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Language Ai As in ‘Aisle’ I’D Like to See the Këflun Mayet Ëfeullëgallō Room
© Lonely Planet Publications 378 www.lonelyplanet.com ETHIOPIAN AMHARIC •• Accommodation 379 u as in ‘flute’ but shorter Does it include kursënëm yicheumëral? ay as the ‘ai’ in ‘bait’ breakfast? Language ai as in ‘aisle’ I’d like to see the këflun mayet ëfeullëgallō room. Consonants Can I see a different lela këfël mayet ëchëlallō? THE ETHIOPIC SYLLABARY ch as in ‘church’ room? CONTENTS The unique Ethiopic script is the basis for g as in ‘get’ I leave tomorrow. neugeu ëhedallō the alphabets of Amharic, Tigrinya and gw as in ‘Gwen’ Ethiopian Amharic 378 Tigré. The basic Ethiopic syllabary has 26 h as in ‘hit’; at the end of a sentence it’s CONVERSATION & ESSENTIALS Pronunciation 378 characters; Amharic includes another seven, like a short puff of breath Hello/Greetings. tenastëllën (lit: ‘may you be Accommodation 379 and Tigrinya another five characters to kw as the ‘q’ in ‘queen’ given health’) Conversation & Essentials 379 cover sounds that are specific to those j as in ‘jump’ Hello. seulam (lit: ‘peace be with you’) Directions 380 languages. s as in ‘plus’ (never a ‘z’ sound) Hello. tadiyass (inf) LANGUAGE Health 380 The alphabet is made up of root characters sh as in ‘shirt’ How are you? deuhna neuh? (m) Emergencies – Amharic 380 representing consonants. By adding lines or z as in ‘zoo’ deuhna neush? (f) Language Difficulties 380 circles (representing the vowel sounds) to ny as the ‘ni’ in ‘onion’ deuhna not? (pol) LANGUAGE Numbers 380 these characters, seven different syllables r a rolled ‘r’ deuhna nachu? (pl) Shopping & Services 381 can be generated for each consonant (eg ha, ’ a glottal stop, ie a momentary closing I’m fine. -
Beja Grammatical Sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité)
Beja grammatical sketch Martine Vanhove (LLACAN – CNRS, INALCO, PRES Sorbonne Paris-Cité) Table of content TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2. PHONOLOGY..................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. CONSONANT PHONEMES ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 6 2.2. VOCALIC PHONEMES .................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1. Allophones, free variation and phonological rules....................................................................................... 7 2.3. PHONOTACTICS......................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.4. STRESS ................................................................................................................................................................... -
A Mobile Based Tigrigna Language Learning Tool
PAPER A MOBILE BASED TIGRIGNA LANGUAGE LEARNING TOOL A Mobile Based Tigrigna Language Learning Tool http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4322 Hailay Kidu University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Abstract—Mobile learning (ML) refers to the use of mobile Currently many people visit Tigray - or hope to do so and handheld IT devices such as Personal Digital Assistants one day - because of the remarkable manner in which (PDAs), mobile telephones, laptops and tablet PC technolo- ancient historical traditions have been preserved. There- gies, in teaching and learning. Mobile learning is a new form fore anybody who wishes to visit or stay in Tigray and in of learning, using mobile network and tools, expanding Eritrea can learn the language for communication in for- digital learning channel, gaining educational information, mal class from schools, colleges or Universities. But there educational resources and educational services anytime, is no why that provides learning out of the formal class anywhere .Mobile phone is superior to a computer in porta- [2][3]. bility. This technology also facilitates the learning by your- Tigrigna is the third most spoken language in Ethiopia, self process. Learning without teacher is easy in this scenar- after Amharic and Oromo, and by far the most spoken in io. The technology encourages learn anytime and anywhere. Eritrea. It is also spoken by large immigrant communities Learning a language is different from any other subject as it around the world, in countries including Sudan, Saudi combines explicit learning of vocabulary and language rules Arabia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, with unconscious skills development in the fluent applica- tion of both these things. -
Summerised G.C.R. Compelled
