality" which makes Israel, loath to .compromise. They outrage United States and European opinion and turn it against the Arab cause. Both the young Palestinians who use terror and the Arab governments that fail to check or even condemn it are therefore acting against the very interests they seek to serve. We are all aware, however, that terrorism as a modern phenomenon is far from being limited to the Middle East. Following the Munich massacre the United States Govern- ment commenced broad diplomatic con- sultations to find better means of combating it generally. UN Secretary-General Wald- heim has taken the wise initiative of placing the subject as an emergency item on the agenda of the General Assembly which convenes shortly. Certainly these searches for effective pro- tective measures are highly desirable. I am dubious of their getting far, however, until we are clearer exactly what "terrorism" means, until we recognize that it takes many diifer- enct forms and admit to ourselves that almost all nations are guilty of some of them. There is no question that acts of individual assassins or of organizations responsible for the Munich and Lod killings are terrorism. But what about certain behavior of govern- ments? When governments, including allies of the United States, torture and sometimes kill political prisoners, is that terrorism? When the former government of Pakistan set its Army to slaughtering East Pakistanis on a huge scale last year, was that terrorism? Our own government did not seem to think so, since it made no serious effort to stop the massacre and instead "leaned" toward those responsible. What about the equally appalling massacre of scores of thousands of Hutus in Burundi, on which most of the world community, in- cluding the African community, turns its back? Was that not terrorism? What of the three-year campaign of terror in the name of religion by both Roman Catholics and Protes- tants in Northern Ireland? How long will that be allowed to go on? What indeed of aerial bombing? When the Nazis bombed Warsaw or Rotterdam or Coventry, we called it "terror bombing," but when we bomb North or South Vietnam we call it "protective reaction." Yet we are killing incomparably more people, including more wholly innocent civilians, than the Palestinian terrorists have killed in all these years. Understandable as they may be, can we justly exclude from the definition of terrorism the Israeli retaliatory raids against Palestinian camps in Lebanon and Syria last week, which surely killed many wholly innocent people and which probably helped create a new crop of terrorists among their relatives and friends? Was that either humane or wise? The fact is, of course, that there is a vast amount of hypocrisy on the subject of political terrorism. We all righteously con- demn it — except when we ourselves or kill political prisoners, is' that terrorism? When the former government of Pakistan set its Army to slaughtering East Pakistanis on a huge scale last year, was that terrorism? Our own government did not seem to think so, since it made no serious effort to stop the massacre and instead "leaned" toward those responsible. What about the equally appalling massacre of scores of thousands of Hutus in Burundi, on which most of the world community, in- cluding the African community, turns its back? Was that not terrorism? What of the three-year campaign of terror in the name of religion by both Roman Catholics and Protes- tants in Northern Ireland? How long will that be allowed to go on? What indeed of aerial bombing? When the Nazis bombed Warsaw or Rotterdam or Coventry, we called it "terror bombing," but when we bomb North or South Vietnam we call it "protective reaction." Yet we are killing incomparably more people, including more wholly innocent civilians, than the Palestinian terrorists have killed in all these years. Understandable as they may be, can we justly exclude from the definition of terrorism the Israeli retaliatory raids against Palestinian camps in Lebanon and Syria last week, which surely killed many wholly innocent people and which probably helped create a new crop of terrorists among their relatives and friends? Was that either humane or wise? The fact is, of course, that there is a vast amount of hypocrisy on the subject of political terrorism. We all righteously con- demn it — except when we ourselves or friends of ours are engaging in it. Then we ignore it or gloss it over or attach to it tags like "liberation" or "defense of free world" or "national honor" to make it seem some- thing other than what it is. In his undelivered but recently published acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, the great Soviet novelist Solzhenitsyn wrote: "Any man who has chosen violence as his method must inevitably choose falsehood as his principle." That trenchant saying applies as much to heads of governments as to individual gunmen and bomb-throwers. Until we can agree that methods of warfare or "police action" which inevitably, what- ever the intent, kill large numbers of civilians are "terror" and are unacceptable, just as much as is slaughter by political organiza- tions and individuals, we shall not have clean hands, and shall not therefore be able to mobilize the world opinion necessary to stop even the latter. To put it bluntly, as long as both sides in Vietnam indulge in large-scale terror almost daily, it is hard to see how Palestinians, for example, or Israelis for that matter, can be persuaded that it is immoral for them to resort to terror in the Middle East. The author o/ this article writes from a background of 40 years as a U.S. dip- lomat. ©1972 Charles W. Yost Imagination is as good as many voyages — and how much cheaper. George William Curtis THE OBSERVER, 2 S NOVEMBER 1972 13 -JV*-!"" «" "?'', ' * K. Two aspects of terror: Hijacked airliners being blown up in Jordan by Palestine guerrillas. Right: The victim of an IRA outrage in Bellas:. 5 CAN ANYTHING be done to Turkey. Czechoslovakia, terrorism inure objectively. Snint-La/are. Anarchists, he Tu:>ymaros , when Mr Tru- and children at Der Yassin in 1 menial causes which have i ui ism makes the crucially. curb international terrorism, Russia and Japan, as well as The draff con veil lion now explained, do not spare bour- der u refused to negotiate for 194S. The Israelis defence is produced a climate of ex- important point that at a lime or must we accept that it will from the US ; parcel-bomb before the UN, which is pro- geois women and children ll:-j release of a Minister, Mr that the act was perpetrated treme violence in ct/iain when the peoples of the world simply continue to grow— victims have died or been posed by the US, does not seek because the women and child- t .<: pon e. who was subse- by ihe dissident fr°un move- societies . nothing, for ex- have grown more interdepen- and, it" so, where can ire wounded in Tanzania, Libya, international co uper-.>tion MI ren of those thev lo\e are noi fj:.'; ntly executed ; and when ment- and was condemned at ar,:j>Je, can put an end to the dent, the solution ot many of expect it lo end? These are fc)gypt us welt as in Britain deft-Miff of a iv inu rie.ii!:i/ spared eithei In the bom - in-. Turks refused to negn- the time by the national terrorisi elements among the thejf problems (e.g., the terms the kinds of questions now and Israel ; letter bombs Stale that happt-Mi;, to hii-l Heois. who allow them n> die tic- «. with local revolmion- movement of Hagamih. l\i!i-:sujiiun> more quickly of world trade and monetary being debated at the United trHvel in all directions from itself challenged hv intt" in slums. ai i-"-. who had kidnapped an Although terrorism has Uum a ii.'^i pfatt: in ;he policies, or the arrangements Nations over n pro-nosed con- many parts of the world. n;il forces Us ami is res The I'TLP .incl iheir .titill- I.-.; ;iel\ diplomat been used so e\ivnsively its Middk- L'a;-.l lie! v.'oni hi u Powers '.vhnn vention to outlaw iiiiL'i - The controversial questions rricted 10 ihe conUiiiinifni ul" ate Japanese group. Seki.^i-n Mr Trudeau'-- nil'le.\Jbl--' main success has been in the their interests are involved in national terrorism. art? : How can we hope to deal violence uithin ihe. naiTo-.vi.-si ha, defended their indiscrim- s;; ui dki put a stop io a neu \vtiy it can be applied by Sui'.es ft 'jhould be recognised that :i lor "0; breed:, I error is ts : local situations) no longer Acts of terror by indivi- effectively with this kind of feasible territorial limits, by inate shoo ling of passengers trend in the- growth ol the ralhei than by revolution- hangs on any local ruler 01' curbing the spread of violence at Lod Airport by claiming Stale teiTOi is olten the cause duals, groups and Stales tire, violence ? How can we do so U'-'enl Quebecois movement. aries : minority political ul counter-terror which, in its Go\ eminent, but on actions of course, as old as history. without running the risk of to con in rit^ not initially [hut all visitors to Israel ai c Oi;iy in the Canadian example groups have been able to use and decisions often taken parties 10 ii from areas accomplices of l the Zionists." I urn, produces even greater Between 1870 and 1914 assas- perpetuating existing griev- did the kidnapping involve a it with limited success in only terror : a truly vicious circle. Thousands of miles away. sinations included Tsar Alex- ances ? How can we hope to involved in en il nr inter- Black September regards all lot" it hostage held by a local exceptional cases; on the Men begin to think that ander III of Russia, President get agreement over what con- national conilit:I. or internal " Zionist Jews" as equally grmip trying to extract a local whole, it has proved self- \Yherever people are left to their ills have been produced Carnot of France, President stitutes terrorism ? disturbances. This, or coir's-:, guilty of [lie ' crimes of political reward. defeating. It is the weapon of rc.r in despair, we can be sure bv some vast impersonal McKinley of . the United To take this lattnr question is a trad it ion a I function of Israel '—and .so justifies !n practice. one must desperation rather thdti of th •: their' conditions will force that is deaf to their States, the Empress of lirst : do all acts of violence international law attacks on prominent Jeus in atvept that Governments not serin us revoluliojiur.v acti- jii.-jku rhe in amenable to in- pleas for justice, or impotent Austria, and the Kinj; of qualify as terrorism and, if The kind of acts ii seeks to all parts of the world. dingily involved in a conflict vists, and today il is rejected human acis of violence at the to find solutions for their par- Italy. Terrorists bombed the not, where does legitimate limit involve unlav.'ful killing, Some would argue that all wi'l prefer to give way. Here by the majority of the armed point where they feel them- ticular circumstances: this French National Assembly, force (i.e., violence) end and scrinus bodily harm, kidnap whites in South Africa, orn: comes: up against a clear guerrilla movements. selves strong enough io strike applies as much to younger blew up workers in a Paris illegitimate force (i.e., terror- ping or hijacking, and the Namibia and Rhodesia are conflict of national interest, The Chinese, while them- back. And so long as authori- people in affluent societies as cafe, and dropped bombs on ism) begin ? protection of innocent people guilty participants in the which favours the exploha- selves rejecting ' adventurist tarian Governments fee! theiu- to the peoples in the develop- peaceful religious demonstra- The South Africans, the not themselves involved in a system of apartheid; yet this ticn of kidnapping ' third acts of terrorism," such as .-elves relai ively free from ing world. tions in Italy. The assassina- Portuguese and, to some particular struggle.. view is specifically rejected pnrty ' hostages. hi-jacking and assassina- world censure they will be Modern communication > tion of the Archduke Francis extent, the British support These proposals would 1101 by all the liberation move- Only when enough Govern- tion, refuse, however, to sup- prepared, whore necessary, to have transformed local inci- Ferdinand finally brought on UN action against ' terror- curb the liberation move ments in Southern Africa. ments share a community of port the measures now being behave as nastily as their dents into world events, espe- the First World "War. ism ' on the grounds that ments in Southern Africa or The anti-Portuguese guerrilla national interests are we discussed at the UN because local circumstances demand. cially when the incidents have But the flare-up of inter- everybody who engages in the Portuguese territories ; movements (after an initial likely to achieve concerted the proposals do not specific-. There are, of course, situa- an international character. A national violence on the scale armed struggle are terrorists; but they could affect the phase of terrorism in Angola) international action in deal- ally deal with the terrorism tions where political solutions terrorist act is more likely to we are witnessing today is far rhe Israelis argue that all the armed Palestinians, since the now conscientiously insist on ing firmly with certain practised by Governments. (as in the Middle East) are focus attention upon the more dangerous than any- armed Palestinians are terror- rationale of their struggle i-s treating al! Portuguese not aspects of terrorism. We They do not accept that exist- not immediately available. terrorist and the cause he' thing that has gone before: ists yet, at the same time, that, deprived of their home- actively engaged in military seem now to be approaching ing international conventions History shows that extreme serves than any number of because, thanks to modern offer aid to liberation move- land, they have no other alter- or official positions as them- rlrs position over the scandal offer an adequate protection forms of violence most fre- less dramatic, non-violent technology, sophisticated ments in Southern Africa. native than lo operate within selves victims of their own 'of the hijacking of planes against ' official terrorism.' quently occur during periods actions. The sensational ter- weapons in the hands ot both Many people (including the international arena. oppressive regime. and the use of their crews The logical, conclusion of of very rapid social and indus- rorist act is often a means of Governments and protesting myself) believe that the lib- There are, ai least, two These clear-cut differences ami passengers a.s hostages. this argument is that nothing trial change. We are at pre- compensating for the in- groups pose a much greater eration movements in South- crucial tests in deciding what o\' attitude suggest a line that This year alone, 140 pas- should be done to combat sent living through just such feriority of a movement's threat to international law ern Africa and in Portuguese should be acceptable to the can be drawn between what is sengers and crew members international terrorism until a period when the simultan- strength : by -making their- and peace. ' Africa are legitimate forms international c o m m unity. legitimate and what is not : were killed and 99 wounded we can effectively deal with eous growth of technology cause appear to be more holy because, (hanks to modern offer aid to liberation move- land, they have no other alter- this position over the scandal selves man any nnmoer 01 or official positions as them- offer an udeqi'ale protection f or ins of violence most fn?- le-s dramatic, non-violent technology. sophisticated ments in Southern Africa. native than to operate within selves victims of their own ;of the hijacking of planes against "official terrorism.' (jnentJy occur during periods weapons in the hands tn hoih Many people (including the international arena oppressive regime. ' and the use of their crews actions. The sensational ter- myself) believe that the lib- The logical crm lu -ion o>' of very rapid social and indus- rorist act is often a means of' Governments and protesting There are, at least, two These clear-cut differences and passengers as hostages. this argument r; thai nothing trial change. V/e are HI pre- groups pose a much greater eration movements in South- crucial tests in deciding what of attitude suggest a line that This year alone. 140 pas- 1 compensating for the in-" ern Africa and in Portuguese should be done ID uirrljut sent living through just sucb fcriority of a movement's threat to international law should be acceptable to the can be drawn between what is sengers and crew members internaiionn] i error ism until a period when the simultan- and peace. Africa are legitimate forms international c o m m unity. were killed and 99 wounded strensl.ii : by -making their" legitimate and what is not : we can effectively Ue.ii with eous growth of technology cause appear to be more holy': It was lett to Russia',- dele- of political struggle, and that First, do the conditions that groups that try to justify in- in terrorist attacks involving 1 and of population combines TO 1 gate to warn the UN last week the Palestinians have the exist in any particular coun- 30 aircraft from 14 countries. all its major mf.nifesuihoii. , : fluin life itself, the terrorist discriminate violence by in- this is clearly hnp'-Lic'ii'-;;). create fresh hopes and need* hones to make the world take' that the terrorists of ihe right to take up arms so long try offer any chance of sisting that entire national But so long as there is a nt a time when it i.s more future might u^e bacteriologi- as they attack military objec- HQWfc\ er, ; | '/Till >;] be hir.if.rlt and his cause more redressing serious wrongs by groups or communities are siiiftle country willing to give wrong to MI[))•)•.)s:' th.;t it is necessary, yei more difficult. ,y-rioiisly. cal weapons, or even uolen tives to persuade the Israelis other than violent means ? equally guilty should be re- asylum to hijackers it will be to match hopes and needs. 10 negotiate directly with possible to (ict or'tVc'iivcly fhri cry oT dr'spdu needs to atomic weapons, u> blackmail Second, does a movement arded as putting themselves impossible to check this prac- against ali forms oV icrrnrism A UN Secretariat report on K- undeiitood. evtn rhough Governments. them instead of insisting on which embraces the need for tice altogether. However, the r teyond what is acceptable in without cha:)gi;ii; iJie I'Lind.i- tlie underlying caubes of iei- rlr-- aci hself is repugnant. N o air Traveller is s?ciu c- dealing only with Aral) Gov- violent opposition deliber- international law. increasing use of hijacking from at Lucks by political ly ernments supposedly acting ately encoqraee indiscrimi- Whar view .shuuid we [ake 'i -• •. v'J'n.ii'y criminals or motivated, or paranoiac, or on their behalf. nate' killing or harming of of the growing practice of mentally unbalanced ' indi- simply criminal individuals: But even those who sup- innocent people ? taking hostages as a means of viduals as well as by politic- no letter can be opened in port the cause of Fatah would Clearly no constitutional ally motivated groups has regard its more extreme exerting pressure ? safety; diplomats can no means exist for peaceful A clear distinction can be brought hijacking into dis- longer go about their business wings, such as Black Septem- change in countries such ab repute. ber or the Popular Front for made between a hostage who without' fear of being kidnap- South Africa, Namibia, Rho- is himself an agent of a parti- Most nations are now ready ped or of lr.r-.ing iheir live*: the Liberation of Palestine desia, the Portuguese colo- to subscribe to the Montreal t'PFLP), as terrorists. And cular regime, and a person nobody can be sure he is not LI nies, or in Communist coun- who is wholly innocent but Convention outlawing hijack- potential hostage; no inter- in the case of Northern Ire- tries. ing and lo consider imposing land many who support the who happens to be ' a soft national gathering, lil:o the It is possible to argue, how- Target'—one who can easily sanctions on Governments Olympic Games, is frco from Catholic minority's right to ever, that in Northern Ireland that refuse to do -so. Even fight for justice regard the be kidnapped and whose threats of violence. constitutional change has Government, not being Cuba — the most favoured iVor are the possible victims Provisional IRA as terrorists. always been possible through haven nf hijackers—is now restricted to any particular The cynical view is that directly involved in the non-violent methods—as "was .struggle, might be more will- ready to discuss the problem national or political group : violence is justified when it is originally envisaged by the with the US. Algeria, too, is 27 diplomats from 11 coun- used by people or movements ing to help the kidnappers m civil rights movements. Even win some concession. now Ies:> willing to grant tries have been kidnapped whose objectives one shares, if one admits that the violence asylum tu hijackers. Only (Arabs as well as Israelis are and that the violence of those The difficult problem one injected into the struggle by ruces here is what to expect, Colonel Qadhan's Libya re- among the number) and of whom one disapproves is the Provisional would have mains adamant. three have been killed in the terrorism- There is truth in or demand, of Governments helped to speed up the pace when faced with the choice of The real test fnr effective last five years; planes have this view, but it should never- of change, there are good international action over hi- been hijacked from Mexico, theless be possible to define whether to submit to the kid- reasons for rejecting their nappers' demands, or to allow jacking is therefore likely to resorting to indiscriminate their innocent citi7ens to die. rome over a confrontation killing (blowing up people in TJie Israeli view is that with the Libyans; but in their pubs and shops), or such acts only if Governments refuse case the problem of applying as the shooting of a father in to submit to this kind of sanctions is not so easy since., front of his family. blackmail can the practice of unlike countries like Cuba, The problem of the Pales- holding innocent hostages be the oil-rich Libyans are in a tinians is more difficult to checked. .strong position to damage the define clearly because of the Rut the immediate practical interests of a number of involvement of the Arab question is whether Govern- Western countries if they world in the conflict with ments of countries which are were to join in blacking the Israel. Palestinians them- not themselves involved in a Libyan Airline. selves are divided—not over warlike situation (as the Turning to another major their primary objective of Israelis are), can count on question : how can we justify securing a Palestinian State their own public supporting action designed to deny the —but about the frontiers of them if they allow their own use of the terrorist weapon to such a State and about the innocent citizens to be killed people with genuine grievan- kind of methods tn be used rather than to submit to ces while not at the same time in their struggle. demands which do nnt imme- adopting more effective mea- Yet even in those cases diately affect I heir own sures against regimes that where the use of force can be national interests. systematically use terrorist legally and morally justified, The British, for example, methods to maintain their there are some methods that faced this choice over the power ? should nor be tolerated. The release of Leila Khaled when Few nations are guiltless of legitimacy of a cause does not the alternative would have having used terrorism when in itseif legitimise the use of been the blowing-up of a they thought it useful, both certain forms of violence, plane-load of British hostages in times of peace and war especially againsr the inno- held on an airfield in Jordan ; when they simply swept aside cent. and the Germans had to international conventions. But who Lire the innocents? decide between releasing Britain used terror-bombing This is a question thai goes Black September prisoners against Dresden, just as the to the root of much of ihr held after the Munich mas- Germans used it against present controversy. sacre or losing German lives. Rotterdam. The Americans ' I] n'u a pas d"1 innocents,' There have been only have been guilty of terrorism exclaimed the French intel- three cases of Govern- in Vietnam, so have the lectual, Emile Henry, when ments refusing to bargain : North Vietnamese. Palesti- No. 1. Complete!}' dry process. The 051 needs no mc.siy accused in 1894 of blowing up when Sir Geoffrey Jackson, nians can, and do, remind the chemicals, powders or liquids. Just plug it in. innocent Parisians in the Cafe the British Ambassador to Israelis of the massacre of No. 2, It only costs £49—and will pay tor itself m a matter Terminus near (he Gare Uruguay, was held by the over 20U Arab men. women nf months. No. 3n Handy size. About the same HP a typewriter and easily portable. No. 4. Top quality copies—clear and clean from colours, 1970 napped by QLF. Government re- 1972 solids, half-tones, ball-point, type . . . 31 March. West German Ambassa- fused demands hut held negotia- 27 March. Three British radar dor Count Karl von Spreti kid- tion?. They eventually offered five technicians kidnapped by left wing No. 5. Large size copies. 8£" x 14" (larger than foolscap). napped in Guatemala by left-wing prisoners. Laporte found dead on Turkish guerrillas. The Govern- Even takes copies from books. guerrillas demanding $700,000 and 18 October. Cross released 3 Decem- ment refused to negotiate and release of 25 prisoners. The Gov- ber and his three kidnappers given hostages -were found killed after a The 3M 051 is ideal for the small ernment refused to negotiate; Von safe passage to Cuba. gun battle in which all but one of business or as a personal copier. Spreti was found murdered 6 April. 15 October. Soviet civilian airliner the guerrillas were killed. 