Index

Abdel-Malek, Anouar 178, 180 479, 483, 587, 721, 756, 758–9, 761–2, Åbo (Turku) Academy 74 764–7 see also agrarian question aboriginal populations 174 in Africa 240–41, 243–4, 246–7, 249–52 Abramovitz, Moses xxii, 585–6 and the agrarian question 487–8, 490–91, absolutism 174, 535, 539, 542–4 493, 495, 499, 501 absorption of goods 318–20 and cameralism 64, 66, 70, 72, 74–8, 83 Accounting for Women’s Work Project 422 crisis cycle 141–3 Acemoglu, Daron 5, 5–6n8, 69n20, 180n10, and demand-side approach 505–8, 510 771–3, 775n48, 776 and development planning 519–20, 522–3, activism 68, 416–17, 423, 425–6, 428–30, 434, 526, 530 437, 456, 562, 642, 648, 760, 771 and environmental issues 651–4, 656–61 Adams, Michael 709 and German Historical Schools 127, 132, Adelman, Irma 357 140, 151, 158 Adelman, Jeremy 464 in India 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225 advertising 270, 273, 410, 583, 674 and Islam 174–5, 179, 183 Ælfric of Eynsham 9 and latecomer industrialization 622–3, Afghanistan 730 625–6 Africa 6, 336–8, 467, 566, 584, 675, 741, 752 in Latin America 389–91, 395 see also individual countries and Marxist theory 309, 313–15 from adaptation to resistance 267–8 and the Nordic model 538, 540–41, 546, 548, and the agrarian question 495–9 551, 559–60 debates around national autonomous in the Ottoman Empire 198, 201, 203–4, development 245–53 206–7, 209 decoupling imperative 264–6 Ahmed, Leila 429 definition of development 256–9 Akçura, Yusuf 198 and deindustrialization 711, 713 Alberti, Leon Battista 7–8, 14, 775 development discourse 240–45 Albright, Madeline 165 and development planning 522 Alcibiades 46 and environmental issues 653–7, 660 Alderson, Arthur S. 717–18 evidence from UNECA’s ERA2013 al-Duri, Abd al-Aziz 163n3, 177 259–63 Algeria 374 and feminism 422, 428–30 Ali, Imam 166–7 global Nakbah 266–7 Allende, Salvador 386, 402, 406 and industrialization 630, 633 Alliance for a Green (AGRA) and Islam 174, 181, 185, 187 261–2 Maoist movement in Uganda 268–9 Allison, Graham 743 and régulation theory 352, 362, 380 Al-Mu’tassim 170 Africanization 240, 242, 254 Alp, Tekin 202 Age of Discovery 137 Altmann, Matthias 120 Age of Enlightenment 74–6, see also Amable, Bruno 573 Enlightenment Ambedkar, Bhimrao R. 220–21 Age of 56 Amendola, Giovanni 573 agrarian question 487–8, 499–501 American Competitiveness Initiative 571 classic myth 487–91 American Economic Association 64, 78, at the current juncture 494–9 771n34 definition of 491–3 American System 88, 101 agriculture 4, 7, 20, 26–7, 50, 89, 92–3, 97, 214, Amin, Idi 269 276, 288, 290, 297, 332–3, 352, 422, 462, Amin, Samir 245–6, 246n1, 256, 258, 760–61

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Eurocentrism 258 555, 558, 563, 644–5 Global History: A View from the South 258 Ayala, Francisco A. 628 Amsden, Alice 337, 613–15, 618, 619–21, ayas 167 620n18, 622, 623n23, 628–9, 633, 638n4, Azerbaijan 732, 734 676 Amsterdam xv, xxiii, xxx, 56 Babu, Adbulrahman Mohamed 251, 268 Anderson, Kevin B. 177 Backhaus, Jürgen 120, 709 Anderson, Perry 489 backwardness see economic backwardness Angel, Norman 271–3 Bacon, Francis xiii, 22, 44, 738, 770, 774 Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Treaty (1848) Essay on Innovation 774 200, 206 Novum Organum 770, 772–3 Annales school 371, 380 Bacon, Robert 716–17 anti-capitalism 400, 406, 411 Bacon, Roger 774 anti-colonialism 320, 491 Bagchi, Amiya K. 310 anti-competitive behaviour 281, 669, 683–5 Baghdad 8, 774 Anti-Counterfeit Trade Agreement (ACTA) Bain, Joe 27 264 Baird, Robert 544 anti-dumping measures 297 balance of payments 73, 218, 230, 231n2, anti- 393n9, 400, 456 232–3, 287, 293, 309, 391, 480, 519, 625, anti-feudalism 776–7 726 anti-imperialism 103, 252, 273, 393, 396, balanced growth 34n54, 340–43, 347, 459–61, 400–401, 409 465–6, 471, 479–80, 506–7, 510 see also antitrust 669, 690, 693n11 unbalanced growth Antrobus, Peggy 425 Balassa, Béla 679 appreciative theory 323n1, 333 Baldwin, Peter 549 Aquinas, Thomas 9 Balkan Wars 197, 206 Arab Spring 267, 748 Banaji, Rohini 268 Argentina 300, 311, 352, 368, 371, 377, 379, Bangladesh 263, 654, 723 381, 398, 404, 411n25, 512 Bank of England 98 aristocracies 56, 126n7, 129, 144, 174, 215–16, bankruptcy 140, 142n3, 150–51, 158, 221, 703, 547, 732, 734 750–51 8–9, 89, 121, 127, 774 banks 56, 95, 103, 180, 208, 243, 269, 357, 389, Politics 166 401, 405, 515, 523, 559, 613, 617–18, 620, Armenia 732 629, 747 Arrow, Kenneth xvi, xxv, 30 Baran, Paul A. 31, 308–10, 394, 760 Arthashastra 213–16, 218 Barbier, Edward B. 652, 659–60 Arthur, W. Brian 30 bargaining power 231, 233, 421, 423, 476–7 artisans 66, 70, 72, 138, 140, 142, 149–51, Barrett, Christopher B. 661 153–8, 163, 176, 215, 309, 321, 731 Barrett, Michele 425 Arusha Declaration 245–53 barriers to entry 27, 70, 343, 357, 364, 449, Asian financial crisis 301, 352, 357, 373, 618, 572, 578, 588, 590, 672, 685, 759 677 barriers to exit 672 Asiatic mode of production (AMP) 171, 173, Barro, Robert xxv 177–8 barter 20–21, 48, 66, 68, 167n6, 746, 768, 781 Assandra, Giuseppe 19 basket of necessities 479 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 199 bastard Keynesianism 345 atheism 186–7 Bastiat, Frederic 271 Atlantic Charter 278, 282 Baumol, William 693, 698 austerity 25, 90, 319, 432, 720–21, 770 Bayh–Dole Act 328 Australia 6, 185, 262, 284, 287–8, 581, 756 Beccaria, Cesare 65 Austria 11, 74, 82, 99, 203, 538, 581, 601, 606 Becher, Johann Joachim 71 Austrian School of Economics 68 Beckerath, Erwin von 117 autarky 31, 48, 246, 267, 293 Beckmann, Johann 74, 76 242, 247, 250, 252, 362, 368, Belgium 99, 203, 581, 606 377, 410, 435, 462, 470, 526, 535–6, 553, Bell, Martin 628

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Beneria, Lourdes 416, 425 Bretton Woods system 243–4, 278, 283–5, 293, Benkler, Yochai 699 296, 298, 300–301, 318, 343, 345, 410, Bentham, Jeremy 115, 703 511–12, 557–60, 565–6, 679 Benz, Karl Friedrich 780 BRICS countries 259, 367, 382, 609, 615n8 see Berch, Anders 21, 26n48, 64–5, 74 also individual countries Berlin Wall 4, 76, 386, 402, 713, 746 British Empire 53, 99, 103–4, 284, 341, 508, Bernstein, Henry 490n3, 491, 494 596, 745 Best, Michael H. 575 Britton, Ronald 401 Bhagwati, Jagdish N. 717 Brookings Institution 462, 467 Bhattacharjea, Aditya 669 Browne, Thomas 9 Bianchi, Agostino 44 Brummer, Alex 744 Bible 749, 774–5 Brundenius, Claes 609 Binaisa, Godfrey 269 Brunelleschi, Filippo 14 biotechnology 264, 328, 689, 695–7 Bruno, Giordano 9–10, 13 Bismarck, Otto von 81, 101–4, 372, 548–9, 552, Brynjolfsson, Erik 748 554, 733, 743 Buchanan, James xix, xxii, 32, 36, 348n19, 757 Blair, Tony 244 Bücher, Karl 5–6 Blaug, Mark 90, 689–90 Buddhism 127, 129n17, 731 Block, Fred 690 Buonarroti, Michelangelo 14 Bloom, Harold 347 bureaucracies 76, 95, 126, 132, 201, 221–2, Bluestone, Barry 710 241–3, 248–50, 253, 272, 539, 542–3, 552, Bluffstone, Randall A. 659 559, 638, 640, 642, 643n7, 645, 649, 679, Boisguilbert, Pierre de xv 734 Bolivia 21n35, 483, 495, 499 bureaucratization 523–4 Bologna 7, 17, 19, 774 Burkina Faso 657 Bolshevik Revolution see Russian Revolution Burlamaqui, Leonardo 695 Bonvesin de la Riva 15 Burns, Arthur F. xxii, xxv, 752 Boserup, Ester 422, 424 business cycles 274, 368, 382, 475, 477, 548, Women’s Role in Economic Development 424 672 Botero, Giovanni xv, xxx, 3–5, 11–13, 15–27, Byres, Terry 488, 490 30, 35, 44, 64, 75, 78, 83, 776 Byzantine Empire 10, 12 Grandezza delle Città 3, 13, 16–17, 22, 24, 70 Ragion di Stato 15–17, 22, 26, 49, 70 Cabral, Amílcar 240, 492–3 Relazioni Universali 13, 15, 18–19, 22 Calabresi, Guido 709 Botticelli, Sandro 11, 14 Calvinism 14 bourgeoisie 4, 7, 14, 139–42, 173, 177–9, 181, Cambodia 263, 653–4, 661 242, 250, 253, 311–14, 389, 393, 395, 401, Cambridge controversies 512 490, 493, 497, 539, 544, 547–8, 552–3, 556, cameralism 15, 23, 35, 64, 66, 68–75, 77, 82–3, 559 87, 94, 703 see also German economic Bouwsma, William J. 12 tradition Bozzoli, Belinda 425 Cameroon 657 Brady, David 718 Campanella, Tommaso 16, 56 Braudel, Fernand 7, 171, 258 Canada 262, 309n2, 581 Brazil 259, 299, 333, 395, 398, 401–2, 404–6, Cannan, Edwin 48 408, 411–12, 436, 463–4, 470–71, 506, 512, Cantillon, Richard xiv, 214 581, 609, 722 capabilities approach 428, 433, 435–6, 435n10 and the agrarian question 495–6, 499 capacity-building 410, 536, 573–4, 587, 648–9, and competition 673, 675 683 and the developmental state 644 capital flight 480, 482 and industrialization 614, 615n8, 616–17, capitalism 5–6, 14–15, 54–5, 104, 111, 219, 248, 621, 629–31, 633 282, 290–91, 320, 420, 442, 521, 740, 747, and régulation theory 352, 367–8, 371, 750, 761, 772, 774–6, 779, 781 377–9, 381–3 in Africa 247, 249–50, 257–8, 262–3, 266 Brenner, Robert 171 and the agrarian question 487–8, 490–500 Brentano, Lujo 79, 110–12, 114–19 birth of (in England) 7

