The East Asian Challenge for Democracy: Political Meritocracy in Comparative Perspective Edited by Daniel A

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03839-4 - The East Asian Challenge for Democracy: Political Meritocracy in Comparative Perspective Edited by Daniel A. Bell and Chenyang Li Index More information

Index

abdication, heredity, power transfer, 31–37 future steps, 388–389 Ackerman, Bruce, 60–61 Government Performance and Adams, John, 249–251 Accountability Act (GPAA), 382 adjudicative authorities, 147 Governor’s power, 386–387 AFDC.SeeAid to Families with initiative reform, 382–383 Dependent Children legislature capacity and, 385–386 Aid to Families with Dependent Children lessons from, 388–393 (AFDC), 102 local empowerment, 380 The Analects (Confucius), 265, 266.See tax system, 381 also Lunyu Think Long Committee for California, Athenian democracy, 61 379–382, 388–389 Carpenter, Daniel, 251–252 Bai Tongdong, 7–10, 95, 108 Cavanagh, Matt, 320 Bell, Daniel, A., 43–44, 74, 95, 108 Chan, Joseph, 7–8, 92, 95, 108 Berggruen, Nicolas, 23–24 Chang Heng Chee, 320 Blueprint to Renew California, 379 Chee Soon Juan, 327 Bo Xilai, 97–98 Chen Show Mao, 330 The Book of History, 263, 341 Cheng Yi, 345 The Book of Rites, 13, 33, 37–38, 342 China Brown, Jerry, 375, 379 political meritocracy, rise of, 1, 6 poverty alleviation, historic achievement, California, political meritocracy and direct 4 democracy power transfer, traditional, 31–32 accountability, legitimacy and, 386 China Education Online, 348 Blueprint to Renew California, 379 Chinese Communist Party bureaucracy and, 387 absolute leadership of, loyalty to, 356 California Forward, 382 corruption, ﬁghting, 350 citizen empowerment, 387 dynamism, advancement options, 14 Citizens Council for Government examinations, 227 Accountability, 384 loyalty, uniformity, 351–352 civic software, 380, 388–389 Chinese People’s Political Consultative deliberative polling, 382 Conference, China, 71–72 democratic governance crisis, 378–379 Chua Beng Huat, 294, 324 democratic governance innovations, Chua Mui Hoong, 304 382 Citizens Assembly, British Columbia, 144, de-politicized deliberative council, 381 145–146

395

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03839-4 - The East Asian Challenge for Democracy: Political Meritocracy in Comparative Perspective Edited by Daniel A. Bell and Chenyang Li Index More information

396 Index

Citizens Council for Government on family-based life, 103–104 Accountability, California, 384 on government by the people, 266 Confucian hybrid regime on leadership, 265–266 civic education and, 65–66, 68, 69–71, on political participation, governing by 73–74 virtue, 76 elitist design of, 76–78 Considerations on Representative examination system, 69–71, 73–74 Government (Mill), 117 government role, 65–66 Constant, Benjamin, 146 legitimacy of government and, 73, 80–81 contestatory authorities, 147 liberal democracy compatibility, 79–82 corruption, 350 one person one vote and, 66–67, 77, 81 paternalism and, 74–75 de (virtue), 340, 354 quota system, upper houses, 71–72 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 250 Rawls theory and, 81–82 Deliberation Day, 60 representative democracy vs., 72–73 deliberative democracy (Rawls), 60 rule of law, human rights in, 65 democracy.Seealsomeritocratic ruler, ruled distinction objection, 74–75 democracy, American Constitution superiority, challenges and answers, Athenian, 61 73–79 Confucian ideal and, 32, 41 superiority of, 65–73 constitutional conception, 237–240 upper house functions, 72 deliberative, 60 voting right and, 67 demanding assumptions, 40 Confucian ideal disproportionate capitalist inﬂuence, 5–6 democracy and, 32, 41 four problems with, 55–57 meritorious rule and, 32, 37, 50 improving, 41–42 political participation and, 106 legitimacy crisis, 376–377 public ownership, egalitarian limited, 63 distribution and, 104–105 meritocracy, current, 251–254 respect (jing) vs. equality, 105–106 meritocracy vs., 233–237 rule of law and, 105 non-meritocratic solutions, fundamental Confucian meritocracy, contemporary limit, 57–64 China.Seealsomeritocracy, numerical, negotiative, deliberative, Confucian perspective 371–372 democracy vs. meritocracy, preferences, problems, negative picture of, 40 18 sanctions model of, 37–38 family-based life and, 101–106 selection model, 39–40 human well-being and, 89–90, 93 state, country size and, 61–62, 64, 67–68 human well-being, Confucian Democracy in America (de Tocqueville), Constitution, 100–107 250 individual rights and, 92 democracy, liberal critique of institutional implications, 107–109 allegiance and, 131–132 leaders, leadership and, 89–90, 108–109 case for democracy, 123–128 leadership question, conceptually classical liberalism and, 119–120 fundamental, 90–91 democracy, meritocracy, meritarchy, leadership question, practical 116–118 importance, 91–93 deontological liberalism and, 121–122 liberal neutrality vs., 92–93, 94 fair say principle, 125–128 minben model, 93, 94–95, 96–97, 263 individual and collective rights, justice reconstructionist, 95–100 principle, 125–128 rule of virtue by government, 88 liberal order, liberal philosophy, 119–123 virtue, 88 liberal worries, 128–134 Confucius, 77, 167–168 modernity and, 128–130 on assessing a person, 45 morality, spirituality and, 132–134

