Ì BUSINESS Ì ACADEMY Ì VALJEVO Ì SSINGIDUNUMINGIDUNUM NNEWSEWS

Ed’s letter Just a few words to introduce ourselves. Singidunum News is a students’ magazine, created by students of Faculty of Business, University of Singidunum in Valjevo, a town in western Serbia. They are gathered from different branches – some of them are students of Business Informations, some of Finance and Banking and some of Hospitality and Hotel Management. And, of course, one of us is an English Teacher! What you will have opportunity of reading here are only bits of our creativity, skills and interests. We hope that this will be an inspired gift for the upcoming holidays, as well as a way of making the world a unifi ed and a closer place.

Happy holidays and have fun reading! Ivana Damnjanovic

SSINGIDUNUMINGIDUNUM NNEWSEWS JOURNALISTS: EDITOR: Ivana Damnjanović Suzana Jezdimirović Katarina Plećić SUB EDITORS: Bojan Jović Vladan Radivojević Vladan Radivojević Miloš Žujević DESIGN - ART DIRECTOR - PICTURE EDITOR: Stojan Milovanović Vladan Radivojević Miloš Tankosić Nevena Novaković CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Vladimir Unguran Vladimir Unguran Ana Stanojević Miloš Tankosić Biljana Stepanović Ana Nastić PUBLISHING DIRECTOR: Ivana Damnjanović Vladan Radivojević Popovic Jovana Stanojevic Jovana PROMOTION DIRECTORS: Vanja Milićević Ivana Damnjanović Jovana Vićentić Branko Petrović 2 singidunum news singidunum news 3 SIGIDUNUM UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2006

Singidunum University is a FFMO, FPI and FTHM offer non- and Institute Cervantes including our global resources to work in young academic institution. It resident distant education through english and spanish for students of providing local solutions in 200 Singidunum University provides was founded on January the Distance Learning System, which our University. markets around the world through an opportunity of studying at a 17th, 2005, by decision No 612- can reach those disadvantaged by the Amadeus national marketing distance through Distance Learning 00-663/2004-04 issued by the limited time, distance or physical The Diplomas de Español como companies (NMCs) that are in place Centres of Subotica, Niš and Valjevo. Republic Council for University disability. Distance learning System Lengua Extranjera (DELE) are to serve these markets. Education Development, giving strives to broaden access to higher offi cial titles granted by Institute University Singidunum Centre in approval to the feasibility study for education by transcending barriers Cervantes in the name of the Efi cus presents an example of a Valjevo the establishment of Singidunum of geography and time, while Ministry of Education, Culture and solution to business problems. is founded in 2005.The University University. meeting the highest academic Sports of Spain, demonstrating the EFICUS is a web-based Business has enough quality space,which is standards, encouraging academic competency and command level of Process Management system equipped with computers and the Singidunum University consists rigour, and requiring equivalent the Spanish language (BPM system). With its innovative Internet,audio-video and another of nine different programmes of levels of student achievements and Cambridge ESOL exams are the approach, it makes a dramatic equipment for complete realization study: quality of courses regardless of world’s leading range of certifi cates impact on the management of educational process. delivery format for learners of English.They can of daily business processes. It • The Faculty of Financial help you gain entrance to a transforms complex processes Academy gives maximum when Management and Insurance Singidunum University offers university or college, improve your taking place at more levels inside personnel,tehnical-technological (FFMO), founded in 1999 ordinary degree programmes job prospects and measure your or outside companies to fast and and space aspects are concerned, which comprise three or four progress in English. In May 2006 simple procedures saving a lot so the students could realize • The Faculty of Business years of full-time study, one-year Singidunum University signed of invaluable time and money. given educational tasks using Information Science (FPI), postgraduate courses, two-year the Memorandum of Agreement Companies using this system can accessible modern scientifi c and founded in 2002 master studies and honours degree with the University of Cambridge- benefi t greatly from automating professional literature,lectures programmes. Curricula and degree English for Speakers of Other repeating, time-consuming and work with mentors in easier • The Faculty of Tourism and formats are modelled on the well Languages (Cambridge ESOL) and business processes and controlling and more effective manner.In this Hospitality Management known European faculties and British Council,Serbia. Our students workfl ows within a company or in way students get a possibility (FTHM), founded in 2003 colleges and on the best practices can take any of the courses – PET, cooperation with other companies. to follow continual educational of our national faculties. Curricula BEC Preliminary (B1), FCE, BEC In this way, the management achievement. Also,the knowledge • The Faculty of Economics, and teaching programmes are in Vantage (B2), CAE, BEC Higher (C1) and organization of a company can be introduced with many Finance and Administration accordance with the principles of and CPE (C2) with a discount. The becomes signifi cantly simplifi ed, plans and programmes which (FEFA), founded in 2002 Bologna Declaration and European fi rst exams can be taken during the moreover, it becomes more are very modern and inovative. • The Faculty of Media and Credit Transfer System (ECTS). June examination session. British transparent and manageable. It will be realized through the less Communications (FMK), Council also organizes seminars for Companies using this system can ons,exercises,seminar papers,oral founded in 2006 Practical exercises in information English teachers from Singidunum benefi t greatly from automating examinations,forums and exams. technology subjects (at all three of University to help them in their repeating, • The Faculty of Applied the founding faculties) are in accord professional development. time-consuming business processes Ecology (FUTURA), founded with the European Computer and controlling workfl ows within in 2006 Driving Licence (ECDL) certifi cate, Amadeus is the leading travel a company or in cooperation with within the European initiative for technology and distribution other companies. In this way, the • College of Marketing, Trade standardization of training courses provider that markets and sells management and organization of and Tourism (VŠMTT), and testing of computer skills. technology solutions for the travel a company become signifi cantly Subotica, founded in 2006 industry. As a technology partner to simplifi ed, moreover, they become • Business Academy (BA), University Singidunum work the travel industry, Amadeus brings more transparent and manageable. Valjevo, founded in 2005 together with other educational the latest information technology institutions.Except common master advances to travel providers and As from May the 10th 2005, • Belgrade Academy of program with Lincoln University travel agents selling both leisure Singidunum University is a member Computer Sciences(BARN), from the USA,there are agreements and corporate travel services. That of Association of Universities of founded in 2006 of cooperation with British Council means putting the strength of Serbia (ZUS).