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birth of (in Italy) 6–8, 13–14 Chechnya 730–31, 735 in China 347n16, 443 Chenery, Hollis 509 and competition 574–5, 668, 677 Chenery model of structural change 418 corporate capitalism 499, 536, 564–5 129 and the developmental state 637, 642 129 and Islam 161–4, 167n6, 170–76, 178–81, Chicago School 691–2, 700 183, 185, 187–90 Child, Josiah xv, 51, 53 Kalecki on 475–80, 483 Chile 352, 368, 398, 402, 404, 406, 409–10, landlord capitalism 311–13 428–9, 430n6, 436, 464, 470, 720–21 and latecomer industrialization 627 Chimurengu 256, 265, 265n12 in Latin America 388, 393–401, 403, 404n19, China 12, 16, 23, 101–3, 124–8, 131, 223, 248, 411 258–9, 265–6, 331, 337–8, 347n16, 402, liberal capitalism 271–2, 536, 564–5 441, 443, 457, 566, 581, 609, 743, 773–4, Manchester capitalism 566 779 and Marxism 307–11, 316–17, 319–22 and the agrarian question 489, 491, 493, 495, and Nordic route to development see Nordic 498 model and competition 669, 686 and régulation theory 363–4, 367 and deindustrialization 721–3 semi-feudal capitalism 311–12 and the developmental state 640–41 carbon tax 445 developmental thinking see useful knowledge Cardoso, Fernando Henrique 394, 401, 405, economic cycle of Imperial China see 408 Imperial China Carey, Henry 64 and environmental issues 654–5, 660–61 Carey, Mathew 64, 77 First Empire 137, 139, 141, 150–51 Carnegie Corporation 467 Han dynasty 144–5, 149–50, 153–4 Carpenter, Kenneth xiv, 75 and industrialization 613–18, 615n8, 615n9, Carroll, Lewis 775 619, 621–2, 624n27, 625, 627, 629–33 cartels 70, 281, 283, 286, 676, 680, 682, 684, and Islam 170, 186–7 686 and knowledge governance 696 Carter, Michael R. 661 and Marxist theory 308, 314, 316 Cary, John 48, 53 Ming dynasty 130, 132, 139, 147–9, 156–7 cash crops 179, 249, 422, 587, 655 Qin dynasty 144, 153 Cassel, Gustav 273 Qing dynasty 134, 148, 157 Cassiolato, José 609 and régulation theory 352, 367, 371–4, caste system 216–17, 221, 242, 424–5, 492, 494, 377–8, 381–3 497, 499, 655 Second Empire 141 catching-up 96, 101, 137, 194, 228–30, 233–4, 124, 129–30, 146–7, 155–6 237, 329–34, 336, 347, 352, 388, 398, Tang dynasty 124, 129–30, 145–6, 149, 442–3, 449, 509, 557, 559, 563, 565–6, 154–5 585–6, 596, 608, 629, 690, 700, 715, 725 Yuan dynasty 130, 147, 156 Catholicism xiv, 11, 15, 539 Chinchilla, Norma 425 Cavit Bey, Mehmet 206 Chomsky, Noam 411 Celal Bayar, Mahmud 199, 199n3 Christian democrats 556 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 268, 429 Christianity 91, 114, 127, 132, 161, 163, 731–2, chaebol 676–7 761, 774 see also Protestantism Chaffee, John W. 130 Churchill, Winston 278 Chakravarty, Sukhamoy 483, 525, 530, 681 Cimoli, Mario 230 Chamberlin, Edward 30 city-states 6–7, 13–14, 43–4, 49, 53, 176, 188, see Kautilya 772, 775–6, 781 Chandler, Alfred 327–8 civil war 4, 6n8, 169, 187, 400, 551, 555, 757, Chandrasekhar, C.P. 213 772 Chang, Ha-Joon 120 class system 183, 425, 430, 436, 483, 558–9, Chapiro, Sarah 456–7, 466 608, 740, 745 Charles XI (Sweden) 539 in Africa 241–2 Chayanov, Alexander 493 and the agrarian question 494, 500

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in India 214, 216–17, 222 571–3, 578–9, 584, 625, 719, 721, 723, 745, and the Nordic model 563 753, 772, 780 classical economics 3, 21, 64, 66, 78, 80, 82, competition 666–8, 685 202, 207, 270–71, 421, 504, 710, 760 and knowledge governance 691, 700 Clausewitz, Carl von 53 state of in developing countries 672–4 Clavin, Patricia 272 competition policy 666–8, 679, 685–6, 690–91, clientelism 360, 406, 552, 559–60, 563–5 699, 773 climate change 770 see also environmental in emerging countries 669–71, 674–6 issues in Japan and Korea 676–7 cluster theories 30, 32, 34, 70, 93, 284, 362, multilateral 682–4 404, 448, 533, 604, 651–5, 660, 697n17 competitiveness 570, 590–91, 666–7, 669, 720 Cobden, Richard 115, 208 anti-competitive behaviour 669, 683–5 Code of Hammurabi 165–6 definition of 678 Code of Ur-Nammu 165–6 different approaches to 570–72 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 45 and economic development 677–81 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 42–3, 50–52 firms as coordinating agencies 579–84 Colbertism 23, 51n22, 779 policies 584–90 Cold War 4, 83, 162, 241–2, 285, 461, 489, Shafaeddin’s approach to 578–9 555–7, 559, 562, 637, 641–2, 645, 743, static and dynamic approaches to 765 competitiveness 572–8 collective action 371, 409, 417, 434, 436–7 126–31, 129n17, 130, 133, 137, Colombia 398, 457, 459–62, 464, 466, 470–71, 139–40, 147 507 Consejo Nacional de Planificación (Colombia) colonialism 5n8, 35, 49, 64, 95, 99–100, 256–7, 458 271, 273, 275–6, 286, 403, 422, 477, 719, conspicuous consumption 243 730, 741–2, 747, 772–3, 780 constant returns to scale 27, 30, 33–6 and the agrarian question 487, 489–91, 493, consumerism 162, 315, 393 496 Continental System 88, 99 and demand-side approach 505, 509 Copernicus, Nicolaus 9, 13 and feminism 425, 429 copyrights 690–92, 694, 697, 697n18 see also in India 217–19, 221 see also India, British intellectual property ; knowledge rule in governance and Islam 161–3, 171, 178–80, 188 Corn Laws 76, 115, 186 and Marxist theory 308–9, 309n2, 310–11, corporate capitalism 499, 536, 564–5 319 corporatism 276, 372 and national autonomous development corruption 354, 400, 564, 629, 643, 683, 734 240–41, 243, 246 Corvàia, Giuseppe Nicola 56 Comintern 393, 393n9, 394, 553 cosmological inflation 174 Comité de Desarrollo Económico (Colombia) 11, 88, 96, 98, 219, 596, 747, 458, 460 758 Commercial Union 283 cost–benefit analyses 468–9, 471, 522, 769–70 commercialization 217, 328 Cotta, Johann Friedrich 87 Commission for Africa 244 Council for the Development of Social Science Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) Research in Africa (CODESRIA) 498 (Turkey) 195–6, 206 Counter-Reformation 11 common good 9, 47, 71, 88, 119, 776 coups 241, 269, 466 common market 78 Cournot, Antoine Augustin 30 Commons, John R. 360 Coutts, Kenneth 716–17 communications 93, 101, 173, 184, 523, 643, Coxe, Tench 52 649 Crafft, Johann Daniel 66, 70, 75 56, 81, 104, 120, 241, 258, 401, creative destruction 79, 325, 331, 339, 346, 409, 493, 525, 553, 741–2, 745–8, 765 574–5, 602, 691–3, 696, 700, 766, 775–6 comparative advantage 6, 7n12, 29, 41, 77, 98, credit 164, 189 168, 178, 199–200, 207, 230, 270, 274–6, critical thinking 387–8, 397–8, 404, 406, 408 345, 348, 390, 390n7, 441, 506, 510, 516, Croatia 273

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Crusades 175–8, 189, 745 362, 368, 564, 645, 742–3, 747–8, 773, Cuba 269, 281, 284–5, 495, 499 776 Cuban Revolution 393, 400–401, 411, 465 and the agrarian question 488–9 Cui bono xviii, 768 in Latin America 403, 408–9 Culpepper, Thomas xv and the Nordic model 534–5, 550–56, 558, cumulative effects, see also vicious circles and 560, 562, 565 virtuous circles xxv, xxxn24, 4, 9, 24, 27, Deng Xiaoping 102 34–6, 68, 125, 233, 363, 373, 381–2, 388–9, Denmark 48, 69, 99, 533, 538–57, 559–61, 391, 507, 585, 614, 624–5, 633, 692, 694, 563–5, 581, 604–6 see also Nordic model 697, 723–4, 726, 752, 758, 764 Denniston, R. 718 Cunningham, William 82 dependencia school 242 currency 265, 267, 514, 742, 750 dependency analysis 388–402, 412, 420, Currie, Lauchlin 457–8, 460–62, 507 471n18, 562 Cyprus 751 Dercon, Stefan 655 despotism 71, 111, 178, 185, 241, 271, 743 see Daastøl, Arno 774 also enlightened despotism Daghestan 730–31 Deutsch, Karl 741 Daoism 127, 129 Deutsche Bank 613, 620, 630 Dar es Salaam Debates 245, 250, 268–9 devaluation cycles 559–60, 563 Darülfünun 195–6 and competitiveness 587 Darwinism 406–7, 412, 742 Development Alternatives with Women for a Dasgupta, Ajit K. 220 New Era (DAWN) 429–30 Dasgupta, Partha 469–70, 658 development planning 519–21, 527–8 Dasgupta, Susmita 721, 725 intercountry variations 528–31 Datta, Kavita 416 role of the private sector 521–5 Davanzati, Bernardo xv structural change 252–6 Davenant, Charles 53 developmental citizenship 646 David, Paul 693 developmental state 68, 243, 614, 618–22, Davidson, James Dale 744 620n19, 631n44, 633 Davies, Gary 582–3 birth of 10–12 Davis, Arthur K. 187 controversies and misunderstandings 644–6 de Santis, MarcAntonio 24–5 and developmentalism 629–30 decentralization 524–5 implications for developing countries 647–9 Declaration on the Establishment of a New and latecomer industrialization 629–30, International Economic Order 288 639–44 decolonization 311–15, 320, 489–90, 519 originating context 637–9 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency developmentalism 34, 102, 242–5, 293, 295, (DARPA) 695, 695n14, 697 297, 509–10, 515–16, 618, 620, 622, deflation 296, 319–21, 550, 553, 780 629–30, 632–3, 642, 645, 734–5, 760 deforestation 398, 654, 659–61 Dewey, John 198n2 de-globalization 777–8 Dharmashastras 214–15, 214n13 deindustrialization 3–4, 70, 77, 83, 178, 190, Diamand, Marcel 509–10, 515 217, 244, 300, 309, 400, 496, 710–726, 729, Dickson, Chip 744 740–42, 747, 752, 761, 763, 765–6 dictatorships 242, 362, 735, 745 causes of 715–19 Diderot, Denis 46, 66 empirical overview of trends 711–15 Dietzel, Heinrich 113–14 importance for growth 723–6 diminishing returns 4, 20, 24, 26–8, 31–6, 41, premature 720–23 64, 746, 758, 763 and technological retrogression 719–20 dirigisme 316, 318, 320, 409 delinking theories 180, 222, 245–6, 251–2 discrimination 155, 216, 271, 286–7, 297, 425, Dell, Sidney 293, 507 427, 648, 682–3, 700n26 demand-side approach 504–6, 614 Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) 682–3 Latin American approach to 507–10 diversity 12, 23, 26, 29, 126, 158, 194, 210, pioneers of 505–7 219, 221, 340, 343, 347–8, 352–3, 356–7, 165, 181, 183–4, 242, 250, 354, 367, 374, 379, 388, 396–7, 417, 430, 436,

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490, 509–10, 600, 648, 693, 697, 699–700, economies of scale 28, 37, 344, 391, 507, 515, 742–3, 757 572, 681 see also increasing returns division of labour xxx, 3, 5–7, 24, 28, 66, 78, economies of scope 28, 572 83, 90, 93, 97, 171, 173–6, 188n12, 207, economization 111–12 270, 293, 342, 347–8, 364, 377, 390, 392, ecotourism 497 421, 423–4, 487, 500, 557, 572–3, 596n5, Ecuador 495, 661 772, 796 Edenhofer, Ingbert 110n2 Dobb, Maurice 173, 314, 482, 524 education 92, 196, 221, 235–7, 332, 356, 363, Doha Round 287, 666, 686 365, 366, 367, 594, 741, 765, 770 Domar, Evsey 513 see also Harrod–Domar in Africa 242–4, 253 growth model in China 126–31, 133–4, 138 Domergue, Jules 103 and competition 681, 684 Dosi, Giovanni 230, 599–600 and development planning 523 double-entry bookkeeping 775 and environmental issues 655, 657, 660 Draghi, Mario 25, 750–51 Ethem Nejat and 198–9, 203–9 Drechsler, Wolfgang 768 Freeman’s importance of learning 448–9 Droysen, Johann Gustav 80 and gender 419, 423–4, 426, 433 dual economies 242, 489, 765 and the Nordic model 539, 545, 558, 561–3, Dudayev, Djohar 733 565 Dühring, Eugen 64–5 Edwards, Jeremy 185 DUI mode of learning 596, 604 egalitarianism 140, 150, 167, 488 Dupin, Charles 88 Egypt 179–80, 190, 483 Durkheim, Emile 196–7, 199 El Salvador 659 Dutch Disease 367, 716, 721 Elias, Norbert 734 Dutch Republic 15–16, 20, 781 see also elites 362, 479, 734–5, 776 Netherlands in Africa 244, 266 dynamic approach to competitiveness 573–4 in China 126–7, 131–3, 131n22, 135, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium 139 (DSGE) models 769 and the developmental state 645, 648 dystopias 46, 738–42, 747 in Latin America 393, 395, 398, 401–2, ‘bad science’ dystopia 767–71 405–6, 408, 410 hoarding dystopia 749–51 and the Nordic model 536, 540, 542, 544–5, neo-feudalism dystopia 765–7 547, 549, 552, 554–5, 557, 561–2 power dystopia 751–2 Elizabeth I (England) 6 standardization dystopia 757–8 Elizabeth II (England) 768 technological retrogression dystopia 758–65 Elliot, Matthew 744 vicious circles dystopia 752–7 Elliott, Steward W. 748 Elman, Benjamin A. 125–6 East Asian Tigers 50, 338, 618 Elson, Diane 416, 425 East India Company 45, 50, 53n25, 179, 182, Eltis, Walter 716–17 217 Elvin, Mark 126–7 Eccles, Marriner 457 Ely, Richard 78 Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) embedded 556–7, 565–6 273, 275, 277 Emmanuel, Arghiri 180, 184, 190 economic backwardness 63, 124, 202, 213, 225, End of History 111 442, 446, 459, 463, 479, 488–90, 613, 676, Endresen, Sylvi Birgit 719, 759, 763 772 Engels, Friedrich 102, 176, 526 Economic Commission for Latin America and and the agrarian question 488, 492 the Caribbean (ECLAC) 228n1, 291–3, Communist Manifesto 4, 79, 308 292n2, 299, 378–9, 389–90, 390n5, 390n7, England 6–7, 21–2, 24, 29n52, 44–5, 50, 63–4, 391–6, 442, 509, 710 72–4, 75n32, 87–8, 92–3, 95, 98–100, 174, economic nationalism 54, 194, 202, 217–19, 174n9, 188, 308, 348–9, 386, 456, 538 274, 284 and the agrarian question 488, 490 Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) agriculture in 214 263–4, 590 enlightened despotism 12, 71