Index 397

personal development argument, case for Song dynasty, 209–210 democracy, 123–124 unintended consequences of, 205–206, realist liberalism and, 120 215 sinister interests argument, case for executive authorities, 147–148 democracy, 124–125 stability of democracy, 128–131 Fan Ruiping, 7, 10, 137, 313 democratic elections, ideal and non-ideal The Fatal Conceit: Errors of Socialism situations, meritorious rule, 37–41 (Hayek), 295 democratic society, Rawls five facts of, 64 Federalist Papers, 39, 116, 244, 245–248 Deng Xiaoping, 4, 358 Fishkin, James, 60–61 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 16, The Economist, 299 251–252 Elman, Benjamin, 15, 344, 346 Friedman, Barry, 240 End of History (Fukuyama), 1, 25, 128 Fukuyama, Francis, 1, 128, 375, 390–391 English government, 38–39 Functional Groups, Hong Kong, 72 examination system.Seealsokeju ability vs. virtue, testing for, 22 Gardels, Nathan, 23–24 abrogation of, 207 Gasset, Jose, 61 admiration for, 211 George, Ronald, 383 classical learning fields, 223 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 240 Communist Party and, 227, 351 Goh Chok Tong, 289, 291–292, 293–294, current civil service examinations, 296–297, 327 348–352 Government Performance and de-legitimation, de-canonization, 224 Accountability Act (GPAA), economic, cultural reproduction California, 382 overlaps and, 217–219 The Great Learning (Confucius), 266 Education Board, 226–227 Greenspan, Alan, 94 education system and, 204, 209 eligibility for, 203–204 Hague, Shamsul, 324–325 Examination Bureau, 227 Hamilton, Alexander, 245–248 fairness, legitimacy, 73–74 Han Feizi, 182–184 fiercely competitive, 69 Han Yu, 344 history of, 208–212, 340–348 Hardin, Russell, 63–64 imperial support, cultural symbols, Harvey, David, 298 211–212 Hayek, Frederick, 295 individual corruption and, 357–359 heredity, abdication, 32–37 literacy, social dimensions and, 221–223 House of Virtue and Talent (Xianshiyuan), literari culture and, 208, 217–218 44, 69, 95 meritocracy and, 212–219 Ming dynasty, 210–211 indicative vs. responsive, duty political reproduction and, 215–217 representation, 80 power, politics and, 219–223 individualism, self-interest, 57–58, 92, promotion process, current, 352–353 101–102 provincial examinations of south, 206–207 Jefferson, Thomas, 249–251 Qing dynasty, 205, 207 Jiang Qing, 107–109 quotas and, 216–217, 220 Johnson, Hiram, 383 reform, revolution, 224–228 reform, scientific and democratic Kampfner, David, 298 selections, 352–357 Kaplan, Robert, 63 schools of learning and, 212 keju, 71.Seealsoexamination system social mobility and, 15, 205–206, 215 Khaw Bon Wan, 329 social reproduction and, 214–215 Kim Dae Jung, 2

