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Beja Grammatical Sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité)
Beja grammatical sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité) Table of content TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. PHONOLOGY..................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. CONSONANT PHONEMES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 6 2.2. VOCALIC PHONEMES .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 7 2.3. PHONOTACTICS......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4. STRESS ................................................................................................................................................................... -
Sudan, Performed by the Much Loved Singer Mohamed Wardi
Confluence: 1. the junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width; 2. an act or process of merging. Oxford English Dictionary For you oh noble grief For you oh sweet dream For you oh homeland For you oh Nile For you oh night Oh good and beautiful one Oh my charming country (…) Oh Nubian face, Oh Arabic word, Oh Black African tattoo Oh My Charming Country (Ya Baladi Ya Habbob), a poem by Sidahmed Alhardallou written in 1972, which has become one of the most popular songs of Sudan, performed by the much loved singer Mohamed Wardi. It speaks of Sudan as one land, praising the country’s diversity. EQUAL RIGHTS TRUST IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SUDANESE ORGANISATION FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT In Search of Confluence Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan The Equal Rights Trust Country Report Series: 4 London, October 2014 The Equal Rights Trust is an independent international organisation whose pur- pose is to combat discrimination and promote equality as a fundamental human right and a basic principle of social justice. © October 2014 Equal Rights Trust © Photos: Anwar Awad Ali Elsamani © Cover October 2014 Dafina Gueorguieva Layout: Istvan Fenyvesi PrintedDesign: in Dafinathe UK Gueorguieva by Stroma Ltd ISBN: 978-0-9573458-0-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by other means without the prior written permission of the publisher, or a licence for restricted copying from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., UK, or the Copyright Clearance Centre, USA. -
2017. Blin and Arab Historians in the Twelfth Century
BLIN AND ARAB HISTORIANS IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY. Presented on the Blin Conference Stuttgart, Germany in July 21-23, 2017. Idris Abubeker (PhD) Abstract The ancient history of the Blin still needs to be investigated. Within this premise, this paper discusses three Arabic texts written in the twelfth century in relation to the history of the Blin. Two of them were written by El-Idrissi the historian while the third one was a manuscript written by a poet called Ibn al-Qalaqis. I would argue that one of the texts of El- Idrissi and the manuscript of Ibn al-Qalaqis are discussed for the first time. Giving prominence for treatment of the two texts, may contribute to our knowledge of the study of Blin. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The first inhabitant of the east Africa region is the Nilotic group. They dominated this region for thousands of years, until the advent of the Cushitic group that led them either to mix with them or to migrate out of that area or to settle in specific areas1. It is believed that the Cushitic group entered to this region from the Arabian Peninsula via Bab al-Mandab or from the Caucasus through Egypt between the fifth and third millennium BC. They relied on animals that could live in harsh desert life like camels and others. They developed architecture and music, as evidenced by the construction of pyramids in Egypt and the Church of Lalibela in Ethiopia and the ancient port of Adulis in Eritrea and others2. The demographics of these groups were spread throughout the region from southern Egypt to northern Kenya. -
The Beja Language Today in Sudan: the State of the Art in Linguistics Martine Vanhove