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Enlightenment 43, 53, 336, 745, 747, 761, Feldman model 222, 528 774–5, 780–81 Felix, David 470 entrepreneurialism 95, 201, 207–8, 240, 242, feminism 416–17, 436–7, 562 247, 354, 371–2, 410, 459, 466, 468, 542, contributions to understanding development 597, 621 417–23 and competition 667, 675 recent approaches to development thinking and competitiveness 575, 578, 580, 582–3, 427–36 589 Fergusson, Niall 744, 771–3, 776 and development planning 520, 523 Ferid Bey, Ahmet 197, 203, 206 and knowledge governance 691, 693, 695–6, feudalism 128n13, 171–4, 185–6, 190, 214n11, 698, 700 216, 249, 258, 394, 483, 489, 747, 766, environmental issues 354–5, 445, 566, 615, 631, 776 651–2, 756, 778–9 Feyerabend, Paul 450 and the agrarian question 488, 490, 494 Feynman, Richard 769 and the ‘assetless’ poor 651, 656–60 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 757–8 and poverty 651–6, 660–62 Filangieri, Gaetano 47 equality assumption in economics xix, xxii, 32, financial crises 299, 299n6, 386, 402, 430, 757 512–13, 552, 744, 763, 768, 779–80 Equatorial Guinea 244 1997–2000 Asian financial crisis 301, 352, Erfahrungswissenschaft 67, 779 357, 373, 618, 677 Eritrea 24, 273 2007–2008 financial crisis 25, 301, 431, 516, Ernst der Fromme 743 566, 582, 668, 740, 761 Ethem Nejat 194–5, 209–10 financialization 298, 318 life of 197–9 Finland 74, 533, 540–53, 555–6, 559, 561–5, view of economic development 203–8 581, 603, 606 see also Nordic model Ethiopia 275, 655, 659–60 First World 441–2, 630, 756–7 see also ethnicity 421–2, 425, 430, 497, 648, 729, 731, individual countries 735, 742 Fisher, Monica 661 Eurocentrism 16, 124, 170–71, 177, 258, 487, fisheries 200, 541, 546, 559, 563, 652, 759 489–91 flood control 217, 519, 530, 654 European Central Bank 25, 751 Florence xv, xxx, 10, 14, 44, 751, 775–6, European Commission (EC) 682–5 780–81 European Union 25, 103–4, 121, 264, 281, 343, Florida, Richard xxx, 744 381, 566, 571, 590, 616, 668, 677, 684, food production 479–80, 488, 494, 587, 756–7 740–43, 745, 747–8, 757–8, 766, 779 food security 430, 494–5, 499, 654 Evans, Peter B. 555, 694, 699 Forbes, Naushad 589 evolutionary economic theory 323, 348 Ford, Henry 757 of catching-up 333–4 Ford Foundation 467 difference to neoclassical theory 323–6 Fordism 81, 364, 365, 379–80, 534, 551, 757 see and economic development 329–33 also mass production as growth theory 326–9 foreign direct investment (FDI) 256, 263–4, exchange rate 24, 265, 300, 371, 378, 399, 513, 293, 300, 331, 339, 586–7, 617–18, 626, 515–16, 557, 619 629, 684 extractive industries 240–41, 243, 277, 342, forestry 214–15, 540–41, 551, 564, 652, 654, 494, 623–5, 632, 772, 775 see also mining 657–60 see also deforestation fossil fuels 25, 33, 566, 615, 622, 630–32 Fagerberg, Jan 586n4, 679 Foucault, Michel 387, 407 Fahey, Liam 582 Fourier, Charles 767 Fairbank, John 151 Foxwell, Herbert S. 79, 738, 740, 746, 768 famine 71, 186, 219, 365 France 9, 21, 44, 47, 49–51, 55, 88, 92, 214, Fanfani, Amintore 8, 51 286, 288, 312, 367, 402, 456, 538, 541, 551, Fanon, Frantz 241–3, 492–3 581, 606 see also physiocratic theory fascism 273, 388, 553 and cameralism 69, 77 Federal Reserve 25, 189, 386, 457 and competition 674, 682 Federal Trade Commission 690 and development planning 528–9

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and the Ottoman school 194, 196–8, 203, genocide 183, 189 206 Genovesi, Antonio 47, 48n15, 50, 55, 74, 77 France, Anatole 738 Georgia 732 Francisco, Gigi 425 German economic tradition 63–5, 749 see also Franco, Francisco 456 cameralism Franco, Gustavo 401 1945–1947 82–3 Frank, Andre Gunder 258, 311, 394–5 cameralist economics 69–73 Frank, Robert H. 31 eighteenth century 74–6 Franklin, Benjamin 8, 775 Historical Schools see German Historical Frederick the Great 66 Schools free markets 31, 68, 70, 77, 162, 167n6, 299, permanent characteristics of 65–9 504, 512, 585, 637, 639, 645–6, 667, 765 social problem and Verein für Sozialpolitik free trade 4, 6n8, 31, 34–6, 45, 53, 56, 90, 95, 79–82 98–100, 102–3, 117, 178, 202, 218–19, 258, German Historical Schools 12, 56, 65, 263, 271, 273–6, 278, 283, 286, 289, 405, 68, 76–80, 110, 110n2, 117–20, 596, 646, 719, 756, 758, 772, 774, 778, 781 120n16, 121, 199, 206n5, 401 see also and cameralism 77, 82 Kathedersozialisten and competition 543, 563, 576, 667 Younger Historical School 79, 110, 118, freedom of speech 403 119n15 Freeman, Christopher xxix, 329, 442–54, Germany 11, 22, 49–50, 87–8, 99, 101, 273–6, 594–5, 595n3, 598–9, 609 328, 339, 428, 456–7, 743, 745, 751, 766–7 Economics of Industrial Innovation, The 448 see also German economic tradition ‘If I Rule the World’ 451 and competition 581, 674 ‘Malthus with a Computer’ 450 German unification 102–3 French Revolutionary Wars 541, 745 and industrialization 613, 615, 617, 620, Frenkel, Roberto 721 629 Freud, Sigmund 408 and legal structures 703 Friedman, Milton 325, 344, 746, 768 and the Marshall Plan 3, 721, 752 Friendship Textile Mill 248 and national innovation systems 595–6, 606 frugal innovation 453 and the Nordic model 534, 538, 544, 548, Fry, Varian 456 551–2, 555, 565 Fukuyama, Francis xxxi, 111 and the Ottoman school 194, 197–200, 203, full employment 231, 281–2, 286, 290, 315–16, 206, 208–9 390, 477, 506, 515, 558 Gerschenkron, Alexander xxx, xxxiv, 462–3, fundamentalism 169, 289, 397, 400–402, 735 509, 585, 613–14, 619–22, 627, 629, 633 Fürstenspiegel 15, 65 gewu zhizhi 133–4 Furtado, Celso 394 Ghana 245, 262, 429, 657 Ghent model 548, 554, 561 Gadgil, Dhananjaya R. 220–21 Ghosh, Jayati 213, 267, 425 Galbraith, John Kenneth xvin3, 751, 776, 780 Gierke, Julius von 703 Galiani, Ferdinando xv, xxiii, 52, 77–80 Gilding, Paul 744 Galilei, Galileo 9–10 Glen, Jack 668, 673 Gallagher, Kevin 516, 628 Global IP Centre (GIPC) 264 Gandhi, Indira 223 global value chains 260, 265, 626, 628 García Márquez, Gabriel 410, 454 globalization 8, 112, 185, 244, 254, 256, 266, Gates, Bill xix, 27, 32 288, 290, 403, 404n19, 491, 608, 694, 717, Gates Foundation 495 740, 742, 747, 754, 756, 778 Gay, Edwin 81 and competition 666–7 gender and development (GAD) approach 417, and feminism 417, 428n4, 430–31, 436 424, 426–9, 430n7, 431–2, 434, 436 Kalecki on 475, 480 gender inequalities 408, 418, 421–3, 492, 494–7, and Marxist theory 311, 316, 319 499, 501, 562 see also feminism and régulation theory 368, 380–81 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and UNCTAD system 292–3, 295, 297–301 (GATT) 281, 285, 287, 296–7, 557, 572 Globelics 334, 608–9 Genoa 44, 47–8, 188 Goetz, Anne Marie 416

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Gökalp, Ziya 194–5, 198, 209–10 Gulf states 179, 182 life of 195–7 Gulf War 224 and List’s legacy 199–202 Güterwelt 749–50 Gokhale, Gopal Krishna 218 Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Haberler, Gottfried 273 (GIPE) 224 Habermas, Jürgen 111–12, 748 gold 21–3, 25–6, 70, 73, 173–4, 178, 188, 262, Habib, Irfan 308 581 see also mining Hacker, Jacob S. 744 gold standard 208, 218, 274, 288, 515, 552–3 Haddad, Lawrence 427 Goldthwaite, Richard 23, 772 hadith 161 Goody, Jack 170 Hagen, Everett Einar xxx Google 693, 698n23 Haiti 35, 66 Goto, Akira 690 Hakluyt, Richard 49 Gournay, Vincent de 47, 51–2, 115 Hales, John 49 governmentality 407–8 Hamel, Gary 615, 627 Gowers, Timothy 771 Hamilton, Alexander 3, 54, 96, 102 Goya, Francisco de 738–40 Happy Village project 203–6 Graham, Frank 30–31, 41 Harding, Sandra 416, 419 Grampp, William D. 73 Harmonielehre 746 Gramsci, Antonio 360, 406 Harrison, Bennett 710 grandezza 43–4, 50 Harrod–Domar growth model 353, 418, 471, Great Britain 5n8, 46–8, 75n32, 104, 202, 511 283–4, 286–7, 310, 341, 428, 442, 585, 769, Hartmann, Heidi 425 773 see also British Empire Hauge, Hans Nielsen 541–2 and demand-side approach 508, 510 Hausväterliteratur 15, 65, 65n12 and industrialization 613, 615, 620 Havana Charter xxv, 35, 281–90, 295, 336, and Islam 174, 180 741 and the Nordic model 534–5, 541, 543, 548, Hayek, Friedrich xvii–xviii, xx–xxi, 410, 777 553–4, 565 health 242–4, 253, 355, 365, 374, 419, 426, and the Ottoman school 200–201 434, 458, 536, 558, 564, 773 see also Great Depression 21, 202, 273–4, 276, 338, pharmaceuticals 507, 511, 551, 743, 763 heavy industry 103, 195, 222, 251, 314, 546–8, Greece 8, 25, 266, 338, 605–6, 751, 759, 761 550, 558, 589 ancient Greece 8, 13, 125, 166, 169, 183, 732 Heckman, James xxv green development 631–2 Hecksher, Eli 275 Greene, William xxv Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 79, 94, 111, Greif, Avner 185 113, 185, 189 Groenewegen, Peter 28, 35 Heidegger, Martin 116–17 gross domestic product (GDP) 6n10, 230, 243, Heilbroner, Robert 451 256, 337–8, 390, 399, 405, 419, 432, 511, Hein, Piet xxiii 513, 761 Helleiner, Eric 285 and competition 676, 678–80 Henry IV (France) 49 and deindustrialization 710–14, 716, 718, Henry VII (England) 6 721, 725–6 Heraclitus 166 and latecomer industrialization 615–16, Herder, Johann Gottfried von 75 623–4 Hildebrand, Bruno 78–9, 110, 115, 118 gross national product (GNP) 327, 678 Hirschman, Albert O. xxix, xxxiii, 7, 12, 71, Group of 77 (G77) 291, 295–7 340–44, 409, 443, 447, 459–72, 507, 541, Grown, Caren 416, 430 573, 607, 743 growth theories 292, 326–9, 343, 352, 364, development legacy of 471–2 418–19, 459, 625 Development Projects Observed 467–72 Gschwandtner, Adelina 674 Exit, Voice and Loyalty 470 Gu Yanwu 134 Journeys Toward Progress 464–7, 469–72 guerrilla forces 269, 466 Latin American Issues 464 Guinea 712 life of 456–9