6 September. Three airliners cap- with 46 passengers hijacked to 8 May. Arab guerrillas hijacked a tured by the Popular Front for the Turkey by two armed Lithuanians. Belgian airliner to Tel Aviv de- Stewardess shot dead. Turkey re- Post today to: Mr. G. Kemp, Business Communications Division, Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); manding the release of Arab one flown to Cairo, two to Dawson's fused extradition. The plane, crew prisoners in Israel. Israeli soldiers, I 3M1 Tnire.fi KinodnmLtd.3M House,WiemoreSt. London Wl A1ET. f uuo anu dlLvysji tU' SUCH aCLb" only if Governments refuse case the problem of applying as Lhe shooting of a father in to submit to this kind of sanctions Is not so easy since, front of his family. . blackmail can the practice of unlike countries like Cuba, The problem of the Pales- holding innocent hostages be the oil-rich Libyans are in a tinians is more difficult to checked. strong position to damage the define clearly because of the But the immediate practical interests of a number of involvement of the Arab question is whether Govern- Western countries if they world in the conflict with ments of countries which are were to join in blacking the Israel. Palestinians them- not themselves involved in a Libyan Airline. selves are divided—not over warlike situation (as the Turning to another major their primary objective of Israelis are), can count on question: how can we justify securing a Palestinian State their own public supporting action designed to deny the —but about the frontiers of them if they allow their own use of the terrorist weapon to such a State and about the innocent citizens to be killed people with genuine grievan- kind of methods to be used rather than to submit to ces while not at the same time in their struggle. demands which do not imme- adopting more effective mea- Yel even in those cases diately affect their own sures against regimes that where the xise of force can be national interests; systematically use terrorist legally and morally justified, The British, for example; methods to maintain their there are some methods that faced this choice over the power ? should not be tolerated. The release of Leila Khaled when Few nations are guiltless of legitimacy of a cause does not the alternative would have having used terrorism when in itself legitimise the use of been the blowing-up of a they thought it useful, both certain forms of violence, plane-load of British hostages in times of peace and war especially against the inno- held on an airfield in Jordan ; when they simply swept aside cent. and the Germans had to international conventions. But who are the innocents? decide between releasing Britain used terror-bombing This is a question that goes Black September prisoners against Dresden, just as the to the root of much of the held after the Munich mas- Germans used il against present controversy. sacre or losing German lives. Rotterdam. The Americans '" II n'y a pas d'innocents _* There have been only have been guilty of terrorism exclaimed the French intel- three cases of Govern- in Vietnam, so have the lectual, Entile Henry, when ments refusing to bargain : North Vietnamese. Palesti- No. 1. Conqpletely dry process. The 051 needs no mcs^> accused in 1894 of blowing up when Sir Geoffrey Jackson, nians can, and do, remind the chemicals, powders or liquids. Just plug it in. innocent Parisians in the Cafe the British Ambassador to Israelis of the massacre of No. 2, It only costs £49—and will pay for iteetf in a maUer Terminus near the Gare Uruguay, was held by the over 200 Arab men, women of months. No, 3. Handy size. About the same as a typewriter and easily portable. No. 4- Top quality copies—clear and clean from colour*. 1970 napped by QLF. Government re- 1972 solids, half-tones, ball-point, type . .. 31 March. West German Ambassa- fused demands but held negotia- 27 March. Three British radar dor Count Karl von Spreti kid- tions. They eventually offered five technicians kidnapped by left wing No. 5. Large size copies. 8-i" x 14" (larger than loolscap). napped In Guatemala by left-wing prisoners. Laporte found dead on Turkish guerrillas. The Govern- Even takes copies from books. guerrillas demanding 3700,000 and IS October. Cross released 3 Decem- ment refused to negotiate and release of 25 prisoners. The Gov- ber and his three kidnappers given hostages -were found killed after a The 3M 051 is ideal for the small ernment refused to negotiate; Von safe passage to Cuba. gun battle in which all but one of business or as a personal copier. Spreti was found murdered G April. 15 October. Soviet civilian airliner the guerrillas were killed. 6 September. Three airliners cap- with 46 passengers hijacked to 8 May- Arab guerrillas hijacked a 1 3M tured by the Popular Front for the Turkey by two armed Lithuanians. BeJgiau airliner to Tel Aviv de- Post today to: Mr. G. Kemp, Business Commumentions Diviai Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); Stewardess shot dead. Turkey re- manding the release of Arab FREE POST one flown to Cairo, two to Dawson's fused extradition. The plane, crew prisoners in Israel. Israeli soldiers, Send now for Fiee ofQIdharrr I 3M United Kingdom Ltd, 3M Housc.Wiymore St, London Wl A 1ET. Field in Jordan where Hie guerrillas and passengers went bad; to Soviet disguised as technicians, stormed [ Please let me have ftijl information about the. 3M(I51 f.49 dry copiei. demanded the re-lease oC prisoners Union. the plane. Two hijackers were brochure to Pleas" e let me have full details. Deferred ter in Switzerland and West Germany 1971 killed. One passenger later died Weathcrseal • required 1 Name - and Leila Khaleil in Britain. 9 S January- Sir Geoffrey Jackson, from wounds. Windows Limited, September, BOAC aircraft with 114 British Ambassador in Uruguay, 30 May- Three Japanese terrorists, FREEPOST passengers captured en route from kidnapped by Tupamarus. He was organised by the PLFP, with Beirut to London and taken to Daw- released on 9 September. grenades and machine guns, killed QLDHAM OLJ JUU. I Company son's Field. Demands were met. IS May. Turkey : Turkish People's 23 people at Lod Airport. Lanes. (Post in passengers were freed and planet, Liberation Army kidnapped Israel 5 September. Eleven members of i.nsfamptd envelope). were blown up- Consul-General in TstanbiU and Israeli Olympics team murdered at Tfir 06! 624 5 October. Mr Jasper Cross, British threatened to execute him unless Munich by Black September. Trade Commissioner in Canada, their members in prison were re- 29 October. West German Govern- kidnapped by Quebec Liberation leased. He was murdered. ment re-leased'men responsible for From, which" demanded 5500,000 2S November. Wafsi Tel. Jordan's Munich Olympics massacre in ex- and release of 13 jailed separa- Premier, murdered in Cairn by change for passengers and creiv of tists 10 October. Mr Lannrrc. ' Black September ' Palestine gncf- Lufthansa Boeiny 727 hijurkcd hy Qucbr*: Minister of Labour, kid- rillas. Black September. THE OBSERVER, 24 DECEMBER 1972 J. L. TAlMOiM, Professor of History at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and a member of the Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, talks to Eric Silver. SILVER : You recently wrote ably convinced of their sacred a controversial essay in right to independent nation- Israel called ' Is force an hood in their never-forgotten ansv.-cr lo everything ?' nor ever renounced ancestral When it appeared a retired home — especially on the general of dovc-ish persua- morrow of Auschwitz, and sion described you as a mem- now in the light of the almost ber of Her Majesty's Loyal miraculous national reawak- Opposition. Would you ening of Russian Jews. At the accept that description ? same time, Israel sees itself TALMON ; 1 am no longer as the only State in the world suce. In the iasl few weeks against which ils neighbours there has been such a spate of not merely make claims, but statements by pillars of the which they arc pledged u> < H Km. 1.1 Government expressing senti- destroy. A people which has Professor Talmon : ' I fear the loss of our moral case, the crisis of identity.' ments very similar to those in experienced the holocaust one day, the opposite ihe nexi. Jordan. What do you think 11 o u s population o 1 I o we r else understand-- only l he the essay vou mentioned : the Lan not be expected to treat And the one thing on which of the vic\t that then* is. culLui'iil standards and social language of force. The Middle Deputy Prime Minister, Mr threats of annihilation as therefore, every reason for si and i n'gi,. East must not be turned into a metaphors, and the Arab he seems set is in i.iot the \IIon: vhi; Finance Minister Israelis out of Sinai as soon prolonging this sto^o of \\'e would lid\e to rewriie jungle. The peoples of this and strong man ol" the govern- terror against Jews all over :iMVirs iinel Imping thai ;i cradle of [European <. iv'I i.sa- lhe world has revived the a:-, possible in exchange for it Jr\,'i:-.ii lnsior\. I fear the loss ing, Labour Party, Mr Supir. va^ue declaration nf non- Miidu.s *. i\ L-iuii !ict'.vi>e.ii nt OI.T nioi'al ease, ihe crisis tin n and or ihe lln ee gre.(;t the Foreign Minister, Mr spectre of a genocidul cam- Jrv;s and Ariibs ^ oulci religion.-, mus1. not be allowec1. paign on a global scale. belligerency. Dl' identity lying in wait for "EbaiK the Minister of Trade Hve.ii more than ilu1 I sraehs. I'liMitiiaJIv come inln bein.Lj us. Judaism is a civilisation. to s!idi- iiuo bai'barif dnd former Chief-of-Staff, The trauma of Auschwitz under Israeli rule ? In brief. Israel must be .so 1 has its counterpart in the the Arabs seem to hoar unlv one of ilie srcat rratlirions of General Bar-Lev; the Secrt - the Israeli t.'aremisis They I should not like id sound inankind. a system nf values, stronti iiiilitai'il\ eve LI aficr a tary-Geneial of the powerful inyrh of the Six-Day War. pay no heed to the moderate a sour pe.-isimiM. bin I con- ll would be a sad day when all settlement, through ihe pos- Trade Union Federation, Mr Why should so victorious a voices and can set1 only the sider rh,n ihe dislic'lief in ii.s interests and attention session nf weapons and lien-Aharon; the chairman of State act as no other victori- fact of Israeli eiiiniMichnienr pc.ict1 is the :;ravesl ubsiacle \\ULIi'.l be reduced id logistics. i ea so liable borders, thai the the Foreign Affairs and De- ous nation has ever acted : sue in Arab le.rritorit,\>. The doves 10 .-.my solution. iii: • ISRAEL'S armed farces carried! out two military actions last weelct—one1 planned,; the other almost accidental. The raid! Jeep) into Lebanon-: against, guerrilla centres in the P'a-les£inian:.ref-bgeereaitips was a: spectacular feat. The com- munique' arai'otniced-,' dozens•' .of dead^ Israeli public opinion —understandably in- view of tfre ferocity o£ Blade Septem- ber action's—was cheered'. . Bat tlie-ii came the siiooting-d'owrc of the straying Libyan Boeing, luffing some fondrerf nou-conibatants. Whatever Wame may lie on- the- pilot for not landing when ordered, cfa excessively hawki* act1 itlusirrates tbe nervous tension in which Israel lives. The. week's two actions are uncomfortable reminders of the real perils that will always threaten to spoil the promise of Israel's achievements, as long as tier's- is no' negotiated; -peace;- And these perils: are likely-"to; girow. For die Arab States- will become 'stronger aadi richer' as their control of the world's largest oilfire-Ids ' brings Europe and the United States into increasingly deep- dependence on them. And the Soviet. Union, with; its own oil resources, is always likely to offer '.them, military protection-.. This new situa- tion may allow the" Arabs, in turn to extract sophisticated- modern armaments, rather than mosey, from their Western oil clients. There are signs that this is what they will do. A mass Arab- invasion, to recover Sinai and the other tost lands may-lie .impossible. But, iix pet-It aps 10 years, these Stares hope to be able to make overwhelming attacks on Israel's few. cities with, weapons which - cannot all be inter- cepted1. (If the West will .not supply the hardware, then Rus- sia or China will!'): Whatever fosses' the Egyptians and others suffered' when the' Israelis hit bade would be considered worth- the destruction••'of' IsraeF's -cities and .of her power to domi-nane t'h-e Middle" East in future. And this the Arabs maintain in' spite- of their'1 belief that .Israel may already have home-made mi'clear bombs.. This is disquieting; talk. Bat the emotional bitterness underlying, it—the feeling that your enemy deserves no prry whatever—is all too similar to Israeli emotions behind, for instance, last week's avenging raid on the Palestinian camps in Lebanon. It must be taken seriously. It therefore looks probable- that this, part of the work! . is moving coward's dilsaster-within' the next 10 years. If the outside world does nothing about it, there is no reason whatever to suppose that Israel and her neighbours will reach a negotiated peace on their own.. But what can the outside world do ? It is Israel that must make the big, concessions,, as-1 the victor, i£ a settlement- is to be negotiated rather than dictated. But the Israelis—- and Jewish history does not suggest that those who weaken can rely on the protection of others'-—will be reluctant to make concessions which put heir at the mercy either of the Arabs or of her Western friends- and backers. Persuading Israel to accept a settlement which Israelis judge to be against their interests is hopeless and would be morally wrong. There is, however, one factor that has always been miss- ing from official plans for a Middle East settlement. We know the terms- the Arab: States- might probably accept; we have an idea what sort of deal most Palestinians might con- sider. What is, quite unknown is the physical guarantees that Israel would require if she is to meet those terms. The Israelis sometimes give the impression that no guarantees could ever be enough.. If that is true,, there may be no way of. avettiHg the -'Etestrucrtioii of Arab and Israeli cities. B1.it to accept this monstrous prospect would be treason to mankind, and'to the 'thousands of potential victims. Effective military guarantees are not, after all, impos- sible to provide for these relatively weak, nations. A Soviet spokesman suggested not long ago that Russian and Ameri- can troops might jointly police a frontier strip between Israel and Egypt, once the border was agreed. Extended to include other national contingents, and' with proper air sup- port, this scheme could indefinitely grant Israel and the Arab States a more than adequate buffer along all their frontiers. If it had to stay for a-hundred years, its cost would be a fraction of the cost of rebuilding a. war-shaltered Middle East. It might, indeed, become the nucleus of a United Nations police force, to neutralise disputed frontiers which threatened to provoke war. This would: indeed be a. develop- ment as historic as any that these lands, synonymous with civilisation, have produced in their long past. —LS CAIRO, 7 April talks going. But, the Americans add, until Egypt drops her 'I KNOW we have cried ROBERT STEPHENS, our Diplomatic demand for a prior commitment " wolf " many times before, there is nothing the US can do. but this time it could be Correspondent, explains how President Well then, the Egyptians reply, serious.' Sadat of Egypt is being driven into a America could at least stop One of the closest advisers ot supplying the Israelis with such President Sadat of Egypt was corner over the stalemate with Israel. large quantities of arms that this week echoing warnings they feel no need to change their already given by Sadat himself position or to move out of any that an ' explosion,' meaning of the occupied territories. some form of military action by Phantom fighter-bombers and instead demilitarised zones on But Sadat also had a wider Egypt, was inevitable unless other arms to Israel. both sides of the former frontier, purpose in sending Hafez Ismail there was progress soon towards Then there is the grave dis- with Egyptian troops back across to Washington and West Euro- a peaceful settlement with content inside Egypt, both the Canal at least as far as the pean capitals. This was to em- Israel. economic and political, and the first range of defensible hills on phasise that his acceptance of Egypt is in a mood of bleak yawning" credibility gap between the east bank. a final peace with Israel was frustration after six years of ' no the people and the regime, which Similarly Sadat has rejected bound up with the broad pros- peace, no war,' in the Middle seems to live from day to day, any formulae, such as leasing pects of future co-operation be- East and after the apparent in- from one unfulfilled promise to Sharm-es-Sheikh or part of Sinai tween the Arab countries and ternational indifference to her the next. Egypt's foreign to Israel or including Israeli the West in strategy, oil and Government's latest attempts to exchange reserves recently troops in an international force trade. The hopes of a peaceful break the deadlock by diploma- touched rock bottom and the stationed there, that in his view future for the whole Middle tic means. Consequently Presi- cost of living is rising. At the would provide cover for a con- East area which would ensure dent Sadat has now embarked same time, by silencing many of tinued Israeli occupation. He Western interests as well as on a difficult and dangerous poli- Egypt's leading writers and wants the Israeli forces right out Israel's existence were, he tical operation. He is trying to journalists, Sadat has closed of Egypt, though he is prepared argued, too important to be convince his own sceptical another safety valve. for them to withdraw in stages jeopardised by Israel's con- people and the outside world It was primarily in response and to be replaced by an inter- tinued occupation of Egyptian that he is both reasonable and to this domestic unrest, as well national force drawn from the territory. desperate, that he is serious as to the international squeeze, Great Powers or from neutral In Western Europe, Britain when he talks of war as well as that Sadat recently reshuffled States. He has even proposed and France were sympathetic to of peace. his Government and himself took what amounts to the permanent President Sadat's approach, but He is hinting publicly that over the premiership to prepare internationalisation of Sharm- not ready to take any initiative while he is ready to go to the for ' total confrontation ' with es-Sheikh. except to sell Egypt arms. But limits of compromise to achieve Israel. In doing so he left himself But Sadat has given up the the talks with the Europeans re- a settlement with Israel, he feels with an even narrower room for idea of a partial settlement by inforced Sadat's general conclu- obliged to make at least some manoeuvre. which the Suez Canal might be sion that neither America nor military demonstration because The nub of a settlement be- reopened in return for a limited Israel would be in any hurry his peace overtures have had no tween Egypt and Israel is still withdrawal of Israeli troops. for a peaceful settlement so long positive response from Israel or the future of northern Sinai and The Egyptians now insist that as they were fairly satisfied with the Western Powers. Sharm-es-Sheikh, which controls any settlement, although it may things as they are. The pressures on Sadat to ' do entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba. be' phased,' must be linked from Sadat clearly does not want something' — the repeated Egypt insists that any final its first step to the final aim of to start a general war and hopes demands of his Egyptian critics, settlement must include the complete Israeli withdrawal. that the mere threat of a small including student demonstrators withdrawal of Israeli forces from It is Israel's refusal to agree one might be enough to produce —have increased from several the whole of her territory, while in advance that eventually she international action. But if the sources. There was the failure of the Israelis want to keep a per- will withdraw completely that is threat is serious enough to be the recent peace-seeking mission manent military presence at still the main obstacle to peace effective, it could also provoke to Washington of Hafez Ismail, Sharm-es-Sheikh and in a large talks. The Egyptians want the an Israeli pre-emptive strike, as Sadat's chief national security slice of Sinai, preferably by United States to put pressure on in 1967. Sadat's advisers are adviser, the Kissinger of Cairo. straight annexation. Israel to make this commitment aware of this danger, but they The failure seemed to be humil- President Sadat also rejects and so get indirect talks started. say that Egypt is now being iatingly underlined by the complete demilitarisation of The Americans say they neither pushed so close against the wall timing, just after Ismail had seen .Sinai, which would leave Egypt- will nor can compel the Israelis that she may soon have no alter President Nixon, of the White ian troops on the west bank of to do this, but they are willing native but to hit out, whatever House announcement of more the Suez Canal. He proposes to help as intermediaries to get the risk. (13 THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Scrtmd Sertio Thursday, May 3, 1973 13 Alan Band Associates Young Israelis carving out - and guarding — a kibbutz on the rocky Hebron road tensions and, indeed, cries of discrimination against the The problems of security Israel faced were great. It 1. Israel has wanted to be totally independent, reliant dark-skinned AIro-Asian newcomers. came into existence after a half century of tension with upon no one. One can understand why a people in the The criticism goes too far. In an industrial society and its Arab co-residents, culminating in a bitter and bloody after-trauma of the holocaust should wish to be exclusive modern parliamentary system, the highly educated from war and the displacement ol the 800,000 Palestinian masters of their own fate. But such a goal is illusory and A quarter century after its Europe were bound to find more prestigious positions Arabs from their ancestral homes. The Arab world was self-defeating. Israel does not have the resources to than the unskilled from Yemen. But the state has been determined to redress the wrong. achieve security by Itself. We are all interdependent, •rne criticism goes too far. In an industrial society and its Arab co-residents, culminating in a bitter and bloody after-trauma of the holocaust should wish to be'e'xcluslve modern parliamentary system, the highly educated from war and the displacement of the 800,000 Palestinian masters of their own fate. But such a goal is illusory and Europe were bound to find more prestigious positions Arabs from their ancestral homes. The Arab world was self-defeating. Israel does not have the resources to century after its than the unskilled from Yemen. But the state has been determined to redress the wrong. achieve security by itself. We are all interdependent, _. is Israel a success? active in the tasks of helping the latter. Two courses were open to the Israeli leaders, and each whether we wish it or not. No country in the Middle East it has gathered Jewish refu- had its proponents. One was to concentrate upon can achieve security on its own, only insecurity. Heavy price to pay . conciliation and the marshalling of the necessary Participation, contributions, and agreements by outside There has, of course, been a heavy price. Place for the resources to give compensation and new homes to the powers are indispensable. epncentration-camp survivors 1,800,000 newcomers has been achieved at the expense of Arab refugees, getting them out of their desert tents and 2. Israel must relinquish the Arab territories she the 800,000 (now 1,200,000) Arabs who formerly lived In back to normal lives as quickly as possible. holds from the 1967 war. She says she holds them "for her into a vibrantly modern what now is Israel and who fled before the Israeli Army. Israel's first president, Chaim Weizmann, espoused security." In fact, the longer she holds them, thus 'homeland' whose per capita Hardly less onerous has been the lot of the 400,000 Arabs this view. Prime Minister Ben Gurion believed that the preventing a peace agreement, the more her security income has quadrupled. But who have lived under Israeli rule. There is, as Amos Elon Arabs would make peace only at the point of a gun. The will be Imperiled. If Israel were to keep the .conquered says in his book "The Israelis," "a tragic parallel latter point of view became, and remains, the basis of territories it would have an Arab population of 1.3 million peace is elusive. Reliance on between the Israelis' traumatic memory of the Nazi official policy. A formal computation is not available, but which, at present birthrates, would mean an Arab the gun has diminished, not holocaust and the memories of shame, anger, humili- the ratio of Arabs to Israelis killed since 1948 is probably majority in Israel by the end of the century. Such a ation, and white rage that the Israelis have generated between 10 or 20 to one. prospect should be as disquieting to the Israelis as to the increased, Israel's among the Arabs.'' Arabs. If she were to drive the Arabs out there would be 2. The economy. Israel's early settlers set out to Israel's isolation grows an even greater upheaval. 