A Global Study Country report On Yemen Submitted to: Gujarat Technological University Guided By: Dr. N. M. Munshi Prof. S. A. Munshi Prof. L. T. Dharmwani Prepared By: MBA Second Year Students Group 11-20, Batch: 2011-2012 Through N. R. Vekaria Institute of Business Management Studies,Junagadh. 1 INDEX SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. OVERVIEW OF YEMEN 3 – 20 2. INTRODUCTION OF SECTOR 21 – 26 3 STUDY ON HEALTHCARE SECTOR 27 – 52 STUDY ON INFRASTRUCTURE 4 53 – 79 SECTOR STUDY ON PHARMACEUTICAL 5 80 – 109 SECTOR 6 CONCLUSION 110 - 113 2 Overview Of Yemen 3 1. Demographic profile of Yemen Religion Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two principals Islamic religious groups; 53% of the Muslim population is Sunniand 45% is Shi'a according to the UNHCR. Sunnis are primarily Shafi'i but also include significant groups of Malikis and Hanbalis. Shi'is are primarily Zaidis and also have significant minorities of Twelver Shias and Musta'ali Western Isma'ili Shias (see Shia Population of the Middle East). 4 Health care Despite the significant progress Yemen has made to expand and improve its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2004 constituted 5% of gross domestic product. In that same year, the per capita expenditure for health care was very low compared with other Middle Eastern countries—US$34 per capita according to the World Health Organization. According to the World Bank, the number of doctors in Yemen rose by an average of more than 7% between 1995 and 2000, but as of 2004 there were still only three doctors per 10,000 persons. -
Ethiopia Eritrea Somalia Djibouti
COUNTRY REPORT Ethiopia Eritrea Somalia Djibouti 3rd quarter 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street, London SW1Y 4LR United Kingdom The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit is a specialist publisher serving companies establishing and managing operations across national borders. For over 40 years it has been a source of information on business developments, economic and political trends, government regulations and corporate practice worldwide. The EIU delivers its information in four ways: through subscription products ranging from newsletters to annual reference works; through specific research reports, whether for general release or for particular clients; through electronic publishing; and by organising conferences and roundtables. The firm is a member of The Economist Group. London New York Hong Kong The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit The Economist Intelligence Unit 15 Regent Street The Economist Building 25/F, Dah Sing Financial Centre London 111 West 57th Street 108 Gloucester Road SW1Y 4LR New York Wanchai United Kingdom NY 10019, USA Hong Kong Tel: (44.171) 830 1000 Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Tel: (852) 2802 7288 Fax: (44.171) 499 9767 Fax: (1.212) 586 1181/2 Fax: (852) 2802 7638 Electronic delivery EIU Electronic Publishing New York: Lou Celi or Lisa Hennessey Tel: (1.212) 554 0600 Fax: (1.212) 586 0248 London: Moya Veitch Tel: (44.171) 830 1007 Fax: (44.171) 830 1023 This publication is available on the following electronic and other media: Online databases CD-ROM Microfilm FT Profile (UK) Knight-Ridder Information World Microfilms Publications (UK) Tel: (44.171) 825 8000 Inc (USA) Tel: (44.171) 266 2202 DIALOG (USA) SilverPlatter (USA) Tel: (1.415) 254 7000 LEXIS-NEXIS (USA) Tel: (1.800) 227 4908 M.A.I.D/Profound (UK) Tel: (44.171) 930 6900 Copyright © 1996 The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited. -
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics Andrew Dickensy 10 August 2016 I document evidence of ethnic favoritism in 164 language groups across 35 African countries using a new computerized lexicostatistical measure of relative similarity between each language group and their incumbent national leader. I measure patronage with night light lu- minosity, and estimate a positive effect of linguistic similarity off of changes in the ethnolinguistic identity of a leader. Identification of this effect comes from exogenous within-group time-variation among lan- guage groups partitioned across national borders. I then corroborate this evidence using survey data and establish that the benefits of fa- voritism result from a region's associated ethnolinguistic identity and not that of the individual respondent. yYork University, Department of Economics, Toronto, ON. E-mail: [email protected]. I am indebted to Nippe Lagerl¨offor his encouragement and detailed feedback throughout this project. I thank Matthew Gentzkow and two anonymous referees for helpful sugges- tions that have greatly improved this paper. I also thank Tasso Adamopoulos, Greg Casey, Mario Carillo, Berta Esteve-Volart, Rapha¨elFranck, Oded Galor, Fernando Leibovici, Ste- lios Michalopoulos, Stein Monteiro, Laura Salisbury, Ben Sand, Assaf Sarid and David Weil for helpful comments, in addition to seminar participants at the Brown University Macro Lunch, the Royal Economic Society's 2nd Symposium for Junior Researches, the PODER Summer School on \New Data in Development Economics", the Canadian Economics As- sociation Annual Conference and York University. This research is funded by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. All errors are my own. 1 Introduction Ethnolinguistic group affiliation is a salient marker of identity in Africa. -