The Beja Language Today in Sudan: The State of the Art in Linguistics Martine Vanhove To cite this version: Martine Vanhove. The Beja Language Today in Sudan: The State of the Art in Linguistics. Proceed- ings of the 7th International Sudan Studies Conference April 6th - 8th 2006. Bergen, Norway, 2006, Bergen, Norway. pp.CD Rom. halshs-00010091 HAL Id: halshs-00010091 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00010091 Submitted on 10 Apr 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 2006. Proceedings of the 7th International Sudan Studies Conference April 6th – 8th 2006. Bergen, Norway. CD Rom, Bergen: University of Bergen. THE BEJA LANGUAGE TODAY IN SUDAN: THE STATE OF THE ART IN LINGUISTICS MARTINE VANHOVE (LLACAN, UMR 8135 - CNRS, INALCO) 1 INTRODUCTION The Beja language is spoken in the eastern part of the Sudan by some 1,100,000 Muslim people, according to the 1998 census. It belongs to the Cushitic family of the Afro-Asiatic genetic stock. It is the sole member of its northern branch, and is so different from other Cushitic languages in many respects and especially as regards to the lexicon, that the American linguist, Robert Hetzron (1980), thought it best to set it apart from Cushitic as an independent branch of Afro-Asiatic. -
Tekna Berbers in Morocco
www.globalprayerdigest.org GlobalDecember 2019 • Frontier Ventures •Prayer 38:12 Digest The Birth Place of Christ, But Few Will Celebrate His Birth 4—North Africa: Where the Berber and Arab Worlds Blend 7—The Fall of a Dictator Spells a Rise of Violence 22—Urdus: A People Group that is Not a People Group 23—You Can Take the Bedouin Out of the Desert, but … December 2019 Editorial EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Feature of the Month Keith Carey For comments on content call 626-398-2241 or email [email protected] ASSISTANT EDITOR Dear Praying Friends, Paula Fern Pray For Merry Christmas! WRITERS Patricia Depew Karen Hightower This month we will pray for the large, highly unreached Wesley Kawato A Disciple-Making Movement Among Ben Klett Frontier People Groups (FPGs) in the Middle East. They David Kugel will be celebrating Christmas in Bethlehem, and a few other Christopher Lane Every Frontier People Group in the Ted Proffitt places where Arabs live, but most will treat December 25 Cory Raynham like any other day. It seems ironic that in the land of Christ’s Lydia Reynolds Middle East Jean Smith birth, his birth is only celebrated by a few. Allan Starling Chun Mei Wilson Almost all the others are Sunni Muslim, but that is only a John Ytreus part of the story. Kurds and Berbers are trying to maintain PRAYING THE SCRIPTURES their identity among the dominant Arabs, while Bedouin Keith Carey tribes live their lives much like Abraham did thousands of CUSTOMER SERVICE years ago. Who will take Christ to these people? Few if any Lois Carey Lauri Rosema have tried it to this day. -
Beja Local Conflict, Marginalisation, and the Threat to Regional Security John Young
Beja Local conflict, marginalisation, and the threat to regional security John Young Introduction tens of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees and has led to the destruction of the In a region that has become notorious for its level of economy and infrastructure in the Eritrean-Sudanese armed conflict, Sudan stands out. Armed struggles in border area. But the tragedy of the east lies in its lack of the south broke out months before the country was development, poverty, and the loss of human potential. granted independence on 1 January 1956. In the 1960s By these measurements this region may well be suffering these struggles developed into a full-fledged insurrection the most in Sudan from marginalisation. Moreover, led by Anyanya that only ended in 1972. The conflict because of the strategic position of eastern Sudan, this resumed in 1983 between the Sudan Armed Forces conflict has long been at the centre of tensions between (SAF) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Sudan and Eritrea, and to a lesser extent Ethiopia, Army (SPLM/A), which was established which borders the southern portion of in the same year. The second civil war the territory. Because Eritrea and Ethiopia was formally brought to an end with have yet to resolve their outstanding the signing of the Comprehensive Peace border issues, relations between them Agreement (CPA) in Nairobi on 9 January Instability in remain tense and any developments in 2005, although the jury is still out as to eastern Sudan eastern Sudan are bound to have an whether peace will prove sustainable. -
Beja Terms Used: Silif: Customary Law That Regulates All Beja Groups Diwab: Linage