3. A joint effort by Israel, the Arabs, the United create an egalitarian, agrarian socitey, ideals reflected The results have not been Impressive. Israel is more in the kibbutzim. As Israel's economy developed, States, and others of the international community isolated and insecure today than it was in the early commensurate with that made for the nearly two million however, competitive capitalism took over. Today there 1950's. Israel's attack upon the Gaza police station in 1955 is a unique merging of flourishing modern corporate Jewish refugees that have come to Israel must be made revealed to the Egyptians that Israel had military to provide a new life for the million Palestinian Arab enterprise with perhaps the greatest degree of state equipment that was more advanced than anything that refugees now living in squalor and subjection. control outside the Communist world. Egypt had and caused Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser to By Francis H. Russell In 1948 the average per capita income was $300. Today turn to Moscow to redress the imbalance. The Soviet 4. Israel must abandon its insistence upon direct it is $1,300. An area of parched land and backward Union, which prior to then had no presence in the Middle negotiations as the only way to get peace. There are Special to many modes of conducting international business. Face- agriculture is producing high per-acre yield, with the aid East, today has great political influence, military The Christian Science Monitor of water transported many miles. Poorly endowed with to-face meetings are only one. The United States has natural resources, the country is concentrating on clients, and large naval forces there. arrived at an antlhijacking agreement with Cuba, has HJEXT WEEK THE STATE OF ISRAEL WILL BE tourism and special industries such as diamond cutting. Israel's standing in Western Europe has dropped. In worked out many important transactions with Algeria, |%| 25 years old. Two weeks ago Jews the world over Israel has received economic assistance from Inter- world community, as measured by a long series of and begun its discussions to end more than two decades H w celebrated at Passover the fact that the Israel national organizations, foreign governments, and non- United Nations resolutions, Israel has become increas- of bitter relations with China, all through intermediaries. nation was 3% millennia old. One needs to bear both governmental contributors amounting to over $8 billion ingly isolated. It is not rational to insist that peace in the Middle East figures in mind to savor the significance of next week's — $3,500 for each Israeli. In fairness to Israel's foreign-affairs authorities it hinges on a particular modality. occasion. However, Israel's expenditures for defense are large, should be said that they are not entirely to blame. World Anyone who wishes to understand Israel and its people amounting to 31 percent of its gross national product, 25 Zionist leader Nahum Goldman refused Mr. Ben Gu- Third world war danger? must begin by reading the Old Testament and a history of rlon's offer of the Foreign Ministry post because of his percent of its manpower. It has a foreign debt of $3.5 If there is to be a third world war, it is more likely to the Jewish people. He must be able to visualize Semitic billion, the highest per capita in the world. Its present disapproval of the iron-heel policy. Moshe Sharett was forced by Mr. Ben Gurion to resign as prime minister start in the Middle East than anywhere else. The present tribes, the Habiru, coming out of the desert 4,000 years balance of trade is heavily adverse. Nevertheless, since moment is as propitious for embarking upon a peace ago and settling in Palestine, the crossroads of trade and because he protested the military's plans to invade its serious slump prior to 1967, its economy has been effort as there is likely to be before the balance of power conquest, meeting place of civilizations and religions. Egypt in 1956. Foreign Minister Abba Eban's differences improving and its .prospects may be said to be turns more heavily against Israel. Egyptian President He must have a lively image of Abraham, progenitor of with Defense Minister Moshe Dayan have often erupted precariously optimistic. Sadat is as likely to participate in peacemaking as any the "chosen people"; of Moses, founder of the Judalstic into the press. Even the Israeli Minister of Defense on 3. Peace and security. Israel's success In meeting its leader Egypt has had or will have for some time. King religion; David, founder of the Judaean dynasty; the occasion has had no advance knowledge of actions taken first two goals has been impressive. Its record with Hussein of Jordan remains anxious to conclude peace. long line of prophets; the struggle against the Roman by the military, as brought out in the La von affair when respect to the third, and most critical, goal has been The Soviet presence is currently less than it has been or conquerors; the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 and in 1954 Israeli agents planted incendiary and other disappointing. The Zionist founders envisaged a safe is lilcely to be if the present spiral of guerrilla attacks the banning of the Jews from the city; and the long devices in Egypt. haven in Palestine for persecuted Jews everywhere. In goes on. centuries when the Bible was "the Jewish portable Israel today Jews live in greater danger of their lives All too often, when the moment has been propitious for movement toward peace, the Israeli military has A step-by-step approach will not do. If the Arabs have fatherland." than anywhere else In the world. no reason to believe that the concessions they make will He must follow the Jews into the Diaspora with Its twin launched major attacks, enraging the Arab public so that obtain a better life for the refugees or a return of the perils of harsh discrimination and seductive assimila- no Arab leader, no matter what his personal conviction, lands taken from them in 1967, they will not begin the tion. He must conjure up, if he can, Hitler's slaughter of could afford to participate hi peace discussions. six million Jews, one-third of the world's Jewish The 1955 Gaza attack took place shortly after Israel process of peacemaking. No one should underestimate the difficulties of dealing population, and the despairing rush of those remaining in learned that President Dwlght D. Elsenhower was with the Arabs on this issue. But they are there, and the Central Europe to the haven of Palestine. planning to make approaches to Messrs. Nasser and Ben He must wonder at the contributions the Jews have Gurion proposing major steps toward peace. As a part of problem will not go away. The task must be undertaken. made over the centuries to religion, philosophy, science, these the United States planned to give security It will require the proper infusion of understanding, political theory, and music — virtually all fields ot commitments and contribute heavily, through the devel- firmness, and keeping the Important goals in mind. The Arabs, of course, will have to make commensurate thought and the intellect. opment of the Jordan River and otherwise, to the resettlement of the Arab refugees. concessions from their past positions. But Israel can Progress toward major goals afford, and has ample stakes, to make the initiatives Balance-ot'-power concern suggested above. Not until it has done so will approaches When Israel came into existence a quarter of a century to the Arab leaders be productive. ago it had three major goals: Robert B. Anderson, later Secretary of the Treasury, made secret visits to Jersulem and Cairo to obtain It would be the culminating tragedy of the Nazi & To create a homeland to which Jews from any part Messrs. Ben Gurlon's and Nasser's views concerning the holocaust if the feelings engendered by it in Israel's of the world could migrate to escape persecution or to ingredients of peace. Mr. Ben Gurion took the position isolation and suspicion of all outsiders — even of Israel's contribute to the building of the new Jewish nation. that he would not negotiate through any intermediary. best friends — and the illusory pursuit of total self- a To establish an economy that would provide a good The pattern was repeated during both the U.S.-and UN- reliance resulted in a rejection by Israel of the paths that are available toward peace and security. life for its people. sponsored negotiations following the six-day war. The Israelis have proven that they can outguerrilla the If Israel can bring to its foreign policies the insights, 8 To create relations with its neighbors which would Arabs. But they have not proven that this is the road to compassion, and capacity for cool analysis that have give it security and enable it to achieve its internal goals. peace. marked its approach to its Internal problems, there can General Rabin, Israel's former ambassador to the yet be peace, and Israel's second quarter-century can be How well has it succeeded? greater than its first. 1. The homeland. During the past 25 years there has United States, has recently been quoted as expresslong been a hardly to be dreamed of in-gathering ot 1,800,000 his concern over the adverse turn In the balance of power of the allyah making a total Jewish population in Israel of in the Middle East from Israel's point of view. The 2,400,000 — 18 percent of the world's Jews. (Six million By Gordon N. Conver&e, chlaf pholographei growing world energy crisis and the indispensabillty of live In the United States. Three million are in Russia and Middle East oil will not only give the Arab countries Ambassador Russell was formerly U.S. Citrus for export charge d'affaires In Israel and later Special will be the source of most of the remainder of the in- greater leverage with the West; it will give them gathering. ) Immigrants have come from 102 countries. In the town of Hadera north of Tel Aviv a large modern virtually unlimited funds for the purchase of military Assistant to the Secretary of State for Israeli- A considerable part of the state's resources has been packing plant processes oranges and grapefruit. equipment. Arab Relations. He has also served as American devoted to settln? UD and assimilating the new families: Roughly 75 percent are for export. Arab workers and This is time for Israel's leaders to take a frflnh Innk at Ambassador to New Zealand. Ghana, anil Tii- • Yjuuii, iriiKit yt ivi i.v Liioji II CAIRO, 17 May—Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohimm- ed Hassan El-Zayyat regards a return to the partition of Parestiioie'amongJews and Palestinians as that sole solutidh of the Palestine prbblem,unless Jews and Araiba Can come to a coesistenee on equal rights of Jews and Arabs in one slate. He made the remark in an cent of Pales'ti'ne. .'Buitlje "subse- inter view with German newsmen quent war, Israel conquered wicbin the framework "of a"Meet anptSieri'a per'Serit, ic'ccSraing The Press" programme'recorded to ' 'Arab 'sijprtie^, 'Illle 're- for West: Berlin's "Radio Free mainlig -23 per 'teiit t^eie. an- Berlin" station. ,; ... : ne&d. ";by ' •ij'oVdjin -.;(wes]Kr;n Zayyat said Israeli -ipians Joridan) or piit',uMe"r "Egpytiaii for an Israel wi.thout /Arabs Admmstrarioii ;( GS^&trlp^). ft could be implemeated :by the i:967^1srael occupied tK^se'aJper allegedly planned displacement: cent In addition 'to 'the *Egyp'tian of Arabs, but'.tfot b^.ajfeturn 'to Sinai Penisula and' the Syrian a purely Arab Palestine. .- Golan '' What was; -"tfciiil&ble 'wfe The Egyptian Foreign:Minis- coexistence of $11 ';innabi"t:ants. r ter. held the view that the of Palfes't-inie in 'brie state^tin'deT 'terror acts, of Palestinian one tonstitution/makiiig nt> ?dis- ektreiEists might be £xplai- tihctiidn Uetween raSeS br^r*e- nfed. by -the assumption ligians. fitt't Israel Was ;fejecfitig "that all these organizations that'as well. are ..sper haps ^completely lirifilr "...Then hb'tifaiJrig else re- trated by Israelis". ntaips :but ;to ; return ';'ab thfe Another explanation might partit'idn ot Palestine'. That is be that the terroWsYs ""incom- the solution." There /wlis no plete despair :-know nqthing else other v?ay,'Zalyat^aid: : j to -dp tut to Attack like a cat According to the U/nite;(l "Nat- driven into a corner, without ,ions'JPalestine division plan -of • reason ;and even without :hope 194/7,. the-state of Jsr^el jn that itbe -attack ipays". foundation bad -received 55 per . NABfDPA PUBLISHED BY THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING SOCIETY By Charles W.Yost Waw York ance between Christians and Muslims During recent years — since is so delicate, have been equally Brandt's Ostpolttik and Brezhnev's without the slightest effect. Westpolitik suspended the perennial Similarly the Soviet Union, despite crisis In Europe — there have re- vast military and economic aid to mained only two areas of prospective Egypt, last year was obliged to great-power confrontation: Indo- accept quietly the expulsion of most of China and the Middle East. its "advisers." Its position In Syria Detente between the United States and Iraq seems stronger, but may in and the Soviet Union, and between the fact be little more certain or durable. United States and China, has fortu- Both superpowers, each with a nately served to reduce the possibility large political Investment and senti- of clashes between them in both these mental attachment to states in the areas. If the U.S. will complete its area, find themselves with precious withdrawal from Indo-China, and all little Influence over the impulsive three drastically reduce their mili- behavior of those states, and precious tary aid to the rival governments little ability either to bring about a there, this area likewise could soon settlement or to prevent further re- sink into the geopolitical obscurity it sorts to force, which might have the has so long needed and deserved. gravest consequences for themselves. The Middle East, however, is quite The Arab-Israeli conflict is about to another kettle of fish. True, the U.S.- become further, and perhaps dramat- Soviet detente also lessens the chance ically, complicated by the impending of confrontation there, but super- energy crisis. Other means of meet- power control over the situation is Ing that crisis than Middle Eastern oil even less than it has been in Indo- — gasification of coal, nuclear reac- China. tors, even solar energy — will, tt is The U.S. has for 25 years felt a expected, eventually become avail- strong commitment to the survival able in sufficient quantities. and security of Israel. This has been Most experts predict, however, that reflected in the vast military and for the next 10 or 12 years, the U.S. economic aid it has supplied, which will have the choice either of vastly has never been greater than during Increased dependence on oil from the the past 18 months. Middle East, or of measures of con- Yet the U.S. is wholly unable to servation so drastic as to alter much have any significant effect on Israel's of its way of life. Indeed, much foreign and military policy. Repeated greater dependence and much American efforts over the past four greater conservation will probably years to persuade Israel to withdraw both be necessary. from most, or even some, of the Arab These prospects sufficiently answer territories it occupied in 1967 have the question, how Important is the been unavailing. Middle East. Its feverish political life Repeated U.S. efforts to persuade still revolves almost wholly around its Israel to refrain from military inter- obsessive internal conflict, muted to vention in Lebanon, where the bal- some degree since the 1970 cease-fire between Israel and Egypt, but still entirely unresolved; still without dis- position on either side to make trie concessions which settlement re- quires; still with tempers becoming year alter year more Irrational and inflamed. Yet the area is almost certain, at least for a decade, to be in a very real sense vital to the economic well-being of the Western world. The potentialities for explosions of the direct sort are all too obvious. The Arabs could restart a hopeless but bloody war; Israel could launch fur- ther preemptive strikes in fruitless pursuit of security; the U.S. or the Soviets or both could feel obliged to intervene to save a gravely threat- ened ally. Alternatively Arab states might at a critical moment cut off oil to Western powers assisting Israel; those powers might be tempted to Intervene militarily to obtain essen- tial supplies; the Soviets might feel constrained to oppose those Inter- ventions. In short the potential for disaster is sufficiently great to de- mand drastic treatment. What always has been and still Is required for an Arab-Israeli settle- ment is recognition by the parties of these realities: (1) recognition by the Arabs of the existence and legitimacy of Israel and treatment of It as a neighbor, not as an enemy; (2) recog- nition by Israel of definitive per- manent boundaries acceptable to the Arabs and not radically different from those of June 4, 1967; (3) recognition by both of the right of the Palestinians to a state of their own and enough territory and assistance to make It viable. Such a settlement cannot be "im- posed" by outsiders, because for it to be durable it must be accepted, even though reluctantly, by the parties. But no settlement at all will occur unless the U.S. and other powers make unmistakably clear first «••>» 2 THE WofSKINC PEOPLE'S DjULY Thursday, 24 May, 1973 LAfrican & ME news concern in Israel UNIC to hold ME conflict June 4 . . . JERUSALEM, 22 May-UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim's report on the Middle Jjajst has aroused concern in Israel that '".'he 'ma,y" £$ inviting tjig Sec^ity Council to take a more active role jn the Aral^Israeliiconflict.^ Observers clpse to the^Gpv- in editorials that the '-'Security ernment said Tuesday that Counci'l| ^cannot serve as a Waldlxeim "appeared to be fprum f6jv the imposition of calling on the Council to peace'' on the area. Further reconsider a November §1967 action by the Council or othe. resolution, the only UN action UN .bodies will ^not^break tL on the conflict agreed to by deadlock, they both ^Israel and the' Arabs in Qne paper called Waldheim's the iastjsixfyears. Israel often proposals "unrealistic and off j has said it the mark". would'jj^reject any changes in Egyptian Press I the' resolution, known as 242. CAIRO, 22 May—UN Secret- [ That / would aty-General Kurt Waldheim's mean ,a break- report blames IsiaelJ for the [ down of the current Middle East deadlock I only .accepted because of her refusal to guideline tor a give ON mediator Gun- ' peace 'settle- nar Jarring a commitment ment. tp withdraw frpm teriitories •'Ehe -: pbser- occupied in the 1967 war, an • v.ers were con- Egyptian newspaper said Tues- cerned over Waldheim's remark day, that ''after many land various "In spiteSpf the diplomatic attempts to, pursue^the^aiais of way in which Waldheim pre- that resolutipji, the Council pared his report on the Mid- itself is Row resuming the East crisis, the report has poin- search for,peace", ted out a fundamental fact The Security fSpuncil haa which is responsible^for the scheduled for June 4 a full- deadlock the problem^ has re- dress defeaje^on the* conflict, acted,- AlAKhbor said, adding; requested byjEgypt. fj Waldheim ''Israel^turned down Jarring's said in his report |published request for a commitment to Monday that: it ? "should withdraw in accordance with include a new appraisal of Security Council Resolution 242 the possibilities 'and' proce- while Egypt insisted on Jarring's dures of the Council itself requestl- :' or .conciliation-^. "This fact prpyes that the Israel opposes |he debate on basic reason, for the continuation grounds 'the ^xpecte.d public of the crisis since the June, invective will not 'cpntribufe to 19.67 war lies in Israel's refuaal an atino,spheie needed for .quiet to withdraw or to give a mere diplomacy and negotiations. commitment to withdraw. Israeli newspapers commented NABJAP ^ threatens te break ties with Israel LAGOS, "31 iMy— Nigerian Head of §tate General -Yakubu Gowon warned last1 night Nigeria would ."riot : liesi;tate' 'to' -brgak : relations' . witn •',. Israel' if Israel- continues^ to ignore alS'd flout the pleas and' . adVice" ' of the Organization of A'fncah Unity Gerieral;Gbwbnv current OAU Chairm'anaii'd leader of Africa's ' biggest .nation1,;: was* answering questions' -from-, Nigerian jiewsr men; jm . his return from the lOA'U's tenth summit meeting in •:. Addis /Ababa, -,,,; ,•;' ^ .:.. .;... '.During the session-,-the OAU ^called on African nations to consider collective or; individual economic and political* steps against Israel^if it continued to refuse to evacuate occupied Arab territories. -' Declaring that Nigeria would break relations with any country that treated it as a non-entity, General Gowon said: "We are studying the latest developments in the Middle East situation and if Israel does not head OAU decisions Nigeria will have no alternative than to take whatever decision she may deem^fit." Asked about the Somali- Ethiopian border^ dispute over the southeastern Ethiopian province of Ogaden, he said this was "explosive and sensitive". But he expressed'optimism fhkt the eight-nation (committee formed to consider the-problem' would bring abouta1 "permanent peace and reduce tensions". On African unity, he said there Veie three major problems which made it elusive". He cited them ab coFoni'al domination of some parts of Africa, lack of economic inde- pendence, and internal \ In whose hands, eventually? Israelis fear U.S. jets for Arabs may stray By Francis Of ner Since Egypt is already dominating Special correspondent of most of the Red Sea's western coast, The Christian Science Monitor and the South Yemen Republic its southern outlet, the emergence there Tel Aviv, Israel of Saudi naval units could seriously Israelis have mixed feelings about endanger Israel's maritime lifeline to the reported intention of the United East African, South Asian, and Far States to sell Phantom jet aircraft and Eastern countries. This, he thought, other sophisticated weaponry to Saudi could seripusly endanger peace in the Arabia and Kuwait. These would be region. the first Arab countries to get Phan- Former Cabinet Minister Moshe toms — an aircraft that the United Carmel, a leading member of Prime States has long been supplying to the Minister Golda Meir's Labor Party, Israelis. called the U.S.-Saudi arrangement There is understanding here for "an alarming deal." At the same time Washington's desire to strengthen the Davar, the paper closest to Mrs. Meir hand of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in wrote editorially of "this grave devel- the Persian Gulf Area. They are opment.'' But another distinguished prime suppliers of oil to the Western daily newspaper, Haaretz, believes world; and in both countries conser- that Israel "would do well to under- vative, level-headed Arab govern- stand Washington's motives." Iraq's ments are in charge. But this under- aggressiveness, backed by the Soviet standing is overridden by Israelis' Union, against Western-oriented oil concern lest Phantoms going to Saudi states in the Persian Gulf "makes Arabia and Kuwait end up being used such an American response a logical against Israel. step." This, offic'ialS'here say, is likely to happen regardless of contractual obli- Peril to monarchy? gations that reportedly will forbid the Some top-echelon Israeli experts, recipients to pass the American weap- however, warn of the danger the new ons on to third countries. American sale of arms could bring to Saudi Arabia's pro-Western mon- Energy-crisis link archy. The introduction of tech- Defense Minister Moshe Dayan's nologically highly developed weapons reaction was laconic. "Western arms — the argument runs — is likely, to deals with Libya, Saudi, and Kuwait" lend a specially strong position to that is a by-product of what is called the country's officer class. And this, as energy crisis," he said. "Oil is an precedents in other Arab states in- attractive commodity and it gener- dicate, could encourage some officer ates sympathy." But Israel's former group to try to oust King Faisal and ambassador to the United States, replace his regime with an Eastern- Gen. Itzhak Rabin, spelled out more leaning re public. specifically the apprehensions dis- Political quarters in Jerusalem turbing political quarters here. voice the view that Israel will now The U.S. Government, he claimed, have to focus on obtaining "adequate must know that the Phantom jets it is compensation" for Washington's selling to Saudi Arabia could reach Saudi and Kuwaiti deals. This will Israel's enemies. Assistant Secretary aim at both weapons and what are of State Joseph Sisco was undoubtedly described as political values. The aware of such a possibility, General former commander of Israeli armor Rabin said. in Sinai, Gen. Shlomo Lahat, declared .Meanwhile, military sources agree that if the Saudi-U.S. deal is put that the United States-Saudi arms through Israel would find it most deal may assume practical impor- difficult to return major parts of the tance for Israel only if the Phantom Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. planes and other equipment are In his view, the possible use of handed over to Jordan or Egypt or are Phantom jets on the Arab side in case used in a joint Arab effort against of a future conflict compels Israel to Israel. Saudi military units, the same preserve as much defense in depth as sources point out, have already been it can have. stationed in Jordan for several years. Several commentators here, while not being as specific as General Red Sea warning Lahat, voiced the opinion that the The former commander of the Is- introduction of strategically first-rate raeli. Navy, Adm. Shlomo Harel, American weapons in two Arab coun- warne:d in a radio interview May 31-i -tries would'necessarily-"harden" Is- that Saudi Arabia could use its newly rael's stand regarding the territorial purchased naval .craft not only in the aspects of secure and defensible bor- Persian Gulf but in the Red Sea, too. ders. .V East, West Germany talk almost casually By David R. Francis His report was notable for its good Staff correspondent of cheer. The Christian Science Monitor The exchange of opinions was con- ducted in "sincerity," he said. Both Bonn sides respect the different concepts of Some two years ago, it would have their systems, but they remain united come close to treason for West Ger- in the conviction that the basic treaty i many's Herbert Wehner to meet so will lay the basis for a peaceful and cozily with Erich Honecker, the East advantageous development of rela- c German Communist Party chief. tions of both states. i But astonished West Germans last It sounded much like a repeat of the < week could see the parliamentary "sweet music" made by Soviet Com- ! floor leader of their Social Demo- munist Party chief Leonid I. Brezh- i cratic Party the party of Chancellor nev and Chancellor Brandt during Willy Brandt, having cake and coffee their May meeting in Bonn. with the secretary of the central Indeed, observers here figure that committee of the Socialist Unity the German Democratic Republic Party of East Germany. must be following the lead of its The meeting was at Mr. Honecker's Eastern ally. country home at Wandlitz, just out- For instance, Mr. Honecker spoke side East Berlin. of the need for the "strict observance With them was another important and full application" of the basic West German leader, Wolfgang Mi- treaty. The same phase was used by schnick, parliamentary chief of the Messrs. Brezhnev and Brandt in the Free Democrats, the other party in case of the four-power treaty on West the governing coalition. .Berlin. Perhaps, it is thought here, the East No advance notice German Government thereby sig- West Germans, rubbing their eyes naled it will be less difficult in future in surprise, were asking themselves negotiations in letting the Federal what the meeting meant. Republic represent West Berlin. In The session had not been announced recent talks over sports exchanges in advance. Mr. Wehner had appar- East Germany has refused to agree to ently told only Mr. Brandt and three a "Berlin clause" that would allow other key Cabinet members of the West Berliners to participate in West invitation from Mr. Honecker. German teams in competition with Further, such a get-together was East German athletes. highly unusual. Of course, West German and East Questions resolved German officials have met frequently over the past two years or so to Mr. Honecker was also quoted as negotiate the basic treaty between the seeing practical and humanitarian two states that was signed last De- questions in the relations of the two- cember,. Since then, they have talked Germanys resolved through the pro- over foilow-up agreements. with lim- cess of normalization of relations. Mr. Wehner reported further that ited success. However, this was the first time both sides showed a common con- such important West German parlia- viction that the cold war must be mentarians have had such a relaxed completely put behind. get-together with Mr. Honecker and At the moment, ratification of the representatives of the East German basic treaty between the two Germa- People's Chamber. Compared.with nys has been held up in Bonn. The the two decades of hostility between government of the State of Bavaria, the two Germanys, it indicated, a ruled by the opposition Christian sharp change in relations. Social Union, has challenged its con- Mr. Wehner was a member of the stitutional validity in West Ger- German Communist Party in the many's Supreme Court. The case is to 1930's and worked in Moscow with be decided by the end of July. Walter Ulbricht, Mr. Honecker's pre- decessor, a fact that added some Generals get fewer servants intrigue to the meeting. Mr. Wehner later renounced communism to be- Washington come a moderate socialist in postwar The number of military men who West Germany. spend their duty hours as generals' Some of the mystery of the session and admirals' servants will be re- was removed June 1 when Mr. Weh- duced 28 percent, the Pentagon says. ner reported to.his parliamentary unit The number of aides will be cut from : in;Bonn. •,'.-^r -,--" -^fc -,.-•.•.•:-•/-. n-. -.-.• .-.