4 singidunum news singidunum news 5 WORD OF THE HEAD OF THE FACULTY PRESENTATIONS ABOUT TOURIST DESTINATIONS

We are going through a period of intensive legal work with students, whether the studying by the new On the 11th and 12th December the students of tourism and hotel management gave four diff erent presentations activities which deal with higher education. Namely, a system is harder or easier are the issues that need about tourist destinations, at Business Academy in Valjevo. The topics were tourist resources of Cyprus, Vrujci Spa, new law about higher education was passed last year, considering and writing about. Valjevo and Kosjeric. The students were more interested in places near Valjevo, except Cyprus which is overseas and recently accompanying offi cial documents have destination. Diff erent types of tourism were covered: city-break (Valjevo), SPA and wellness (Vrujci), Rural tourism been introduced: rulebooks about self -evaluation Finally, I want to thank you for the space that you have (Kosjeric) and “sea and sun” tourism (Cyprus). and quality assessment standards, procedures given me in your fi rst issue and to show my pleasure The students were concerned with decorations of enterer, and each of these presentations had its own music support of external quality control of higher education caused by your interest and creativity in this fi eld. characteristic for that destination. There were many audiences: students from institutions, procedure for accreditation of higher I wish you success! the academy, pupils from secondary economic school, professors and public education institutions and programmes of study. relations managers from Valjevo tourist organization. Many journalists attended In the upcoming years, all higher education institutions Prof.Dr Olivera Nikolić the events. It was the fi rst presentation, and the participants had the jitters, will go through the system of accreditation and but not enough to disturb them in their work. The best of all was cooperation evaluation of their work. Consequently, I would like to between students, who gave their technical support. These presentations were state the fact that our higher education is reorganizing divided into two days: The fi rst day were presentations about Cyprus (Mario itself according to European higher education. Stefanovic and Tamara Zeravcic) and Vrujci Spa (Ana Radojicic), and the second This entire process and, as the succeeding one will day about Valjevo(Ivana Vicentic and Vanja Milicevic) and Kosjeric (Jovana probably be, is accompanied by the dilemma and Popovic). questioning among the academic and even broader It was very nice and interesting experience for all of them, with positive and public whether and to what extent our education negative suggestions, but very useful for the future work. loses its tradition, quality etc by joining the European Special thanks to the head of our faculty Olivera Nikolic, Professor Branka Botic and Mr. Branko Petrovic who gave system of higher education. The fact is that education as motivation and support. is not an area that allows sudden and quick changes but requires constant adjustments to the changes in the scientifi c and business environment. Personally, I dislike certain terms which are so frequently used (reforms, transitions….). Dilemmas and reconsidering are by all means desirable, but not decline.

It can be expected that the new legal regulatory rules (assuming that already noticed drawbacks be removed) will bring along: more work and more order. The objective is make our higher education more effi cient and make sure it follows contemporary world education, and to analyze the results of partnership system of knowledge and skill gaining. Next, to make our higher education system open for a greater competition of knowledge which will result in diff erent titles and degrees. Still, whether all these processes lead towards enhancement or decline in quality, whether more effi ciency means lowering criteria, or by far greater

6 singidunum news singidunum news 7 Valjevo DECEMBER 2006

Natural resources of Valjevo and its municipality provide the excellent conditions for development of tourism.About 50.000 tourists pass trough Valjevo per year,with almost 120.000 of tourist night achieved. Valjevo has three hotels: the fi rst class “Grand” hotel, and the second class “Beli Narcis” and “Jablanica”hotels. Well known Divcibare tourists place holds two hotels,eight recreational centers,two mountainous centers,motor camp and about 100 beds in private sector. Rural tourism is represented in the following vilagdes:Kamenica, Petnica,Robaje, Zabari, Stave and Brankovina. Countryside of Valjevo is rich with excursion centers, such as Gradac and Petnica rivers, with modern recreational centers(with four swimming pools and sport grounds).The cave of Petnica is also located near by, where the traces of pre-historical men settlement was found(related to the early part of the Stone Age-palaeolith), as well as settlements found in front of the cave related to later part of the Stone Age (neolith).The exploring station has been operating in Petnica since 1982. Monasteries Pustinja and Celije,as well as the church in Jovanja, are also located in the area of Valjevo. Referring tourist and business manifestations,”The Tesnjar evenings” is traditionally organized in Valjevo, “Strawberries days” in Brankovina, and ‘Miss of narcissus competition” on Divcibare. Sights and attractions of Valjevo are Tesnjar-the ancient town, Muselim’s asylum, Nenadovica Tower, military memorial graveyard,Modern Gallery, Public museum, numerous monuments, institutions of the culture,etc.