Essays on the Economics of Ethnolinguistic Differences
Essays on the Economics of Ethnolinguistic Differences Andrew C. Dickens A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ECONOMICS YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO APRIL 2017 c Andrew C. Dickens, 2017 Abstract In this dissertation, I study the origins and economic consequences of ethnolinguistic differences. To quantify these differences, I construct a lexicostatistical measure of linguistic distance. I use this measure to study two different outcomes: ethnic politics and cross-country idea flows. I then take the economic importance of ethnolinguistic differences as given, and explore the geographic foundation of these differences. In chapter 1, I document evidence of ethnic favoritism in 35 sub-Saharan countries. I use lexi- costatistical distance to quantify the similarity between an ethnic group and the national leader’s ethnic identity. I find that a one standard deviation increase in similarity yields a 2 percent in- crease in group-level GDP per capita. I then use the continuity of lexicostatistical similarity to show that favoritism exists among groups that are not coethnic to the leader, where the mean ef- fect of non-coethnic similarity is one quarter the size of the coethnic effect. I relate these results to the literature on coalition building, and provide evidence that ethnicity is a guiding principle behind high-level government appointments. In chapter 2, I use book translations data to capture cross-country idea flows. It has been conjectured that income gaps are smaller between ancestrally related countries because they com- municate more ideas. -
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics ONLINE APPENDIX
Ethnolinguistic Favoritism in African Politics ONLINE APPENDIX Andrew Dickensy For publication in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics yBrock University, Department of Economics, 1812 Sir Issac Brock Way, L2S 3A2, St. Catharines, ON, Canada (email: [email protected]). 1 A Data Descriptions, Sources and Summary Statistics A.1 Regional-Level Data Description and Sources Country-language groups: Geo-referenced country-language group data comes from the World Language Mapping System (WLMS). These data map information from each language in the Ethnologue to the corresponding polygon. When calculating averages within these language group polygons, I use the Africa Albers Equal Area Conic projection. Source: http://www.worldgeodatasets.com/language/ Linguistic similarity: I construct two measures of linguistic similarity: lexicostatistical similarity from the Automatic Similarity Judgement Program (ASJP), and cladistic similar- ity using Ethnologue data from the WLMS. I use these to measure the similarity between each language group and the ethnolinguistic identity of that country's national leader. I discuss how I assign a leader's ethnolinguistic identity in Section 1 of the paper. Source: http://asjp.clld.org and http://www.worldgeodatasets.com/language/ Night lights: Night light intensity comes from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). My measure of night lights is calculated by averaging across pixels that fall within each WLMS country-language group polygon for each year the night light data is available (1992-2013). To minimize area distortions I use the Africa Albers Equal Area Conic pro- jection. In some years data is available for two separate satellites, and in all such cases the correlation between the two is greater than 99% in my sample. -
Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition
Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition Africa Report N°200 | 28 March 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Beginning of the End for President Isaias Afwerki? ................................................ 3 A. The Incident at Forto ................................................................................................. 4 B. 2012: The President’s Annus Horribilis? ................................................................... 6 III. The State of Eritrea ........................................................................................................... 10 A. The Foundation of a One-Man State ......................................................................... 11 1. The Dream Disintegrates ..................................................................................... 12 2. The Stifling of Dissent .......................................................................................... 13 3. The Removal of Checks and Balances ................................................................. -