-- 1,722 to 1,245. . THE SUNDAY TIMES, JUNi 17 1973 Mews -rTTT^"+rn-i J ;i 1! Source oj outrage: the housing estate built on Jerusalem's French Hill (right) dominates the Old City and the revered Dome of the Rock (foreground, right), tition of the furore which me: " The problems of plan- scheduled as parkland. Another followed the meeting of the ning in Jerusalem are very unlicensed building was spon- planning of the Jerusalem com- severe indeed. Because it is sored by an affiliate of the mittee when the city's master the Holy City a lot of people Histadrut (General Labour plan was fiercely denounced. have a right to say what they Confederation), Israel's biggest JERUSALEM'S chief town for tourists and rich Americans entrance to Bethlehem, but Taken aback, officials with- think. Where else do you get para-statal body. Political influ- planner, Professor Nathaniel eager to have " a second home demands by right-wingers and drew it for revision. A team three major religions with a ence bedevils many of the Lichfield of London University, in Israel." religious extremists that the from the Greater London say on the city's future? Past building disputes. The National will tonight invite the muni- Critics abroad maintain that town be annexed have been Council was called in but with- mistakes, he says, have crystal- Religious Party, a member of cipal council to adopt a policy Israel has no legal right to rejected by the Government. drawn after Foreign Office lised determination to avoid the Government alignment, has of restricting the height of make fundamental changes A forthcoming book by a pressure when Arab supporters similar ones. an interest in the Omariya buildings in the city's central when the city's future is still at former member of the city's in Britain publicly protested Most of the damage in Jeru- project. area to eight storeys, and those issue. The United Nations planning team, Arthur Kutcher at British aid to the " illegal salem was done by mid-1.971, The immediate problem is close to the 400-year-old walls declared it an international (The New Jerusalem, Plan- development " of the occupied a year before Lichfield's that 26 high-rise projects are to four storeys. city in 1947 but east Jerusalem ning and Politics, Thames and city. Similar pressure was appointment. A municipal under way, having been The Professor is likely to has since been seized illegally Hudson, £1.95), and from attempted when Professor committee reported that the licensed before a decision to run into a storm of protest in turn by Jordan and Israel. which the above illustration is Nathaniel Lichfield was appoin- building situation was limit heights. If they have to from the religious zealots and No major power recognises it taken, suggests that the con- ted chief town planner last " chaotic" and quoted from be modified, heavy compensa- ultra-nationalists who have pre- as Israel's capita], fusion is partly due to conflict- August, but he pointed out that Judges: " Every man did that tion could be involved, vented the adoption of a clear ing policies followed by the Before the housing estate: the bare vista oj the Judean lulls Israel has strictly adhered to with the Dome oj the Rock he had worked as a planning which was right in his own although there may be no legal building policy since 1967, its pledge to guarantee freedom Government and the munici- consultant all over the world eyes " It said: " People build liability for it. when Israel's troops captured of worship and access to holy pality. The town council wanted Council for a Beautiful Israel, were unstemmable in Jeru- and had no connection with without a permit or, if they Jerusalem has its equivalent east Jerusalem and brought the places. But Christians as well to develop new housing within which leads the protesters salem. politics. have one, build in contraven- of London's Centre Point, the whole city under Jewish rule as Moslems are concerned at existing districts under its against building irregularities. Those who have accepted the The Professor has had a tion of it. When an order is Alliance project of five build- for the first time in 2,000 years. its loss of heterogeneity. This master plan. The Government, Copies of his book have been invitation to attend include: hard time revising the master issued to cease unlicensed ings planned to rise between He will have the support of is evident on Sunday, which for strategic purposes, decided sent to members of the Jeru- Professor Louis Kahn (US); plan. Although he refuses to building work people often 17 and 20-storeys. This alone ' the mayor, Teddy Kollek, and used to be peaceful in east to build on the surrounding salem committee which con- Professor Bruno Zevi (Italy); admit it, it is no secret that carry on regardless. When will provide enough office space hopes this will win over the Jerusalem but is now a busy hills. venes here tomorrow to con- Sir Nikolaus Pevsner; Profes- he has not been given full court decisions are handed to satisfy the city's needs for council. working day. The mayor has clashed with tinue its work of advising the sor Raymond Carr, Warden of co-operation by some of his down they are not exe- 15 years (SO.'OOO square It is doubtful whether Jeru- Local protesters are outraged ministers over the policy of mayor on " the preservation of St Anthony's College, Oxford; colleagues and has encountered cuted. . . ." metres) although several other salem's ancient beauty can be by gaunt rectangular blocks infiltrating Jews into the Arab the special character of Isamu Noguchi, the Japanese- resistance from pressure Buildings put up without office blocks are to be built. saved from the developers, such as those on French Hill areas. He has unsuccessfully Jerusalem." American sculptor; and Law- groups. He is a British Jew licence or planning permission The Government has under- even if the skyline is kept in overlooking the old city walls, proposed a system of separate One leading international rence Halperin, the American married to an Israeli and knows include a 16-storey tower in taken to take up any space lell proportion. Six years of chaotic the denuding of tree-lined Jewish and Arab boroughs to planner, whose attendance is landscape architect. the country well, having made the Omariya district, sponsored vacant. building and unrestricted streets and the reduction of give each a chance to control in doubt, has written to Tile Government, anxious to an authoritative study of its by the Housing Ministry. It was Most of the high-rise project Jewish immigration have open spaces. Many old Jerusa- their local affairs. Kutcher forecasting that the keep the town planning row development towns. But his intended as part of a complex licences are in west Jerusalem already changed its character. lemites, while overjoyed to see Kutcher, in a closely- meeting will turn into " a wail- down until after the general Hebrew is limited and he is of eight residential towers and but close enough to give views The population has grown by the city under Jewish control, reasoned onslaught on th'e ing before the wall of high- election in November and regarded as an outsider. two hotels overlooking the old of the old City. A problem for 20 per cent in that time but disagree with the official deter- failure to foHow a co-ordinated rise greed" and saying that while the UN Security Council Lichfield makes light of his city but the project was sus- builders is that everyone buy- expansion of the city's services mination to turn it into a mega- building plan, accuses the he believed the corrupting is discussing the Middle East, difficulties and thinks the pro- pended after a public uproar ing a flat wants to face the has not kept pace. Increased lopolis of nearly a million authorities of selling the city's forces of speculative avarice is hoping there will be no repe- tests are overdone. He told because the site had been Dome of the Rock. traffic is clogging the roads people by the end of the visual and symbolic heritage and there are not enough century. for ready cash. He alleged that schools and hospitals. The buiding master plan of rubbish is being dumped in The Government, imple- 1968, still not officially valleys to prevent protests menting its decision to turn approved, envisaged a "Greater when they are turned into hous- Jerusalem into an over- Jerusalem" taking in Beth- ing estates, and that plans for whelmingly Jewish city, has lehem to the south and commercial exploitation of the built on expropriated land to Ramallah to the north, both old city will turn it into " a form a circle of Jewish estates Christian towns which are part kind of religious Disneyland." round the Arab areas. Private of the occupied West Bank. A Arthur Kutcher is a 31-year- firms, cashing in on the deep Jewish housing estate has been old American .Tew who fell emotions aroused by the holy built off the Bethlehem road foul of the city fathers because cifv are nutting un hieh-rise and for nractical ourooses he combined his n-lannine work Source of outrage: the housing estate built on Jerusalem's French Hill (right) dominates the Old City and the revered Dome of the Rock (foreground, right). tition of the furore which me: "The problems of plan- scheduled as parkland. Another followed the meeting of the ning in Jerusalem are very unlicensed building was spoil: planning of the Jerusalem com- severe indeed. Because it is sored by an affiliate of the mittee when the city's master the Holy City a lot of people Histadrut (General Labour plan was fiercely denounced. have a right to say what they Confederation), Israel's biggest JERUSALEM'S chief town for tourists and rich Americans entrance to Bethlehem, but Taken aback, officials with- think. Where else do you get para-statal body. Political influ- planner, Professor Nathaniel eager to have " a second home demands by right-wingers and drew it for revision. A team three major religions with a ence bedevils many of the Lichfie'ld of London University, in Israel." religious extremists that the from the Greater London say on the city's future? Past building disputes. The National will tonight invite the muni- Critics abroad maintain that tovyn be annexed have been Council was called in but with- mistakes, he says, have crystal- Religious Party, a member of cipal council to adopt a policy Israel has no legal right lo rejected by the Government. drawn after Foreign Office lised determination to avoid the Government alignment, has of restricting the height of make fundamental changes A forthcoming book by a pressure when Arab supporters similar ones. an interest in the Omariya buildings in the city's central when the city's future is still at former member of the city's in Britain publicly protested Most of the damage in Jeru- project. area to eigM storeys, and tiiose issue. The United Nations planning team, Arthur Kutcher at British aid to the " illegal salem was done by mid-1971, The immediate problem is close to the 400-year-old walls declared it an international (The New Jerusalem, Plan- development" of the occupied a year before Lichfield's that 26 high-rise projects are to four storeys. city in 1947 but east Jerusalem ning and Politics, Thames and city. Similar pressure was appointment. A municipal under way, having been The Professor is likely to has since been seized illegally Hudson, £1.95), and from attempted when Professor committee reported that the licensed before a decision to run into a storm of protest in turn by Jordan and Israel. which the above illustration is Nathaniel Lichfield was appoin- building situation was limit heights. If they have to from the religious zeajots and No ?najor power recognises il taken, suggests that the con- ail ted chief town planner last " chaotic " and quoted from be modified, heavy compensa- ultra-nationalists who have pre- as Israel's capital, fusion is partly due to conflict- August, but he pointed out that Judges: " Every man did that tion could be involved, ing policies followed by the Before the housing estate: the bare visla of the Judean lulls vented the adoption of a clear Israel has strictly adhered to wtth the Dome oj the Rock he had worked as a planning which was right in his own although there may be no legal building policy since 19B7, its pledge to guarantee freedom Government and the munici- consultant all over the world eyes." It said: " People build liability for it. when Israel's troops captured of worship and access to holy pality. The town council wanted Council for a Beautiful Israel, were unstemmahle in Jeru- and had no connection with without a permit or, if they Jerusalem has its equivalent east Jerusalem and brought the places. But Christians as well to develop new housing within which leads the protesters salem. politics. have one, build in contraven- of London's Centre Point, the whole city under Jewish rule as Moslems are concerned at existing districts under its against building irregularities. Those who have accepted the The Professor has had a tion of it. When an order is Alliance project of five build- for the first time in 2,000 years. its loss of heterogeneity. This master plan. The Government, Copies of his book have been invitation to attend include: hard time revising the master issued to cease unlicensed ings planned to rise between He will have the support of is evident on Sunday, which for strategic purposes, decided sent to members of the Jeru- Professor Louis Kahn (US); plan. Although he refuses to building work people often 17 and 20-storeys. This alone • tile mayor, Teddy Kollek, and used to be peaceful in east to build on the surrounding salem committee which con- Professor Bruno Zevi (Italy); admit it, it is no secret that carry on regardless. When will provide enough office space hopes this will win over the Jerusalem but is now a busy hills. venes here tomorrow to con- .Sir Nikolaus Pevsner; Profes- he has not been given full court decisions are handed to satisfy the city's needs for council. working day. The majror has clashed with tinue its work of advising the sor Raymond Carr, Warden of co-operation by some of his down they are not exe- 15 yea'rs (SO.'OOO square It is doubtful whether Jeru- Local protesters are outraged ministers over the policy of mayor on " the preservation of St Anthony's College, Oxford; colleagues and has encountered cuted. . . ." metres) although several other salem's ancient beauty can be by gaunt rectangular blocks infiltrating Jews into the Arab the special character of Isamu Noguchi, the Japanese- resistance from pressure Buildings put up without office blocks are to be built. saved from the developers, such as those on French Hill areas. He has unsuccessfully Jerusalem." American sculptor; and Law- groups. He is a British Jew licence or planning permission The Government has under- even if the skyline is kept in overlooking the old city walls, proposed a system of separate One leading international rence Halperiu, the American married to an Israeli and knows include a 16-storey tower in taken to take up any space left proportion. Six years of chaotic the denuding of tree-lined Jewish and Arab boroughs to planner, whose attendance is landscape architect. the country well, having made the Omariya district, sponsored vacant. building and unrestricted streets and the reduction of give each a chance to control in doubt, has written to The Government, anxious to an authoritative study of its by the Housing Ministry. It was Most of the high-rise project Jewish immigration have open spaces. Many old Jerusa- their local affairs. Kutcher forecasting that the keep the town planning row development towns. 'But his intended as part of a complex licences are in west Jerusalem already changed its character. lemites, while overjoyed to see Kutcher, in a closely- meeting will turn into " a wail- down until after the general Hebrew is limited and he is of eight residential towers and but close enough to give views The population has grown by the city under Jewish control, reasoned onslaught on the Ing before the wall of high- election in November and regarded as an outsider. two hotels overlooking the old of the old City. A problem for 20 per cent in that time but disagree with the official deter- failure to follow a co-ordinated rise greed" and saying that while the UN Security Council Lichfield makes light of lus city but the project was sus- builders is that everyone buy- expansion of the city's services mination to turn it into a mega- building plan, accuses the he believed the corrupting is discussing the Middle East, difficulties and thinks the pro- ended after a public uproar ing a flat wants to face the has not kept pace. Increased lopolis of nearly a million authorities of selling the city's forces of speculative avarice is hoping there will be no repe- tests are overdone. He told gecause the site had been Dome of the Rock. traffic is clogging the roads people by the end of the visual and symbolic heritage and there are not enough century. for ready cash. He alleged that schools and hospitals. The buiding master plan of rubbish is being dumped in The Government, imple- 196S, still not officially valleys to prevent protests menting its decision to turn approved, envisaged a "Greater when they are turned into hous- Jerusalem into an over- Jerusalem" taking in Beth- ing estates, and that plans for whelmingly Jewish city, has lehem to the south and commercial exploitation of the built on expropriated land to Ramallah to the north, both old city will turn it into " a form a circle of Jewish estates Christian towns which are part kind of religious Disneyland." round the Arab areas. Private of the occupied West Bank. A Arthur Kutcher is a 31-year- firms, cashing in on the deep Jewish housing estate has been old American Jew who fell emotions aroused by the holy built off the Bethlehem road foul of the city fathers because city, are putting up high-rise and for practical purposes he combined his planning work hotels and apartment Mocks Israel's control extends to the with agitation on behalf of the »THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR The third element is security. This But I think that the Palestinians is another question altogether. Now, who live in the West Bank, the m security has one meaning during Palestinians who are in Jordan the Second of two articles on an inter- said that Israel should have the right wartime and another during peace- Palestinian refugees who are in Leba- view with fsraeit Defense Minister to settle in the West Bank and should time. non, Syria, and Gaza Strip should be Moshe Davan. stay on forever and ever? Military lines like the Suez Canal — settled. They should be rehabilitated (General Dayan, smiling: "And and that is a very important military and then they will not long to go back By Francis Otner another'ever.1 ") line — should be preserved as long as to their old places, but will find their Special correspondent of the war goes on. But once there is no The Christian Science Monitor Is this a kind of simplification? country within Jordan, Lebanon, I make a distinction among three war, you don't really need such, Syria, and so on. Jerusalem things: military lines, such obstacles against tanks. This brings us to the question of Moshe Dayan resolutely asserts the I do not support annexation now of terror. How do you see the future of right of Jews to settle permanently in the West Bank. I think that the West But it is different with the West Bank. We are sitting in Hebron now. the terrorists? the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Bank should be left under the present When Jews started building this The charismatic Israeli Defense status until we come to an agreement We have some settlements along 'the Jordan Valley, and wherever we are, country, the Arabs objected to it. And Minister, in an interview, also in- with Jordan and the Palestianians we were very few. In 1948 we were sisted that there is no room in "old that we should not annex it. I think that we should not go back and should not be expelled; and we should about 600,000. But by and by we Israel" for the Arab refugees who left Secondly, I think that we should became stronger and all the terror- the country in 1948. They should be have the right to settle in the West have the right to have more Jews settle there — and not temporarily lists' operations failed. settled, he affirmed, where they now Bank now as well as later when we All of them failed to achieve their reside — Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, come to an agreement about its future because these are not military posts. These are Jews settling down in their objectives, and I think eventually Gaza, the West Bank, and so on. — since the West Bank is our home- they will stop their activities. And just General Dayan says the Palestine land much more than Tel Aviv. Within homeland. This does not mean annexation. But now, although there is an official state guerrillas have failed to gain their the future agreement we should have of war, practically it is quite peaceful objectives by force. Ke thinks they the right to settle everywhere in the I do mean and I hope that Jews, once they settle down in the West Bank, around here. are beginning to realize that "by force West Bank. So long as there is an Arab threat, they cannot achieve much" — while This doesn't mean that we should will not get out of there, and will stay there forever and ever. we have to be ready to fight back. But simultaneously Israel's military posi- settle everywhere. I wouldn't advo- I think that they realize more and tion is radically changed for the cate establishing a Jewish settlement General, you mentioned the Pales- more, year after year, that by force better. in Balus. But I would insist that we tinians. Is there any chance to come to an agreement with them if they they cannot achieve much, and if they The interview follows: should have the right to settle wher- will renew their terrorism,- we will You were quoted by the British ever we can . . . without taking over claim the establishment of their own Broadcasting Corporation as having by force or expelling anybody. state? And with whom should you have to fight back. speak? On the whole, our position is much I think that the problem of the better, not only better than it was in Palestinians is as follows: There were 1954, but also in 1967. The last six about 700,000 Palestinians living years have radically changed our where Israel is now, in Acre and in military position. Jaffa, and Ramie and so on. And In what capacity do you think you during the war in 1948, they ran away. could serve your country best in the They fled. About the same number future? of Jews came from muslim coun- I served in the past in two capaci- tries, from Iraq and Syria, Morocco ties, agriculture, and military. This is and Yemen. More than 700,000 to what I really know more than any- Israel. . . . thing else — or probably the only Now I think that there is no room for things that I know. Agriculture and the Arab refugees oj 1948 to go back to military. It has, of course, also politi- old Israel. You can't undo what has cal implications and impacts. I think been done. You can't turn the clock that I am at my best in these two back. fields. THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Friday, June 22,1973 By John K. Cooley court was judging Mr. Bourguiba's Despite many appeals for Mr. Ben ican. He urged the United.States to spokesman in talks with Israel. An On the same day, Mr. Bourguiba Staff correspondent of former friend, associate, and later Salah's release from inside Tunisia negotiate directly with Palestinian official Tunisian release said later told the Paris newspaper Le Figaro The Christian Science Monitor opponent, Ahmed Ben Salah, who and abroad, he is. not personally resistance leaders, "as the U.S. that Mr. Bourguiba was not proposing that such a meeting could succeed escaped from a Tunis prison last Feb. popular in Tunisia. But leftist stu- walked with North Vietnam," and to be a mediator. only if both sides first agreed on a Beirut, Lebanon' 4. dents and labor leaders are suscep- urged creation of a Jewish and an Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban "platform." .This, he said, should President Bourguiba of Tunisia, Mr. Ben Salah, once Tunisia's econ- tible to his ideas. Mr. Bourguiba may Arab state together on the territory of asked May 31 that Mr. Bourguiba include recognition of the Palestin- active abroad with his offer to meet omy minister, was sentenced in ab- fear that, in exile, Mr. Ben Salah pre-1948 Palestine. spell out his intentions more pre- ians not as refugees but as people with Israeli emissaries, faces embarrass- sentia to five additional years in could become a rallying point for cisely. He suggested that a meeting natural rights in Palestine, and the ment at home caused'by an opponent prison for escaping his original 10 opponents of his one-man rule. On May 23 the Milan newspaper, be arranged between Mr. Bourguiba 1947 United Nations plan for partition in exile. year "high treason" sentence im- Since April, this rule has become a Corriere Delia Sera, quoted Mr. Bour- and Israeli Prime Minister Golda of Palestine into Arab and Jewish Israel registered cautiously favor- posed by a Tunis court in 1970. lifetime presidency, conferred by the guiba as offering to serve as an Arab Meir. states as the basis of discussion. able reactions to Mr. Bourguiba's A prison warder, two bodyguards, Tunisian Parliament at Mr. Bour- latest call, issued in Geneva June 19, and Mr. Ben Salah's physician guiba's own request following a for an Arab-Israel dialogue. brother, Muhammad Ben Salah, were speech April 12 in wliich he referred to According to Reuter, Israeli For- all given prison sentences for aiding himself as "a genius .. . who deserves because he thought Hawaii con- eign Minister Abba Eban called on Special to to the mainland could cost as little as the former minister, who was blamed this homage." The Christian Science Monitor $1.80. sumers were charged long-distance Tunisia Wednesday to contact Israel for failure of socialist experiments in Some North African observers be- Honolulu (By comparison,- a three-minute phone rates nearly double the stan- quietly and officially about setting up Tunisian agriculture, administrative lieve that Mr. • Bourguiba set out to Talkative Hawaiians are set to save call from San Francisco to New York dard mainland rates. a meeting between representatives of "empire building," and financial mis- offer his services as an Arab-Israel some money. costs less than $1.90.) The Governor appealed to the^FCC both countries to discuss ways of management of farm cooperatives. peacemaker again — he stirred an Because of a new cable plan, a' for inclusion of Hawaii in the" nation- breaking the Middle East deadlock. Hawaii Gov. John A. Burns, in Mr. Ben Salah fled to Algeria and uproar in the Middle East in 1965 by three-minute phone call from Hawaii announcing the FCC action, said rate wide rate-averaging system that pro- Mr. Bourguiba had told an Inter- from there to Europe. He was last similar offers — in order to create a to the West Coast now costs $2.25' savings, about $8 million initially, will duced lower rates among mainlanS national Labor Organization meeting reported in Vienna, where he is a dramatic climax to his half-century of instead of $3 (if you dial direct). rise to about $30 million next year. cities. in Geneva June 19 that no Arab-Israel close friend of Austrian Chancellor successful work for Tunisian and The proposal for a third Hawaii- The lower rates, conditioned on settlement was possible without in- Bruno Kreisky. North African independence and dig- mainland undersea cable has just The new cable was proposed two approval of the cable project, are part cluding the Palestinian Arabs. He Various European newspapers nity. been approved by the Federal Com- years ago by the Hawaiian Telephone of a joint agreement submitted to the urged a three-way "dialogue" be- have printed letters from Mr. Ben Mr. Bourguiba's new Mideast peace munications Commission (FCC). Company and American Telephone & FCC by Hawaiian Tel and AT&T. tween Israelis, Palestinians, and Salah strongly criticizing Mr. Bour- offensive began April 25 in an inter- Approval brought the 75-cent rate Telegraph Company (AT&T). This past March, Mr. Burns with- Arab governments. guiba's management of Tunisian af- view he granted Italian newswoman cut immediately, and; when the cable At that time Governor Burns re- drew his objections to the cable after While he was speaking, a Tunis fairs over the past 20 years. Tullia Zevi for the Rome Daily Amer- is operational in 12 to 15 months, calls fused to endorse the proposed cable FCC. BALTIMORE SUN, Friday, 25 March 1966 New York, March 24 OB — Abie Nathan, tpuring Israeli peace campaigner, was fefused an interview with U Thant, United Nations secretary-general, today.1 ' He said that Ualph Bunche, United Nations under secretary specializing in the Arab-Israeli dis- pute also refused to - see -him. "I am not mad because they did not see me." he said. "I am just sad. It's probably more of a IQSS^ to them than to me." Nathan, a Tel j Aviv 'restaurant owner ,and politician;- said his recent peace flight to Egypt had improved the atmosphere ;be- ; and Arab: countries NEW YORK TIMES, Friday, 13 May.,1966 .N. Relief Agency >rs Deficit of $4.2-Million Its Head Gets Contributions and Pledges on a Trip— Europe Chief Donor By THOMAS F. BRADY Special to The New York Times BEIRUT, Lebanon, May 12— The United-. Nations Relief and Works Agency, which looks after 1.3 million Arab refugees from Israel, has found funds or received pledges of funds suffi- cient to cover its $4.2-million ! budgetary deficit for this year. ! Laurence Mrchelmore, Com- missioner General of the agency, who has "just returned to his base here after a fund-raising trig, said today that he would be able not only to balance 'the $38.6-million budget but might ieveri achieve a $100,000 surplus [for next year. i The .major new contributions Laurence; Michelmore that have wiped out the deficit [have come from Europe, Mr. iMichelmore said. Sweden has estimated expenditures by $200- ! contributed $1.7-million beyond 000 by reducing its international her normal support to the agen- (non-Palestinian) staff . from' cy, and other European, coun- tries, including Britain, West 127 .as of last Jan. 1 to 106 by! Germany and Denmark, are ex- the end of this year. Since the pected to a'dd .'