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National Power and the Structure of Foreign imperialism 42, 100, 175, 182–3, 189–91, Trade 456 241–2, 245, 254, 257–8, 266–7, 269, 271, Passions and the Interests, The 774–5 272n5, 284, 393–4, 487–9, 491–5, 566 Strategy of Economic Development, The 459, import duties 73, 77 461–2, 465–6, 470 import substitution industrialization (ISI) Hirschmann, Ursula 456 377–8, 395, 400–401, 510 historicism 110, 118, 200 Inca Empire 7 Hitler, Adolf 80, 456 income distribution 35, 217, 229, 231–2, 237, hoarding 749–51, 776 321, 346, 347n16, 364, 369, 379–80, 395, Hoare, Samuel 274 510, 576–7, 646 Hobbes, Thomas 44, 53 income elasticity 230, 232–4, 236, 293, 390–91, Hobday, Mike 627 576 Hodgson, Geoffrey 120 income inequality xix, 311–12, 315, 339, 378, Hoff, Karla 357 382, 560, 576, 760 see also social Holden, Stein 659–60 increasing returns 4, 20, 23–8, 31–6, 41, 64, Honduras 659 724, 746, 758 see also economies of scale Hong Kong 398, 581 India 170, 212–13, 258–9, 266, 288, 337, 390n5, Hoover, Herbert 3–4, 83 398, 402, 406, 425, 457, 479, 483, 483n2, Hörnigk, Philip Wilhelm von xv, 11, 70–72 495, 565, 609, 644, 743 Hauptreguln (sic) 70 agriculture in 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, ‘Nine Points of Economic Policy’ 72–4 225 Österreich über alles wann es nur will xv, British rule in 213, 215–19, 222, 308, 310 70–71 changes in the social formation 216–18 Howes, Candace 667, 678–9 and competition 668n2, 669, 673, 675–6, 686 134, 142 development economics in 221–4 human capital 91, 101, 172, 195, 209, 327, and development planning 519, 525, 527–9 329–30, 354, 399, 418, 585, 725 economic nationalism 217–21 human development 162, 354–5, 357, 417–18, and environmental issues 655, 657–8 428, 432–6, 438, 443, 531 and industrialization 614, 615n8, 618, 621, Human Development Report 433 630–31, 633 human resources 579, 586, 609, 779 industrialization in 213, 218–24 human rights 418, 428, 432–6, 470, 494 and Marxist theory 308, 309n2, 310, 316 humanism 11, 44, 48, 71, 187 and régulation theory 352, 367, 377, 381–2 humanitarianism 257 system of political economy 213–15 Hume, David 48 Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) 224 Hungary 203, 734 88–9, 91, 119, 162, 181, 198, 207, husbandry 198, 203–4, 206, 776n50 419, 541, 544–5, 775, 779–80 Indonesia 398, 457, 618–19, 661, 669–70, 742 Ibn Hussein 168 industrial revolutions 5n8, 51n19, 75n32, 126, 5, 176, 186, 773 128, 164, 365, 487, 533, 535, 541, 761 Ibn Salam 168–9 industrialization xvii, xix, xxiii–iv, xxxi, 3–4, Ibn Taymiyya 186 6, 29, 31, 35, 49–51, 54, 87, 92–4, 96, 104, Iceland 533, 537, 539–40, 544–9, 551–3, 556–7, 112, 178, 180, 188, 190, 195, 272, 276–7, 559–61, 563–5, 776 see also Nordic model 285, 287, 309, 317, 336, 339, 345–6, 348, ignorance/ignorant xxi–xxiii, 21, 23, 161, 248, 352, 441–2, 460, 463, 538, 710, 716, 730, 254, 738, 780 734, 736, 741, 745, 752, 756, 766, 772–3, IKE Group (Aalborg) 594–5, 595n3, 607, 609 777 see also newly industrialized countries illiteracy see literacy absence of 310–11 imperfect competition 27, 31–2, 36, 364, 681, in Africa 256, 259–60, 262–4 740, 748, 755, 758 and the agrarian question 487–93, 501 Imperial China and cameralism 64, 83 agricultural crisis cycle 141–2 and competition 570, 588, 590, 675, 677n6 economic attitudes 137–42 and demand-side approach 505, 507–8, 510 manufacturing and commerce crisis cycle and development planning 526 142–51 and feminism 418

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import substitution industrialization (ISI) interest rates 65, 158, 164, 186, 189, 299n6, 369, 377–8, 395, 400–401, 510 300, 342, 476, 511, 513–15, 528 in India 213, 218–25 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Kalecki on 475, 479 (IPCC) 566, 615 latecomer see latecomer industrialization International Competition Authority (ICA) in Latin America 284–5, 357, 391–2, 394, 684–6 396, 400 International Development Economics newly industrialized countries 582, 622, 629, Associates (IDEAS) 498 679 international financial institutions (IFIs) 572, and the Nordic model 534, 538, 542–3, 546 588, 590, 721 and the Ottoman school 201–2, 209 International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNCTAD system 293–4, 299 712n4 inflation 243, 300, 313, 316–17, 319–20, 345, International Medicinal Products Anti- 389, 390n5, 420n2, 478–81, 560, 586, 745, Counterfeit Taskforce (IMPACT) 264 751, 780 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 224, 243, information and communication technology 266, 281–2, 301, 343, 358, 428, 480n1, 571, (ICT) 339, 445, 535, 565, 644 618–19, 678 information asymmetries 181, 262, 674 International Trade Organization (ITO) 281, information feudalism 694, 699 281n1, 282–6, 288, 295 infrastructure 479, 596, 779 internationalization 368, 381, 396, 562 and competition 672, 684–5 Intifada 256, 265, 267 and competitiveness 579–80, 582, 585–6 invisible hand 410 and development planning 521, 523, 527 Iraq 8, 175–7, 183, 190, 730, 773–4 and national innovation systems 594 Ireland 266, 606, 644, 751 and the Nordic model 546, 558–9 irrigation 135, 140, 167, 171, 219, 243, 317–18, Ingushetia 730 467, 479, 519, 530, 658, 780 inheritance 185 Islam 91, 161–2, 189–91, 202–3, 729–32, 735, Innis, Harold xxi, 769 742, 752 innovation 9–10, 26–7, 95, 101, 126, 186, 213, development in context 162–5 228–9, 234–5, 313, 325–6, 329–30, 345, development in the ancient Mashriq 165–6 348, 399, 477, 628, 755, 761, 770, 781 and the East 170–71 and competitiveness 573, 575, 577, 588–9 equality in 166–9 and Islam 174 expansion by economic zeal 169–70 and knowledge governance 689, 692–3, infanticide of early Islamic development 695–7, 699 178–80 national systems see national innovation involution and the Asiatic way of life 171–5 systems a not so stagnant world 175–8 paradoxes 594 thingified institutions 180–89 and régulation theory 360, 362–3, 365, 367, Isola, Francesco 47 377 Israel 182, 266n13, 581 role of in Freeman 441, 444–6, 448, 452–4 Istria 273 Institute for International Assistance and Italy 10–12, 16, 20–23, 25–6, 42–3, 47, 49–50, Solidarity (IFIAS) 595 200, 273–5, 456–7, 581, 606, 745, 775, institutionalism 348, 354, 362, 420, 434, 533–4, 780 536, 709 and birth of capitalism 6–8 institutionalization 48–9, 49n18, 50, 100, 223, and cameralism 64–5, 70–71, 74–5, 77 360–61, 365–8, 370–71, 375–6, 378–81, city-states 6–7, 13–14, 43–4, 49, 176, 188, 417, 731 772, 775–6, 781 insurance 6, 81, 523, 547–8, 550, 554, 558, 560–61, 658 Jackson, Cecile 416 intellectual production 295–8 Jacobs, Jane xxx intellectual property rights 263–4, 332, 571, Jaffe, Adam B. 695, 698 576, 585, 628, 689–700 see also knowledge Jameel Poverty Action Lab (MIT) xxix governance Japan 63–4, 82, 103–4, 133n31, 262, 273–4, Intelligenzblätter 74 299, 308, 330–31, 403, 516, 566, 595, 752

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and competition 572–3, 581, 668, 674, Kemal, Kara 202 676–7, 679–81, 684, 686 Kemal, Yusuf 196 and the developmental state 637–40, 642, Kenya 241, 247, 261, 269, 654, 712 645–8 Kepler, Johannes 10 and industrialization 613–14, 616–18, 620, Keynes, John Maynard 21, 220, 224–5, 237, 622, 624n27, 625, 627, 629–30, 632 258, 258n6, 273–4, 301, 309, 319, 347, 386, and the Ottoman school 198, 208 402, 408–10, 475–6, 514–15, 740, 749, 767, jati system see caste system 771, 777–9 Java 187 General Theory 475, 505, 508 Jealousy of trade 42–3, 54 as guide to post-war development economics Jensen, Morten B. 604 505–6, 508–10 Jerome, St. 9 How to Pay for the War 505 Jesuits 16, 21, 56, 126–7, 132 ‘National Self-Sufficiency’ 777–8 Jews xiv, xxx, 185, 388, 456–7, 474n43 Keynesianism 73, 220, 228–30, 237, 275, 282, jihadi terrorism 729–36 292, 295, 301, 345, 372, 379–80, 390n5, jingoism 271 401, 407, 409–10, 420n2, 423, 475, 507, jingshi zhiyong 134–5 509, 512, 515, 554 Johansson, Egil 539 kharaj 167 Johnson, Bjørn 601 killer apps (Fergusson’s and Reinert’s) 773–7 Johnson, Chalmers 620–22, 629, 637–8, 645–6 Killick, Tony 469 MITI and the Japanese Miracle 637–8 King’s Mirror see Fürstenspiegel Jones, Eric 126 Kissinger, Henry 182 Jordan 673 Klare, Michael T. 33 Jorio, Michele de 45, 54 Knapp, Georg F. 514 Joshi, Ganesh V. 219 Knies, Karl 78–9, 115, 118 journals 74, 81, 87, 195, 197, 201–3, 206–7, Die politische Oekonomie vom geschichtlichen 334, 489n1, 490n2, 769 Standpunkte 110 Junker capitalism see landlord capitalism Knight, Frank 325, 470 Junker path 497–8 knowledge governance 689–700 see also Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von 66, 68, intellectual property rights 74–6 Kondratiev, Nicolai xivn2 Factories and Manufacturers 75 Korea 6, 103–4, 299, 330–31, 346, 410, 516, Justinian 46 527 and competition 668–9, 673, 675–7, 679–81 Kabardino-Balkaria 730 and the developmental state 638–46, 648 Kaldor, Nicholas xxx, 30, 34, 233, 292, 300n8, and industrialization 614, 616, 618, 620–22, 399, 515, 573, 614, 623–7, 679, 724–6 624n27, 625, 627, 629–32 Kaldor paradox 573 Krugman, Paul xviii–xix, xxi, xxiv, 30–33, Kaldor’s laws 623–5 258n6, 339–40, 344, 442–3, 459, 461, 667, Kalecki, Michal xxix, 224, 317, 475–84, 521–2, 678, 717–18, 746 530, 573–4, 586–7, 745 Kucera, David 717–18 ‘The Political Aspect of Full Employment’ Kuznets, Simon xxii, 307 477 Kyrgyzstan 734 Kaleckianism 228–30, 237, 292, 300n8 approach to competitiveness 586–7 labor mobility 70, 276, 729, 761–2 Kambhampati, U.S. 673 labor parties 553–4, 556, 560–61 Kant, Immanuel 56, 79, 113–14, 271, 758 labor productivity 27n51, 315, 319–21, 392, Kaplan, Steven L. 55 400, 482, 571, 623–4, 626n33, 630n42, 719, Kathedersozialisten 79–80, 109–10, 109n1, 758, 760–65 110n2, 111–13, 117–18, 120–21 La Court, Johan de 45 Kattel, Rainer 109, 110n2, 113n8, 718–19, 721 La Court, Pieter de xv Kaufmann, Moritz 738 ladders for development 441–3 Kautilya 213–15 Lafayette 87 Kautsky, Karl 488, 492 Laffemas, Barthélémy de 49 Keller, Mathew 690 Laffont, Jean-Jacques 675, 677