8 singidunum news singidunum news 9 Would you go out with me? 2006

Although many would disagree ‘The Hunters’ House’ where we that has a certain spirit. posters that adorn the walls and a with me in that decision, I would would enjoy, again on the river One of the most usual places to long, beautiful bar, is a place where be glad to ask you out somewhere bank, among numerous poultry – go out in Valjevo- ‘Bagdad’ café is you can go and relax any time of in Valjevo, any time of day or night. turkeys, chicken, pigeons, peacocks another splendidly arranged place day and have a memorable time If you have a bit of free time even strutting around. You will probably with modern electronic music. in a friendly and lively atmosphere to consider going out in Valjevo get really hungry by the time we listening to rock music in the night. (disregarding the fact that you are got there through the town center Real opposite to this one is the It might be a good occasion for probably in an another town, city, upstream the river and through the club ‘34’ at the opposite part of the another pint of beer or a glass state or continent, and that it would largest Valjevo’s park Pećina (Cave) town, on the other bank of the river of one among various liqueurs (I take a lot of time, energy, nerves where various kinds of trees grow. in the old part of the town called recommend Pelinkovac, a bitter and money to get to Serbia and to Tešnjar, built by the Turks hundreds wormwood liqueur). fi nd Valjevo). Stick with me for the And when the night comes…. of years ago. ‘34’ is arranged next hundred of lines and I hope It would basically depend on your in Serbian ethno style with a Finally, if you do not feel totally I will give you an opportunity of music taste which dictates the fi replace, many antique items from perplexed or disinterested by now getting the soul of my town. place we would visit and the sort our culture. And, there you will (these ARE the closing lines), then of people we would be surrounded inevitably enjoy live gypsy and local you should pack your stuff into a If you decided to visit Valjevo by. Maybe, just for a while, I sentimental songs from the late 19th backpack (or a suitcase) and visit during your summer holidays, then should (dare) take you to the place century, with a nice glass of mulled us soon, and I can guarantee that I would take for a ‘good-morning ‘Randez-vous’, a very popular with wine. very friendly, warm and a bit lucid coff ee’ right on the bank of the river Valjevo’s youth. There you would people from Valjevo would make Kolubara. We would sit in the shade be able to hear music hits of some If we go back to the town centre your stay here a time to remember of beautiful old lime-trees, in front very popular Serbian folk stars, I would take you to the popular (and the time you want to turn of three wooden cottages where for example Svetlana Ražnatović. ‘Mushroom’ club. It is essentially a back). Anyhow, welcome and have you can relax listening to and We wouldn’t stay too long, but I place that cherishes our culture and fun! watching the Kolubara’s ripples. would like to hear your opinion is primarily meant for the people Personally, my favourite is the one afterwords. that like to study diff erent types of in the middle, which used to be mushrooms! But that is not all! This called ‘Lucky Vucky’ (whatever that If you feel in the mood for popular secluded place (in the center of the meant), and which now bears the places with modern MTV music, town!) is visited by many young name ‘Kućica’ (Housie!). At the one disco, dance, techno, then we could people for a glass of various types to its right you can order a portion go out basically anywhere. Some of rakija (Serbian plum brandy) and of fried picarel (fi sh), which, of of those places are located in the is a venue of numerous concerts of course, would require a pint of beer Knez Miloševa Street, a narrow and small, not widely-known Valjevo’s chosen from a range of Serbian very pleasant one with numerous rock bands. brands. The one on the left, ‘We are boutiques, fashion stores and cafes not angels’, named after a Serbian where people from Valjevo usually Just on the next corner you will fi nd cult fi lm, provides the surrounding go for a walk. ‘Knez’ (Duke), a popular crowded area with music- the songs place, splendidly arranged in mixed ranging from the soft ‘80s (Shinead Next option is ‘Fragile’ on the modern and ethno style, with O’Connor, Euritmics, The Police etc) second fl oor of hotel ‘Narcis’, all inevitable live band that plays both to ‘Metallica’, ‘Toto’…. It might even made of glass, transparent and very foreign and domestic pop music. happen that you hear a few most modern. After that we could go to popular local rock groups as well. ‘Gypsy’ where there are very often And the last, but not the least, and Bon appetite! live bands. It may happen that you personally most favourite is a well- enjoy yourself over there. known ‘Nottingham’ (ex- Sherwood) In this case, it would be advisable to You can also listen to a live band in café. The only Valjevo’s pub richly stay in the nature, so I would take ‘Casablanca’ on the river bank, very arranged in wood, and with you for a lunch at the restaurant well arranged place and the one wooden pillars, with many Indian