Beja terms used: Silif: customary law that regulates all Beja groups Diwab: linage 1. Description 1.1 Name(s) of society, language, and language family: Name of society: Beja, Bedawi (2) Language: Bedawiyet (1) Language Family: Cushitic (1) 1.2 ISO code (3 letter code from ethnologue.com): bej (1) 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): Red Sea, Kassaia States, Southeast River Nile, Egypt, Eritrea (1) 1.4 Brief history: “The Beja are traditionally nomadic shepherds who migrate annually with their herds. In the north, small groups of nomads herd flocks of sheep, goats, camels, and cattle” (2). They live scattered across the desert regions of Sudan, Egypt and Eritrea (2). The Beja are native Africans who have lived in their current homelands for more than 4,000 years, and (in Sudan) are divided into four tribes: the Hadendowa, the Amarar, the Abadba, and the Beni Amer (2). The Beja are traditionally nomadic, so they live in portable tents that are curved in shape and are made from woven palm fronds (2). 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: The Beja have never been conquered by a foreign power (2). 1.6 Ecology (natural environment): Ecosystem type: Savanna (6) Geological type: Riverine and Plains (6) 1.7 Population size, mean village size, home range size, density: Beja live in clans, and are named after their ancestors. Clans vary from one to twelve families has it’s own pastures and water sites that others may use, but with permission. The Beja always show kindness to other clans, but are not necessarily friendly to foreigners (2). -
Eritrea Report
ERITREA REPORT APRIL 2005 Country Information and Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Eritrea April 2005 CONTENTS 1 Scope of Document 1.1 2 Geography 2.1 3 Economy 3.1 3.2 Petrol Rationing 3.5 Drought & Famine 4 History Foundations of Eritrea 4.1 Resistance to Ethiopian Rule 1952-1991 4.2 Independence 1993 & Transitional Government 4.4 The PFDJ and Constitutional Developments 4.7 Border Conflict with Ethiopia 1998-2000 4.13 Unresolved Border Demarcation 4.18 5 State Structures The Constitution 5.1 - Citizenship and Nationality 5.3 - Three Witnesses 5.12 - The 1993 Referendum 5.18 - Mixed Marriage & Mixed Birth 5.21 The Political System 5.26 The Judiciary 5.32 - Special Courts 5.39 Legal Rights/Detention 5.42 - Death Penalty 5.46 Internal Security 5.47 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.49 The Military 5.55 - Draft Evaders 5.56 - Military Service 5.59 - Demobilisation 5.64 - Prisoners of War 5.66 Medical Services - General 5.67 - Specialist Facilities 5.75 - HIV/AIDS 5.78 - The Disabled 5.80 Educational System 5.83 Eritrea April 2005 6 Human Rights 6.A Human Rights – issues General 6.1 Freedom of Speech and of the Media - The Media 6.9 - Non Media Criticism 6.15 6.16 Freedom of Religion Religious Groups - 6.20 - Non-Sanctioned Religious Groups 6.27 - Jehovah’s Witnesses 6.30 - Muslims 6.40 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.44 - Political Activists - Political Opposition 6.48 - Democratic Elections 6.53 - The G15 Group 6.56 - Supporters of the Ethiopian Derg Regime 6.64 - Supporters of the ELF -
Dam Complex of Upper Atbara Project Socio-Economic Assessment Of
DAM COMPLEX OF UPPER ATBARA PROJECT SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT SITUATION January 2009 Christian Potin Consultant with contribution of Henri Bak for agricultural aspects and Françoise Estreguil for gender aspects (both of them consultants also) (in the frame of SOGREAH’s Impact study for Dam Implementation Unit of Soudan) SUMMARY 1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF THE BASELINE SITUATION AND THE RESETTLEMENTS ISSUES ................................................................................................ 3 1.1. ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP AND INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................ 3 1.1.1. ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP OF THE STUDY AREA .......................................................... 3 1.1.2. MISSIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ............................. 3 1.1.2.1. LOCALITY LEVEL ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT LEVEL ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.3. LOCAL COMMITTEES LEVEL .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3 NATIVE ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................................... -
The Islamization of the Beja Until the 19 Century Abstract