$l,4-million: beginning of. 1964, when the in- ternational staff;; numbered. 181, • Britain Sets a Condition the agency has;.;say:ed:;4i;,2i-.mil-: ' Of this sum $400,000 will lion by reducin'g' Utiii:hej^*OTed;i come from. Britain only if the Two major.- 'fapt4jr^i,:an|.;i.the.1 agencjri^sufeceeds in reforming agency's budg£tar.y '•- pp'6b:}eiriif its rationv rolls to eliminate in- are rising cost's''and increasing^ eligible^ :and to, absorb as far numbers of children, both abso- as possible; about • 250,000 chil- lutely and in the .percentage of dren who -are eligible j but. for school attendance, • Although a whom.;fio ration's are now avail- ceiling has been put on the ra- able. ' : .' .: <_' .'•>'' •'••'••' ' tions distributed, all children Until recently Jordan^, Tiost to receive schooling'"and medical the largest :number of. refugees care. —about 700',000—has been un- Another problefn .is that the willing for political reasons to United States, which used to cooperate in reforming the ra- pay more than 70 pe'r cent of tion rolls. the total revenue received by According to Mr. Michelmore, the agency, has cut its contribu- the Jordanian Government has tion in the last two years from approved in prihciple the re- $24.7-million to :$22.9-million. I placement of the ineligibles— There is no indication that; ,th,e-dead and those whose per- the United' States will restore j sonal incomes have risen be- this cut, and Mr. Michelmore. yond the maximum — with eli- expects another difficult yearj gible children.' in 1967; However, he said, "we- "We expect sufficient prog- have indications from Arab ress to get' the $400,000 from states that they will provide in- | Britain,"- Miy. Michelmore said creased support in .significant' Other additional contributions amounts, but only .for our in- are coming from' Arab states— increasing expenditure" .a total .of $600,000 from "Alge- In short, the Arab states are ria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,' Moroc- not prepared to 'make up the co, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia— shortage caused by the reduc- and from •• nongovernmentaltion in the United 'States con- sources in Europe and Aus- tributions, but they will try; to tralia. ($100,000), he added. meet the. rising .expense that By' agreement with the Jor- results from; the increasing ref- danian Government, the: agencyugee pb^tt|^g-v' ••: ' -. is withdrawing its' capita,! in- vestment of $300;000''in the Jor- danian Development Bank to finance ':schoo,l construction .this year/,.in,Jordan; ?.'''• THE NEW YORK TIMES, SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1966. fIf Says British Forced Israeli Renege on Suez By DREW MIDDLETON vided that a similar answer is with what the general calls her Special to The New Yorls Times forthcoming from Egypt." meticulous preparations for the UNITED NATIONS, .N. Y., 'The Main Point' British-French landing. July 8 —The British Govern- Ambassador Eban did not Britain, General Dayan ment forced Israel to withdraw mention the withdrawal of writes, was asking Israel to re- in agreement to a cease-fire in Israel troops, which had been ject the cease-fire "for her po- the Suez campaign because it one of the main points in the litical convenience." would have removed the justi- United Nations resolution. "Israel had done her utmost, fication for the British-French General Dayan's conclusion is made a supreme effort, to end invasion of Egypt. ;hat if the cease-fire had gone the campaign before finding A few days later Britain into effect in "a few hours," the icrself in grave conflict with urged action by the United Na- result would not have been so tions that would secure the jad. resolutions of the U.N." the gen- speedy withdrawal of the Is- "The main point was that in eral asserts, "and she had in raeli forces fighting the Egyp- principle we had announced our fact succeeded. Of course, she tians. readiness to carry out U.N. had no alternative but to refuse Maj. Gen. Moshe Dayan, resolutions," he writes. the demand to pull her forces Chief of Staff of the Israeli The British and French Gov- forces in the campaign, makes ernments were alarmed by Mr. back to the armistice lines; but these allegations in his book Eban's statement, General Day- she could at least have accepted "Diary of the Sinai Campaign," an asserts. He points out that Lhe second demand of the reso- published June 20 by Harper they had announced that their lution, the cease-fire. Now she & Row. whole purpose was to separate iad to add to her burdens by There is no mention of the ;he Israelis and Egyptians. If rejecting even that, which she alleged pressure for a with- ;he two 'stopped fighting, he would not, by herself, have drawal of the cease-fire agree- asks, "what justification is needed to do." ment in "Full Circle," the first ;here for Anglo-French inter- The Israeli Premier's reasons, volume of the memoirs of the vention?" eneral Dayman says, were root- ed in a desire to help France, Earl of Avon, who, as Sir An- According to General Dayan. 1 thony Eden, was then British Britain "asked France to use which had shown a "sincere Prime Minister. . ;he full weight of her influence friendship" for Israel, and "the The military operations in to persuade us to retract our cold calculation" that it would- the Sinai Peninsula and in announcement agreeing to a be preferable not to appear asi Egypt, generally lumped to- cease-fire." France did, he re- "an aggressor who disturbs the! gether as the Suez campaign, ports, "begging us to do nothing peace and ignores U.N. resolu-' took place 10 years ago this ivhich may shake the tottering tions." autumn. The French were then push- foundations undersying Eden's ing the British for an early Long Diplomatic Crisis position on Suez." Associated Press "As our friends, the French, landing, according to General The campaign was prefaced Maj. Gen. Moshe Dayan explained it, if we did not ac- Dayan. The British, realizing by a long diplomatic crisis that cede to Britain's request, Eden 'that the twelfth hour had in- began with the United States' would be compelled to abandon deed arrived." searched for '"a refusal to help finance the damned by the many, including formula which would justify building of the Aswan High a number of Commonwealth completely his military plan on their action in the eyes of the Suez," the general reports. world." Dam. This refusal, with which iountries, and defended by the Lord Avon, who says nothing Britain perforce agreed, was few. A resolution was pushed The military climax followed. followed by the nationalization about pressure on Israel At dawn on Nov. 5 a British of the Suez Canal by President through the General Assembly through the French, writes: paratroop battalion seized the Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt demanding that the fighting "Though Israel had accepted a airfield at Port Said and a on July 26. end and the forces withdraw. cease-fire in principle, she had French paratroop battalion cap- During the summer Britain not yet agreed to the United tured the bridges linking Port General Dayan, then in the Nations force [to take over the and, to a lesser extent, France field, records pressure in the Said to the mainland. The last led the demands for the return British-French mission], wish- act of the military-political dra- of the canal to the privately Assembly on Nov. 3 and 4 for ing no doubt for information ma had opened. owned Suez Canal Company Britain, France and Israel to as to its location, duties and Eventually, Mr. Dulles joined and for economic sanctions tha't accept a United Nations reso- composition." the pressure against the invad- would force Egypt to disavow lution of Nov. 2 demanding that Postponement Unacceptable ers, the forces were withdrawn nationalization. they cease fire . and withdraw Postponement of the opera- and the United Nations force Economic measures were de- tion by the British and French was established on the Sinai vised, including the Suez Canal their forces. Peninsula. The canal national- At that date the British and forces was unacceptable to the Users Association, represent- British, although the Prime ism stood../ -•. .-• • . • •• ing 18 nations, but none were French had not landed troops Minister apparently did not con- pressed to the point of forcing although the Royal Air Force sider the Israeli agreement to a the Egyptian leader to reconr was bombing the airfields and cease-fire as the decisive factor.! sider his action.. installations • of • , the .newly According to General Dayan, Throughout this period Sec- strengthened Egyptian Air David Ben-Gurion, then Israeli retary of State John Foster Force. . . . ", Dulles took what the British : : Premier, "decided .to respond" to and French considered an The Israelis, however, were the French entreaties and on equivocal position. making decisive progress Nov. 4 Ambassador Eban in- against the Egyptian forces in formed Dag Hammarskjold, By September, Britain and the Sinai Peninsula. United Nations Secretary Gen- France had moved close to Abba Eban, then Israel's rep- eral, that his announcement agreement that, only an armed : invasion of .the former Suez resentative at the United Na- had hot been properly under- Canal Zone would make Presi- tions, . took the floor .during a stood." • dent Nasser. give up the canal. night session of the General As- "What he had meant," Gen- sembly to. announce that Israel eral Dayan writes', "was that at During.the same period Israel, : alarmed at the' rapid strength- would agree to . a gease-fire, the moment there was a de ening of Egypt's armed -forces General Dayan quotes him as fac^to cease-fire on the iighting. with weapons and aircraft from having said: "Israel agrees to t'bloc, began to an immediate cease-fire p: Meanwhile, Brit iventiv.e it. 29. F: announced,that they inirfipliirJt'S separate ther-two .'.belligerents rand ^te.S guarantee.--freedom of transit through the' canal by ^hips/-6f: all jiatipns. .This an- nouncement wa-S.ifpnowed ,by a methodical, air ;attack on Egypt while, the;4nyasion';f6rcei'p»it to sea:::p--2S2rssKiS;-f.v'=i'-i •'•-. '•;• ;'••''';• Uproar ProvoRefl ^t U;N. '.'., .-.*••; ...-;..:.•• •W-fcif\~j.' ••::• ••'•• fe situatiqrkf^tiSfekisiJ Ian up- ' - in the :Y,-'iJ' ' '' NEW YORK TIMES. Friday 15 July ,. r i JetsBlast st Israeli jplanes ,re- turnefl to their bases, four Syr- SynanRiverWork ian MIG-21's were seen flying J v from the north toward the bor- der. Four Mirages-went-after V .;.V ;. "r ' #f them. All the planes jettisoned Special' to The New York Times their fuel tanks and prepared .TEL..! AVIV, Juty 14—Israeli for combat. jet planes attacked an antiair- Captain Yoram sai.d he..'.en- craft, pbsition'- and earth-moving gaged .his opponent. it. an '-.al- equipment -eight miles inside titude of 1,000 to' 2iOOO feet. Syria today iii what the Israelis He hit the MIG 'front.the" rear with his third'burst .and saw said was a reprisal for Arab it go intov.,a spin. The pilot incursions. parachuted safely. ': , The 'Israelis also said they ..General Rabin said the had shot down, a Syrian MIG- Syrians had increased their •21 east; of the Sea of Galilee. provocations since the start of the year, carrying out mining Maj.' Gen. Itzhak Rabin, the and sabotage, shooting at Is- Israeli Chief of Staff, derided raeli farmers arid setting fire a Syrian report that Israel had to ripening crops. He said Is- lost 'two' planes in the opera- rael had acted with restraint tions. He said all Israeli planes but had no choice but to hit had returned to .their bases. back after the Syrians carried out four attacks in 24 hours. The Israelis said they had de- There have been few reprisal stroyed. five: to ^eight tractors attacks against '.'Syria'.' because and excavators engaged in di- the usual pattern of night at- verting the kaiuyas, Kiver, a tacks by infantry "is dangerous. Rugged Syrian hills dominate exposed Israeli valleys along ipaPtjof a comtunict *&£ab plan most of the 47-mile border. In- Pto ^iprev_ent the i waters of fantry attacks would risk th6 Jordan from reaching Is- heavy Israeli casualties. raeli territory. A daylight air attack was a departure that apparently took i The target was said to have the Syrians'by surprised General been Kb miles southeast of Al- Rabin said the choice of target magor, an Israeli, village where was particularly apt because the..Jordan Riveor;winds; ni'tp. the; the Jordan River diversion .was S.ea of 'Galilee. ;Ai;civilian- and a the symbol of Arab sabotage soldier, were killed .there .yes- against Israel. terday when a land mine, said to 'have -been laid by Syrians, Jordan Offers Aid to Syria exploded. '.' ' ' . AMMAN, Jordan, July 14 1 (Reuters)-—Jordan told Syria Mirage Victor'Over'MIG ."' tonight that the Jordanian Air 'Tie 26-iyear-old flier who Force was ready :to support shot down :tlie Syrian plane,; in-, Syria "against- -the'' common troduced as Captain Yoram, .is enemy—Israel," it was offi- the'firsti pilot to have brought cially- announced .here! down.a MIG-21,with a Mirage, The statement said Jordafl a French-built plane. Syasj ;,";peadv» 'to, join- the^battlf Col. Mprdecai Hod, com- on"7 Me; 'side' of Syria vat a inp| mkiider of., the Air Force,, said ment's notice." the >Mirages had provided an umbrella for the attack planes . Informed of Attack that blasted the target. He de- Special to The New York Times clined to disclose the type of UNITED NATIONS, N. Y., aircraft used in fhe attack, July 14—Michael S. Comay of '.ije^said an antiaircraft giih Israel : informed the Security that opened fire was silenced •Council tonight that Israel's at-| by.? the first waye of IsiaQli at- tack today along the Syriant tacEers. Tvjo su^s^qiien| waves frontier was in answer to a; encountered ngJbjt^&fyap.^ "sudden recrudescence of sabo- :tage'-and 'rbad-minihg attacks in Israeli areas carried out from Syria," .... '£ ..'.'' \ ' ,_ :. Mr. Comay made public a-let- ter sent to Chief S. O. Adebo of Nigeria, this month's Council President, in whjoh he defended thc^Israeli^repfl^lds as intended tu&to restoree •••, TOae"e an_d Qryo along TIMES, FRIDAY, JULY 15, 1966. rdters of Jordan a Source of Conflict in Mideast Yispate Arose After Israelis Bombing Is Latest in Series of Decided on Irrigation Plan Incidents Near Border The conflict between Israel dan diversion should total 320 and the Arab world over the million cubic meters, a diversion waters of the Jordan River be* to be made at the northwestern gan in 1954* when Israel an- tip of the Sea of Galilee. And, nounced plans to tap the Jor- by 1970, the Negev's population dan's waters to irrigate the of 125,000 is expected to have barren Negev. tripled. ! The Israeli bombing yesterday Thirteen Arab nations, inj of Syrian engineering uiiits en- gaged in. diverting Jordan January, 1964, met in Cairo and waters was the latest in a series pledged $17.5-million to develop of border incidents in the area the first stages of an irrigation north of the Sea of Galilee. operation of their own. Since In January, 1965, Premier then, however, only Syria and Levi Eshkol of Israel warned Lebanon have been actively put- that Arab plans to divert the The New Yorfc Tlmea July 15,1966 ting funds into the project and only Syria is currently engaged Baniyas and Hasbani Rivers, Israeli planes attacked headwaters of the Jordan that in actual dam work. rise in. Syria and Lebanon, Syria in the area near Al- Jordan, 'coolest of all the would deprive Israel of her just magor marked by a cross. Arab nations toward the Arab share of Jordan water and world's diversion program, in would be regarded as "an en- 1961, began diverting waters croachment on our soil." 1964, crises resulting from ma- from the Yarmuk River, another "A military confrontation jor clashes led to debate in the Jordan tributary. Israel charges would become inevitable," Mr. United Nations. that Jordan's use of Yarmuk Eshkol said. In each case the Soviet Union, waters is already increasing which has favored the Arab salinity in the Jordan, while the Attack in March, 1965 side in the Middle East, vetoed Arab nations counter that Is- The first clash over the Arab resolutions calling on Syria and rael's diversion project is in- diversion project occurred Israel to cooperate to prevent creasing salinity. March 17, 1965, when Israeli future clashes in the area north f Plan Offered in 1953 troops and tanks attacked a of the Sea of Galilee. A plan to settle the whole Syrian diversion unit near Doka, The Jordan River, from 1 a Syrian village. Damascus said whose banks Moses saw the dispute was offered by the late a Syrian driver of. a bulldozer Promised Land and in whose Eric Johnston in 1953, when he was killed and two bulldozers waters Jesus was baptized, rolls acted as President Dwight i>. destroyed. through a sere wasteland where Eisenhower's ^personal repre- There was another clash in only modern irrigation tech- sentative in an effort to work the demilitarized zone near the niques hold a promise of green. out a regional plan for division Israeli settlement of Almagor It courses over black rocks of the Jordan's waters. on Aug. 12, 1965. through Lebanon, Syria, Israel The Arab nations turned Almagor,, near the site of and Jordan. It rises 230 feet down the plan because it would Syrian operations to divert the above sea level in the foothills have given 40 per cent of the Baniyas River's waters, is the of the Anti-Lebanon range and Jordan's waters to Israel and same village where a civilian drops to 650 feet below sea level the-,remainder would have been and soldier were killed Wednes- at the Sea of Galilee, from split among Jordan, Lebanon day by a land mine that Israel which it descends 600 feet more and' Syria. said had been planted .as part through the earth's deepest Since technical calculations of the Syrian diversion project. natural valley to the Dead Sea, indicate that 77 per cent of the Israel called yesterday's air 120 miles to the south. sources of the Jordan are in strike a" reprisal for Arab in- Two years ago, the Israelis Araj) lands, the Arabs argued, cursions near Almagor. began, diverting almost 200 mil- a more reasonable plan would There have been hundreds of lion cubic meters of Jordan give the Arab nations 77 per other incidents along the 50-mile water annually through a $150- cent of the water and Israel 23 border between Israel and Syria, million pipeline stretching 100 per cent. the main focus of tension in the miles from western Galilee to The Israelis have maintained Arab-Israeli 'Conflict since the the northern reaches of the they will stay withinejth'e^Q.: per. end of the war in Palestine in Negev. A cubic meter is 264.75 cent allocation ai%.ar6iT^idy; ta 5|9. Most,pf/:.the incidents have gallons. sign an internatiojiaiv^gjejemerLt in 1963 and By 1970, Israel's annual Jor- with the Arabs. .^'•.^1^" NEW YORK TIMES. Friday, 29 July 1966 Israel's 3d President T was in .Mir, Czarist Rus- Jewish historian, Simon Dub"-.''-" J sia, when Shneor Zalman now. He went on to study in.- Schneor Zalman Shazar Rubashev, now Schneor Zal- Germany and France, whfere man Shazar, the President of Israel, was- 8 years old. It his Zionist activities Vy'ere • was in 1897, around Christ- vigorous. • mastime: In 1916,, Mr. Shazar . ' / "With bated breath we used ed the German Labor Zi6liis& ~. movement and the Hecha^utzs • ltd sit home behind closed : Shutters, looking through the (Pioneer) organization. yHej' f :•• • 'Cracks at the also took part in the founding - tj-, Man priests in gorgeous conference of the Labor Zion- •'•'- . .. robes, the splendid ist party in Poland. At the in the holy pictures, the same time he continued his .;' News choir of bright- studies. Although he was de- ,....•-• . ribboned girls who clared an enemy alien by Ger- ;• filled the air of our Jewish man authorities at the out- street and the street, too, break of World War I. he • .of the old Synagogue, with managed to gain admission to I the chords of strange, mo- the University of Berlin and notonous, shrill, terrifying finish his work in history and •songs •,.'•;: /.'•' - •. philosophy there in 1919. Mr. Shazar, who arrived A Newspaper Founder here on a visit yesterday, has Mr. Shazar had visited eloquent memories oi' his Palestine twice before he crowded and colorful past, finally .settled in Tel Aviv in and he recalls them with 1924. by then completely con- pleasure., '. The recollection vinced that his future was not ' above is from a collection Of as a .scholar and teacher but autobiographical sketches en- a> a Zionist working for a titled "Morning Stars." which Jewish state. A year after his will be published here in Eng- arrival he founded Davar. a lish soon. Tel Aviv daily, published by Now, at 76, Mr. Shazar the Labor Zionist movement. finds a little more time for He was a member of its edi- remembrance. Just a bit of torial board for 23 years and his former fiery spirit has its editor for 10. mellowed and his job as Pres- During his years with the ident is mostly ceremonial newspaper, Mr. Shazar wrote But the short, gray-haired prolificly — articles, essays, and white-mustachsed Mr. books, most of them about Shazar, who was born on Oct. Jewish history and the Zionist 6, 1889, can still be volatile movement. He and his wife. when he feels like it, can still Rachel, the daughter of one of enthrall an audience and im- his professors in St. Peters- pale aii adversary with his burg and a well-known editor 'legendary rhetoric. in her own right, made a j';"' Imprisoned Under Czar formidable team. The Shazars "'"Mr. Shazar began his Zion- have one daughter. Rhoda. itjit political career at the age In 1948. he helped write wbf 16, when he went to Minsk Israel's declaration of inde- «as a delegate of the Labor pendence. Soon after Israel .Zionist Movement. Not long attained independence he was ..afterward he was invited to named his country's first am- Join a group of the party's bassador to the Soviet Union. 1 The Kremlin refused to accept intellectuals in a publishing 1 venture in Vilna. He worked him. giving no reason. But his there for several months as a huge popularity with Jewsj translator before the Czar's outside Israel is often cited1 .: police threw the entire staff as the basis of the rejection.' . in jail. Mr. Shazar was a member. 'His imprisonment lasted of the first throe Israeli " through the summer of 1907. Knessets (parliaments). In; Leads country he helped to build •Upon his release he enrolled 1963. he became Israel's third • ist-the Academy of Jewish President, at the suggestion; (Mr. Shazar in his suite at the Plaza) ..Learning in St. Petersburg- of David Ben-Gurion, then Pre- • (npw Leningrad), where he mier. "He is a man without; studied under a . jenowne,d enemies," Mr. Ben-Gurion sai<£,fi .-,.,.,.,. YORK TIMES, TUESDAY, AUGUST 2,, ,1966. Governor, Hailing Shazar, Urges Mideast Peace By HENRY RAYMO! gees and distressed Jews over- Governor Rockefeller (failed seas. Max M. Fisher of Detroit, na- on the Johnson Administration tional chairman of the U.J.A.. last night to mobilize its fnflu- spoke briefly. He said that the ence for "fresh, new initiatives" organization had helped Israel that would lead Israel and the to receive more than a million Arab countries to end their hos- immigrants and pledged con- tinuing aid "in the great tasks tilities. still ahead." The Governor appealed for After welcoming Mr. Shazar "a true and lasting peace" in with '"Shalom," the traditional the Middle East at a dinner at Hebrew greeting, Governor the Plaza Hotel honoring Presi- Rockefeller voiced confidence dent Zalman Shazar of Israel. that Israel would continue to Warning the Administration take refugees from other parts against allowing its concern of the world Jespi'.e "a sea of with the Vietnam war to over- deep hostility" surrounding her. shadow tensions In other areas, Then, turning to Provident Sh.i- Mr. Rockefeller said: zar, he added: "America must not let its "But I would also like to vital and active commitment to see fresh, new initiatives; freedom in other parts of the emerge from Washingon in world obscure the dangers to pursuit of a true and lasting the peace of the Middle East. peace for your troubled corner; The United States should and of the world." i must exercise its full moral Among the guests were New force within the United Nations York's two Senators, Jacob K. to bring Arab and Jew together Javits, Republican, and Robert in lasting peace." F. Kennedy, Democrat; State The plea for peace came onlyj Controller Arthur Leavitt; State a few hours after the United Attorney General Louis Lef- Nations Security Council failed kowitz and the New York City to act on a resolution that Council President, Frank D. would have condemned Israel O'Connor. for a recent retaliatory raid on United Press International President Shazar had lunch Syria, the latest of numerous President Zalman Shazar with U Thant yesterday at U.N. at United Nations headquarters outbreaks of violence that have yesterday as the guest of the| kept the area in turmoil since years old, also spoke warmly ofiof security and dignity for the Secretary General, U Thant. Israel's independence in 1948. the efforts of the Jewish com- future." " " " j Others at the luncheon were in America, the largest: In an apparent allusion to the ambassadors of Argentina. did not make any concrete in the world, in support of anti-Zionist organizations that|Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Uru- posal for getting the two Israel. have condemned the attachmentjguay. together. But sources close to Addressing Governor Rocke- of Jews to Israel, the President; Representatives of the Soviet; 'Mr. Rockefeller disclosed after- feller and 700 Jewish leaders j demanded that Jews be allowed Union and Bulgaria, who are 'ward that the Governor hoped and many of New York's _top| the freedom "to express their. sponsoring the Security Coun- President Johnson would use political figures, President Sha-jattachment to their people and cil resolution with Jordan and his influence within the United zar said: to create in accordance with Mali, canceled at the last mo- Nations to lead Israel and the "You here and the commu- their tradition and their his-iment. although they had pre- Arab Governments to the con- nity we have created in Israel toric experience and needs." jviously accepted Mr. Thant's ference table for peace talks. are the two forces which, in Last night's dinner marked invitation. Such a plan could conceivably effective partnership, have the end of President Shazar's A scheduled meeting between be initiated when President made possible the resurrection official program here. He leaves the Israeli leader and officialsj of the Jewish people after the for Washington at 10 A.M. to- of the American Jewish Comf] Johnson receives President Sha- Nazi holocaust. Together we zar at the White House at noon 1day. The dinner _was sponsored mittee was postponed until today. The Israeli leader was have endeavored not only to by the United Jewish Appeal, Thursday, when Mr. Shazar invited to Washington as part give the Jewish people a new'the American agency aiding will be here on his way 'to of a seven-day visit to the Unit-,lease on life, but to assure it i immigrants to Israel and refu--Jerusalem. ed States. He is en route home I after a fiyerweek tour .of South ... . - ..flEr-,;".' Shazar. referred .to.; his p'rqspecUvemeeUng: with' Presi- dent Johnson- during his address last night fie, sppke.af ter Gov- ernor Rockef ellery -:• >•• . •'•..:.