10 singidunum news singidunum news 11 Divcibare Vrujci Spa

Well-known table-land on the mountain Maljen Vrujci Spa is situated in the north-west of I expecting you with 239 days without wind Serbia, in the foot of mountains Suvobor (865 and 280 days without falling during the year. If m) and Maljen (1104 m). It is located in river you, however, decide to spend your vacation in valley of Toplica, left tributary of Kolubara, winter months on Divcibare you should know 92 km south-west of Belgrade. Vrujci Spa lies that is going to snows a lot. at 180 m above the sea level and has mild There you will fi nd beautiful fi elds for walk, temperate-continental climate. Mineral waters many forest fruits,wild fl owers and real of the spa are warm with the temperature of ,,plantation’’ of mushrooms.These are the 28°C and contain pottasium, magnesium and reasons why many people come here for the selenium. With the abudance of water springof decades. In 1932. Divcibare were proclaimed for 300 l/s Vrujci is the fi rst of spas in Serbian and a unique air spa in Europe. This is the right place Montenegro. Mineral waters and mineral clay in Vrujci Spa are used in treatments of cronic reumatism, high blood presure, anemia, neurastenia, gynecology diseanses,kidney stone and eye diseanses. ,,Vrujci’’ hotel with three stars has 220 beds restaurant with 400 seats, pastery shop, in- door swimming pool, trim cabinet, sauna, jacuzzi bathtubs, billiard room, hairdreser, souvenir shop. Near the hotel there are three open swimming pools with mineral running water, four tennis courts,sport terrains for handball,volleyball and basketball and two for those who have problems with blood, lungs, football fi elds. Thanks to its facilities, Vrujci stress problems etc. Spa becomes important sport center in our Divcibare lies at 1000m above the sea level and country. In the spa there is also a rehabilitation it has mild climate. This is the right place for you center which provides complete medical if you would like to escape from city noise and service: kinetic terapy, hidroterapy and peloide spend your holiday in absolute peace and quiet. terapy. In the vicinity of ,, Vrujci’’ hotel there is holiday resort ,,Termoelektro’’ Belgrade with 120 beds and a restaurant. There are also 500 beds in private accommodation. Close to Vrujci Spa there are well-known historic and tourist places: native house of Duke Zivoin Misic in the village of Struganik, mountains Suvobor, Rajac and Divcibare, Bogovadja, Brankovina, Mionica and Valjevo with his historic and cultural heritage. Serbian National Diet and Food 06

The cuisine is infl uenced by Turkish, Hungarian, and Greek foods. The most common foods include pasulj (stew made with beans and pork ribs), sarma (cabbage leaves stuff ed with minced meat and rice), roštilj (grilled meats), cevapcici (small, elongated meatballs served with chopped onions), and punjene paprike (stuff ed peppers). Roast pork or lamb, served with potatoes, is favoured on special occasions Typical cheeses include kajmak (made from the skim of boiled milk) and sjenicki sir (a hard cheese often crumbled on salad). Locally grown product includes cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, sweet peppers (paprikas), apples, pears, watermelons, and strawberries. Bread (usually white) is eaten with each meal, and wine is served at the main meal. Coff ee and fruit juices are also consumed; tea is taken more often during illnesses.

Since the working day begins at 7 AM, people wait until 10 AM for their breakfast (dorucak), which in rural areas can be a substantial meal. The main meal of the day is rucak, eaten after work around 2 or 3 PM. This is a substantial meal that includes soup and a meat dish. Dinner is usually a light snack.