Beiträge zur 1. Kölner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I) Herausgegeben von Marc Seifert, Markus Egert, Fabian Heerbaart, Kathrin Kolossa, Mareike Limanski, Meikal Mumin, Peter André Rodekuhr, Susanne Rous, Sylvia Stankowski und Marilena Thanassoula The Islamization of the Beja until the 19th century Jan Záhořík, Department of Anthropology, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen Abstract The Beja tribes belong to the oldest known nations not only in the Sudan but also in the whole Africa. Their history goes back to the antiquity and nowadays they inhabit the eastern parts of the Islamic Republic of Sudan, the northern triangle of Eritrea, the Ababda tribe lives in the southern parts of Egypt around Assuan, and small enclaves of the Beja can be found in the northern tip of Ethiopia. In this paper I will try to show the process of Islamization of these Cushitic people and to reinterpret as well as to present less known or insufficiently accented facts. There are several uncertainties that require attention. First of all, the date of the beginning of Islamization differs according to several scholars and authors. Second, it is difficult to find some adequate conclusions of the early Islamization of the Beja while we know almost nothing about the extent of this process in the 9th and 10th centuries. Even though we have some direct sources from Arab scholars such as Ibn Battuta, al-Mas’udi, Ibn Jubair and some others, the information about Islam among the Beja differ, so we have no clear idea of the early Islamization of the Beja tribes. In my opinion, we cannot consider the conversion to Islam a quick, but rather a gradual process caused by the intrusion of the Arab tribes since the 9th century and by the increasing importance of the Beja camel guiders and caravan route leaders. -
Sudan Country Report
SUDAN COUNTRY REPORT April 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Sudan April 2004 CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.7 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.3 3. ECONOMY 3.1 - 3.2 4. HISTORY 1989 - April 2004: The al-Bashir Regime 4.1 - 4.3 Events of 2002 - 2004 4.4 - 4.19 5. STATE STRUCTURES The Constitution 5.1 - 5.2 The Political System 5.3 - 5.5 Political Parties 5.6 - 5.7 The Judiciary 5.8 - 5.17 Military Service and the Popular Defence Force 5.18 - 5.26 Conscription 5.27 - 5.32 Exemptions, Pardons and Postponements 5.33 - 5.36 Internal Security 5.37 - 5.38 Legal Rights/Detention 5.39 - 5.43 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.44 - 5.47 Medical Services 5.48 - 5.55 HIV/AIDS 5.56 - 5.60 Mental Health Care 5.61 - 5.62 The Education System 5.63 - 5.64 Sudanese Nationality Laws 5.65 - 5.68 6. HUMAN RIGHTS 6.A. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES Overview 6.1 - 6.12 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.13 - 6.17 Newspapers 6.18 - 6.21 Television, Radio and the Internet 6.22 - 6.24 Freedom of Religion 6.25 - 6.37 Forced Religious Conversion 6.38 - 6.39 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.40 - 6.46 Meetings and Demonstrations 6.47 - 6.49 Employment Rights 6.50 - 6.52 Trade Unions 6.53 - 6.58 Wages and Conditions 6.59 - 6.62 People Trafficking 6.63 - 6.66 Slavery 6.67 - 6.71 Freedom of Movement 6.72 - 6.75 Passports 6.76 - 6.77 Exit Visas 6.78 - 6.81 Airport Security 6.82 - 6.83 Returning Sudanese Nationals 6.84 - 6.87 Arbitrary Interference with Privacy 6.88 - 6.91 6.B. -
Development Deferred: Eastern Sudan After the ESPA
36 Development Deferred: Eastern Sudan after the ESPA By the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2015 First published in May 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Maison de la Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Series editor: Emile LeBrun Copy-edited by Alex Potter ([email protected]) Proofread by Donald Strachan ([email protected]) Cartography by Jillian Luff (www.mapgrafix.com) Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Rick Jones ([email protected]) Printed by nbmedia in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-940548-10-1 2 Small Arms Survey HSBA Working Paper 36 Contents List of maps, tables, and figures ................................................................................................................................................ 4 List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................................................