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laissez-faire economics 76, 78–80, 118, 120, Lend-Lease policy 282 149–52, 194, 271, 283, 299, 348, 409, 475, Lenin, Vladimir 31, 311–13, 398, 488, 492, 497, 745 733, 745, 750 Lall, Sanjaya 618, 628 Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Lamy, Pascal 281–2 Democratic Revolution 745 land grabs 491, 494, 498 Leonardo da Vinci 14 land reforms 104, 168, 223, 249, 265n12, Lerner, Abba P. 514 312–14, 464, 479, 483, 489, 489n1, 496–9, Lerner, Josh 695, 698 646, 763 Levenstein, Margaret 684 Landes, David xiii, xxii, 691n5, 694n12, 771–2 Lewis, Bernard 161 landlord capitalism 311–13 Lewis, W. Arthur xiv, xxxiii, 220, 231, 277, 340, landlords 132n29, 141–8, 151–2, 155, 158, 219, 470, 489, 507, 519, 522–6, 528, 531, 619 311–14, 479, 483, 493, 497, 698, 766 Lewis dualism model 418 Lanteri, Giacomo 43–4 lex talionis 166 Laos 653–4 Lexis, Wilhelm 117, 121 Lassalle, Ferdinand 112–13 liberal capitalism 271–2, 536, 564–5 latecomer industrialization 613–22, 685 liberal democracy 111, 213, 222, 253 and the developmental state 629–30, 639–44 liberalism 52, 55, 77, 81, 94, 104, 111, 167n6, developmentalism and developmental state 194, 270–73, 286, 288, 409, 426, 544, 742 629–30 see also Manchester liberalism greening of development strategy 630–33 embedded 556–7, 565–6 manufacturing as the engine of development liberalization 244, 271, 301, 345, 357, 369, 380, 622–6 420, 428, 430, 477, 497, 511, 516, 556, 666, strategic factors in 626–9 677, 713, 722, 724, 748, 763 Latin America 6n8, 242, 254, 265, 269, 284, trade liberalization 180, 278, 284, 299–300, 287, 311, 336–8, 345–7, 347n16, 409–13, 557, 571–2, 586–8, 719–21, 726 448, 463–4, 512, 633, 721, 741, 747 see Liberia 711–12 also individual countries liberty 45–9, 51–4, 92, 113, 115, 272 and the agrarian question 497, 499 individual 53, 66, 94 approach to demand 507–10 Libya 273 critical tradition in political economy 386–8 life expectancy 244, 549 and the developmental state 640, 644 Limits to Growth 25, 33 downfall of critical thinking 397–402 Lin, Justin Yifu, xix, 3 and environmental issues 653, 656 Lincoln, Abraham 83, 336 and feminism 425, 428–30 Lindblom, Charles E. 466 Hirschman on 464–7, 472 List, Friedrich xxv, xxxii, 3, 20, 52, 64, 68, 75, and régulation theory 352–3, 357, 362, 366, 77–8, 83, 110, 115, 194–5, 213n6, 292, 368–9, 377, 379–82 349, 447–8, 566, 573, 589, 595–7, 601, 608, structuralism 228–37, 340n3, 378–80, 646 388–97, 401–2, 441–2, 479–80, 507–10 criticism of materialism 88–90 switching forms of absolute belief 402–9 implications 104–5 and UNCTAD system 291, 296, 299 inspiration 87–8 Latin American Council for the Social Sciences legacy (as transmitted by Gökalp) 101–4, (CLASCO) 498 199–202 Latini, Brunetto 775 life of 87 Lawson, Tony 406–7 National System of Political Economy, The Lazonick, W. 573, 589 75, 194, 197, 202, 206, 208–10 League of Nations 270–79, 343 pragmatic protection and nurture 95–7 least-developed countries (LDCs) 263, 297, productive forces 90–93 471n18, 587, 590–91, 649 regulation and politics 94–5 Lee, Keun 628–30 sovereignty and international power 97–100 Lee Kuan Yew 743 literacy 244, 355, 433–4, 531, 539, 541–3, 545, legal structures 703–9 563–4, 689 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 10, 67–9, 71, Little, Ian M.D. 469–70 78, 80 Liu, James T.C. 129

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living standards 182, 278, 341, 519, 560, 562, 34–6, 49–52, 54, 89, 93, 98–9, 178, 274, 571, 576, 588, 639, 641, 675, 678 333, 364, 392, 515–16, 541, 587n6, 604, Livy 46 749, 756, 763, 772, 776–7, 780 local value chains 265 in Africa 243, 260, 263 Locke, John 67 and cameralism 66, 70, 73, 75–8 London School of Economics 456, 768 and Chinese development thinking 140, 142, López-Feldman, A. 657 151–2, 158 Lorenz, Edward 605 and competition 574, 583, 681 Lorenzo il Magnifico 14 cycle of crisis in 142–51 Louis XIV (France) 42, 69 and deindustrialization 710–26 Louis XVI (France) 55 and demand-side approach 506–10 Lowe, Adolph 525 and development planning 526, 528–9 Loyd, Henry 53 and knowledge governance 692, 696 Lü Zuqian 134 and latecomer industrialization 614–15, Lucretius 13 615n9, 617, 619, 621–6, 628, 631–3 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio 407–8, 411, 412n27 in Latin America 395, 400n12 Lumpenproletariat 493 and the Ottoman school 200, 208 Lumumba, Patrice 241 and supply-side approach 513–14 Lundvall, Bengt-Åke 448, 594, 596n5, 599, 601 257–8, 308, 492–3, 617 Luther, Martin 11, 751 Marglin, Steven 469–70 Lutsky, Vladimir B. 180 Mariátegui, José Carlos 388 Luxemburg 581, 606 market failure 69, 282, 323, 326, 356, 420n2, Luxemburg, Rosa 258, 311 572, 582, 603 Markusen, Ann 425 MacDonald, Martha 419 marriage 538–9 Machiavelli, Niccolò 43, 46, 51 Marshall, Alfred 4, 31–2, 759, 772 Art of War, The 54 Principles of Economics 4, 24 Machlup, Fritz 101 Marshall, George 3–4, 83 Mackinder, Halford 102 Marshall Plan xxv, 3–4, 28, 83, 285, 336, 340, Madagascar 661, 712 457, 557, 721–722, 752, 754, 758, 771, see Mafeje, Archie 495 also Morgenthau Plan Magdoff, Harry 319 Marwan, Abd al-Malik bin 169–70 Magnusson, Lars 64n6, 73 Marx, Karl xxv, xxxiii, 65, 68, 101–2, 112, 173, Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra 222, 224 177–8, 189, 224, 256, 256n1, 257–8, 316, and development planning 519, 524, 528–30 336, 364, 398, 402, 444–5, 447, 472n20, Mahbubani, Kishore 743–5 475, 492, 499–500, 597, 747, 749, 752, 760, maize 730–31 779 Malawi 657, 660, 712 Communist Manifesto 4, 79, 308 Malaysia 398, 581, 619, 629, 670, 673 Das Kapital 597, 744 Maliki School 186 Marxism 94, 120, 217, 217n18, 258, 268, 393, Malinowski, Wladek 293 401, 476, 733, 744–5 Malta 196 in Africa 241–2, 251 Malthus, Thomas xxxi, 4, 33, 88–9, 118, 756 and the agrarian question 487–9, 489n1, Malthusianism 32, 48, 355, 719, 752, 756 490–91 Malynes, Gerard de 20 and deindustrialization 724 Mamdani, Mahmood 268 in the era of neoliberalism 316–22 Manchester capitalism 566 and feminism 420, 423, 426, 428 Manchester liberalism 742, 745–8, 751n28 see and the genesis of underdevelopment 307–11 also neoliberalism and Islam 171, 177, 181 Manchester School 201–2 post-decolonization trajectory of Manchuria 104 development 311–15 Mandeville, Bernard 775 Mashriq 165–6 Mann, Michael 444 mass production 81, 534, 551, 583, 757 see also Manoilescu, Mikhail 275–8 Fordism manufacturing 5n8, 6n10, 20, 23–8, 29n52, mass unemployment 273, 317, 322, 557

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Mirowski, Philip 769 33, 222, 330, 451, 463, 620 Mirrlees, James A. 469–70 materialism 88–90, 88n2, 101, 104, 186–7 Misselden, Edward 16, 20–21 maternity leave 562 Mitchell, Wesley Clair xxv Mathews, John 33 Mkapa, Benjamin 245 Mathur, Purushottam N. 224 modernization 104, 175, 178–9, 202, 222, 242, Mattei, Lauro 496 245, 247, 310, 331, 352, 354, 368, 377, Matthaei, Julie 425 391–2, 395, 403, 424–5, 457, 463, 563, Mauryan Empire 213, 215, 215n16, 216 631n46, 719, 730, 760–66 Mazzini, Giuseppe 54 Moghadam, Valentine 416 McAfee, Andrew 748 Mohammad Ali of Egypt 180–81 McCarthyism 752 Mokyr, Joel 124–6, 128, 131 McEwan, Cheryl 416 Enlightened Economy, The 125 McIlwaine, Cathy 416 monetarism 89, 258 McKinnon, Ronald 511 Mongol invasions 175–8, 188–9 Meade, James 273, 283 Mongolia 721 Mecca 186 monoeconomics 471 Medici, Cosimo de 10 monopolies 30, 52–3, 70, 94, 97, 149–51, 258, Meiji Restoration 104 273, 275, 317, 377, 393–4, 476, 553, 575, Meinecke, Friedrich 16 735, 742 137, 140 and the agrarian question 487, 489–90, Mendoza, Ronald U. 669 493–5, 497, 499–501 Menger, Karl xix, 68, 81–2 and competition 668–9, 674, 684 mercantilism 8, 13, 15–16, 23, 35, 42, 52–3, and knowledge governance 690–92, 694, 76–7, 83, 88, 90, 94–5, 98, 100, 104, 282, 696–700 288–9, 504, 535, 703 Montaigne, Michel de 9 mergers and acquisitions 582, 627, 668, 668n3, 76, 119, 336, 751, 776 669, 684–5 Moore, Barrington 312 meritocracy 129, 563, 743 morality 68, 72n28, 89, 91, 104, 119, 129–30, Merton, Robert K. 461 134, 177, 214–15, 250, 406, 494 Mesut Köy project 203–6 morbidity 531 Methodenstreit 81–2 Morgenthau, Henry 82 Mexico 5n8, 299–300, 398, 512–13, 516, 581, Morgenthau Plan 3, 29, 82–3, 721–722, 753 see 719 also Marshall Plan and competition 673, 675–6 Morocco 732 and environmental issues 654, 657, 659, 661 mortality 531, 729 and régulation theory 352, 368, 377, 381 Moses the Lawgiver 46 Meyen, Johan Jacob 336, 773 most-favoured nation clause/status 273, 286, Meynes, Peter 268 669, 677, 682 Microsoft 27, 32, 693, 694n12, 697n16 Mozambique 658 migration 4, 24, 28, 242, 247, 256, 266, 276, Mroueh, Hussein 162 310, 430, 447, 681, 729, 740–41, 752, 759, Mugabe, Robert 265 779 see also refugees Mughal Empire 213, 215–17 Milberg, William 717–18 , Prophet 161, 166–7, 169, 175, militarism 490–91, 494, 555 186, 731–2 Mill, John Stuart 4, 52, 82, 186, 271, 447, 777 multifibre agreements 297 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) xxvi, xxviii, 260, 531, 565 see also welfare 682 colonialism and welfarism multinational corporations 396, 666, 669, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 651 682–6 Mills, David 429 Mun, Thomas xv, 50 mining 27, 103, 153, 157, 220, 240, 262, Münchau, Wolfgang 747 288, 311, 496, 540, 581, 758–9 see also Murmann, Peter 328 extractive industries Mwalimu see Nyerere, Julius Minsky, Hyman P. xxi, 513–14 Mwanza Textile Mill 248