14 singidunum news singidunum news 15 Budapest

Budapest is the capital city in everyday migrations of residents. range of goods, so you can purchase of Hungary and country’s main The Parlament building, on Pesta’s anything you need. For those who cultural, commercial, industrial and side, is probably the most favorite want goods for a bit lower prices, transport center. It has population building for taking photographs. there’re fl ea markets. Souvenir shops of approximately 2 milion people. It has wealthy architectural details are frequent in city center. The Danube river which pass on itself, and statues of kings on its There is Tropicarium in one of throw itself divides city into two exterior part. The cite is included the city’s commercial complexes. parts: hilly Buda on right bank and into World Heritage list of UN. It is some kind of zoo-garden for plenty Pest on the left. In Pest, there’s the Vaci street, the egzotic species of animals: sharks, Until 1873. city was separated major shopping street in Budapest, fi shes, snakes, alligators, birds, etc. into: Old Buda or Obuda, Buda and also known as the most expensive. It’s adorable amongst the children. Pest. Although Pest on right side of In this elegant, trade street people This place is also recommendable can enjoy going shopping and then for adults. have a break in one of the caff es In this city are popular sightseeing or good confectioner’s shops. tours, because city has many Here is lively during the day, when landmarks and monuments numerous visitors, walkers and that tourits should see and hear tourists pass across itself. something about them. The city is full of opportunities for In the valley near the city, there doing sport and recreation. Margit is Hungaroring, Formula One race Danube, is the earliest inhabitated island, with surface of about one track. Here, Hungarian Grand Prix part, Obuda is the oldest, for 20 sqm, is suitable place for that. With takes place every year in August. centries old. its paths, swimming pools, stadiums Then the city is the most lively. In Buda the most recognizable and exuberant trees, it is favorite Csardas is traditional Hungarian is Buda’s Castle with history of recreative park of children, families, folk dance. Buda is exclusive city’s about 750 years. In the past it used and young couples. For person who part of restaurants with special to be royal’s palace. Nowadays, like skating, there is outdoor ice rink atmosphere where you can enjoy in it’s place of library, museums in Pest. The Danube promenade is alive music and dance. and theaters. It is the best seen exellent for long, slowly walks. Souvenir shops are not rare. In from Danube river. In the vicinity Budapest has developed the city center you will fi nd many of of the Castle is Matthias Church, transport network that provides these shops. Besides, there are a lot of named after king who ordered good connection diff erent parts merchandiser in non-traffi c streets, construction of southern steeple of the city. It also has one of the with theirs off er of souvenirs. of this nice church. It is surrounded oldest undergrounds in Europe. Cuisine of Hungary is famouse by Fisherman’s Bastion, type of Ferihegy international airport is as good with infl uences of other terrace from where you can have located to the east of city centre. It is world cuisines. There is great variety a beautiful view at Pesta side, country’s main airport for transport of good pastries. Local specialties especially at Parlament Building. of passengers and the hub of the include paprikas, gulyas and liberal From Gelert hill people also have Hungarian national carrier Malev. use of paprika. great views at whole city. In this city are popular sightseeing The city has a wide range of This city is famous for its tours, because city has many accommodation in all price classes, bridges which join Buda and Pest. interisting places that tourits should although the costs of staying here Anyway, this beautiful and fi rst of Amongst them the most beautiful see and hear something about are notably higher than elsewhere all safe city will come to expectation is Chain Bridge with its sculptures them. in Hungary. of tourists and make them come here of lions, also well illuminated by Budapest as commercial Budapest is a famous spa city again. night , make good impression. center is considered by place of which attracts many tourists during Other bridges are beautiful, as good shopping. There are many the year, so go bathing! well. All they have important role hypermarkets, which off er wide AAncientncient RomeRome 06

Ancient Rome was a civilization of Rome was probably founded representative assemblies was in the new provinces, and tax farming created new economic opportunity and wealth among the lower classes, that grew from a humble city- sometime in the 9th century BC established. The most important forming a new class of merchants, the equestrians. Though the equestrians had vast fi nancial resources at their state founded on the Italian by members of two central Italian magistrates were the two consuls, disposal, they still found themselves counted among the lower-class plebeians, and therefore severely restricted in Peninsula circa the 9th century tribes, the Latins and the Sabines, who together exercised executive terms of political power. The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blocking important land reforms and refusing BC to a massive empire straddling on the Palatine, Capitoline, and authority in the form of imperium, to give the equestrian class a larger say in the government. Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by the Mediterranean. In its twelve- Quirinal Hills. The Etruscans, who or military command. The consuls rival Senators, intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late 2nd century BC century existence, the Roman had previously settled to the north had to contend with the Senate, under the Gracchi brothers, a pair of tribunes who attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute civilization shifted from a monarchy in Etruria, seem to have established which was initially an advisory the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. Both brothers were killed, but the Senate passed some of to an oligarchic republic to a political control in the region by council of the ranking nobility, their reforms in an attempt to placate the growing unrest of the plebeian and equestrian classes. The denial of Roman vast empire. It came to dominate the late 7th century BC, forming the or patricians, but grew in size citizenship to allied Italian cities led to the Social War of 91–88 BC. The military reforms of Marius resulted in soldiers Western Europe and the entire area aristocratic and monarchial elite. and power over time. Other often having more loyalty to their commander than to the city, and a powerful general could hold the city and Senate surrounding the Mediterranean Sea The Etruscans apparently lost power magistracies in the Republic include ransom. This culminated in Sulla’s brutal dictatorship of 81-79 BC. In the mid-1st century BC, three men, Julius Caesar, through conquest and assimilation. in the area by the late 6th century praetors, aediles, and quaestors. Pompey, and Crassus, formed a secret pact—the First Triumvirate—to control the Republic. After Caesar’s conquest Nonetheless, a number of factors BC, and at this point, the original The magistracies were originally of Gaul, a stand-off between Caesar and the Senate led to civil war, with Pompey leading the Senate’s forces. Caesar led to the eventual decline of the Latin and Sabine tribes reinvented restricted to patricians, but were emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life. In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators fearing that Caesar Roman Empire. The western half their government by creating a later opened to common people, sought to restore the monarchy, and a Second Triumvirate, consisting of Caesar’s designated heir, Augustus, and his of the empire, including Hispania, republic, with much greater restraints or plebeians. Republican voting former supporters, Mark Antony and Lepidus, took power. However, this alliance soon descended into a struggle for Gaul, and Italy, eventually broke on the ability of rulers to exercise assemblies included the comitia dominance. Lepidus was exiled, and when Augustus defeated Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt at the Battle of Actium into independent kingdoms in the power.In Roman legend, Rome centuriata and the comitia tributa. in 31 BC, he became the undisputed ruler of Rome. 5th century; the eastern empire, was founded on April 21, 753 BC The Romans gradually subdued governed from Constantinople, is by twin descendants of the Trojan the other peoples on the Italian usually referred to as the Byzantine prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. peninsula, including the Etruscans. Empire after 476, the traditional Romulus killed Remus in a quarrel The last threat to Roman hegemony date for the “fall of Rome” and for over which of them was to reign and in Italy came when Tarentum, a the subsequent onset of the Early became the fi rst of seven Kings of major Greek colony, enlisted the Middle Ages, also known as the Rome, as well as the source of the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 282 BC, Dark Ages. city’s name. As the city was bereft of but this eff ort failed as well. The Roman civilization is often women, legend says that the Latins Romans secured their conquests grouped into “classical antiquity” invited the Sabines to a festival by founding Roman colonies in with ancient Greece, a civilization and stole their unmarried maidens, strategic areas, establishing stable that inspired much of the culture leading to the integration of the control over the region. In the of ancient Rome. Ancient Rome Latins and the Sabines. second half of the 3rd century BC, contributed greatly to the Rome clashed with Carthage in the development of law, war, art, Republic fi rst of three Punic Wars. These wars literature, architecture, technology resulted in Rome’s fi rst overseas and language in the Western world, conquests, of Sicily and Hispania, and its history continues to have The Roman Republic was established and the rise of Rome as a signifi cant a major infl uence on the world around 509 BC, according to later imperial power. After defeating the today. Due to the momentous writers such as Livy, when the Macedonian and Seleucid Empires advances it achieved, as well as the in the 2nd century BC, the Romans tremendous legacy it left, Rome became the dominant people is widely viewed as one of the of the Mediterranean Sea. But greatest civilizations in history. foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the Monarchy provinces’ expense, but soldiers, who were mostly small farmers, were The city of Rome grew from away from home longer and could settlements around a ford on last of the seven kings of Rome, not maintain their land, and the the river Tiber, a crossroads of Tarquin the Proud, was deposed, increased reliance on foreign slaves traffi c and trade. According to and a system based on annually- reduced the availability of paid work. archaeological evidence, the village elected magistrates and various Income from war booty, mercantilism