398 Index

Kissinger, Henry, 56–57 selection by competitive examinations Klitgaard, Robert, 328 and, 43–44 Kluth, Andreas, 383 meritocracy, Confucian perspective Kong Yingda, 33 Asian Values Thesis, 1–3, 17, 260–262 Kracke, E. A., Jr., 346 citizen welfare, 273–274 Confucian Asia values debate, 260–262 The Law of Peoples (Rawls), 60 Confucian meritocracy, overall support, Lee Hsien Loong, 3–4, 292, 294, 305 275–276 Lee Kuan Yew, 1–3, 295, 296, 303–304, cultural democratization, 279–282 315–316, 322 datong shehui, 259, 262 Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man democracy, popular support, 276–279 (Schiller), 132 good government, 262–264 li (ritual, ritual propriety), 3, 345 meritocracy notion, 262 Li Chenyang, 4, 21–22, 52–53, 85, 108, 115, politically passive citizenry, 266–267, 360, 362 271–273 Li, Eric X., 27 popular attachment to meritocracy, liberal democracy 267 Asian Values challenge, 1–3, 17 virtuous, capable leadership, 267–271 fundamentally republican aspect, 61 virtuous leadership, 264–266 principles, state legitimacy, equality, Zhongyong, Doctrine of the Mean, 261 79–80 meritocracy, manipulation and triumph of, 1 transformation, real-existing liberal elitism, 5, 123–124 democracies (REDs) Lim, Catherine, 323 doubts about political meritocracy in local community, 67–68 general, 364–365 Lu Zhi, 45–46 electoral competition, 368 Lunyu, 168. See also The Analects institutional redesign, 370–372 non-electoral representation, 369–370 Macedo, Stephen, 15–16, 52, 77–78, 81, political merit, 365–366 111–112 representation centrality, 366–367 Madison, James, 39, 235–236, 246–248 sovereign national state, 367–368 Mahbubani, Kishore, 321 meritocracy, pre-imperial China Manin, Bernard, 235 characterological texts, 175–181 Mansbridge, Jane, 39–40 elevating the worthy, historical Mencius, 32, 33, 34–35, 102, 104, 263–265 background, 161, 167–171 meritarchy, 11–12 end of aristocratic age, 162–165 meritocracy.Seealsopolitical meritocracy, merit vs. worthiness, Qin regime and late imperial China (1400–1900) beyond, 184–188 Chinese-style, alternative to democracy, present lessons, fairness, 188–189 5 present lessons, ﬂexibility, 191–192 examination system and, 212–219 present lessons, morality and efﬁciency, meritocratic representation and, 146–150 189–191 meritocracy and democracy, mixed rise of shi, 165–167 disagreement fact, 49–50 worthiness, reconsidered, 179–184 meritocrats, strong vs. weak, 25 worthiness, shi pride discourse, 172–179 power, size, term, 48–49 meritocratic democracy, American rationale, approach, selection method, Constitution 47–48 accountability and, 232, 242–244 reliability and, 42–43 accountability, responsiveness to selection by close acquaintance, 43–44 responsibility, 240–242 selection by colleagues, constitutional Antifederalists and, 237, 243, 245–246 proposal, 46–49 current problems, 248