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Myrdal, Gunnar xvii, xxxiii, 31, 36, 277, neoclassical economics 4, 8, 21, 23–4, 31, 35, 340–41, 344, 507–8, 515, 607, 764 212n1, 258, 292, 323, 329–30, 334, 389, 420, 511, 646, 740–42, 755–7, 759, 781 Naastepad, C.W.M. 626 and competition 666, 678, 680–81 Nabudere, Dani 256–8, 269 and competitiveness 572, 576–7, 580, 590 Political Economy of Imperialism, The 257–8 and deindustrialization 718 Rise and Fall of Money Capital 258 and demand-side approach 506, 509 Najemy, John 776 difference to evolutionary economic theory Nakayama, Shigeru 129 323–6 Nakbah 256, 266–7, 266n13 and Islam 181–2 Nakhimovsky, Isaac 758 and latecomer industrialization 618, 624 Naoroji, Dadabhai 218 and national innovation systems 599, 601–2 Naples 22–3, 24n46, 26, 42, 47, 50, 74, 117, and régulation theory 352–3, 367 200 neocolonialism 256 Napoleon 56, 77, 87–8, 99 neo-Confucianism 129–30, 133 Napoleonic Wars 6, 80, 535, 540–42, 563 neo-Keynesianism 258n6, 259, 265 National Agriculture and Food Corporation neoliberalism 213, 386, 407, 745–8, 780–81 see (NAFCO) 249 also Manchester liberalism national autonomous development (NAD) in Africa 243–5, 250, 253–4, 266 245–53 and the agrarian question 489–91, 496–7 National Economy, Ottoman school of 194–5, and competitiveness 570–71, 584–5 197, 199, 201–2, 206, 209 and development planning 524, 531 national income 220, 339, 374, 390, 410, 476, and feminism 428, 430 480, 519, 521–2 and Islam 163, 167n6 national innovation systems 594, 609 in Latin America 386, 399, 402, 404, 406–10, as analytical focusing device 600–603 412 challenges for research 603–9 and Marxism 307, 316–22 history of 595–600 and UNCTAD system 290, 292, 295–8, 301 national question 493, 495 Nepal 495, 658–9 National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) nepotism 243, 346, 347n16 224 Netherlands 21–2, 24, 56, 63, 70, 72, 99, 176, National System of Innovation (NSI) 229, 188, 581, 603, 605–6, 749 233–4, 236–7 Neumann, Michael 161 nationalism 11, 43, 43n2, 102–4, 170n7, 195–6, New Deal 284, 457, 507 203, 241–2, 245, 253–4, 544, 551, 734–5, new developmentalism 515–16 741, 745 New Institutional Economics (NIE) 180–84 economic 54, 194, 202, 217–19, 274, 284 New International Economic Order 295 national liberation 162, 196, 199, 241, 244, 269, New School movement 203 489, 491–3 New Zealand 6, 284, 551 nation-building 241, 497, 534, 539 newly industrialized countries 582, 622, 629, natural disasters 176, 217 679 natural resources 16, 23, 93, 182, 200–201, 209, Newton, Isaac 10 212, 229, 256n1, 403, 405, 457, 487–8, Nickell, Stephen 718 493–4, 523, 575 Nicolas of Cusa xxii–xiii, 10, 13 natural science 116, 127, 545–6, 604, 769 Nietzsche, Friedrich 56, 67–8, 79 natural selection 406–7 Nigeria 352 Naturrecht 67 Nisbet, Robert 760–61 Nazism 82, 388 Nkrumah, Kwame 241 Necker, Jacques 55 nominalism 88–90, 88n4 Needham, Joseph 124–6 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) Nelson, Horatio 48 221, 250, 254, 424, 431 see also individual Nelson, Julie 419 organizations Nelson, Richard xxiv–xxv, 323n1, 329–30, 333, nongshu 132 348n17, 595, 598n9, 599–600, 609, 690, Norberg, Kathryn 416 758 Nordic Council 533, 563

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Nordic model 533, 563–6 Ottoman Empire 53, 175, 177–80, 182, 1780s–1830s 541–3 194–203, 206–9 see also Turkey 1830s–1870s 543–5 agriculture in 198, 201, 203–4, 206–7, 209 1870–1910s 545–50 Ottoman School of National Economy see 1910s–1940s 550–56 National Economy, Ottoman school of 1940s–1970s 556–63 layering of institutions in 533–7 Pacioli, Luca 14, 775 preconditions 537–41 Pack, Howard 329–30 North, Douglas xxv Pagaduan, Maureen 425 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Palestine 256, 265 190, 285, 556 Palma, José Gabriel 397, 716 Norway 15, 50, 262, 533, 539–57, 559, 561–5, Palmer, Ingrid 427 581, 763, 776–7 see also Nordic model Pan-Africanism 253–4, 257, 257n2 Noueihid, W. 168 Papalexiou, Olga 763 Nurkse, Ragnar xxxiii, 273, 275, 277–8, 314, Paracelsus 9 339–44, 346, 349, 458–9, 461, 506, 514 Pareto, Vilfredo 196 Nussbaum, Martha 433 Paris Club 243 Nyerere, Julius 240, 250–53, 251n2, 256–7, 269 Pascual, Unai 660 patents 94, 96, 589, 628n36, 690–95, 697–8 Obote, Milton 265, 269 paternalism 104, 271, 407, 535, 537, 545–50, occupation movement 267 552, 742 Odagiri, Hiro 690 Patnaik, Prabhat 213 Ogus, Anthony I. 709 Patomäki, Heikki 744 Ohlin, Bertil 273–8 patriarchy 425–6, 429, 433, 436, 496, 538 Course and Phases of the World Economic patronage 131n22, 132, 648, 734–6 Depression 275 Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. 658 Interregional and International Trade 275 pauperization 217–18, 311, 500 Ohmae, Kenichi xxxi Pavitt, Keith 599–600, 628 oikonomics 65 Pearson, Ruth 416, 425 oil crises 224, 243, 286, 512, 678, 780 peasantry 139, 214, 217, 223, 309, 312, 479, old-age pensions see pensions 483 oligopolies 30, 377, 393–4, 476 and the agrarian question 488–9, 492–3, Oliveira, Francisco de 406, 408, 412 495–7, 499–500 Olson, Mancur 466, 747 and Islam 172, 174, 180, 188 Oman 187 mobilization of 536, 543–5, 552, 554, 557 openness 167, 328, 344, 364, 365, 373, 534–5, and national innovation systems 241–2, 252 557, 644, 680–81, 754, 756 and the Nordic model 536, 540–45, 552, 554, opium 308 557 Oresme, Nicolaus 24, 72, 749, 751 Peel, Robert 99 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Peloponnesian War 43 Development (OECD) 285, 343, 352, 405, Penrose, Edith T. 573, 578 570–71, 575–6, 595, 599, 603, 677, 680, pensions 548–50, 554, 558, 560–61 682, 713–14, 718, 758 Perez, Carlota xxxi, 329, 447, 533, 558, 564–5, Frascati Manual 449 766 Organisation for European Economic Co- perfect competition 27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 755, operation 285 758–9 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Perrotta, Cosimo 73 Countries (OPEC) 512 persistence of profitability (PP) 672–4 Orientalism 177–8 Peru 5n8, 436 Ortega y Gasset, José 387–8, 411 Pettis, Michael 744 Ortiz, Fernando 72 Petty, William 21, 72, 214 Ortiz, Luis 49 petty production 225, 314, 321, 491, 500 Oslo school 554 Pétursson, Pétur 544 Other Canon, The xviii, xxii, 6, 8, 82, 623n22, Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich xv, 75–6, 76n33 780 pharmaceuticals 328, 333

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Philippines 425, 428, 436, 659, 671 Prahalad, Coimbatore K. 615, 627 physiocratic theory xiv–xv, 36, 66, 68, 76, 504 Praxisnähe 67 Picasso, Pablo 399 Prebisch, Raul 284–5, 291–3, 299, 340n3, 378, Pieper, Ute 725 389, 442, 507–8, 514–15 see also Singer– Pietism 539–40, 542 Prebisch thesis Piketty, Thomas xvi, 387n1 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni 488, 492–3 Pinochet, Augusto 406 Presidential Commission on Industrial Pinto, Aníbal 394 Competitiveness 570, 575–6 Pitt, William 98 Presidential Land Commission 252 Plant, Arnold 692–3, 696 Price, Derek de Solla 740, 769 10, 127, 166 Priddat, Birger P. 68, 119–20 Plethon, George Gemistos 10 primitivization 719, 759, 763 Pocock, John G.A. 43 primogeniture 185 Poland 11, 22, 538, 734 private property 7, 163, 177, 182, 184, 187, 422, Polanyi, Karl xxix, 5, 89, 258, 775 692, 694, 765 see also property rights Polhem, Christopher 16 private sector 43n3, 149–50, 231n2, 248, 348, Polinsky, A. Mitchell 709 514–15, 585, 629, 643–5, 694 pollution 566, 779 see also environmental and competition 675–6 issues and development planning 521–5, 527–8, Pomeranz, Kenneth 615 530 Ponzi schemes 341, 513 privatization 244, 298, 300, 357, 400, 405, 497, pop internationalism 667 see also 561, 666, 668 competitiveness productive resources 256, 256n1, 258, 258n7, Popper, Karl 13 266, 292, 343, 579 population density 3, 12, 21, 562, 659 professorships in economics 26n48, 64–5, 74–5, population growth 141, 172, 541, 576 103, 111 Portugal 200, 266, 338, 509, 605–6 proletariat 308, 311–12, 483, 492–3, 495–7, positive-sum game 9, 13, 692 551, 734, 745 Posner, Richard A. 707, 709 proletariatization 171–2, 487, 492, 495–9 post-colonialism 425–6, 564, 608 property rights 181–3, 352, 372, 403, 421–2, influence on feminism 428–30 479, 703, 745, 773 see also private post-Keynesianism 379–80, 420, 423 property Postlethwayte, Malachy 47 protectionism 77, 95, 101, 103, 208, 289, 317, post-modernism 55, 426, 760 346, 373, 779 post-structuralism 412, 426 and the League of Nations 271–4, 276 poverty 4, 21, 23, 26–8, 32, 36–7, 49, 70, 105, and the Nordic model 550–51, 553 271, 276–7, 298, 378, 433, 449, 458, 496, and UNCTAD system 296–7 507, 531, 639, 729, 740, 754, 756, 763–4, Protestantism xiv, 14–15, 91, 126, 538–40, 563, 774, 781 742, 773 ‘assetless’ poor 651, 656–60 Prussia 66, 110n3, 114, 311, 539 and environmental issues 651–6, 660–62 public domain 690, 695–9 and Indian developmental thinking 216, 218, public happiness 51, 71, 781 223–4 public opinion 55, 111, 186, 194, 218, 543 and latecomer industrialization 613, 618, public sector 241, 244, 250, 313–14, 332, 405, 626n32 522, 524, 527–8, 563, 648, 748n21 and Marxist theory 309–10, 317–18 purchasing power 27, 319, 509 and the Nordic model 545, 549, 560 vicious circles of 27, 29 Qian Wenyuan 126 of women 418, 423, 430, 434 Quality Index of Economic Activities 577, power relations 184, 214, 271, 361, 388, 600, 754–5 608, 646 Quesnay, François xiv–xv, 214 and gender inequality 416, 421–3, 426–7, Quran 167 see also Islam 431, 433–4, 435n10, 437, 564 see also feminism race 272n5, 421, 425, 430, 436, 492–4, 497, 499, role of in Freeman 443–5, 451 742