• • "Tomorrow ,1"' shall'. }iaye; the great pleasure of meeting 'with the • President of the Unite'd States," he saia. "I look for- ward to this opportunity to tell him how 'much we in Israel apr j preciate his leadership for the! •«;• ,-^1^' independence, of " ' NEW YORK TIMES. Tuesday, 9 August 1966 ttc/w und Syrians Exehctftgjl Captives Through U.N. A tl| .:VTransferred at Border llowing Damascus Visit liy Head of Truce Group By JAMES FEKON flptclal to Th9 Niw York Tlmex JERUSALEM (Israeli Sector) Aug. 8—wmr Israelis who had been In Syrian jrisons fpr~up to 12 yeaiw w«ife>.exchariged today for six Syrians. The agreement surprised many .Is- raelis. .. , w Th« exchange, ^arranged through local United Nations of- ficials, took place at the Benpt Yaakov border point in the Hula1 Valley. Most of .i- those Involved - had wandered across the border. Four of the six Syrians were fishermen caught In Israeli wa- ters In 1964. Another Syrian Camera Pra»-Pli was Omar Arifa, who was sen- Lieut. Gen. Odd Bull may tenced to 15 years in prison in 1964 as an infiltrator. have spurred tbe exchange. • In returning the four Israeli prisoners, Syrian officials an- major agreement of its kind nptinced that a fifth Israeli, Ab- since December, 1963, when 11 raham Daskal, had died in jail iiv 19 Press Release SG/SM/711)- EMP/^6 20 May 196? SECBUJTARY-GEHEPAL' S MESSAGE T_0_TKE COMMkNOEE OF UNEF Following is the text of a message sent on 19 May by the Secretary-General, U Thant, to Major General I.J. Rikhye, Comeander of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) : "Today, 19 May 1967, when the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force from Gaza and Sinai is beginning, I am sending you this personal message. Your connexion with UNEF goes back to the early days of its existence when you served most ably as its first Chief of Staff and as things have turned out you have also served as its last Commander. You, therefore, know as well as any- one what the Force has achieved and what it has meant not only in terms of the maintenance of peace and quiet in its area of operation, but also in terms of the broader concept of the capacity of the United Nations to maintain peace. You have served the cause of UNEF and the United Nations most devotedly at various times during the past ten years, and I know that the withdrawal of UNEF must be a correspondingly heavy blow for you personally. You have handled the very delicate situation of the last few days with great skill and firmness and you will, I know, conduct the withdrawal of the Force with equal ability. Please accept my warm appreciation for your most distinguished service as Commander of UNEF and my personal good wishes." # *** * UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOR USE OF INFORMATICS! MEDIA — HOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/SM/715 EMF/WT SO May 1967 SECRETARY-GSMERAL'S MESSAGE TO ALL OFFICERS AND MSN OF UNEF Following is the text of a message sent on 19 May by the Secretary-General, U Thant„ to all officers and men of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNE?): "Today, 19 May 19^7, you. will have received orders to commence the with- drawal of the United Nations Emergency Force from its area of operation in Gaza and Sinai. This means that within a relatively short space of time you will be returning to your home countries, and UNEF, the first peace-keeping force of the United Nations, will no longer exist. First of all, I wish to make it entirely clear that the withdrawal of UNEF at this time for overriding political reasons is in no sense the smallest reflection upon the performance or the behaviour of the Force. On the contrary, the Force has operated with outstanding success ever since the tirae of its establishment more than ten years ago, and the recent months have been no exception to this very fine record. In my special report of 18 May 1967 to the General Assembly on the decision to withdraw UNEF, I said the following; "'Finally, I must express the highest appreciation to the Governments of all the Members of the United Nations which have supported UNEF and especially to those which have provided the military contingents which made up the Force. The appreciation of the United Nations is also due to the many thousand officers and men who have served so loyally and with such distinction in UNEF. The Force at Its inception represented an extraordinary innovation in the efforts of the world community to find improved methods of keeping the peace. For more than ten years it has ful- filled its functions with a far greater degree of success than could have been hoped for. It is, in fact, fhe model upon which many hopes for the future effectiveness of the United Nations in peace keeping have been based.' (more) - 2 - Press Release SG/SM/Tl? 20 May 1967 "The very anxiety throughout the world which the termination of UMSF at this particular time raises is in itsejj? a measure of the value of the service which UNEP has performed. UKS? by its conduct and the successful discharge of a very difficult task has certainly proved that the pioneering task of peace keeping undertaken by the United Nations in 1956 has never suffered from a lack of skilled, courageous, disciplined and devoted soldiers of peace. "I wish to express to all of you, and also to the many thousands of officers and men who have served ut otber t:.;aes in USE?, my warm appreciation and admiration for your loyal and distf.r\g>:.:l,:.l.:.-5d r^rv^ce to the United Nations. I extend to all of you my best vishas for tn.e future." * *** # UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA — NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/SM/716 EMF/te 20 May 196? MESSAGE TO SECRETARY-GENERAL FRCM FOREIGN MINISTER OF UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC The following message from Mahmoud Riad, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Republic, was received today by the Secretary-General, U Thant, and has been transmitted to the Commander of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), Major General I.J. Rikhye: "On the occasion of the withdrawal of the United Nations forces from the United Arab Republic and Gaza strip, I wish to express to you, on behalf of my Government, our thanks and appreciation of the efforts and sincere co-operation the United Nations and its forces have shown in the United Arab Republic. "I hope that you would convey to the officers and soldiers of the UNEF our appreciation of the discharge of their duties during their stay. This expression of appreciation is also addressed to the Governments to which these forces belong. "In conclusion, may I express to you my appreciation of your personal efforts and understanding of our clear position and your belief in the United Nations and its mission." * *** * UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information Uh'ted Nations, N.Y. (FOR USE OF r^ORMAIION MEDIA — NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/T/165 23 May 1967 SECRETARY-GENERAL ARRIVES IN CAIRO (The following was received fron a United Nations Information Officer accompanying the Secretary-General.) The Secretary-General, U Thant, and party arrived in Cairo today at 5 p.m. (local time). He wes met at the airport "by Mahmoud Riad, Foreign Minister of the United Arab Republicj General Indar Jit Rikhye, Commander of the United Nations Emergency Force; General Odd Bull, Chief of Staff of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation in Palestine; Laurence Michelmore, Commiesloner~General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugess in the Near East, and other United Nations officials. The Secretary-General and party are staying at the Nile Hilton Hotel, as the guests of the Government of the United Arab Republic. U Thant was scheduled to confer with General Rikhye at his suite tonight, and has invited General Rikhye., General Odd Bull,, and Mr. Michelmere for a working dinner. No other appointments were scheduled tonight. U Thant will call on Mr. Riad tomorrow morning at 10:00 a.m. (local time) at the latterTs office. En route to Cairo, the Secretary-General was greeted in Paris by Guy de Lacharriere, Director of United Nations Affairs at the French Foreign Office, and ¥. Gibson Parker, Director of the United Kfitions Information Centre in laris. In Rome, he conferred at the airport with Amintore Fanfani, Foreign Minister of Italy. The Secretary-General made no statements to the press. * *** UNITED l\l A T 1 U Jftl a Press Services Office of Pablie Information United Nations, K.Y. (FOR USE OF INFOR»IATION MEDIA — NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/T/166 2k May 1967 HOLDS TALKS IK CAIRO WITH FOREIGN MINISTER OF UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (The following was received from a United Nations Information Officer accompanying the Secretary-General.) rj?be Secretary-General^ U Thant, met this morning with the Foreign Minister of the United Arab Republic, Mahmoud Riad, for two-and-a-half hours, from 9:^0 a.m. to 12:20 p.m., local time. They exchanged views on several aspects of the situation in the Middle East. Major General radar Jit Rikhye, Commander of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), took part in the talks. At 2:30 p.m. the Secretary-General attended a lunch given in his honour 'by the Foreign Minister of the United Arab Republic at the Tahrir Club. Also attending the lunch were the Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs, Matanoud Fawzi; high officials of the Foreign Office; General Odd Bull, Coinmander of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (USTSO); General Rikhye; Laurence Michelmore, Commissioner General of the United Nations Relief and Werks Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA); the Resident Representative in Cairo of the United Nations Develop- ment Programme (UNDP), Vojko P. Pavicic; and members of the Secretary-General's party. At 8:00 p.m. the Secretary-General is dining with the President of the United Arab Republic, Gamal Abdel Nasser, at the latter's residence. * **# * UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations., N,Y. (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA — WOT AW OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/T/16T 2k May 1967 TALKS IN CAIRO WITH PRESIDENT OF UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (The following was received from a United Nations Information Officer accompanying the Secretary-General,) The Secretary-General, U Thant, tonight attended a working dinner given by the President of the United Arab Republic, Gamal Abdel Nasser, at the latterrs residence in Cairo. The dinner and talks lasted three hours. The discussions covered in general terms the current situation in the Middle East, and were conducted in a very cordial atmosphere. In the course of the talks, President Nasser asked the Secretary-General and the Coti.i;r.r..der of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), Major General In<3ar Jit Eikhye, to convey his sincere thanks and appreciation regarding the v_rrk of UNEF. Others r".n the small group1 °at the dinner were Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Afirr.i-s, ^Tljj.oucL Fawzi; the Foreign Minister, Mahmoud Riadi and General RIl-Jwo. * •«•#* * UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, H.Y. (FOR USE OP INFORMATION MEDIA — WOT AH OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/SM/721 31 May 1967 MESSAGE FROM SECJpIT^JRY^PERAL.TQ CANADIAN. PRIME MINISTER Following is the text of ft oaamunication dated JO May 1967 from the Secretary-General, U Thsnt, to the Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson, regarding the Canadian contingent of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF): "Now that the Canadian forcsgfi serving with the United Nations Emergency Force (iMEF) In Gaza are leaving the area in which UNEF has "been operating for ten and a half years, I wish to express to you personally, and through you to the Government and people of Canada, and particularly to the great number of officers and men who have served in UNEF over the years, my deep appreciation of the invaluable contribution which Canada has made to UNEF. ^You yourself, Mr. Prime Minister, were the prime mover in proposing the original idea of UNEF to the General Assembly. Your plan for 'a truly international peace and police force1 was, at that time, a pioneering Innovation in international affairs which provided a means of overcoming a most threatening and dangerous crisis. Your imaginative plan was eagerly accepted by the General Assembly and put into operation with great skill and despatch by my predecessor, Dag Hammer skjold. "At its inception UNEF, as its name implies, was envisaged as an operation of short duration. But the force proved such 'fi useful instrument fcr maintaining peaceful conditions that when its initial task of replacing the armed forces of France, Israel and the United Kingdom was completed it becasie established by a further General Assembly resolution as a buffer along the line between Egypt and Israel to prevent a confrontation of the military forces of the two countries and to deter infiltration in either direction. This buffer function "Was fulfilled by UNEF with remarkable success from March 1957 until this month. UNEF served the aims and purposes of the United Nations not only by its effective- ness in the immediate area of operations. Because of its successful discharge of its task, it also became the model upon which many hopes for the future effectiveness of the Unl-ted Ka-fcio-ns in peace-keeping have been "based. (more) - 2 - Press Release SG/SM/721 .... 31 May 1967 "The armed forces of Canada have played a most dist&ijgtEifl&ed part in UNEF throughout Its period of operations, as, indeed, they have in other United Nations peace-keeping efforts. Lieut-General E.L.M. Burns of Canada was the first Commander of the Force and gave magnificient service in overcoming the many and extraordinary problems of this completely novel operation, The Canadian Reconnaissance Squadron vas until 1966 responsible for patrolling the northern part of the International Frontier in Sinai. The Canadian Air Transport Unit has provided the air support which was absolutely vital to the functioning and maintenance of UKEF, and the RCAF has provided an intercontinental air transport link for UKEF from the very beginning. The Canadian army has also been mainly responsible for the Maintenance Base of the entire force at Rafah and in the early days provided mobile support and maintenance for the entire Force with extraordinary ingenuity and effectiveness, Canada has also provided a steady supply of highly competent staff officers for the Force Headquarters. Canada has thus given unstinting and vital support to UKEF both at the Headquarters of the United Nations and in the field, "Irrespective of the circumstances of the withdrawal of UNEF and the consequences of that withdrawal, ten and a half years successful service to peace is a historic achievement. CanadaTs large role in that achievement and your Government's unfailing understanding of the requirements of United Nations peace-keeping operations are *widely recognized and appreciated here. I would be grateful if you would express that appreciation to your Government and especially to all the officers and men of the Canadian. Armed Forces who have served at one time or another with UNEF." TT UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y« (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA — MOT AH OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SC/2894 5 June 1967 TEXT OF STATEMENT Bg SECRE"I/lRY^EMERALg U THANT, IN SECURITY ..OOtmCg. OH 5 JUlffl 196? Following is the text of the statement "by the Secretary-General , U Thant, in the Security Council on 5 %r. President, "In response to your invitation I present to the Council all information that I have received from United Nations sources in the Wear East on the out- break of hostilities. Of course, United Nations sources have no means of ascertaining how the fighting started. As usual, reports coming from the parties are conflicting, but all agree that serious military action on land and in the air is taking place at a number of points and is spreading. "I have instructed both the Chief of Staff, UNTSO, and Commander, UNEF, to keep reporting urgently all information available to them and I shall keep members of the Council informed as new information comes in. This information is unavoidably fragmentary. "As far as information from UNEF is concerned, it must be remembered that UNEF is no longer on the Line, but is concentrated in its camps and is in the process of withdrawal. The information given by the Commander of UNEF is therefore, of necessity, somewhat general, and much of it has been given to the Commander by the United Arab Republic Liaison service in Gaza, "General Rikhye, Ccr (more ) - 2 - Press Release SG/SM/T2^ SC/2891). 5 June 196? The United Arab Republic claims one Israel aircraft was shot down. HREF personnel in Rafah Camp reported heavy firing between United Arab Republic and Israel forces across the International Frontier south of ^iafah, starting at 0800 hours (local"time). United Arab Republic authorities in Gaza informed General Rikhye of a large-ecale Israel air raid throughout the Tjnited Arab Republic including a raid on Cairo. I am 'informed that Israel has denied the report of the raid on Cairo* The United Arab Republic authorities also informed General Rikhye that at 0800 hours (local time) Israel forces had attacked El Quseima in Sinai* At 0915 hours (local time), United Arab Republic artillery in Gaza started firing towards Israel-controlled territory. Firing stopped at 0950 hours (local time), but resumed again at 1000 hours (local time). The Commander of UKEF is taking all possible steps to ensure the security of UMIF personnel still in the area. "General Bull, Chief of Staff, UNTSO, has informed me that firing in Jerusalem commenced at 1125 hours (local time) and was continuing. General Bull requested an immediate cease fire at the highest local levels. The Senior Jordanian Delegate to the Mixed Armistice Commission accepted a cease fire for 1200 hours (local time). In a meeting between General Bull and the Israel authorities on the morning of 5 June, General Bull was informed that United Arab Republic planes had crossed the border and that Israel aircraft had been sent to meet them* "At 11^5 hours (local time), Israel informed General Bull of its acceptance of his request for a cease-fire at 1200 hours (local time). Most firing had ceased by 1210 hours (local time), although a few mortar rounds continued to be fired from Jordan and near Mount Scopus. One mortar round landed in the Government House compound, which is the headquarters of UNTSO. No casualties are reported» "Since sporadic mortar firing from Jordan continued after the cease-fire, a second cease-fire was proposed for 1230 hours (local time) and accepted by both sides. On the Israel-Syria ADL (Armistice Demarcation Xine), United Nations Military Observers reported overflights by Syrian jet fighters between 1155 hours and 1206 hours (local time) on 5 June and reported air battles, anti- aircraft fire and explosions from air.cr.aft-"bombing. The Senior Israel Delegate (more) - 3 - Press Release SG/SM/721)- SC/2894 5 June 1967 to the Israel-Syria Mixed Armistice Commission informed the UHTSO officer in charge at Tiberias at 12l8 hours (local time) that Israel considered her- self in a state of war with Syria. The Chairman of the Isra^J-Syria Mixed Armistice Commission reported that Damascus airport was being attacked by Israel aircraft at 1110 hours (local time). "The Commander of UWEF reported that at 12^5 hours (local time) Israel artillery opened fire on two camps of the Indian Contingent of IMEF which were in process of being abandoned, and soon thereafter United Arab Republic tanks surrounded one of the camps which still contains one reduced Indian company. Orders have been given for the Indian personnel in both camps to be withdrawn immediately. "General Rikhye also reported that a UHEF convoy immediately south of Khan Yunis on the road between Gaza and Rafah was strafed by an Israel air- craft on the morning of 5 June, although the vehicles, like all UMEF vehicles, are painted white. First reports indicate that three Indian soldiers were killed and an unknown number wounded in this attack. The Commander of HREF has sent an urgent message through the Chief of Staff, UWTSO, to the Chief of Staff of Israel Defence Force urging him again 'to give orders to Israel Armed Forces to refrain from firing on UHEF camps, buildings and vehicles. "After hostilities began on the morning of 5 June, the Chief of Staff, UHTSO, drew the attention of Israel and Jordan to the inviolability of the Government House area and asked them to ensure that this inviolability was fully respected, Both sides gave him the required assurance. However., at 1330 hours (local time) today, approximately one company of Jordanian soldiers occupied the garden of the Government House. General Bull in person protested to the Commander and asked him to withdraw his troops. He also protested in the strongest terms to the Senior Jordan Delegate of the Israel-Jordan Mixed Armistice Commission against the violation of United Nations premises by Jordanian soldiers, whose withdrawal within half-an-hour he demanded. He also informed the Israel authorities of these developments and requested them to ensure that Israel soldiers would not enter the Government House area. (more) - k - Press Release SG/SM/72^ 5 June 1967 By then, an exchange of fire had already begun between the Jordanian soldiers in the Government House garden and Israel soldiers nearby. General Bull later informed me by an emergency message that Jordanian troops had not with- drawn and were demanding to enter Government House itself and had demanded that no telephone calls be made froto Government House. Firing was continuing and mortar shells were now landing, within the Goverrm-r-.^t House cciiipound. United Nations Headquarters lost radio contact with UNTSO headquarters in Jerusalem at 0852 hours (New York time), at which time/ Jordan troops occupied Government House. This also means that United Nations Headquarters has lost direct contact with Headquarters IMEF, whose Messages are routed through TT\JTSO. "In view of these developments, I have addressed the following urgent appeal to the King of Jordan: " 'His Majesty ',' 'King Hussein "'Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan "'Amman, Jordan " 'Your Majesty, "'I have just been advised at 0900 hours local time that all communica- tions with Government House have ended because of its occupation by Jordanian troops. This is a breach of extreme seriousness. I appeal to Your Maj-jcty with utmost urgency to order the immediate removal of Jordanian troops from the grounds and buildings of the Government House compound in Jeru^alea, As Your Majesty knows, this compound has been respected by both parties to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan-Israel Mixed Armistice Commission as the head- quarters of the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization and therefore under the exclusive United Rations occupation and control. 11 'U Thant "*Secretary-General of the United nations'" UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Nations, N.Y. (FOB USE OP 33JFORMAHOH MEDIA — NOT. AH OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Eelease .SG/SM/725 5 June .1.967 REPLY BY CANADIAN PRIME MINISTERTO SECRETARY-GENERAL JREGABDING CANADA'S CONTRIBUTION TO UT.£F Following is the text of a reply by the Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson, to the Secretary-General, U Thant, as forwarded today by the Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations, George Ignatieff: "New York, June 5, 19^7 "Dear Mr. Secretary-General, "The Prime Minister of Canada, the Right Honorable Lester B. Pearson, has asked me to convey to you the following reply to the message you sent to him on May 30 expressing your appreciation of Canada's contribution to the United Nations Emergency Force: 'Mr, Secretary-General, 'Thank you for the warm message you sent me expressing appreciation to the Government and people of Canada, and particularly to the Canadian officers and men who served in the United Nations Emergency Force, for the contribution Canada has made over the years to that peace keeping force. 'Successive Canadian Gcverodents, the people of Canada and Canada's armed forces have been proud to be closely associated from the very beginning with this historic United Nations undertaking which for over ten years has made such a vital contribution to the maintenance of peace in the Middle East. 'Despite current difficulties faced by the United Nations in the peacekeeping field, I am hopeful that it will be possible to profit from the experience gained in UNEF and to use the lessons learned to develop in due course, within the framework of the United Nations, more effective machinery "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of (more) - 2 - Press Release SG/SM/725 : 5 June 1967 war", In the words of the Charter. In the continuing effort that must be carried on to plan..for United Nations peacekeeping forces, organized and established in a way which wi?l avoid the disturbing experience we have just gone through in the disbanding of UNEF, the United Nations can count on our full support. Recent events show that the work of the United Nations in the field cf peacekeeping is not less, "but inore ijjrportant than ever and that this work must include advance planning so that United Nations peacekeeping forces in the future will have a clear and strong basis on which to operate. *I greatly appreciate the generous references in your message to the role I was privileged to share with others in the establishment of UNEP. I should like to'take this opportunity to associate myself with your references to the great contribution made by your predecessor, Dag Hammarskjold, Without his selfless devotion to the United Nations and to the cause of world peace and his unrivalled diplomatic skill, United Nations peacekeeping would never have developed as it did, You, Mr, Secretary-General, have carried on the tradition which he established and have guided the Organization with untiring energy and selfless sincerity through what has been a most difficult period of the United Nations1 history. The Government and people of Canada are deeply appreciative of the very heavy responsibilities you are bearing and, on their behalf, I wish to reaffirm full support to you personally and to the Organization over which you preside. 