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Beja Grammatical Sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité)

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Beja Grammatical Sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité) Beja grammatical sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité) Table of content TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. PHONOLOGY..................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. CONSONANT PHONEMES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 6 2.2. VOCALIC PHONEMES .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 7 2.3. PHONOTACTICS......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4. STRESS .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3. MORPHOLOGY.................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.1. NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1.1. Noun categories ........................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2. Noun patterns .............................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1.2.1. “Basic” noun patterns............................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1.2.2. Instrument Nouns................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.2.3. Place Nouns .......................................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3. Adjectives ................................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.3.1. Adjective patterns................................................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.3.2. Adjectivizer affix ................................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1.4. Gender........................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.1.5. Number....................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.5.1. Vocalic ablaut........................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.1.5.2. Stress alternation.................................................................................................................................................. 12 3.1.5.3. The suffix ‐a .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.5.4. Reduplication........................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1.5.5. Suppletive plurals ................................................................................................................................................. 12 3.1.5.6. Inherent plural nouns ........................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.5.7. Singulative ............................................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1.6. Cases .......................................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1.6.1. Nominative and Accusative .................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.6.2. Genitive................................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.1.6.3. Vocative ................................................................................................................................................................ 15 3.1.7. Determiners and demonstratives............................................................................................................... 15 3.1.7.1. Articles.................................................................................................................................................................. 15 3.1.7.2. Demonstratives..................................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.8. Pronouns .................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.8 1. Set 1: Independent personal pronouns ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1.8.2. Set 1: Independent possessive pronouns ............................................................................................................. 17 3.1.8.3. Set 1: Independent Dative pronouns.................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.8.4. Set 1: Independent Ablative pronouns ................................................................................................................. 17 3.1.8.5. Set 2: Bound object pronouns .............................................................................................................................. 18 3.1.8.6. Set 2: Bound possessive pronouns ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.8.7. Set 2: Variants of bound possessive pronouns ..................................................................................................... 20 3.1.8.8. Set 2: Bound ablative pronouns............................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.8.9. Reflexive pronouns ............................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2. VERB MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.1. Verb classes, verb roots and stems ............................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2. Inflectional categories................................................................................................................................21 3.2.2.1. Indicative paradigms............................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2.2. Modal paradigms.................................................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.2.2.1. Imperative and Prohibitive ........................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2.2.2. Optative affirmative and negative................................................................................................................ 23 3.2.3. Verb derivations ......................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3.1. Verb class 1 derivation patterns ........................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3.1.1. Intensive ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3.1.2. Pluractional................................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.3.1.3. Reflexive
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