18 singidunum news singidunum news 19 Age of Pentium 2006

Those who keep step with new technologies know that Intel gave a new name to its processors: Core, witch at the same time represent the end of age of Pentium that memory. lasted almost thirteen years. We represent evolution of Pentium processors, because their appearance and First generation of Pentium worked with the speed 60 and development made major progress in PC industries. 66 MHz, and 5V. Its stand had 273 pins. It was produced via 0.8 micron BiCMOS procedure. Unfortunately, this Intel (INTegrated ELectronics) published on 19th October procedure in combination with 3.1 million was too 1992 that the name of fi fth generation of their line of complicated for serial production. Consumption of energy compatible microprocessors (code name P5) was going was unbelievable 3.2 A or 16 W, which cause release of to be Pentium, although everybody assumed that the huge amount of thermal energy. Most problems caused by name would be 586. It was natural to give name 586, heating were averted by added ventilator. Intel off ered an because of the names of the previous generations (286, additional upgrade with OverDrive chip, which effi ciently 386 and 486), but Intel discovered that appointing duplicated processor speed. That was the only way of number for trade mark was not possible, and company upgrading your PC without buying new motherboard. wanted to prevent competition from using the name for potential clones of this chip. Pentium was delivered Second generation of Pentium was primarily represented on 22nd March, 1993. Systems that use these chips in versions: 75, 90 and 100 MHz. For producing these chips appeared on the market only few months later. Intel used 0.6 micron BiCMOS procedure. Next generations of Pentium were produced in 0.35 micron procedure, and Pentium was fully compatible with previous Intel’s speeds were: 120, 133, 150, 166 and 200 MHz. These chips processors, but there were many diff erences as well. At worked at 3.3V, 10.7W (100MHZ) and 15.5W (200MHZ). least one diff erence is revolutionary: Pentium imports They were incompatible with fi rst generation of Pentium double fl ow of data witch allows execution of two because they had 296 pins, so that the only way of instructions at upgrading the fi rst generation to the second generation the same time. was buying a new motherboard. This processor had 3.3 Chip 486 and all millions of transistors. This “excess” of transistor compared transistors. This technology allows lower level of voltage previous chips can to the fi rst generation enabled connection between two than 2.8V, which has decrease electrical consumption execute only one processors which were mounted on motherboard with as consequence. For example: a processor that works at instruction in the two stands for servers. These processors used circuit for 266 MHz with MMX consumes less energy than processor same time. Ability tact acceleration for speeds that are greater than speed of without MMX at 133 MHz. The thing that makes this of execution of the bus. That multiplier was sustained by almost all chips processor special is section of MMX that is called SIMD two instructions at and we could choose between 1.5x, 2x, 2.5x and 3x by a (Single Instruction Multiple Data) and it allows to one the same time Intel particular combination of pins on the motherboard. When instruction that operates several data in the same time. calls superscalar multipliers are multiplied with the bus speed, which can 57 new instructions were imported for better processing technology. With be 50, 60 and 66 (also set up on motherboard), we get with video, audio and graphic fi les. that technology Pentium can execute many instructions following speeds of chip: 75, 90, 100…180 and 200 MHz. with speed of two instructions per cycle. Superscalar There is only one OverDrive chip for upgrading with only In the fi rst generations of Pentium, probably the most architecture is mostly the feature of powerful chips one multiplier (3x) and it can increase speed up to 200 familiar error on the processor was now legendary error RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer). Pentium is MHz. This chip contains new MMX technology which gives in FPU (Floating Point Unit). It is usually called FDIV error one of the fi rst CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) great improvement of performances. because it mostly appeared at FDIV instructions (Floating- witch should be considered as superscalar. Having point DIVide), although it appeared in several additional Pentium at that time was the same as having two 486 Third generation of Pentium was launched in January of instructions which use division. After being noted, this chips “under the hood”. 1997, with new MMX technology. Speeds of this processor error was removed and production of Pentium 60/66 MHz are: 166, 200 and 233 MHz, although there are some was continued without an error. It’s easy to check if there Pentium was developed in three generation. Common versions with speed 266 MHz but they are used for lap is error in processor. It only requires performing the check characteristics are: width of data bus – 64 bit (double tops. New features are the unit for fl ow processing, cache of result regularity as shown below: than forerunner), width of 32 bit address bus, width memory 16MB (in previous series was 8 MB) and 321 pins of 32 bit registers, possible addressing up to 4 GB of (Socket 7). Pentium MMX was produced with improved 962 306 957 033 / 11 010 046 = 87 402, 6282027341 0.35 micron CMOS technology and content 4.5 million of

