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Proquest Dissertations Science Culture in English-speaking Montreal, 1815-1842 Harry Kuntz A Thesis in The Humanities Doctoral Program Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada July 2010 © Harry Kuntz Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71149-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-71149-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada iii ABSTRACT Science Culture in English-speaking Montreal, 1815-1842 Harry Kuntz, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2010 Most North American work on the history of science concentrates on the period of the 1840s and beyond, a time when permanent scientific institutions were founded and science emerged as a professional pursuit. The originality of this thesis lies in its examination of the earlier period and the demonstration that amid the large-scale social, religious, political and economic change in Montreal there was an emergent, amateur urban science culture and practice. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of the local setting and the factors there that facilitated or retarded the development of science culture, the practice of science and the growth of scientific institutions. This thesis examines the multiplicity of ways in which science became a part of the cultural attitudes of English-speaking Montrealers during the period from 1815 to 1842. Attitudes toward science were shaped by public spectacles and lectures, informal and formal learning experiences, and by the growth of such institutions as libraries and scientific institutions. By 1835 a number of elementary and secondary schools included some science in the curriculum. Civic pride and emulation lay behind the foundingtof litefaiy and .scientific institutions in Montreal. Members of the Natural hfistory Society IV of Montreal (NHSM), which was founded in 1827, sought to form a museum of natural history specimens found in the Canadas and to diffuse a knowledge of science among the public. The research for this thesis is based on a wide range of primary source materials, including the archives of the NHSM and the Montreal Mechanics' Institute (MMI) held respectively at McGill University and the Atwater Library, as well as contemporary newspapers, periodicals and other printed documents. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my thanks to Professor Graham Carr, who showed great patience during the gestation of this thesis - reading a number of very lengthy preliminary drafts. He made several valuable suggestions for readings that helped to improve my grasp of the background against which the activities and events portrayed in the dissertation might be viewed. In addition, he provided hints for improvement to the manner of expression of the ideas involved. Careful reading led him to point out a number of infelicitous expressions and the need for greater clarity. Nevertheless, I alone must take responsibility for any remaining errors of fact or of expression. All this needs to be seen against the fact that Professor Carr inherited the supervisory role on the committee after the untimely death of Professor Susan Sheets-Pyenson. Working in a field, which was not his area of expertise, he provided much guidance and his ever-present good humor made working together a pleasure. My gratitude is also due to my wife Joanne for her patience and loving encouragement during what must have seemed like a never-ending project. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Acronyms x Introduction 1 Canadian Studies in the History of Science Science in its Urban Setting Defining Science in the early Nineteenth Century Science and Public Culture Civic Pride and Local Factions Scientific Institutions Method and Sources Chapter One: Portrait of Montreal 48 Demographic Factors: Size and Rate of Growth of the Urban Population Socio-Economic Features: Ethnicity and Occupational Status Political and Religious Diversity Literacy and the English-speaking Montrealers Scientific Traditions and Persistence of Local Savants Montreal Science and its Urban Context Conclusion Chapter Two: Science as Spectacle 99 Natural Philosophy - Visual Effects Natural Philosophy - Mechanics and Motion Natural Philosophy - Alternative Therapies Natural History - Zoology Itinerant Zoos and Menageries Natural History - Botany Itinerant Museums Thomas Delvecchio's Museo Italiano Lecturing Conclusion vii Chapter Three: Informal and Formal Learning 148 The Home and Family as a Site for Science Education Learning Sites within the Community Formal Education In Elementary and Secondary Schooling Post-secondary Schooling Study Abroad Conclusion Chapter Four: Civic Pride and Conflict 197 The Montreal Library Tensions and Conflicts in the 1820s and early 1830s The Broadening Base of Science Politics and the Montreal Institutions Founding of the Montreal Mechanics' Institute First Attempts at Erecting a Building Further Tensions and Conflict in the 1830s Attempts at a Union of the ML and NHSM and the Erection of a Building Conflict in the mid to late 1830s A Last Attempt to Unite the ML and NHSM and Erect an Edifice Conclusion Chapter Five: Institutions and Science 262 Leadup to the Founding of the NHSM NHSM - Founding Membership and Participation NHSM Museum and Library Educational Aims of the NHSM NHSM Efforts to Influence Government Policy regarding Science Founding and Purposes of the MMI Conclusion Conclusion 335 Bibliography 350 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: John Adams' 1825 Map of the City of Montreal and Suburbs Figure 2: Outline Map of City and Suburbs in 1825 Figure 3: Plan of the City of Montreal in 1833 Figure 4: Sites of Institutions in the Old City LIST OF TABLES "fable 1: Population of Montreal by Linguistic Group and Birthplace, 1825 and 1842 Table 2: Population Groups and Occupational Status in 1840s Table 3: Religious Affiliation of the Population of Montreal in 1825 and 1842 X ACRONYMS AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science BAAS British Association for the Advancement of Science GRSM Groupe de recherche sur la societe montrealaise au 19e siecle JHALC Journals of the House of Assembly for Lower Canada LHSQ Literary and Historical Society of Quebec MGH Montreal General Hospital MIM Mechanics' Institution of Montreal (1840 on) ML Montreal Library MLA Mercantile Library Association MMI Montreal Mechanics' Institution (1828-1840) NHSM Natural History Society of Montreal RCPS Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons RCSE Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh RCSL Royal College of Surgeons London 1 Introduction During much of the nineteenth century Montreal was the fo­ cus for persons with an interest in science and the locus of scien­ tific practice. Both amateur and by mid-century professional scien­ tific endeavor found a home here. Early nineteenth century activity resulted in the establishment of the Natural History Society of Montreal (NHSM) in 1827 and the Montreal Mechanics' Institute (MMI) the following year. In the second quarter of the nineteenth century, with the exception of the two Quebec City museums, that of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec and Chasseur's Mu­ seum, the museums connected with the two Montreal institutions were almost alone in the Canadas in the field of collection, conser­ vation, and display of natural history specimens. As late as the early 1880s, many of the practitioners of scientific activities in Canada continued to look to Montreal as the place to make known and pub­ lish their findings and to show their specimens.1 This dissertation examines the growth of local science culture and the knowledge and practice of science among English-speaking Montrealers in the period from 181 5 to 1842.2 The term science culture here refers to the combination
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