Index 399

democracy and meritocracy, current, PAP.SeeSingapore, People’s Action Party 251–254 (PAP) democracy, constitutional conception, Pettit, Philip, 12 237–240 Pines, Yuri, 13–14, 51, 204, 208, 359, 372 democracy vs. meritocracy, 18, 233–237 Plato, 363–364 Federalists vs. Antifederalists, 15–16 Political Liberalism (Rawls), 64 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) political meritocracy, defined, 7, 31.See and, 16, 251–252 also meritocracy globalization and, 253 political meritocracy, late imperial China indicative representation and, 245 (1400–1900) judicial review and, 238–239 classical learning fields, 223 popular sovereignty, competence, Communist Party and, 227 249–251 Education Board, 226–227 responsive, responsible representation, education system and, 204, 209 242–248 eligibility for, 203–204 Supreme Court and, 238–240 Examination Bureau, 227 meritocratic representation imperial support, cultural symbols, attractions within electoral democracy, 211–212 150–153 literacy, social dimensions and, 221–223 authorization in role, 138–139, 140–142 literari culture and, 208, 217–218 indicative representation, at individual meritocracy and, 212–219 level, 144–146 Ming dynasty, 203–205, 210–211 indicative representation, traditional and power, politics and, 219–223 existing practice, 142–144 provincial examinations of south, meritocracy and, 146–150 206–207 problems without electoral democracy, Qing dynasty, 205, 207 153–156 quotas and, 216–217, 220 meritorious rule schools of learning and, 212 Confucian ideal and, 32, 37, 50 social mobility and, 205–206, 215 defined, 31 Song dynasty, 209–210 democratic elections, ideal and travel and, 203, 205 non-ideal situations, 37–41 power transfer, 31–32, 37 Mill, John Stuart, 47, 74, 117–118, 123, 131 princely education, 35–36 Miller, Matt, 298–299 public choice theory, postwar, 63–64 minben model, 93, 94–95, 96–97 Montesquieu, 62–63 Qian Mu, 75, 341, 344, 345 Monti, Mario, 234, 376 Mozi, 170–171 radical individualism, self-interest, 57–58 Rawls, John, 58–60, 64, 74, 81–82, 101 neng (ability, talent), 174, 340 ren (humane, human excellence), 88, 103 Neptune Orient Lines (NOL), 291 Reputation and Power (Carpenter), 251–252 Ngaim Tong Dow, 299, 308 The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Nivison, David, 346 Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities (Olson), 392 office and virtue, ex-ante vs. ex-post rule of virtue by government, 88 method, 32–33, 34, 37 Olson, Mancur, 63, 390, 392, 394 Schiller, Friedrich, 132 On Liberty (Mill), 117–118, 131 Schmitter, Philippe, 22–23 The Origins of Political Order (Fukuyama), scholarships, 290–291 390 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 379 Outlines for Professional Ethics Training of Seah Chiang Nee, 323 Civil Servants, 351, 390–391 Seah, Nicole, 331

400 Index

Sen, Amartya, 314 Supreme Court, 13, 80–81, 238–240 Shang Yang, 182, 189 Shanmugam, K., 302–303 Tan Cheng Bock, 306–307 Shen Dao, 179–180 Tan, Dorothy, 332 Shin, Doh Chull, 17 Tan Jee Say, 330 Shu Xincheng, 225 Tan, Kenneth Paul, 20–21 Sima Guang, 189–190 Tan, Tony, 306–307 Singapore, meritocracy and political Teo, Eddie, 300 liberalization A Theory of Justice (Rawls), 74, 81 authoritarianism, 4 Think Long Committee for California, challenging meritocracy, stakes, 333–335 379–382, 388–389 counter-hegemonic leadership, Tian (Heaven), 103, 341 alternative ideological formations, 20, Tin Pei Ling, 331 327–333 Trump, Donald, 301 ideological hegemony, survivalism to developmentalism, 317–322 virtue (de), 88 neoglobalization and, 324–328 Vogel, Ezra, 323 new media technologies and, 331–332 political meritocracy institutionalization, Wang Anshi, 346 322–324 Wang Tao, 38–39 repressive practices, 319 Wang Tingxiang, 346 state welfare, 321–322 Wang Yangming, 212 Singapore, People’s Action Party (PAP) Wanli, 35–36 Darwinian economic warriors, 299–302 Washington Post, 298 General Election of 2011, 305–306, 308 Wee Shu Min, 300–301 honor, sacrifice denigration, 302–305 Wee Siew Kim, 301 as meritocracy model, 288 Wijeysingha, Vincent, 331 meritocratic elites, democratic reaction, The Will of the People: How Public Opinion 305–307 Has Influenced the Supreme Court and ministers, civil servants salaries, 289 Shaped the Meaning of the neoliberal meritocratic elites, problems Constitution (Friedman), 240 with, 299–305 Wong, Benjamin, 18, 20 new authoritarianism, meritocratic elitism, 296–299 Xi Jinping, 4 Presidential Elections, 306–307 xian (the worthy), 44, 161, 170, 174, 341–343 salary system, market-based, 289, xiao (filial dutifulness, filial piety), 71, 88, 293–296, 303–305, 308 342 scholars, political elite selection, 289–293 Xiao Hong, 4, 22–23 scholarship process, 289–290 Xinhua Net, 350 Soek-Fang Sim, 325 Xunzi, 32, 33, 36, 37, 173–174 Singh, Pritam, 331 Skorupski, John, 11–12, 110 Yeo, George, 305–306 Smith, Adam, 125 The Straights Times, 304 Zengzi, 169 strictly local matters, 67–68 Zhang Weiwei, 27 Stubbs, Richard, 320 Zhu Xi, 345–346 Sun Xidan, 33 Zizhang, 169 Sun Yat-sen, 227 Zuozhuan, 162, 352