'With warm personal regards* 'Lester B. Pearson' "Yours Sincerely, "George Ignatieff, "Permanent Representative." UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Informsticn United Nations, ILL (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA -- NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD) Press Release SG/SM/726 7 June 196? EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES BETWEEN POPE PAUL AND SSCR^RY-GENSRAL The following are the texts of the messages between Pope Paul VI and the Secretary-General, U Thant, on the developments in the Middle East: Message from Pope Paul VI on 5 June "The Honorable U Thant, United Nations, New York. "We are deeply saddened and concerned "by the developments in the events in the Middle East and, while We pray that the Divine Mercy may preserve That area and the world from suffering and destruction, We ask you to make every effort that the United Nations Organization may succeed in halting the conflict. We express in the name of Christianity the fervent hope that, in the unfortunate eventuality which we firmly trust will never occur that the situation may worsen, Jerusalem may, because of its sacred and holy character, be declared an open and inviolable city. "Pope Paul VI" Message from Secretary-General on 6 June "His Holiness Pope Paul VI "Vatican City "Rote, Italy "I acknowledge the message of £our Holiness expressing concern and sad- ness which I share over the developnents in the Middle East. I very much hope that the United Nations will be able to succeed in bringing about a cessation of the hostilities. If the situation should worsen, the suggestion that Jerusalem may be declared an open city will, I hope, be accepted by the parties directly involved in the fighting. In this connexion, I wish to (more} - 2 - Press Belease SG/SM/726 7 June 1967 .inform your Holiness that, in a report I circulated to the Security Council yesterday, I stated: 'I strongly support the idea that has been advanced that Jerusalem should be declared an open city in order to protect for all mankind its irreplaceable historical and religious places which are of inestimable spiritual significance'. "U Thaat "Secretary-General "United Nations" » 24. In Search of a Settlement Let me fill In some of the background to this situation. Until the eruption of full-scale war in the Middle East early In June 1£&7., many people had forgotten that for eighteen years the sole barriers against continuous war In the Middle East were the four Armistice Agreements concluded by means of United Nations mediation in the summer of 1£49. These agreements made possible the setting up of peace-keeping machinerjr in the area, namely3 the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (IMTSO) in Palestine and UNBF. But these agreements were considered at the time as only a step towards peace, not as a basis for a permanent way of life in the Middle East They were not peace treaties, establishing agreed frontiers and covering all the other ingredients of what is generally known as a "peace settlement". But they were firm and voluntary undertakings by the signatory Governments, entered into in good faith oy the Israeli and their nelghoorin,3 Arao states. Alas! they did not represent fundamental changes in attitude on the part of the Governments or their peoples. On the other hand, the validity and applicability of bhe Armistice Agreements have not been changed as a result of t'.ie IS57 hostilities or the earlier war of 1TL";6- It should be 25. recalled that each agreement contains a provision that it will remain in force "until a peaceful settlement between fche parties is achieved"* The Agreements do provide that by mutual consent fthe signatories can revise or suspend them, but they contain no provision for unilateral termination of their application- They are still the law today, I still maintain-, as I recorded in the words of my 1£6? Report to the General Assembly: "There is a desperate need for a determined, immediate arid urgent effort by the United nations to help 'bring about the conditions essential to peace in the Middle East. That effort should be constant and unrelenting until those conditions have been achieved". At the emergency special session of the General Assembly that was convened for this purpose in the summer of IS^?* the basic issues in the Middle East v/ere discussed fully and extensively, but unhappily without conclusive results. On each of the basic issues, taken separately, agreement was reached by a large number of the Meanders on a whole range of reasonable solutions But because of ti-xe nature of the issues., United Nations action was blocked oy considerations of priority, timing* and simultaneous decision. There was near unanimity, for example., on the immediate issue of withdraw of the armed forces of Israel from the territory of neighbouring Arab States, Everyone agreed that there should be no territorial gains by military conquest. The Charter makes that plain. It would, in my view., lead to disastrous consequences were the United 26. Nations ever to abandon so fundamental a principle of its existence. But the issue of withdrawal would not be so universally supported if taken alone and separated from other vital Issues and particularly that of national security for Israel. *j Canal? are equally fundamental issues. Behind all this is the problem of more than a million Palestinian refugees which has persisted with little effort at solution since the summer of 19^8, now so much worsened by a substantial increase in their number as a result of the 1£6? war. Terrorists activitfee across the borders into Israel still invite constant retaliation. Although I felt and still do feel that Arabs and Israelis should themselves directly undertake to try to find the way to solution of the issues bet-ween them. I am aware that this is not in the realm of present possi- bility . Since direct "negotiation" is out., we are left, once again, with the United Nations' well tried method 27- of "mediation", of impartial third-party services. Hence, my plea for the authorization by the Security Council for me to designate a special representative in the Middle East dispute, who could act as a much-needed channel of communication between the hostile parties, as well as a reporter and interpreter of local events,, arid above all., a harraonizer of ideas and proposals leading towards a settlement. It has always seemed to me that it is indispensable to the health of the international community — if it is not to succumb to the law of the jungle — that the territorial integrity of every State should be respected. The occupation by military force of the territory of one State by another cannot oe condoned at this point, in history on any pretext. Similarlys every State's rig-it to exist must be accepted by all others and every State is entitled to be secure within its own borders. People everywhere — and this certainly applies to the Palestinian refugees — have a natural right to live in their homeland and to have a secure future* There should "oe free and unimpeded navigation through international waterways according to international lav/ and conventions. And so on. Who in his sane mind could dispute these obvious norms of civilized behaviour. These basic principles of common, sense and common Justice were eventually embodied, as is well known5 in the Security 28, Council Resolution No. 242 of 22 November 196?- But before I go on to describe below my own assessment of these principles, I would like to make the point again that as an aftermath of the recent war, feelings of disappointment with the United Nations abound so strongly in the Middle East,, and in some quarters evoking hostility towards its renewed presence in the area, that the mediatory function of the United Nations is jeopardized in advance. Nowadays a United Nations presence there is rejected absolutely., though ironically enough it has been Israel which, in my view, has most to gain from such a presence. Such attitudes are misguided and short-sighted, In its twenty years of intensive effort to maintain quiet and to achieve ultimate peace in the Middle East, the United Nations has rendered invaluable services to both sides. Since the mantle of the mandatory power, , fell on the shoulders of the United Nations it has saved countless lives and prevented endless destruction there. That consistent effort has had its price, which is somehow forgotten today,, It has been very costly in both men and money. Count Bernadotte gave his life for peace in Pales tine -3 the Truce Supervision Organization has suffered twenty-one fatalities] UNEF has had eight-nine fatal casualties„ The record also shows that the Governments and peoples in the area, Israelis and Arabs alike, have at various times acclaimed in glowing terms the United Nations presence in the area and the 2$. worth of its actions by means of mediation. UUTSO and UNEF, as well as the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Hear East and the United Nations Development Programme have together demonstrated that the impartial United Nations presence is needed now more than ever. I believe that the time will come when this will once more be understood and appreciated by all the parties concerned. What Besolution 242 means What was the essence of Resolution 24-2, that was passed unanimously by the Security Council on 22 November,, IS5?7 Ib is wholly concerned, not with an armistice3 but with a permanent peace in the Middle East. It lays down the following basic requirements of a viable and comprehensive settlement, and it links all of them together in a balanced and pragmatic programme. It asserts: (a) The inadmlslbllity of the acquisition of territory by war arid the need So work for a just and lasting peace; (b) The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the 1567 conflict; and (c) The termination of all acts or states of belligerency and acknowledgement of and respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area and its ri^hfc to live in peace within secure and recognised boundaries, free from threats or acta of force. In furtherance of and implementation of these principles, 30. the Resolution calls for an all-round settlement; (d) Guaranteeing freedom of navigation through international waterways in the (e) Guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every state in r,hs araa,, through measures including the establishment of demilitarized zones > and (f) Achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem , J/ Resolution 2^2 adopted unanimously "by the Security Council on 22 November 196? was in itself a considerable achievement. It provided a oasis .for a constructive and peaceful approach both by the parties and by the international community as a whole to the bitter- hostilities of the Middle East The resolution provided5 in addition to the six points I have itemised above, for a special representative "to establish and maintain contacts witb t.-ie Spates concerned in order to promote agreement and assist efforts to achieve a peaceful and. accepted settlement". This was a heavy responsibility for one man to undertake, but in a. practical sense it; was probably the wisest of the obviously limited alternatives. Since 19--'7a the tireless, persistent arid understanding efforts of Ambassador Jarring more than Justify the confidence placed in him. by me and by the Security Council. No one has ever doubted the extreme 3/ The full, text of Resolution 242 of 22 November l< $7 will be found in Appendix (page ?) 31- difficulty and. complexity of the problems with which lie has had to grapple. Certainlya no reasonable person could have expected quick or miraculous solutions. I do not find it surprising., al ,ho\ju;:h it Is disappointing., that despite Ambassador JarringFs unceasing efforts the promise of the 22 November resolution has not even now oeeri fulfilled in any significant degree.. JR.13 (4-59) ROUTING SLIP Comments for the record should not be written on this slip. REFERRAL^HEET*PT.1Q8 should be used instead. TO: \\ APPROVAL ^ YOUR INFORMATION MAY WE CONFER? AS REQUESTED YOUR SIGNATURE FOR ACTION NOTE AND FILE REPLY FOR MY SIGNATURE NOTE AND RETURN PREPARE DRAFT YOUR COMMENTS ATTACH RELATED PAPERS for your information and the Secretary- General DATE: FROM: 12 July 67 Norman Ho, OPI ...... -- 1. >. • o •,,u; i..i . ..: have always to fork out after the make, one thing is cer- « back-room boys have tain. We will have to c o rn f, added a bit here and pay up. It is only a those } spell o\ 'So wt most Ii \ be inietf their m,' other br, earning; munity increase ' the > THANT, who agreed reluctantly only six months ago to take on a new Schemev tributior! iivo-vear term as United Nations Secretary General, could resign before have a! the end of the year. . . periencc/ That is the speculation at the United Nations m the wake • ot U slight, if in*ion Thant's unprecedented intervention in the General Assembly debate to de- hritc, Bearil fend himself against charges by Israel. Israel said that his hastv with- Goverrt drawal of the United Nations peace-keeping force'from the Sinai area pre- tant tof cipitated the Middle East war. the in .* 'if U Thanl' goes, many believe, his top assistant. Dr.'- Ralph Bunche, will resign, too. p^^^^^^ Bunche, an American, arranging a 1948 truce in ti^ is the hiphest-rankine Middle East, was the object black man in the United °f Russian denunciation in the current Assembly. Soviet Nations secretariat. Like Ambassador Nikola: U Thant, Bunche, too, Federenko, criticising talked cf resigning Bunche for distracting U earlier this year, but he Thant while an Arab diplo- mat was speaking, recalled withdrew his resigna- Bunche's involvement "in. tion. the most odious manner, The Burmese Secretary with the well-known Con.Jo General, who announced crowd" in 1960. ln:-t yenr that lie die! rot Eunche supervised Mo->- intend to be a glorified mes- cow-^ppojed Congo peac"- senger boy at the UN, i.s keeping operations at that U THANT up-et by efforts by Israel, time. The I960 Assembly and othi.T.s, to m.i'rr Ivm 1 i; fiib.-ec[\acnily rebuffed Rus- L(T'}jC£oat in the Middle sian criticism and endorsed East war. Unlc.-s tc'iui'.n by a 70 to U vole an Afro- • eases, some observers ln;- Asian resolution approving iiove U Thanl will s-ep the UN role in the Congo. . down at the end of the next U Thant came to Bunc'.ie"'; reK'ilar version of 1ne defence when Federenso General A.-.iC'.nbly later 'hi- attacked him during thr: year. His resignation TO"Id current Miricic East de'oaio. c.'-nie sooner, if the criticivn U Thant and Bunche are Of the Burma diplomat con- warm personal friends, out- tinues. side of their UN relation- ship. For this reason, U Thant's public reply TO observers here believe that Israeli Korci.cn MJnis'.er if one resigns the other will Abba Ebnn — made before n crisis session of an A>:semo!y also. cro\vried with senior dignita- * * •:•. *. ries end world TV cnmcms S Presid ml Na??er's prized ' — was his first such reaction I Aswan Dam his Achilles | in 51-., years as UN adminif- heel in any future war in • tintor. .Nothing like it has the Middle East? i Occurred since Dag Ham- Sonic expert observers at • marskjold similarly rebuffed the United Nations say the | *ho Rusfians in public at the giant dam could be Egypt's Israel's capture/ of two j l3>-t .special Assembly se.-i- most vulnerable target in Egyptian trainloacis of I .-:Jon, when Moscow criticized 3113' future conflict — par- chemicals in vhe Sinai i !ii< handling of the Congo ticularly one employing region, said "they didn't • '.'"isis. nuclear weapons. Nasiti- bargain for ihis apparently. ha? no atomic cap&bilhv Nasser did not tell them he now, but there has bfe'i wa? planning to U^.E poiMa speculation Peking mi.^:it 33 = ." supply this lack, whicn. Initial news report? in- would lead Israel to folio-v dicated the chemicals came suit. from both Communist Chi. in Israel spared the Aswan and the Soviet. Union. Dam in the lightning June The 7r,;ci national R"d 7 Cross charged. Esypt cai'i'pr war, but if :\ asscr carries : with u:-:;'i.; po .-on in '.-jj out his threat to light agivn Yemen v.a;-. Several hun- tile big dam might be at the dred villagers rjio :r> top of the target list. Yemen aKcr lining A borr.b hit Ou the dam, by Eayptia-i plane*. releasing massive flood ' ' ellow water extending several The A'rlcan and L,,;;n ngest hundred miles upstream, American blocj — tlic t'v^ could wash everyone find largest vot.r.c group;; a. everything out of the Nile the UN — wer.:: ;hc I-:-."-- roup- valley between the dam and busld the Mediterranean. This ; would include 98 per cent Assetn'o'y ;'"::i. 'o..?r~l:O!i c-~ of Egypt, since the Nile valley literally is Eqypr. •ir.e damage, informant attcrrpi.cd to *..':' acid, could be long-lastirr,' pron'i-.e .T. r''.-r •- •.' by if the waters were radio- d hu?- active. thcir Roi'l'i'ho S0v:r--. U :-.••• 1 Mie United '-:;Ur=. nv. \ now i EW charges that PrpM- dele^jti'i fro'.: tl'i'-se .•. inar- dent Na^pci1 wa« veal^ T.'.S. KC":-i'i't^"\ pf S'a'.''1 *s of to wage poison gas warlaiv ity. | llnsl:, for f ':.T/!i:"i! •'•. ..•'' asamsl Israel hav1 e dis- turbed evon Egypt .; Ara.j tur- of 1' r m s-upporter?. ing CIT.. An African riiploniH' rrporting Arab i-caction to > F??<'? tv> -/'<'! it'!, 11 T^Y 1967 FROM THE UNITED NATIONS Waters U THANT, who agreed reluctantly only si\ months of the Congo crisis. Bunche, who won a Nobel the top of the target list. ago to take on a new five A bomb hit on the dam, year term as UN Secretary- peace prize for his work in releasing massive flood wa- General, could resign before arranging a 1948 truce in the Middle East, was ters extending several hun- the end of the year. dred miles upstream, could That is the speculation the object of Russian denun- wash everyone and every- here in the wake of U Thant's ciation in the current Assem- thing out of the Nile valley unprecedented intervention in bly. Soviet Ambassador Ni- between the dam and the ths General Assembly debate kolai Federenko, criticizing Medite—• to defend himself against Bunche for distracting U Thant while an Arab diplo- charges by Israel. Israel said since the Nfe that his hasty withdrawal of mat was speaking, recalled the UN peace-keeping force Bunche's involvement "in the fnvn the Sinai area precipita- most- odious manner, with i ted the Middle East war. the well-known Congo crowd" in I960. were radioactive If U Thant goes, many New charges that President b?!l?y£! 'H5R5p"~assTstant, Bunche supervised Mos- Nasser was ready to ~ Dr._ Ra|pli_ Bjj'rFcTleT wiirfe-_ cow-opposed Congo peace- poison gas warfi l?£ ^t^THSllcO.S;Am<:ri£ u,,,,keepin. gI IKoperation 1960s Asscmbat thatL *srael have disturbed even time. The 1960 Assembly Egypt's Arab supporters! Monti" !---/-<• • " fncan di sian « 1" Plomat, re- ®&Ktffi%,-—r~-,-=,—fr-fi—r~ 6Z •»'*'>"» criticis*m •«»«and endorse« *»d• portinn g Arab tanat. .Like U Thant, Bun- , -,n . n , A r —,.—. oo.jalkedo- •- f resigning a 70 to 0 vote an Afro- of 1-£a7;-J)1rtI1e.vvIth- an resolution approving l — - - -:--Js'"-'. ^y *• UN role in the Congo. region, >->aiu Burmese Secretary- UJThant came to Bunche's I't bargain for this jf General, who announced fell cc~wKirn"" Fs;»« "^T~~~—> . Nasser did not y last year that he did not tacked 7i,m during The cuF- j he was planning to i intend to be a glorified rent ' Middle! EafaeHaF use poison gas." \ messenger boy h.3re, is upset !£. niant...and Bunche are" I by efforts by Israel, and ' Initial news reports indi- I others, to make cated the chemicals came j him the scapegoat in the from both Communist China reason,"ob"- and the Soviet Union. j Middle East war. Unless - f tension eases, some obser- The International Red vers believe U Thant will Cross charged Egypt earlier step down at the end of the with using poison gas in next regular session of the ASWAN DAM AS the. Yemen war. Several General Assembly later this hundred villagers died in year. His resignation could Yemen after being gassed come sooner, if the criticism by Egyptian planes. of the Burma diplomat con- Is President Nasser's pri- The African and Latin tinues. zed Aswan dam his Achilles American blocs — the two hc»£ll »M ' ** ' largest voting groups here—-. were the key elements in the SOBIS expert observers General Assembly considera- U Thant's public reply here say the giant dam could tion of the Middle East crisis. to Israeli Foreign Minister This is why, from the .begin- Abba Eban —• made before be Egypt's most vulnerable target in any futljre ning, proponents of the two a crisis session of an Assem- conflict - particularly one sides attempted to tailor a bly crowded with senior employing nuclear weapons. compromise resolution which dignitaries and world TV Nasser nas no atomic capa- would gain their support. cameras — was his first such Both the Soviet Union reaction in 5 and half years bility now, but there has been speculation Peking m^ht and the United States court- as UN administrator. Noth- supply this lack, which would ed delegates from these areas. ing like it has occurred since lead Israel to follow suit U.S. Secretary of State Dean Dag Hammarskjold similar- Israel spared the Rusk, for example,, gavi ly rebuffed the Russians in luncheon fo/• r represents public at the last Special war, but if Nasser carries of M F-«--' Assembly session, when Mos- out his threat to fight awi'ii cow criticized his handling the big darn might be at lo, othcrs. mats of UNITED NATION'S, Tuesday U THA'NT, Secretary--General of the United Nations, today rejected criticism that the withdrawal of the UN Emergency Force (UNEF) from the Middle East last month was a primary cause of the crisis which led to the war. This was " a superficial and over-simplified approach " he said in a 35-page document defending his decision to pull out the force at the request of Egypt. He issued the document, the fourth on the subject issued here in recent weeks, following repeated criticisms from some Western | nations. after being officially informed of " It will serve well the interests the Egyptian request for the of the United Nations as well as of force's withdrawal, he was advised historical integrity, if this presen- by the Egyptian delegate, Mr. tation of facts can help to dissipate Mohamed Awad El-Kony. that any some of the distortions of the appeal to President Nasser to record which, in some places recorder the request "would be apparently have emanated from sternly rebuffed." panic, emotion or political bias," he said. ' Unrealistic ' U Thant added that on May 18, UNEF's effectiveness, he added, had already vanished before Egypt requested its withdrawal because of Egyptian troop move- ments. Referring to suggestions that the General Assembly should have been consulted before he agreed to UNEF's withdrawal. U Thant said: " This position is not only incorrect but also unrealistic." He had consulted the 10-nation UNEF Advisory Committee on May 18 but "no proposal was made that the Advisory Committee should exercise the right ... to request the convening of the General Assembly to take up the situation." It was understood at the meet- ng that he had no alternative but o comply with the Egyptian lemand. U Thant's document dded.—Reuter, B.U.P. and A.P. 5uez ban CAIRO, Tuesday. — All diplo- natic missions and United Nations igencies here have been asked by and\ Egyptian Foreign Ministry to close chaE their offices in the Suez Canal area from today. Reporting the move, the authoritative newspaper Al Ahram said that these organisations had been told they will be able to "vrrn t heen p!innn;ited." 17.'.'•:':-,':.:. '\c- i (r. iOi MU\ r; u im ;• .rsnaniT. ,-.:m; :n .17OS;:O\V ;h,i ypt is ;iio!ii!i-.iii;{ }vr rcS'Hirfi :mcl spndiii-1 iKit'jilioii:: nf ^ol.'iirr "•y lorry to riinfnn-n th," "\Vo- ..•ink of fhr Sivx Curia!.—Renter ! i:.J>. .mil A P. L :. — from GAVBM YOUfaG: Jerusalem: 29 March 'OF COURSE the Palestinians " revenge, reveuge." When two 'Every war increases hate and makes have a case': '1 feel a moral Arab students were arrested for peace harder—it's difficult enough responsibility for solving the placing the bomb at the university, with these frontiers without any disappointment was my strongest more—we are strong enough here.' refugee problem ': ' We shouldn't feeling. You see, it happened in a settle on the West Bank, that's Not one of these young soldiers place we thought there should be and workers, of course, visualises an annexation.' These remarks were mast understanding between Arabs Arab military victory. Obviously made to me by young Israelis in and us.' they are determined to stay. their twenties. What conclusion did he draw? 'It ' I just can't think of an Arab vic- Is it to be young Israel in its kib- shows the complexity of all this. We tory.' Not after they told us wlmt butzim which finally comes to terms do things for them and. they still hate they would do to us alJ on -their broad- with the Arabs, when today's ageing us. That makes us angry. But to be casts in May 1967.' leaders and their well-implanted atti- angry is childish because, 1after ali. Colin Primost agreed: 'The biggest tudes are put out to grass ? After they are Arab nationalists. shock was just before the June war a drive through Galilee to talk to Later, in another kibbutz, Colin when we saw all the Arab countries, young people who are the backbone Primost, an Israeli from Haropstead, even Lebanon, against us. They of Fortress Israel, the question seems said : ' Twenty years of hatred in itself 1 hate. That we won't forget in a to me a reasonable one. shows the Arabs h&ive a case. In hurry.1 Even arriving in torrential rain as Amir they agreed. Their views con- Yet short of that there was general I did, the kibbutzim brighten the trasted noticeably \vi Ih those in agreement on the great desire for mind. Physically they are by now Israeli Jerusalem, where the bomb- peace and, more immediaely impor- rather prosperous oases, refreshing in ings are described as motiveless ter- tant, a meeting of the Arab discontents their orderly tranquillity after I he rorism and the frontier incidents half-way. They wanted peace treaties confusion of Israel's jerry - built played down. These young people and •solid guarantees for tJiejr security towns. The youngsters I met are are living the crisis. ('We must control the guarantees, open - minded, unbelligerent aud A girl in a kibbutz just outside not America') but -seemed less in- unselfrighteous, unlike their ciders in Jerusalem, with Modigliani reproduc- transigent lilian their leaders. Jerusalem or Tel Aviv, where con- tions and sketches of a jazz saxo- 'This is not peace,' an attractive versation is so often blocked by phonist on her wall, said: 'We are young mother said. * With kids emotion or prejudice. losing, say, seven good men a week— being killed every week. I'd go to It might be otherwise. These young admittedly we have good frontiers almost any lengths for peace with the people fought the Six-Day War. They now from a political point of view. Arabs. I'd give the Palestinians their are now under shot and shell on the But it's still demoralising.' Somebody ownWestBa.uk. I don't think therc'd Suez Canal or the Jordan valley as else added: 'Yes, people want peace 1 be war if they had thair own land.' reservists. Regularly, week after here more and more. In A DTI vim, under the Modiglianis, week, some of them die. They feel young kibbutzniks said: 'There's a little reason for optimism. But I movement growing jn Israel to hold found them the most reasonable Harsh words from on to the occupied territories. That's Israelis I have met. Most were born dangerous. Peace is far more impor- here. tant than the occupied territories.' I started at Amir, a kibbutz far up Harsh words for the Arabs came From Galilee to the neighbourhood in the Galilee valley. The day before of Jerusalem, these young peopL, I arrived they had buried a 22-year- from the older people I saw. "Give them a hand and you lose an though upset, were extraordinarily old reservist who was killed by an 11 understanding about the creators o[ Egyptian sniper this week on the Suez arm, said a massive Irish Jew in a religious kibbutz. ' There's such the rising unrest on the West Bank. Canal. What did they feel? 