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Rae, John 77, 202 Reinert, Sophus A. 26 Raj, Kakkadan N. 223, 483n2 relative labor unit cost (RULC) 572–3, Raleigh, Walter 16, 21 572n1 Ramaswamy, Ramana 717–18 religion xiii–xv, xxiii, xxxi, 9–11, 13–16, 53, Ranade, Mahadev G. 218–19 69–70, 89, 127, 167, 169, 456, 539–40, 542, randomized control trial (RCT) xxix 545–6, 550, 564, 648, 652, 729–32, 736, Ranke, Leopold von 11, 80 741–3, 745, 747, 774 see also individual Rao, Vijayendra K.R.V. 220–21, 506 religions Rapetti, Martin 721 Renaissance 5, 7–12, 14, 20–21, 42–44, 70, 88, Ratzel, Friedrich 102 127, 137, 258, 336, 345, 632, 745, 774–5, Ravetz, Jerome R. 769–70 777, 780–81 raw materials 3–4, 5n8, 6, 20–21, 23–4, 29, 34–6, renewable energy 33–4, 460, 551, 566, 615, 627, 49–50, 54, 67, 89, 98–100, 251, 273–4, 276, 631n46, 632 371, 551, 586, 616, 756, 759, 780 rentier economics 365–7, 374, 377–9, 477 Rawls, John 355 rent-seeking 67, 176, 345–6, 347n16, 412, 512, Raymond, Daniel 64, 77 690, 734 Raynal, Guillaume Thomas 42, 47 research and development (R&D) 235, 314, Reagan, Ronald 343, 386 326, 331, 333, 755 Reaganomics 31, 295, 744 see also supply-side and competitiveness 571, 576–8, 583, approach 589–90 real income 318–19, 343, 391, 508, 575–6, 678, and knowledge governance 690, 694–5, 697, 779 697n19 real wages 28–9, 313, 319–21, 339, 342, 478–82, and national innovation systems 597–9, 508–10, 515, 556, 560, 571, 576, 659–60, 603–7 667, 722, 741, 745, 753–4 role of in Freeman 442, 444–5, 447, 449, realism 102, 109, 114–18, 121, 768 452–3 reason of state 43–4, 49–52 Reuter, Peter 709 recessions see financial crises 765 Ricardian economics 31, 77, 79–80, 102, 168, Rechenpfennige 749–50 199, 274, 276, 345, 390n7, 745–6, 768, 770, reciprocal control mechanisms (RCMs) 621 779–80 reductionism 88–9, 88n3, 183, 267, 407, 491, Ricardian rents 510, 691 770 Ricardian Vice 79, 90, 746 redundancies 244 see also unemployment Ricardo, David xiii, xvii, xix–xxi, xxv, 7n12, Rees-Mogg, William 744 29, 36, 64–5, 67, 76, 80, 90, 118, 168, 258, Reformation 11 271, 275–6, 386, 390, 698, 698n21, 741–2, reformism 494, 558–9 745–6, 760, 767, 774 refugees 4, 29, 141, 203–4, 256, 266, 456, 565, Ricci, Matteo 16, 132 742, 747, 752 see also migration Rifkin, Jeremy 748 regional monetary agreements (RCAs) 265 Rimmer, Douglas 275 regional value chains 265 Roberts, Michael 744 régulation theory 352–6, 367–74, 381–3 Robeyns, Ingrid 433 and contemporary development theories Robinson, James 5, 5–6n8, 69n20, 180n10, 356–60 771–3, 775n48, 776 new theories of development 378–81 Robinson, Joan 30, 102, 316, 475, 505–6 origins of the main institutional forms Rodinson, Maxime 162, 190 360–62 Rodrik, Dani 292, 471–2, 613, 624n25, past and contemporary modes of 625–6 development 374–8 Rokkan, Stein 534, 537, 540 as a viable mode of development 362–7 Roman Empire 7, 172, 732, 745 Reichmann, Jerome 690 Romania 766–7 re-industrialization 3, 83, 720, 722–3, 765 Romer, Paul 4, 746, 769–71 Reinert, Erik S. xiv, 27, 33, 41, 110n2, 120, Roosevelt, Franklin D. 278, 284, 409–10, 457, 168, 176, 269, 449, 573, 576, 718–19, 721, 507 724–5, 769, 773–4 Roscher, Wilhelm 12, 71, 79, 114–15, 118 How Rich Countries Got Rich 120 System der Volkswirtschaftslehre 110

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Rosenberg, Nathan 598n9 Schumpeter, Joseph xx–xxi, xxxiii, 23, 25–6, Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul xxxiii, 277, 340–42, 65, 68, 76, 79, 89–90, 116–17, 196, 228, 458–9, 461, 504, 506 237, 292, 324–6, 328–9, 388, 444, 597–8, Rössner, Philipp Robinson 73 691–2, 744, 749–50, 758, 764, 772, 775, Rostow, Walt W. 242, 340n3, 489, 620 779, 781 Stages of Economic Growth 242, 509 Business Cycles 328–9 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 747 Capitalism, , and Democracy 325, Rowthorn, Robert 716–18 597 Roy, Raja Rammohan 218 and competitiveness 573–5 Rural Integrated Programs 249 History of Economic Analysis 292 Russell, Bertrand 162, 176 Theory of Economic Development 65, 325, Russia 64, 95, 102–4, 173, 399, 492–3, 541–3, 504, 597 609, 763–4, 767 see also Soviet Union Schumpeterianism 32, 230, 346, 348, 353–4, and industrialization 613, 615n8, 620 756, 764, 780 and jihadi terrorism 729–36 approach to competitiveness 570, 574–8, and the Nordic model 552, 559 583–4, 590 and the Ottoman school 199, 208 and deindustrialization 719 and régulation theory 367, 371, 374 and knowledge governance 690–96, 700 Russian miracle 273 Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) 595, 598, Russian Revolution 220, 492, 551–2, 613 600 Rwanda 654–5 scientism 116 Rweyemamu, Justinian 251n2 Scott, Bruce 575–6 Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von 11, 16, 49, 53, Sachs, Ignacy 522 69–71, 80 Sachs, Jeffrey 7, 717 Teutscher Fürstenstaat xv, 63, 69–70 Sachsenspiegel 15, 65 second enclosure movement 694, 699 Saeger, Steven S. 717–18 Second World 441, 741 see also communism; Said, Edward 177, 258 individual countries Sakolski, Aaron M. 744 Seers, Dudley 466 Saltelli, Andrea 769 Sejersted, Francis 761 Samuels, Warren J. 709 self-reliance 245, 247–8, 257, 538 Samuelson, Paul xviii, 36, 339 self-sufficiency 488 Samuelsson, Kurt 14–15 Seligman, Edwin A. xvin3, 78, 115, 118 Sappho study 598, 600 semi-feudal capitalism 311–12 Sarewitz, Daniel 771 semi-proletarianization 487, 492–3, 495–9 Sartre, Jean-Paul 404 Sen, Amartya 428, 432–3, 443, 452, 461, Saudi Arabia 374 469–70, 482 Savary, Jacques 47 Sen, Gita 416, 425 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 110n2 Senghaas, Dieter 541 Savonarola, Girolamo 11 Senn, Peter R. 121 Say, Jean-Baptiste 87, 90, 94 serfdom 46, 92, 147, 173, 410 Say’s Law 277, 386 Serra, Antonio xxxi, 3–5, 12–13, 20, 22–8, scale effects 27, 31, 81 30–33, 35–7, 44n6, 48–50, 70, 75, 77–8, 84, Scherer, Frederic M. 668–9 504, 623n22 Schlettwein, August 66n14 Brief Treatise 22–3, 49–50 Schmalz, Theodor 66n14 Seven Years War 42, 51 Schmid, A. Allan 709 Seyfettin, Ömer 195 Schmitt, Carl 53 Shafaeddin, Mehdi 578–9 Schmoller, Gustav von 56, 65, 78–82, 110–11, Shamil, Imam 732–3 113–20, 745–6, 748 sharaka 184–5 Grundriß der allgemeinen Sharia 161, 167, 186 Volkswirtschaftslehre 119–20 Shavell, Steven 709 Rektoratsrede 115 Shenkar, Oded 744 Schmookler, Jacob 598 Shively, Gerald E. 661 scholasticism 8, 13 Shivji, Issa 268

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Shleifer, Andrei xxiv Solow, Robert xxii, 91, 354 Sierra Leone 675, 712 Solow growth model 418 Silicon Valley 364, 768 Somalia 429 Road 185–6 Somary, Felix 745 silver 22–3, 25–6, 72–3, 165, 173–4, 178, 188 Sombart, Werner xiv, 6n9, 7, 14, 65, 77, 79, see also mining 110, 120, 772, 775n45 Silverberg, Gerald 599 Song Yingxing 132 Simiand, François 196 Soros, George 8 Simon, Herbert 324 South Africa 259, 262, 352, 367, 402–3, 407, Singapore 331, 336, 398, 742–3 429, 495, 609, 647–8, 657, 717, 721, 742 and the developmental state 640–41 Southern Rhodesia see Zimbabwe and industrialization 614, 620, 629–30 sovereign debt 287, 300, 747 and knowledge governance 696 sovereignty 53, 55–6, 97–100, 190, 514, 760 Singer, Hans xxxiii, 292, 340, 506, 508, 515 and the agrarian question 487, 489, 491, Singer–Prebisch thesis 293 493–5, 498, 500–501 Singh, Ajit 667–8, 673–4, 676, 678–81, 685, and capital controls 515–16 710, 721, 725 and development planning 525 Sivin, Nathan 125 Soviet Union 162, 224, 244, 338, 403, 442, 489, slavery 93, 95, 149, 161, 165–6, 172, 174, 492–3, 528, 555, 559, 721, 734–5, 766–7 178–9, 183, 188–9, 215, 240, 258, 271, 747, see also Russia 772 Spain 5n8, 22, 25, 44, 47, 49, 64, 69–70, 188, small and medium-sized enterprises 685 200, 266, 338, 432, 456, 509, 581, 605–6, Smith, Adam xiv, xvi, xxx, 7, 14, 21, 42, 64, 66, 759, 761, 776 68, 76, 87–9, 89n5, 90–91, 94–5, 98, 102, special drawing rights (SDRs) 301 115, 118, 194, 213n6, 214, 258, 271, 292, Spence, Michael 631 340, 342, 347–9, 364, 365, 448, 504, 572, spillover effects 234, 263, 282, 372, 389, 461, 595–6, 596n5, 745, 760, 781 576, 587, 589, 623 Theory of Moral Sentiments 348 Spinelli, Altiero 456 Wealth of Nations 30, 48, 66, 171, 324, 349, Sri Lanka 654, 759 595–6 Ssewakiryanga, R. 429 Smith, Peshine 33–4 stages of growth 5, 489, 509 social capability 585 stagnation 170–71, 177–8, 217–18, 223, 260, 742 312–13, 379, 760, 762 social democrats 112–13, 113n9, 456, 552–3, Stalin, Joseph 493 558–61 standard textbook economics (STE) 116–17, social justice xvi, 166, 286, 451, 648, 760 see 119, 121 also income inequality standardization 165, 546, 757–8 social partnership 535–6, 550–52, 554–9, Standards Employed by Customs for Uniform 562–3, 565 Rights Enforcement (SECURE) 264 social policy 112–14, 117, 121 standards of living see living standards social protection 233, 535–6, 547–52, 554–5, Starkey, Thomas 49 557–63 static approach to competitiveness 572–3 Social Question 109, 117–18 see also Steindl, Josef 235 Kathedersozialisten Stewart, Frances 607 social reform 81, 101, 112–14, 134, 218, 465 STI mode of learning 596, 603–4, 603n14, 608, social sciences 15, 67, 121, 196–7, 387–8, 397, 608n15 412, 447, 450, 470, 498, 633, 760, 768, 777 Stiglitz, Joseph 258n6, 264, 357, 618, 700, social security 278, 380, 497, 547–8, 554 748 socialism 104, 247, 249–50, 258, 268, 291, 311, Stockholm school 275, 554 395, 398, 402, 406, 411–12, 426, 477, 480, Stockman, David 744 488–92, 522, 559, 766 Storm, Servaas 626, 633 sociology 53, 89, 195–7, 387, 416, 447, 729 Streeck, Wolfgang 748 Sodefra 248 strike action 250, 553, 558–60 Soete, Luc 445, 449–51, 599 structural adjustment programs (SAPs) 244–5, Sokoine, Edward 250–51 264