20 singidunum news singidunum news 21 FILM WE RECOMMEND... 006

SIN CITY ACTION | 124m JARHEAD STAR WARS EPISODE III DIRECTORS: FRANK MILLER, ROBERT DRAMA SF RODRIGUEZ, QUENTIN TARANTINO DIRECTOR: SAM MENDES DIRECTOR: GEORGE LUCAS CAST: JESSICA ALBA, BRUCE WILLIS, CAST: JAKE GYLLENHAAL, JAMIE CAST: EWAN MC GREGOR, NATALIE MICKEY ROURKE FOXX PORTMAN

300

STARRING: Gerard Butler, Lena Headey, David Wenham, Dominic West, Rodrigo Santoro, Vincent Regan DIRECTOR: Zack Snyder SCREENWRITER: Zack Snyder STUDIO: Warner Bros. RATING: R (For graphic battle sequences throughout, some sexuality and nudity.) GENRE: Action / Adventure / Drama RELEASE DATE: March 9, 2007 HITCHHIKER`S GUIDE TO THE NAPOLEON DYNAMITE WEBSITE: http://300themovie.warnerbros.com/ GALAXY NAPOLEON DYNAMITE COMEDY | 105m KOMEDIJA Based on the epic graphic novel by Frank Miller, “300” is a ferocious retelling of the ancient Battle of Thermopylae DIRECTOR: GARTH JENNINGS REŽIJA: JARED HESS in which King Leonidas (Gerard Butler) and 300 Spartans fought to the death against Xerxes and his massive CAST: BILL BAILEY, ANNA CAST: JON HEDER, JON GRIES Persian army. Facing insurmountable odds, their valor and sacrifi ce inspire all of Greece to unite against their CHANCELLOR Persian enemy, drawing a line in the sand for democracy. The fi lm brings Miller’s (Sin City) acclaimed graphic novel to life by combining live action with virtual backgrounds that capture his distinct vision of this ancient historic tale.

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Star Trek is an American science and the role of technology. simply Star Trek, it has in recent fi ction franchise. In addition years become known as Star to six television programs Television series Trek: The Original Series or as including the original 1966 Star Star Trek originated as a “Classic Trek” – retronyms that Trek, the same fi ctional universe television series in 1966, distinguish it from its sequels created by Gene Roddenberry although it had been in the and the franchise as a whole. All is the setting for ten feature planning stages for at least six subsequent fi lms and television fi lms, dozens of computer and years prior to that. Although The series, except the animated video games, hundreds of Original Series was cancelled series of the 1970s, have had novels and other fan stories, as in its third season due to secondary titles included as part well as a themed attraction in low ratings, it served as the of their offi cial names. The series Las Vegas. foundation for fi ve additional was rereleased in September Star Trek television series. 2006 with CGI enhancements as In Star Trek’s fi ctional universe, Altogether, the six series a high-defi nition “Re-mastered” humans developed faster-than- comprise a total of 726 episodes edition. light space travel after barely across twenty-two diff erent surviving a 21st-century World television seasons (twenty-nine, War III. Later, humans united if one separately counts seasons with other sentient species of running concurrently), making it the galaxy to form the United the second most prolifi c science- Federation of Planets. As a fi ction franchise in history after result of alien intervention and Doctor Who. science, humanity has largely overcome many Earth-bound Star Trek: The Original Series frailties and vices by the 23rd (1966–1969) century. Star Trek stories usually Star Trek debuted in the United depict the adventures of States on NBC on September humans and aliens who serve 8, 1966.[3] The show, starring in the Federation Starfl eet. William Shatner as Captain The protagonists are essentially James T. Kirk (originally James altruistic whose ideals are R. Kirk), told the tale of the crew sometimes only imperfectly of the starship Enterprise and applied to the dilemmas that crew’s fi ve-year mission presented in the series. “to boldly go where no man The confl icts and political has gone before.” In its fi rst two dimensions of Star Trek form seasons it was nominated for allegories for contemporary Emmy Awards as Best Dramatic cultural realities; The Original Series. After only three seasons, Series addressed issues of the the show was cancelled and 1960s, just as more recent spin- the last episode aired on [4] off s refl ect more modern topics. June 3, 1969. The series Issues depicted in the various subsequently became popular series include imperialism, class in reruns, and a cult following warfare, racism, human rights, developed, complete with fan conventions. Originally aired as