'They are nationalists and they don't 'Well, everyone here w.is intensely things as national traits—you have to . 1 be wary with Arabs,' like iis. These young Israelis feel the depressed,' said a young English Jew West Bank occupation forces are as we sat in a small sitting-room with He stroked his beard aud adjusted his skull cap. Had he met any edu- trapped in a vicious circle;: strikes five or six of his kibbutz-born friends, and -school sit-ins, bombs. who wore jeans, open-neck shirts and cated Ara'bs? 'No, very few. Only some from nearby villages.' ' Our border guards are often, I am bedroom slippers. ' People said the sure, becoming rougher and t'his feeds kibbutz has given too much — two No one I met said ' The only killed in the 1967 war. now this/ thing the Arabs understand 'is force.' those Ara:b rumours about the hateful Was "he angry? With Nasser, for One came near to it: a 32-year-old Israeli Army. This worries me. I example? 'No, not against Nasser Austrian-born Israeli who now lives :see no way out, personally,' said Jerry or the Arabs; against war in the in Ginnosar kibbutz on the Sea Kelman, a young married mart who abstract, yes.' A dark-haired boy of Galilee, where YigaJ A I.I on, came from Glasgow in 1962. said in broken English: 'You can the Deputy Prime Minister, spends feel vengeful in battle. In the 1967 his weekends. He sat on his bed in Idea strongly war a sniper wounded -three of my the kibbutz sick bay: ' Maybe we friends nest to me, and, when we should have taken both banks of the caught him with his hands up, we Suez Canal in 1967. I don't know. just put him up against the wall. I think the Arabs are sick. Maybe What should be done, then ? Only That's battle. But in a more general they need another shock.' the man in the Ginossar sick bay sug- situation like this, a death doesn't All the rest were adamantly opposed gested deporting—with compensation make me feel vengeful.' - all ihe West Bank Arabs. All Mv to him. In Amir, a notional ly others strongly opposed the idea, on What about the bombs in the Jeru- Marxist, no-nonsense place, an in- moral grounds and " because that will salem supermarket and the univer- telligent young man with his arm make still more trouble with King sity cafeteria? 'I look at it like this. round his wife said: 'I don't think Hussein and the East Bank.' We have to pay tfrs price until peace. we could give them a harder shock Nor did anyone want to settle the I'm furious, but I don't start shouting than 1967.' Others chimed in: occupied territories: 'That's annexa- tion, and if Jater we want to nego- tiate a peace, there'll be nothing to offer.' said an exceptionally bright blonde girl in Amir. Everyone nodded. Others said : ' We have to take Arab pride inlo account more than we seem to be doing. We are in the position to give them a sort of moral victory by withdrawing, in some shape or form.' About half thought Israel's insis- tence on direct talks was unnecessary. None thought resettlement of at least some refugees in Israel aud compen- sation for the rest was unreasonable : " We accept moral responsibility to assist in a refugee settlement— though why should they want to corne and live under us Israelis ? * The final .problem was Jerusalem. It is the -most emotive question in Israel. The Arabs will not consider abandouing East Jerusalem. Yet even here, that middle-aged intransigence was refreshingly missing. One klbbutic- nik sa.id he didn't think that, once the Holy Places had been dealt with on Vatican lines, the Arabs would worry about the Arab population in resi- dential East Jerusalem. The dark-haired youth in Amir in- . sisted in a .general hullabaloo: 'This J city is Israeli. It can't be half-Arab j and half-Jewish. What unique right • have the Israelis to the city? It may , not be right, but there it is.' He was outweighed. ' If there's a real peace,' said one girl, 'I wiH share Jerusulem.' Even in the religious kibbutz a woman had said: *I can visualise an internationalised city as a reasona-bJe solution—with no one treading on anyone else's toes.' Jerry Kelman, the Scot, said: 'I am not religious and I su-ppose it can be negotiated. If it's the lasr thing sfcm cling in front of peace, then, OK, of course. But I don't know about the country at large.' Associated Press Wirephoto UN Secretary General TJ Thant salutes coffin at Capitol. By Bertram B. Johansson least the intent of some of them, that their agreed "that the situation in the Middle ; Staff correspondent of meetings will strengthen Dr. Jarring's hand. East is serious and urgent and must not : The Christian Science Monitor That is to say, they believe that recom- be permitted to jeopardize international mendations they may make to Dr. Jarring peace and security." : United Nations, N.Y. for him to present to Israel, Egypt, and They stated they had entered immedi- Jordan may carry more weight because of ately "into a discussion on matters of sub- -' Big Pour talks on the Middle East have backing by Britain, France, the Soviet stance and have started denning areas of -finally lofted into orbit. Union, and the United States. agreement," and that U Thant would be Few observers care to predict the suc- This is not necessarily the impression of kept fully informed. They will meet again cess or failure of the flight. Israel, which objects strenuously to the April 8. As the talks began, on a cool but auspi- presence of the Soviet Union on the Big Four The Big Four ambassadors said in their ciously springlike day at the Park Avenue panel. communique that they based their approach residence of UN French Ambassador Ar- Israeli sources have said officially and to the Middle East problem on the Security mand Berard, another UN peace satellite unofficially time and again that they feel Council resolution of Nov. 22, 1967, which splashed down out of orbit, at least for the that the Russians, having supplied the "affirms that the fulfillment of UN Charter time being. Egyptian, Syrian, and Iraqi military forces principles requires the establishment of a A spokesman for the Secretary-General with even better equipment than they had just and lasting peace in the Middle East made the announcement of the splashdown before their June, 1961, defeat, have no which should include the application of both at a UN press briefing by reading a state- moral right to sit in judgment on a settle- the following principles: ment: ment involving Israel. "1. Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces "The Secretary-General, U Thant, an- Essentially,. Israel's argument is that in from territories occupied in the recent con- nounces that Ambassador Gunnar Jarring, a world which preaches the rights of na- flict. special representative of the Secretary-Gen- tional sovereignty, how can the Soviet "2. Termination of all claims or states of eral in tJhe Middle East, is departing Nicosia Union, intervening so deeply in the Middle belligerency and respect for and acknowl- today, 3 April, for Stockholm and Moscow East in the guise of a protector of the Arab edgement of the sovereignty, territorial in- [pause] for the Easter holidays." world, preach that it has a right to inter- tegrity, and political independence of every With the articulation of the last four words fere in questions of Israeli sovereignty. state in the area and their right to live in the UN press corps guffawed collectively. The official communique issued April 3 at peace within secure and recognized bound- Up to that point it had sounded as if the the end of the first of the "quadrilateral aries free from threats or acts of force." UN's special mediator for the Mideast had talks," as they were termed, endeavors to resigned. meet this Israeli objection with the conclud- Freedom of navigation ing sentence, "All appropriate contacts with The Nov. 22 resolution affirms further the Soviet presence denounced the parties primarily concerned -will be necessity: " "Dhere have been many rumors that Dr. maintained." "For guaranteeing freedom of navigation Jarring, who is Swedish Ambassador to the ihr'ugh international waterways in the area. Soviet Union, had resigned his UN mission Seriousness recognized "For achieving a just settlement of the iri'frustration. But there have been as many The four powers, represented by Ambas- refugee problem. expressions of appreciation for his long, en- sador Berard, Britain's Lord Caradon, So- •'For guaranteeing the territorial inviola- during patience in dealing with the Arabs viet Ambassador Jacob Malik, and U.S. bility and political independence of every and Israelis in attempting to achieve a Ambassador Charles W. Yost, reaffirmed state in the area, though measures includ- peace settlement. their support for Ambassador Jarring's ing the establishment of demilitarized It is the belief of the Big Four, or at Middle East mission. They said they were colics." Now that the first formal meeting of the major powers has taken place, they will soon face the nitty-gritty details of substantive matters. These include the extremely deli- cate matters of: Whether Israel will withdraw from occu- pied territories before any guarantees or agreements have been made between Israel, i Jordan, and Egypt. Whether Arab concessions or agreements will be made before such withdrawal. Whether agreed-on boundaries can be es- tablished. Whether demilitarized zones will be set up, and who will or will not patrol them. Whether refugees can be polled as to whether they wish to return to their for- mer homes, or be compensated financially for them. Whether Jerusalem shall stay in Israeli jurisdiction and whether Jordan will be given certain administrative and civil jur- isdictions in the city. Whether and when the Suez Canal shall be opened and whether Israel shall have navigational rights. It is for these reasons that the talks are expected to go on over a period of weeks, perhaps months, before recommen- dations can be handed on to Ambassador Jarring. ; • United Press International Mahmoud Fawzi, foreign policy adviser to UN Secretary General TJ Thant concerning Egyptian President Nasser, confers with Big Four talks on a Mideast peace formula. to New Big 4 Talks Washington Post Foreign Service with Pre'sident. Nixon at the One Security Council mem- UNITED NATIONS, April 7 White House reception follow- ber said today that the talks —Mahmoud Fawzi, foreign ing the funeral of Gen, appear to be; serving, to bring affairs assistant to Egyptian Dwight D. Eisenhower. President' Nasser, 'Completed Arab sources commented the U.S. and the Soviet Union a round;of Middle East discus- that this- was unusual treat- closer together .and to keep sions with Secretary General ment for-the representative1 the Middle East situation un- Thant :and key United Na- of a country that broke diplo- der control/ whether or not tions ambassadors here today matic relations:with the U.S. they also bring about agree- on tne-'eve.of iiew Big Four in 1967. Fawzi Is said to have ment between the Arabs and meetings; • '•'•'•' been soundin'g out possibili- Israelis. Ambassadors Charles W. ties of a resumption of rela- The Tuesday session may be Yost of the United States, tions. the only one this week be- Jacob Malik of the Soviet •But Egyptian Foreign Min- cause the three Western dele- Union, Lord 'Caradon of Brit- ister Mahmoud Riad was re- gations are participating in ain .and Armand Berard of ported today to have told a the NATO Ministerial Confer- Frances are scheduled to hold Western ambassador in Cairo ence in Washington. A wes- their .second set" of meetings recently that there could be tern diplomat said the talks Tuesday'at 10:30 at the Soviet no restoration until the U.S. is were likely to continue once : willing to do more than mere- or twice a week for several Mission on East 67th Street ly tell Israel that it disagrees months without advance pub- in Manhattan .against' .a back- with: Israeli policy on a Mid- licity. 'drop of upusual secrecy. . dle East settlement. Fawzi^riyhp Punched with The fact .that there has been Yost afierv. -meetkLg.-, with . U no leakage .about -matters of Thant,, and:.seeing,-..other big substance discussed: by the Four ^.ambassadors ls--:thought Big:Four in their initial meet- to have /amplified -the .Egypr ings lastt -Tuesday at Berard's tian response to- '.questions Park : Avenue Apartment is asked: by. tl.N. representative taken by . other . diplomats Gunhar Jarring.'.s;.',<.:. :.; .-. here—who have .inquired in • Replies/from .th^ Arabs; and vain^—as a sign that all par-- Israelis 'are now before the. ties tp -; the talks are deter- ' Big Four" aind; ;are.;- ,one; •of:•. the- mined . to .make some head- items.for'•^discus'sion.jvIt is-.un- way toward a: settlement. derstood ,. that- : Egypt's ~'ire- .Yost1 said at a luncheon with| spohse-'didiinot go beyond pre- correspondents last month: it.j vious staitements..: ;''-,:>••;-.:' . was inevitable that'"there will; . -The'v.-Sgyptian visitor ^ said be< :a: good ideal of obscurityi jhe wieiuld Teturn; Wednesday about. :what is going on" if to ,Washihgton,;;where.'he ;cbri-: progress is, being made. If .-. ferred/'last -:week':%ith :Secre- every thing is announced,; he -State ^William '•?: said," you can be sure nothing is''going oh:" '•.--.'.•••'. , ' ' a 11,1969 THE WASHINGTON POST '420 By Robert H. Estabrook Washington Post Foiehrc Service UNITED NATIONS, April 10 rarfly," by resuming his regu- •— Israel reopened its feud lar post as Swedish Ambassa- •with Secretary Gen. U Tfrant dor in Moscow. today by charging that Big- Behind the Israeli displea- Four meeting on the Middle sure with the Big-Four ap- East have already had a bad proach is the fear that it may result in paralyzing the peace exert pressure for withdrawal mission of U.N. representative of Israeli troops from cap- Gunnar Jarring. tured territories without oom- The1. charge by Ambassadori parable pressure on the Arabs Yosef Tekoah came immediate- to face the consequences of ly after a United Nations state- the 1967 war and negotiate se- ment that Thant believes the cure boundaries, four-power talks "are necessary The objective of Western and vital, are designed to re- members is to arrive at agree- inforce the Jarring mission, ments on specific points that and not at all obstruct or Barring could then take to the weaken it." parties for approval. Tekoah did not mention All sides have decried the King Hussein, tot one Western' dea of an imposed solution, source said the Israeli com- mt as a practical matter pub- icity would be used as a lever plaint appeared to be designed :o persuade the parties to ac- to counteract the effect of the cept the terms on which the six-point peace plan announced big powers agree. by the Jordanian monarch in Despite iffiie Israeli disagree- Washington. ment with the United States on the four-power talks, Amep- The contradictory Israeli and can suggestions have ap- U.N. assertions emphasized the peared to meet Israeli inter- bad feeling manifested pre- ests, in substance if not in viously im exchange of letters tone. between Thant and Israeli For- For example, Secretary of eign Minister Abba Bban over State William P. Kogers has the Ardb commando attack on said there must be a contrac- an Israeli airliner in Switzer- ual agreement with negotia- land and over attempts to in- :ions between the parties at vestigate conditions among in- some stage. Also, the United habitants of Israeli-occupied States is reported to favor an territories. arrangement whereby Israel Thant Favors Talks would retain control of Jerusa- lem with concessions to Jor- Israeli has contended that dan, and also to envisage Isra- *he Big-Four meetings— which eli retention of the Golan Thant had strongly urged — Heights. would make the Arabs unwill- ing to negotiate through Jar- Working Group ring. Egypt and Jordan have A working group of four- argued that Jarring has made power deputy ambassadors no headway because Israeli held its first meeting today at tnstransigence and that only the Soviet Mission. The re- a Big-Four agreement can pre- ported purpose was to draft a vent a new crisis. Tekoah said after his cal' declaration for the parties to on Th'ant that he had stressed approve on their intention to three: points: There has been carry out the Nov. 22, 1967, Se- a marked hardening of the curity Council resolution. Arab'/, position; tension has The next formal session of "been'whipped up artificially by the Big Four will be Monday Egypt' in Suez Canal exchanges afternoon at the Fifth Ave. and Jordan in the attack on apartment, of Lord Caradon, Eiiat to prove a crisis exists the British representative, and £tiff Arab replies to ques whn . lof. f ttllc zlftavnnn. . n nn a tions., asked by Jarring have conciliation mission to An- frustrated his mission.. p^- b,ut exPect3 to be back In. a letter to Thant Tekoah W Monday, also-emphasized "the import Western sources famiHiar ance .and urgency" of efforts with Jarrings decision to re- by the Secretary General to turn to Moscow said today it obtain assurance from Iraq that was influenced by the failure it accepts the cease-fire. He °£ reph'es fr™1 Israel- ^SlfPt cited an acknowledgement and Jordan to advance pros- that'Iraqi aimed forces have pects for a settlement. entered Syria. But these sources contra- Tekoah submitted a similar dieted Tekoah's assertion that letter,, to Security Council the Arab position had hard- President Padma Bahadu._r ened. They said it had not Kohatei of Nepal noting changed, and Israeli position that the president o£ Iraq last had not changed, week Specifically rejected the Jordanian Ambassador Mu- Council Resolution of Nov. 22, hammad El-Farra said in his 1967, that established guide- country's reply that the 19« lines for a Middle East settle- boundaries suggested in a ment,. U.N. paritioni plan (which the Arabs rejected at the time) Unequal Pressure represented the only formula Thant's statement, issued for secure borders. He added; through a spokesman, denied that "there is not one iota ol| reports that Jarring is 'giving difference between Cairo and up Ibis mission, "even tempo- Amman" on such questions. VOL. 60, NO. 321 TWO SECTIONS EASTERN EDITION * lOc Israelis angered over planned Than! UN tries visit to Algiers to calm By Earl W. Foell Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor United Nations, N.Y. SAUDI UN peacemakers are triply tied up in the ARABIA Middle East thicket and making only periph- eral progress. First, Swedish mediator Gunnar Jarring is still doggedly handling the main show— By Joan Forbes, staff cartographer his attempts to settle the third Arab-Israeli war and the two wars before it. But despite Mideast caldron boils self-serving leaks from both sides hinting Tension mounts in the Middle East as two new reasonableness, officials here believe •Syrian Air Force pilots suddenly land their there is little real progress to report. Soviet MIGs in northern Israel Aug. 12. An Second, Secretary-General U Thant is try- Israeli attack on guerrilla camps at Salt ing to end the affair of the hijacked Israeli last we'ek followed some 96 reported Arab airliner held in Algeria for three weeks. liberation group attacks on the Israelis. Some diplomats feel bargaining over the plane was given a nudge when Israel ac- •A- Please turn to Page 2 Continued from Page 1 ness of the Arab man in the street with a ing the public to become attached to much .quired two Syrian Air Force MJGs that year-long diet of bad news from the Israeli of the captured territory. landed unexpectedly Monday. front. Tims the air remains one of impasse _;They also noted the conditional form of U By contrast, weariness of world opinion spiced by rumors. TJiant's acceptance "in principle" of the toward the simmering crisis is regarded in Speculation about such relatively straight- invitation to visit Algiers Sept. 13. the opposite light. forward events as the landing of the two His trip to Algiers is to visit a summit Many officials here feel that the tedious- ness of this endlessly repetitive border war- Syrian MIGs in Israel and about the likeli- meeting of the Organization of African Unity. hood of U Thant's trip to Algiers livens the .As a long-time friend of Algerian inde- fare has lulled both big-power foreign offices and public into apathy. tedious replaying of old accusations. pendence, U Thant is in a good position to Arab and Israeli diplomats alike theorize make hiwself heard in Algiers. Washington and Moscow have occasion- that the first Syrian-plane arrival in Israel But both Arab and Israeli sources say ally made token efforts to restrain their re- in 10 years is more than coincidental, com- that so. far he is limiting his role to that of spective clients in the area. But Moscow ing when Israel is searching for bargaining conveying terms from one side to the other. continues to aid and abet Arab rearmament, leverage to obtain the return of its El Al and Washington is easing its arms control Watching the raids for Israel. airliner. The UN Security Council has the third Speculators warm to tales of Israeli use side of the peacemaking burden—its famil- Playing both sides? of misleading navigational-control devices iar weary role of delivering verbal wrist or payoffs for the Syrian pilots. Less-flam- slaps for Arab guerrilla raids and larger- President Nasser has tried to keep his boyant delegates simply point out that scale Israeli retaliation raids. people's spirits up with talk about future flights of Arab planes near the Syrian- Few members of the council feel that the vengeance against Israel. Then some of his Israeli cease-fire line are frequent and close laborious process of hearing conflicting evi- spokesmen have attempted to dilute the enough to present an easy target for decoy- dence and then dealing out a carefully cal- bellicose image thus given by leaking de- ing or adroit force downs. culated chastisement measured in milli- tails of concessions Cairo would make if Those who know U Thant well doubt that grams of force is likely to have more than Israel withdrew from captured Arab terri- he would use his trip to squeeze the Alge- momentary effect on the border warfare. tory. rians into action on the hijacked plane. But Diplomats who have served in the area Some of these concessions are reported they feel that neither he nor his hosts would note that two of these three instances of UN to have been conveyed to Israel in past :vant such a visit to come under a cloud of peace work are cases of cooling down new months by Mr. Jarring. These include the accusations. This gives rise to some hope frictions, not trying to'root out the old basic opening of the Suez Canal to Israeli cargoes that a solution may be reached by early problems. (not ships) in response to a partial Israeli .September. They feel the only calming factor in this withdrawal from the East Bank. They in- Otherwise combustible picture is the weari- clude the demilitarization of Sinai under guaranteed UN supervisioi in return for further withdrawal. But other reported concessions—and com- plete packages of terms — are puzzling to both U Thant and Cairo's diplomats here. And Israeli diplomats in New York shrug them off saying that such reports can be tested and verified only if there are direct peace talks between the two sides. Arab spokesmen argue that this Israeli reply only shows the unwillingness of the government of Levi Eshkol to talk realis- tically about Arab offers conveyed through Mr. Jarring. The Arabs maintain that Israel has not yet agreed to "implement fully" the UN Security Council resolution of last Novem- ber calling for both Israeli withdrawal and (the Israelis note) a firm Mideast peace settlement guaranteeing "Israel's safety. They argue that/ Israeli politicians of all parties have tied their hands by encourag- DAILY WIS, Saturday, 26 October 1968 ! any such situation should not T is probably, of little note or no consequence that be subject to unilateral ac-' tion but rather if the even- a special committee of the United Nations here at tualitv arosa, and then the matter should be disposed of by some collective remedy and New York began its consideration of equal rights and of course in the councils of. ? - the. United Nations .itself. self determination .at a session held just the day before The newly elected president -^ of the General Asembiy in its 23rd Session, Mr. Emilio the convening of the new General Assembly Session Arenales Catalan, the former foreign minister of Guate- mala, has approached his taste of .the United Nations, the 23rd in its history. •with an appeal for realism, He has attempted to drive However, that this home the plain truth, name- ly that the United Nations is group Ebould 'bear the not and never was intended to title cS *'ffoe speeia! be a "SUPER POWER" but ccrnmifi-eG on principles' rather a world parliament, • of infefinaftonai S s w. concerning frisndSy re- TIic and the Arabs still were anxl- 1 pointed out that the "DE- fcus- to have Dr. Jarring con- • Kesdfeon . laJLfcns' msghj appear VELOPMENTS" JD Cze-. tinue. There were those who to rsng OH? of ifseE-? frho ohoslovalda pressnted a remembered so well that Sy- . • stern warning and vore- certain setback to an eas- ria who had been so active in "The recent fletjc- ing: o? tensions faotwecn the war. lincl refused to ac- 7opments to which I bcdirz* of the frighten- East and West. However, cept the Jarring mission from it may be enccuragin^ to the beginning. have referred," he said, ing task which lies foe- cbscn-o that he did not as "show Iioio precarious , fore £his new con- Kisinj voices arc now on past occasions call for Increasingly heard that . is the balance of power vocation of frhe nations the withdrawal of Soviet between the. USA and troops, which of itself the United Nations should of fhe worlds mijjljt have intensified the - . '..take Dome speedy set ion the. USSR-in the world already bur^eonjnff con-, by some meanj or other today. Any. Bidden The principles of Internatio- , .-to-ameliorate and change- shift in this balance by nal law or the tenets of simple — the pitiful Biafran-NiE*- • rian situation. Then there one side whether it is Tinderstanding .whichever they is the ncsitlon morp - - due to developments in • cently taket n by the Soviet ! tionihips -of member States Union that under the military technology or United Nations charter it to military actionf or j one with the other or witli He went on to say that the U. THANT their yet to be enrolled is justified sr taking any to actions at the politi- events in Czechoslovakia have action in order to prevent cal level, is sure to A caEJ for s Fssoiwf-Eon ecndernnsng, neighbour!r-3 n£*-c;is appsri- a- resurgence of neo- - to .b« u-ore remots end un- "VERT MUCH" damaged the Nazism in TVest Germany. lead to a strong re- fhe bombing of Worth Vtsfnani !by ibaa ever ttfcre. • • prospects of the ratification It has been the opinion of action on the part of of the treaty to halt the the Secretary General that the other side." the U.S. spread of nuclear weapons Sst fee and other aspects of joint in- ternational activities. Little was said with any de- K"o one is more cosrJzanft finite promise as to the strife He expressed the liopo that that can be hope£ for,- . a in the Middle East or con- a third force including all would seem, is to- hold • th-9 and a