The Status of the Constitution of Eritrea and the Transitional Government
23 October 2018 The Status of the Constitution of Eritrea and the Transitional Government “Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea”. – Preamble, The Eritrean Constitution Drafted by a Constitutional Commission established under the auspices of the Transitional Government of Eritrea in 1993 and ratified by a duly established Constituent Assembly in May 1997, the Constitution of Eritrea entered into force upon its ratification on 23 May 1997. The Constitution thus remains legally in effect as of that date. The regime’s failure to implement, that is, to respect, adhere to and apply the Constitution upon its ratification is a calculated and deliberate political decision to pursue its own agenda of self-preservation and plunder. The Constitution was consecrated ‘as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea’ on 23 May 1997. In the opinion of legal scholars and constitutional lawyers, the Constitution has been legally in force and its provisions have a lawfully binding effect ever since its ratification in May 1997, irrespective of the status of its formal implementation. This character of the Constitution is explicitly stated in its Preamble. Yet, there has been widespread misunderstanding concerning this fundamental legal status of the Eritrean Constitution. The prevailing confusion in the public debate regarding its ‘non-implementation’ has operated to the benefit of the regime. The general confusion in the public debate emanates from three factors: (1) the regime’s failure to respect, adhere to and abide by the Constitution; (2) the meaning of ‘non-implementation’ of the Constitution; and (3) the claims of non-inclusion, by certain groups, in the exercise of constitution making. -
The Beja Language Today in Sudan: the State of the Art in Linguistics Martine Vanhove
The Beja Language Today in Sudan: The State of the Art in Linguistics Martine Vanhove To cite this version: Martine Vanhove. The Beja Language Today in Sudan: The State of the Art in Linguistics. Proceed- ings of the 7th International Sudan Studies Conference April 6th - 8th 2006. Bergen, Norway, 2006, Bergen, Norway. pp.CD Rom. halshs-00010091 HAL Id: halshs-00010091 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00010091 Submitted on 10 Apr 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 2006. Proceedings of the 7th International Sudan Studies Conference April 6th – 8th 2006. Bergen, Norway. CD Rom, Bergen: University of Bergen. THE BEJA LANGUAGE TODAY IN SUDAN: THE STATE OF THE ART IN LINGUISTICS MARTINE VANHOVE (LLACAN, UMR 8135 - CNRS, INALCO) 1 INTRODUCTION The Beja language is spoken in the eastern part of the Sudan by some 1,100,000 Muslim people, according to the 1998 census. It belongs to the Cushitic family of the Afro-Asiatic genetic stock. It is the sole member of its northern branch, and is so different from other Cushitic languages in many respects and especially as regards to the lexicon, that the American linguist, Robert Hetzron (1980), thought it best to set it apart from Cushitic as an independent branch of Afro-Asiatic. -
Beja Local Conflict, Marginalisation, and the Threat to Regional Security John Young
Beja Local conflict, marginalisation, and the threat to regional security John Young Introduction tens of thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees and has led to the destruction of the In a region that has become notorious for its level of economy and infrastructure in the Eritrean-Sudanese armed conflict, Sudan stands out. Armed struggles in border area. But the tragedy of the east lies in its lack of the south broke out months before the country was development, poverty, and the loss of human potential. granted independence on 1 January 1956. In the 1960s By these measurements this region may well be suffering these struggles developed into a full-fledged insurrection the most in Sudan from marginalisation. Moreover, led by Anyanya that only ended in 1972. The conflict because of the strategic position of eastern Sudan, this resumed in 1983 between the Sudan Armed Forces conflict has long been at the centre of tensions between (SAF) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ Sudan and Eritrea, and to a lesser extent Ethiopia, Army (SPLM/A), which was established which borders the southern portion of in the same year. The second civil war the territory. Because Eritrea and Ethiopia was formally brought to an end with have yet to resolve their outstanding the signing of the Comprehensive Peace border issues, relations between them Agreement (CPA) in Nairobi on 9 January Instability in remain tense and any developments in 2005, although the jury is still out as to eastern Sudan eastern Sudan are bound to have an whether peace will prove sustainable.