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structuralism 378–9, 389–95, 397–402, 420, 331–3, 340, 344–7, 371, 399, 403, 424, 428, 479–80, 710 see also Latin America, 444–5, 450, 740, 742, 766, 779 structuralism and Chinese development thinking 125–6, Strukturzusammenhänge 67 128 Struve, Peter 321, 321n7 and competition 572–3, 575, 577–8, 583–6, subprime mortgage crisis 266 588–90, 666–7, 676, 681 sub-Saharan Africa 584, 653, 655–6, 711–15, and deindustrialization 718–20, 723–5 722, 726 see also individual countries and demand-side approach 508–9 subsidies 43, 94, 147, 244, 283, 288, 290, 331, and development planning 520, 528 377, 490, 497, 499, 522, 524, 548, 589, 621, and the developmental state 637, 639–40, 626, 628, 640, 642, 761, 763 644, 646 subsidization 31, 52, 139, 147–8, 223, 547, 589, dystopia of technological regression 758–65 675, 680, 695 ICT see information and communication Sudan 712 technology suffrage 550–51 and Islam 162, 164, 172–4, 184, 186 Summers, Lawrence xxv and knowledge governance 690–92, 695–7 Sun Yat-sen 102 and latecomer industrialization 618–19, 622, Sunkel, Osvaldo 394 626–8, 631–3 supply-side approach 511–15, 597, 614, 744 see and Latin American structuralism 228, 237 also Reaganomics and Marxist theory 310, 314–15 sustainable development xxviii, 25, 168, 262, and national innovation systems 597, 604, 354–5, 387–8, 488, 501, 594, 661, 691, 722, 608 725 and the Nordic model 536, 541, 543, 556–7 Sweden 21, 64, 69, 74, 103, 533, 538–56, optimism/pessimism debate 25, 33–4, 446 559–65, 581, 603, 605–6 see also Nordic role of in Freeman 446–7, 449, 452–4 model STI mode of learning 596, 603–4, 603n14, Sweetman, Caroline 432 608, 608n15 Sweezy, Paul 173, 394 technology gap 229–37 Switzerland 9, 275, 277, 284, 538, 581, 776 technology transfer 202n4, 346, 446, 452, Sylla, Richard 619–20 557, 585 Symcox, Geoffrey 16 Technology Economy Programme (TEP) 599 Syria 654 Telesio, Bernardino 22 Szirmai, Adam 725 Temple, William xv Sztompka, Piotr 761 Tendler, Judith 463 Tequila Crisis 513 Taiwan 103–4, 299, 330–31, 333, 377, 680 terrorism 267, 729–36 and the developmental state 638–43, Thailand 398, 618–19, 659, 671, 677 645–8 Thatcher, Margaret 386, 402, 406 and industrialization 614, 618–22, 624n27, Thatcherism 295 627, 629–30 ‘there is no alternative’ (TINA) 386 Tandon, Yash 268–9 Third World 4, 6n8, 29, 83, 162–3, 180, 183, Tanucci, Bernardo 42 309–11, 313, 316–20, 441–2, 446, 462, 489, Tanzania 240–42, 245–50, 252, 257, 268–9, 491, 563–6, 607, 685, 754, 756 see also 655, 660–61, 712 individual countries Taoism 129n17 Third World Forum 498 Taqoush, Suheil 162 Thirlwall, Anthony P. 614, 623n23,24, 624, tariffs 6, 52, 82, 88, 93–7, 102–3, 247, 262, 274, 625n29, 626 281, 283–4, 286–7, 289, 296, 349, 404, 557, Thirty Years War 22, 63, 65–7, 69–70, 82 572, 590, 627, 680, 721–2 Thünen, Johann Heinrich von xxxi, 75 Tawney, Richard 10 time, as a vector of progress 8–9, 12 tax collection 215, 215n16, 218 Tirole, Jean xxv Taylorism 605–6 Tittoni, Tommaso 272–3 technological retrogression 711, 715, 719–20, Tocqueville, Alexis de 336 740, 758–67 Toffler, Alvin 447 technology 119, 207, 256–7, 263–4, 295, 326–9, Toniolo, Gianni 619–20

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total factor productivity (TFP) 399 Kalecki on 476–8, 483 Toulmin, Stephen 770 and Marxist theory 315–16 trade liberalization 180, 278, 284, 299–300, mass unemployment 273, 317, 322 557, 571–2, 586–8, 719–21, 726, 748 and the Nordic model 547–50, 553–5, 561 trade unions 250, 360, 547–8, 553–5, 561, 563 uneven development 41, 180, 240, 389–92, 420, trademarks 689, 691 534, 566 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Unit of Account for Preference Trade Area Rights (TRIPS) 263, 330, 690 (UAPTA) 265–6 Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) United Kingdom see Great Britain 261–2, 269, 263 284–5, 288, 420, 432, 551, 571, 581, 595, Transatlantic Trade and Investment 606 Partnership 281 and competition 668, 674–5, 678, 680–81 translations 6n9, 8, 11, 16, 20–22, 22n37, 45, and deindustrialization 716–18 47, 49–51, 71n27, 74–5, 80, 109n1, 110n2, United Nations 221, 278–9, 285, 287–8, 291, 168, 199, 623n22 293, 295, 389, 422, 480n1, 506, 511, 519, transnational corporations 263, 572, 579, 581, 564–5, 614, 631 585, 587, 589–90, 684 Conference for Women 434, 436 Trans-Pacific Partnership 281 Conference on Human Rights 434 transparency 213, 680, 682–3, 686 Conference on Population 434 transportation 98–9, 101, 523 Conference on Trade and Development Treaty of Ghent 103 (UNCTAD) 263, 281, 284–6, 291–302, Treaty of Versailles 271 614, 669 see also Havana Charter Tregenna, Fiona 710, 717, 724 Decade for Women 428–9 Truman, Harry S. 3, 284–5 Development Decade 511 Tucker, Josiah 768 Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Tudor substitution strategy 6, 24, 73, 340 430 Tullock, Gordon 709 Development Programme (UNDP) 433, Turkey 194–9, 201–3, 206–8, 668n2, 721 see 564–5, 614 also Ottoman Empire ECLAC see Economic Commission for Turner, Bryan 177, 187 Latin America and the Caribbean Tyson, Laura 678 Economic Commission for Africa 256, 259–65 Uganda 245, 258, 265, 654–5, 657, 659, 661 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Maoist movement in 268–9 Organization (UNESCO) 564–5 Ukraine 338–9 General Assembly 264, 288, 291 unbalanced growth 34n54, 340, 342, 347, Industrial Development Organization 457–61, 471, 507, 510 see also balanced (UNIDO) 614 growth International Conferences on Women 426, underconsumption 14, 176, 750, 757, 777, 779 429 underdevelopment 28, 31, 72, 208, 251, 276, Population Fund (UNFPA) 565 365, 366, 388, 390, 420, 447, 463–4, Security Council 269 471n18, 478–9, 509, 582 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and development planning 521–2, 524, 531 432, 434–5 genesis of 307–11 United States 5n8, 29n52, 35, 50, 54–5, 87–8, and Islam 161, 185 95–6, 99–100, 103–4, 120, 262–6, 281–8, and Marxism 317, 320–22 300, 309n2, 327–8, 337, 339, 341, 398, 400, post-decolonization trajectory of 403, 442, 456–7, 459, 513, 741–3, 745, 769, development 311–15 772–3, 779 and supply-side approach 511 and the agrarian question 494 underemployment 72, 231, 478, 521–2 and cameralism 63–4, 77–8, 82–3 unemployment 35, 72, 232, 374, 389–90, 392, and competition 570, 581–2, 585, 667, 395, 458, 515, 639, 667, 729, 747, 766, 779 674–6, 676n4, 677–81, 684, 686 and the agrarian question 497, 500 and deindustrialization 718 and demand-side approach 505–6 and demand-side approach 507–8 and development planning 520–21 and the developmental state 637–8, 642, 646

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and feminism 420, 424–5, 428 Verspagen, Bart 573, 725 and industrialization 616, 628–9 Via Campesina 495 and Islam 162, 182, 190 vicious circles see also virtuous circles and and knowledge governance 690, 694–5, 697 cumulative effects 25, 27, 29, 83, 201, and national innovation systems 241, 248, 207–8, 276, 321, 364, 582, 722, 752–7, 765 250, 595, 598n9, 599 Vienna Congress 541 and the Nordic model 534–5, 550–51, 553, Vietnam 398, 653–4, 661 556–7, 565–6 villagization 249–50, 252 and the Ottoman school 194, 197, 200, Viner, Jacob xvii–xviii 202–3, 208 violence 267, 434, 466, 490 see also warfare and régulation theory 362–3, 367, 377–8, 381 virtuous circles see also vicious circles and United States Agency for International cumulative effects xxx, 3, 25, 27–8, 34–5, Development (USAID) 247 83, 92, 208, 233, 299, 300, 341–3, 371, 449, Universal Declaration of Human Rights 432, 537, 541, 563, 752–7, 765 434–5 Vishnugupta see Kautilya ‘untouchables’ 216–17 Vizard, Polly 433 urbanization 63, 87, 92–3, 219, 496, 655, 729 Volcker, Paul 386 Uruguay 451 54, 336 Uruguay Round 296–7, 686 voluntary export restraints (VERs) 297 useful knowledge voodoo economics see Reaganomics definition and criteria 124–5 and development 133–5 Wade, Robert 638n4, 639 the European criteria 125–8 wage labor 172–4, 176, 180, 188, 188n12, 496 institutional context 128–30 wage–labor nexus 361, 364–7, 370–71, 373–9 role of the elites 131–3 Wagner, Adolph 79, 110–11, 113, 116, 118–19 utopias 15–16, 56, 111, 175, 465, 738–42, 767 Wall Street crash 553 failed understanding of 771–3 Wallerstein, Immanuel 31, 258 unrealistic utopias as curse 745–9 Walrasian model 65, 325–6, 329 Uztáriz, Gerónimo de 16, 21, 26n48 Anshi 130, 130n21, 139 War of the Comuneros 776 Valeyre, Antoine 605 warfare 12, 43, 45, 53–4, 56, 69, 83, 98, 141–2, value chains 34, 50, 180, 188, 260–61, 583, 626, 174, 176, 178, 181–2, 189, 195, 212, 215, 628 241, 282, 308, 534, 538, 541, 742–3, 745, global value chains 260, 265, 626, 628 747 see also civil war; individual wars local value chains 265 Washington Consensus 6, 72–3, 83, 289, 296–7, regional value chains 265 300, 336–7, 339–41, 344–5, 347, 347n16, value creation 174, 180, 186, 371, 691 352, 357, 380, 406–7, 512, 571–2, 584, 614, value-added 3, 51, 64, 73, 75, 190, 248, 260, 618–19, 668 262, 264, 392, 576, 626, 713 Weber, Max xiv, xxxii, 14–15, 79, 186–7, 196–7, Varoufakis, Yanis 747 542, 638, 747 Vattel, Emerich 46 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Veblen, Thorstein xvii, xxi, xxv, xxx, 7–8, 21, 14–15 28–9, 196, 741, 751n28, 752, 768, 774–5 Wehler, Hans-Joachim 112 Vedas 215 welfare colonialism, xxvi, 266 Vedeld, Paul 657 welfare state 70, 77, 80, 109, 282, 284, 320, 407, Veljanovski, Cento G. 709 559, 562, 565 Venezuela 352, 374, 398, 404, 411n25 welfarism 451, 494, 526, 531, 547, 549, 558, 704 and the agrarian question 495 Westbeck, Gustav 21 Venice xxx, 10, 13, 16–20, 25, 44, 47, 70, 176, Westernization 429 188, 751–2, 775–6, 781 Wicken, Joan 251n2 Ventotene Manifesto 456 Wield, David 589 venture capital 328, 698 Wilcox, Clair 284–5 Verein für Sozialpolitik 68, 79–81, 101, 112, Wilen, James E. 657 114, 751n28 Willkür 776 Verri, Pietro 781 Williamson, John xxiv, 345, 347, 512, 572

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Wilson, Woodrow 271–3, 278 TRIMS 263 Winter, Sidney xxv, 323n1, 325, 333, 599, TRIPS 263, 330, 690 758 World War I 180, 194, 196, 199, 202, 206, 271, Witte, Sergei 102 552, 742 Wolf, Martin xxiii, 616 World War II 82, 283, 338, 556–7, 566, 641, Wolff, Christian 10, 67–8, 71 730, 742 women, role of 416, 538, 564, 657, 659 see also Wu of Han 139, 150–51 feminism; gender inequalities Wyne, Ali 743 women and development (WAD) approach 417, 423–6, 429, 430n7, 434, 436 8, 65 women in development (WID) approach 417, Poroi 8, 15 423–6, 434, 436 Xu Guangqi 132, 133n32 women’s rights 434–6 see also feminism Wood, Adrian 717–18 Ye 134 World Bank xiii–xiv, 35, 35n55, 241, 245, 247, Yeremolov, Alexei 732 249, 252, 266, 281–2, 337–8, 355, 358, 428, Young, Allyn 30, 292, 342, 624 457–8, 467–9, 480n1, 499, 507, 514, 571, Young, Kate 416, 424 613–14, 618, 652, 661, 667, 667n1, 675, Young Turk Revolution 194–5, 197, 206 679–81, 711n2 Yucatán 659–60 1991 World Development Report 667, Yurtöglu, B. Burcin 673 679–81 Accelerated Development for Africa 243–4 zakat 167 East Asian Miracle 299 Zaman, Azad 170 World Commission on Environment and zamindars 217 Development 651 Zein-Elabdin, Eiman 429 World Customs Organization (WCO) 264 Zeno of Elea 13 World Health Organization (WHO) 264 zero-sum games 5, 8–9, 13, 176, 460, World Trade Organization (WTO) 264, 281–2, 694 287, 289, 296–7, 331, 333, 571, 576, 590, 129–30, 130n20, 133–4 619, 626n32, 627–8, 666, 668–9, 677–8, Zhu Youjian 132 682–4, 694, 700 Zimbabwe 6, 265, 489, 495–6, 498, 673 Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) Zincke, Georg Heinrich 74 682–3 Zollverein 78, 99, 102–4, 194

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