24 singidunum news singidunum news 25 Rammstein

Rammstein is a German band indirectly from the western had several top ten singles in Europe. compose knew them all and decided to join well-received, Sehnsucht is that was formed in 1994. Their German town of Ramstein- The asteroid 110393 Rammstein is American- the band. Christian “Flake” Lorenz widely regarded as Rammstein’s musical style incorporates Miesenbach, site of an airshow named in the band’s honour. The band’s infl uenced was the last member to join; he breakthrough album. The production disaster in 1988. The band’s members all come from the former East music with a had played with Landers before in of the follow-up album Mutter signature song, the eponymous Germany, specifi cally East Berlin and West Berlin the band Feeling B and was initially was an experience fraught with “Rammstein”, is a commemoration Schwerin. They are: band called reluctant to come on board, but diffi culty for the band. However, the of the tragedy that took place at • Till Lindemann – lead vocals Orgasm was eventually persuaded to join. differences were resolved by the the Ramstein Air Base. The extra Death Gimmicks. As Kruspe put it, Their fi rst album was released time Rammstein produced Reise, “m” in the band’s name allows • Richard Zven "Scholle" Kruspe “I realized it’s really important to a year later. They have been Reise. Rosenrot the word to mean “battering – lead-guitar make music and make it fi t with nominated for two Best Metal ranked highly ram” (literally “ramming stone”), your language, which I didn’t Performance Grammy Awards: in at the Hellenic elements of metal/hard rock, reinforcing the image of the • Paul H. Landers – rhythm-guitar do in the past. I came back [to 1999 with the song “Du hast” and Alternative industrial metal, and electronic Germany] and said, ‘It’s time to in 2005 with the song “Mein Teil”. ChartsThe band’s music as fi erce and • Oliver "Ollie" Riedel – electric music. Some critics have also make music that’s really authentic.’ band’s latest relentless. Despite lyrics that are bass dubbed their sound as Tanz in German, the band has enjoyed I was starting a project called Albums album, Rosenrot, Metal (lit. dance metal). Their success outside of Germany, • Christoph "Doom" Schneider Rammstein to really try to make Rammstein has released fi ve full- was released songs are performed almost both in Europe, North America – drums German music.” He invited Till length studio albums: Herzeleid on October 28, 2005. A number of exclusively in German. They as well as Japan, Australia and Lindemann, a basket weaver and (1995), Sehnsucht (1997), Mutter songs that were left out of Reise, • Christian "Flake" Lorenz have sold over 12 million New Zealand. With the album drummer for the band First Arsch, (2001), Reise, Reise (2004), Rosenrot Reise for dramaturgical reasons make – keyboards records worldwide. Reise, Reise (2004), they became to join the project as a vocalist. (2005), two live albums Live aus up the majority of the album, but a the most successful German- Riedel, Schneider and Kruspe were The four entered a contest for new Berlin (1999) and Völkerball and number of new songs have also been The band language band of all time the original founders of Rammstein, bands and won, attracting the one compilation Lichtspielhaus recorded. Rammstein takes its name internationally. Rammstein has following an attempt by the latter to interest of Paul H. Landers, who (2003). While Herzeleid was

26 singidunum news singidunum news 27 Poetry

Where to disappear now or to stay , perhaps.. It s a pity to spend this whole day, staring into memories which isn t so alive.. One mistake can turn off the fl ow of events.. Frenzy announces its self again, and swim into idleness... Something must be done ! To delete all numbers so the temptetion doesn t succumb. I wan t call my evil destiny for the second time..! Moon is quarrelsome... A boy at bar is so attractive in muffl ed light. Picture from the previous week doesn t fade away because of the charming young passer-by and those strange fi nguers

which passed through my unrily haire ! Everything is strange and so harmless wild.. Abyss, a sigh and a shrinked hope are felt in the air. All future sons and progeny are marching forward.. Avant gard and fl avour of vine from crystal glass.. on lips and body.. How imprudencly would I shake away with my hand and all the touches which suddenly become bitter recast into the same cristall glass of vine so the drops could later fl ow over the soft skin,, Nereid with deadeyes or just a mith.. Myself ! How to close the monologue And left other pages tell and retell.. Raging war amang 4 wall Of different cities..destored minds !

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